Grain Business Magazine - November 2013 by Glencore Grain

NOVEMBER 2013

Grain prices on the go World wheat production Global wheat demand keeps pace with supply

New wheat varieties meet the quality challenge SARDI Sowing guide 2014

Produced for the benefit of Australian grain growers by Glencore Grain

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CONTENTS ÂŠ Copyright. Editorial material published in Grain Business is copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without written permission from the Publisher or Editor. Print Post Approved: PP 510545/00616

Promising outlook for 2013/14 crop

Grain prices on the go

Survey highlights value of Grain Business magazine

Publisher Glencore Grain Pty Ltd 124-130 South Tce Adelaide, SA 5000 Phone: (08) 8211 7199 gbm@glencoregrain.com.au

World wheat production

Global wheat demand keeps pace with supply

Pay dirt

Growing for the customer

New wheat varieties meet the quality challenge

Pea is for profit

Farm profile - Tangerboun

Harvesting profits

Looking into the digital future

Growers to benefit from national seedbank

SARDI SOWING guide 2014 Grain Business Special Supplement

Design & Production Fuller Phone: (08) 8363 6811 37 Fullarton Rd Kent Town, SA 5067 fuller.com.au Advertising Rebecca Long RKL Media Phone: (08) 8843 0059 Mobile: 0417 813 480 rebecca@rklmedia.com.au Cover note: Ross and Hannah Watson, Tangerboun, Swan Hill, Victoria. PHOTO: Tom Roschi from TRP Photography tom@trp.com.au

At Grain Business, we want to provide useful, insightful, and up to date information in each and every issue. If there are any topics you would like to see featured in future editions or if you have any feedback about Grain Business, please contact us at gbm@glencoregrain.com.au

FOREWORD

Promising outlook for 2013/14 crop The winter crop harvest is underway across Australia, and with most regions receiving favourable spring conditions it looks promising for a solid Australian crop. The most recent Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) forecast is for an increase in production by 7 per cent on last year to around 39.2 million tonnes. Production is expected to increase in Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia, but fall in Queensland and New South Wales. Production of wheat and barley for Australia is forecast to rise by 11 per cent and 13 per cent to around 24.5 million tonnes and 7.7 million tonnes, respectively. In contrast, canola production is forecast to fall by 18 per cent in 2013/14 to 3.3 million tonnes, due to a decrease in planted area. With harvest across the northern hemisphere complete, we take a look at global wheat production, which is forecast at a record high, along with expected exports from the various regions. Glencore Grainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Australian trading manager, Philip Hughes, focuses on global consumption for the coming months in the grain market update. Wheat test weight has been a talking point in the lead up to this harvest, so we look at why test weight is important from a consumerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s point of view as well as what growers can do to achieve adequate test weights and new wheat varieties

coming through for 2014. Also in this edition of Grain Business we look at research being conducted to improve uptake of soil Nitrogen by crops, an important consideration for growers given the increasing costs of fertiliser. This harvest edition of Grain Business features the 2014 SARDI Sowing Guide. The information is based on trials in South Australia but can be a useful reference for all southern growers in planning cropping programs for next year. Thank you to everyone who completed the survey in the July edition of Grain Business. We appreciate you taking the time to provide us with your feedback as we endeavour to ensure the magazine continues to meet your expectations and add value to your business. I hope you enjoy reading this edition of Grain Business and I wish you all the best for a safe and successful harvest.

David Mattiske Managing Director

NOVEMBER 2013

MACHINERYGRAIN GLENCORE EFFICIENCY APP

GRAIN PRICES ON THE GO The Glencore Grain app is available to download for free on all Apple (iOS) and Android devices from the Apple iStore or the Google Play app store. Glencore Grain’s pricing information is now more accessible thanks to the recently released Glencore Grain app. The app, which was launched in preparation of this year’s harvest, will provide growers with up-to-date indicative contract prices, no matter where they are. Glencore Grain’s Accumulation & Grower Services General Manager, Andrew Wilsdon, said the app offers the convenience of quick access to pricing information, which will assist growers in making more informed grain marketing decisions. “The user-friendly app allows growers to access the same pricing information already available on the Glencore Grain website through the Quick Quote function,” Andrew said. The app offers the latest pricing information for upcountry sites and port terminals across key growing states; Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. “Prices are continually updated throughout the day and growers can retrieve the latest prices by season, state, site and commodity,” he said. “Growers also have the ability to save their most frequently used combinations as favourites, with the option to email and SMS these combinations.” The app also includes contact information for state field reps. “It’s an innovative way of improving our communication with growers and expanding our services to them.”

GRAIN MACHINERY BUSINESS EFFICIENCY SURVEY

SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS VALUE OF GRAIN BUSINESS MAGAZINE More than 1000 growers from across Australia completed the Grain Business survey included with the July edition of the magazine, with the responses providing important information that Your competitive will shape the magazine’s advantage for content and format in 2014. grain marketing

December 2012

APRIL 2013

Diversify crop mix

Soil secrets

Heart of the pulse trade

Is bigger better?

Maximise profits

Carbon critical for healthy soils

Domestic demand in the Indian sub-continent

Next season’s best varieties

Take spray drift seriously

• Competitive prices

Expanding the family farm

SARDI Sowing Guide 2013

Heat on weed spraying

Produced for the benefit of Australian grain growers by Viterra

Overall, the feedback highlighted that growers value• the Easy to deal with magazine and are pleased with the content, format and • Combined trading expertise • Access to the world’s best markets frequency of the publication. for Australian grain There were a number of key areas of interest highlighted • Financial security by growers, including cropping decisions, weed control and global and domestic grain market information, so we will ensure these are a key features of the magazine next year. Congratulations to Jim Hamilton from Western Australia and Peter Jaeger from South Australia, who both won an iPad mini for participating. 1300 453 626 (1300 GLENCORE) Thank you to everyone who completed the survey and we www.glencoregrain.com.au welcome any story ideas or further feedback. You can email us at gbm@glencoregrain.com.au. JULY 2013

Big appetite for canola Consolidation of wheat classification zones Playing it safe

Forecasting frost risk

Resistance on the rise

Management of frost

Herbicides becoming less effective

Winning the race against time

Do it yourself weather forecasting

New age technology will drive future farms

SARDI crop performance report 2013

Increasing efficiency

Key weather influences explained

Produced for the benefit of Australian grain growers by Glencore Grain

Making farming Ezi Think slow to boost yields Think ahead to improve water use efficiency

Produced for the benefit of Australian grain growers by Glencore Grain

NOVEMBER 2013

GLOBAL WHEAT UPDATE

World wheat production

62 58

143

Global wheat production and exports Production 2012/13: 655mmt Production 2013/14: 709mmt Exports 2012/13: 138mmt Exports 2013/14: 155mmt

30 27

Key Production 2012/13, mmt Production 2013/14, mmt Exports 2012/13, mmt Exports 2013/14, mmt

133

US The hard red winter wheat harvest finished in August. The hard red spring wheat harvest finished in October. Protein has been slightly down across the hard red winter wheat crop; however export demand is strong to South America, particularly Brazil. Soft red winter wheat has had strong demand into China.

32 27 19

21 22

CANADA The wheat harvest is approximately 80 per cent complete. The 2013 wheat crop is Canadaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest in more than 20 years, with StatsCan recently estimating the crop slightly higher at 33mmt. Record yields are being achieved; however protein levels are lower than last year. Canada is providing competition for exports with active grain marketing. Export volumes will be dependent on port capacity.

Source: USDA

12 4

ARGENTINA Harvest is expected to commence in November. Some crops have been affected by frosts and drought causing concerns about yield. Final production may be down which will mean most wheat will be consumed domestically within South America with very little exported.

EUROPEAN UNION The 2013 wheat harvest is complete. Yields have been better than expected and quality has been good. The EU will have surplus for export.

MACHINERY GLOBAL THE RIGHT WHEAT EFFICIENCY ROTATION UPDATE 121

121

92 54

17 11

RUSSIA The wheat harvest is expected to be finished in late October. Russia has produced a big crop this year; however the quality is lower than expected due to rain at harvest and some milling wheat has been downgraded.

INDIA India has a surplus of stock, with stock levels above that required by government. However, their current prices are not competitive with world markets though this may change.

CHINA

The wheat harvest is complete. A wet harvest has seen the quality of milling wheat downgraded. China will seek to import more milling wheat as a result.

39 22

20 15

OTHER FSU The winter wheat harvest is complete. Significantly higher production year on year.

AUSTRALIA Harvest is underway across Australia. Production is forecast to be up from last year.

NOVEMBER 2013

GRAIN MARKET UPDATE

GLOBAL WHEAT DEMAND KEEPS PACE WITH SUPPLY Global grain production is largely known with the northern hemisphere having completed their wheat harvests; and with production at a comfortable level, albeit with southern hemisphere crops still to be harvested, attention now turns to global consumption. WORDS/ PHILIP HUGHES, AUSTRALIAN TRADING MANAGER, GLENCORE GRAIN

WHEAT Worldwide wheat production has rebounded by 54mmt year on year, with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimating record global production of 709mmt for 2013/14, up from 655mmt in 2012/13. While you might reasonably expect to see an oversupply, demand has continued to increase at a similar pace, the USDA forecasting global consumption of 706mmt, very close to the 709mmt production, which will not see any appreciable rebuilding of global stocks. The increase in wheat consumption is being driven by population growth and higher protein diets across the developing world of Asia. China is leading the increase in consumption, this year forecast to be 127mmt, up from 106mmt five years ago. According to the USDA, production in China this year is 121mmt, a similar figure to last year. However, there has been a downgrading of their milling wheat due to drought in the growing season and rain at harvest. The USDA estimates China will import 9.5mmt of wheat this year, a majority of which will be milling wheat, a significant increase compared to 3mmt in 2012/13. This demand is currently being met by Australia, Canada and the US. Demand is expected to continue into next year with the next round of import licence allocations in January for February shipment. Egypt is another wheat consumer expected to increase their imports this year. Last year their imports were down due to the political unrest, leading to a draw down on their stocks, which they are expected to replenish this year. The USDA estimates they will import 10mmt in 2013/14,

compared to 8mmt in 2012/13. This demand is expected to be met largely by the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Indonesiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s increasing wheat consumption is significant, as the single largest market for Australian wheat. Indonesia is a consistent growth market due to their growing population and increasing wealth and their reliance on imports; approximately two-thirds of their wheat imports come from Australia. This year Indonesia is forecast to import 7.2mmt wheat, up from 6.9mmt in 2012/13 and an increase of nearly 2mmt in the past five years.

CORN A large global corn crop this year will see more corn used in stockfeed rations versus wheat. The global corn crop is estimated to be a record 957mmt, up from 860mmt last year. Most of the production increase is due to the rebound in the US corn crop, where they have experienced excellent growing conditions after a drought last year. The Ukraine and EU have also seen an increase in production. Global corn consumption is forecast at 928mmt, which will see global corn stocks increase by 29mmt; however, despite the increase, the stocks to use ratio remains relatively tight. Competition for export demand will be strong between the major origins of the US, Ukraine and South America. China is also leading the charge in corn consumption, as their demand for stock feed increases with the growing number of pigs, cattle and poultry to feed the escalating population and their move towards higher protein diets. China is expected to increase its corn consumption by 17mmt year on year to 224mmt, with imports forecast at

MACHINERY GRAIN MARKET EFFICIENCY UPDATE

GLOBAL CORN CONSUMPTION (mmt) TOTAL: 927.84

TOTAL: 869.31

Argentina 7.8

7.3

Ukraine 9.1

7.9

Korea 9.3

8.8

South Africa 11

10.8

Other FSU 11.2

9.99

Egypt 11.2

11.2

Canada 12.4

11.9

Japan 15.5

14.5

Mexico 29 South East Asia 34 Brazil 54 EU 70

27 32.9 53 69

China 224

207

USA 291

268

2013/14 (September 2013 estimate)

7mmt up from 3mmt last year. Across the world the availability of corn this year and the relatively large price spread compared to wheat and sorghum will see more corn used in stockfeed rations.

BARLEY Barley production across the world is also up on last year, approximately 10 per cent according to USDA figures who are forecasting global production of 142mmt. The EU, Ukraine, FSU, Canada and Australia have all experienced ideal growing conditions. Saudi Arabia is expected to increase their imports of barley for stock feed and China is expected to increase their imports of malt barley but otherwise global consumption is not expected to change significantly, which will see global barley stocks increase.

CANOLA Global canola production is up but consumption remains largely unchanged for 2013/14 when compared to 2012/13. EU canola production has returned to previous levels, up 1.6mmt year on year. The Ukraine canola production has also increased 1mmt year on year, almost doubling their production. As a producer of non-GM canola, the Ukraine will largely export to the EU. According to StatsCan production in Canada is forecast to be a record 17mmt in 2013/14, an increase of 3.3mmt on last year. Australian canola production is forecast to decrease almost 20 per cent in 2013/14 when compared to 2012/13 due to lower plantings.

2012/13

WHEAT PROTEIN: KEY CHARACTERISTIC FOR 2013/14 Meeting customer demands for protein could be a key factor for world wheat supply this year. Protein is a key characteristic when using wheat for food consumption. Globally, wheat crops are at lower protein levels, year on year. Higher yielding crops tend to be lower in protein and in a year of record production it would follow that protein will be down. Demand for higher protein wheat is strong due to lower quality production in some key regions. The quality of Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wheat crop is down due to rain events during the harvest period, and Brazil has experienced frosts and quality problems. And while key export countries including Canada and the US are experiencing lower than average protein levels, the higher yields and higher overall supply will help cover the shortfall.

Source: USDA, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates; September 2013

NOVEMBER 2013

MACHINERY SOIL NITROGEN EFFICIENCY

There is a critical need right now for farmers to find alternative ways to get more bang for their buck from Nitrogen.

MACHINERY THE RIGHT SOILEFFICIENCY NITROGEN ROTATION

PAY DIRT

Tiny microbes within the soil are revealing an untapped source of Nitrogen that can improve crop productivity and profit. WORDS/ OLIVIA FULLER

Growers can start using the organisms in their soil as a new tool to improve Nitrogen use efficiency, thanks to a study investigating the behaviour of soil microbes. Initial findings from the project, Managing soil biology to improve Nitrogen supply in grain production systems, indicate that simple management changes can improve the uptake of soil Nitrogen by a crop - and a grower’s bottom line. “Nitrogen fertiliser prices have doubled in the last decade and will continue to increase,” said Lori Phillips, Senior Research Scientist in Soil Microbiology at the Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria. “At the same time, up to 50 per cent of applied fertiliser Nitrogen may be unavailable for crop uptake. Some Nitrogen

is lost from the soil by leaching and gassing off, while some is locked up in the soil organic matter in forms unavailable for plant use. “There is a critical need right now for farmers to find alternative ways to get more bang for their buck from Nitrogen. “Our project is looking at what happens biologically in the soil to improve Nitrogen use efficiency. We need to optimise a crop’s capacity to take up Nitrogen and the capacity of the soil itself to process the Nitrogen. We are investigating the latter half of this equation. “To understand how much you can put in and when it will be most effectively used, you need to understand how the microbes work.”

NOVEMBER 2013

SOIL NITROGEN

EARLY SUCCESS While the full results won’t be available until 2014, initial findings have shown that simple changes to fertiliser application can manipulate soil microbes to release plant ready Nitrogen at optimum times. One study found that waiting until after sowing before adding Nitrogen resulted in greater uptake of Nitrogen from organic sources, when a Nitrogen rich crop such as a legume had been planted the previous year. Another study is looking at soil pH and its relationship to fertiliser placement. Changing the depth of fertiliser could improve Nitrogen use efficiency by 10-20 per cent in some cases. The project has also determined that making informed decisions on paddock-specific tillage practices after specific crops can result in greater uptake of soil Nitrogen. Another avenue of research has been looking at alternatives to nitrification inhibitors. “We are working out where some of the bottle necks are in microbial processing of organic and fertiliser Nitrogen, which could lead to the development of new chemical tools to manage soil biology,” Lori said. “There may be certain types of fungi and bacteria that can be targeted by a new inhibitor. Nitrification inhibitors may actually be targeting the wrong thing.”

N-CYCLING Scientists have known for 100 years that Nitrogen gets transformed from one form to another in the soil by microbes in a process called N-cycling, but until recently haven’t had the technology to look much further than this. N-cycling involves the transformation of Nitrogen from both fertiliser and soil organic matter into plant-available nitrate and is carried out by soil microbial communities (bacteria and fungi). This project is looking at which microbial communities are active in Australian soils during each step of the Nitrogen

cycle, with the goal of improving Nitrogen use efficiency. “Once we better understand the soil biological and chemical factors governing Nitrogen transformations in our agricultural systems, we can determine how agronomic practices can be used to synchronise Nitrogen supply, from both fertiliser and soil sources, with crop demand,” Lori said. The project, which is co-funded by the Grains Research and Development Corporation and the Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria, is at the cutting edge of soil microbiology and has attracted the best and brightest from around the world. Lori was previously based at the University of British Columbia working on nutrient cycling in forest systems. “I’m from North America and came to Australia three years ago to be part of this project because it was the best place in the world to practice my field of research, which is known as molecular microbial ecology. “The way we are using RNA based tools to look at gene expression is quite unique. Researchers around the world have used molecular tools to find out what is in the soil. But simply knowing what’s there doesn’t tell you much. “We look at the genetic expression of bacteria in the soil to see how they react to various practices. “We now understand that specific management practices alter the abundance and activity of microbes capable of processing both organic and mineral Nitrogen. “We also know there are direct links between the activity of microbes which process organic Nitrogen and those which process fertiliser, or mineral Nitrogen and that these relationships can be manipulated to optimise Nitrogen use efficiency.” The project has generated an unprecedented level of detail on how agronomy, soil chemistry, and soil biology interact to influence agricultural productivity and a preliminary set of management recommendations will be available in 2014. Growers can read about the findings of the project to date on the GRDC DC website (grdc.com.au/DAV00106).

MACHINERY THE RIGHT SOILEFFICIENCY NITROGEN ROTATION

PLANT INPUTS 1. DECOMPOSITION LIGNINASE, CELLULASE SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (Polyphenol-N)

2. DEPOLYMERISATION LIGNINASE, PROTEASE

FERTILISER INPUTS

Opposite page left: The DEPI team processing samples at the Sustainable Cropping Rotations in Mediterranean Environments field site at Horsham, Victoria. From left to right are David Pearce (DEPI-Rutherglen), Bernadette Carmody (DEPI-Rutherglen), and Nicholas O’Halloran (DEPI-Tatura).

4. NITRIFICATION AMMONIUM MONOXYGENASE, NITRITE OXIDOREDUCTASE

Opposite page right: DEPI team member David Pearce taking a soil sample in a canola rotation at anthesis (flowering cropping stage).

PLANT UPTAKE

Left: Overview of the steps in the soil Nitrogen cycle being investigated by the current project. At each step the microbial genes of interest in organic and inorganic Nitrogen transformations are listed.

IMMOBILISATION

LABILE ORGANIC N (Protein-N) 3. MINERALISATION PROTEASE NH4+

N03-

N20,N2

5. DENTRIFICATION NITRATE/NITRITE/NITROUS OXIDE REDUCTASES

Below: Overview of the steps in the soil Nitrogen cycle being investigated by the current project. Sowing

KEY FINDINGS Full recommendations from the study will be available in 2014 and due to the complex nature of the project, Lori said they would be specific to each paddock and soil type so growers will need to determine which recommendations best fit their particular site. ‘‘The findings are extending the fundamental understanding of how agronomic practices influence soil microbiology, and how both may be managed to improve the synchronisation of Nitrogen supply with crop demand in Australian soils,’’ she said. ‘‘Understanding which soil microbes are active in N-cycling at what time opens up many new avenues for nutrient management.” The key early findings include: • Wait until after sowing before adding Nitrogen. This results in greater uptake of Nitrogen from organic sources, when a Nitrogen rich crop such as a legume had been planted the previous year. • Changing the depth of fertiliser could improve Nitrogen use efficiency by 10-20 per cent in some cases. • Making informed decisions on paddock-specific tillage practices after specific crops can result in greater uptake of soil Nitrogen. • Nitrification inhibitors may actually be targeting the wrong thing. There may be certain types of fungi and bacteria that can be targeted by a new inhibitor. • Specific management practices alter the abundance and activity of microbes capable of processing both organic and mineral Nitrogen. • There are direct links between the activity of microbes which process organic Nitrogen and those which process fertiliser, or mineral Nitrogen and that these relationships can be manipulated to optimise Nitrogen use efficiency.

Germination

Tillering

Anthesis

NOVEMBER 2013

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

GROWING FOR THE CUSTOMER Just as growers need to recognise they’re the most important part of the supply chain, they need to understand what their customers’ want. WORDS/ PETER FULLER

Giving the customer what they want is a basic definition of marketing. Giving it to them when and how they want it is the definition of the rapidly evolving field of supply chain management. And according to one of Australia’s leading flour millers Mark Laucke, it’s vital that Australian grain growers understand that they’re the most important part of the grain supply chain. “Today, growers must be more

educated about the market,” he said. “They must be customer-focused if they are to continue to be relevant to premium customers in a world commodity market. “The days of dropping a load on the grid and waiting for a cheque are long gone. Unfortunately, that is no longer an option, especially if premiums for milling grade grain are sought.” While Mark said there was an increasing number of progressive growers seeking to understand the

customers’ needs, they also needed to recognise that the supply market is constantly evolving. “We have no trouble finding excellent, progressive growers who want to understand what we need, and who seek to grow and deliver the type of grain we need,” he said. “But we also need to be in a position to better risk manage supply for both our current trade and to be able to expand both here in Australia and overseas.

SUPPLY MACHINERY CHAIN MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY

“Just as the end user in Australia has changed - we supply flour for Chinese steamed buns, Hokkein noodles, Udon noodles, South China noodles and dozens of different pastas - so have export markets. “Equally export markets have changed, with buyers of Australian grain and flour in key premium markets such as China, South Korea, Singapore and Thailand producing more bread and western style products. “Each market wants variety and innovation - it’s not as if we can send one type of wheat overseas and use another type here as we did 20 or 30 years ago. We are seeing a rapid evolution to a world market for food.”

THE WEIGHT DEBATE In 2010, Grain Trade Australia (GTA), the agency which is charged with setting and maintaining Australia’s high grain quality standards, approved a 2.5 per cent increase of test weight for milling wheat - from 74 kg/hl to 76kg/hl - to be introduced during the 2013/14 harvest.

Mark, a third generation flour miller from Laucke Flour Mills, Strathalbyn in South Australia, said the recent debate on this issue was an important illustration of the need for growers to understand the end-user of their product. One of the key reasons for GTA’s change in test weight is that most of Australia’s trading partners require a test weight in excess of 76. Even the lower test weight of 76 is still required by Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Yemen, Sudan, United Arab Emirates and Bangladesh. GTA also pointed out that all of our competitors currently offer higher test weights than Australia did previously (Canada ranges between 75 and 79, USA between 75 and 76 and Argentina and Brazil are at 78). Thomas Brietenmoser from Weston Milling was quoted in a recent GTA newsletter as saying that the old rate of 74 could have had a long-term effect on market penetration. “Australian wheat has a good worldwide reputation for stable quality,

low impurities and generally low moisture,” Mr Brietenmoser said. “US, Canada and other major wheat exporters make the difference between milling and feed wheat at a test weight of 76. Minor wheat exporters set their benchmark at 72 - 74 - low quality, low price: not the target market for high quality Australian wheat.” Mark agreed that increasing the test weight would have important benefits both locally and overseas. “We believe that any parcel of wheat that has a test weight of less than 78 has some basic defect and our contracts specify that we won’t take any grain under 78,” Mark said. “In fact, sound grain these days typically has a density of circa 82-84.” He said the increasing demand for products such as pasta and noodles had been one reason for the push to increase test weights. “I freely acknowledge that grain density is not directly related to flour milling extraction rate unless the screenings levels are too high,” he said. “Flour millers seeking to avoid

NOVEMBER 2013

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

low grain density is not a plot by the millers to make more flour out of the same tonnage. “The fact is low density grain doesn’t make a good dough when processed by our customers - it doesn’t process properly, and is usually compromised as a finished product that doesn’t taste right or feel right. “While we can get away with lower density grain in fermented products like bread by taking extra care with milling and baking and adding other additives, flour based products that are typically not fermented (like pasta and noodles) just can’t be produced with low density grain where protein and carbohydrate quality have been compromised. “Low density grain just doesn’t lead to good long term consumer outcomes. “As flour millers our customers demand the best and we have to give it to them. Therefore we have to demand the appropriate standards of raw material too.” The genetic properties of some wheat varieties can lead to less vitreous, possibly mottled, and low density grain. The protein properties

of such grain were in the past typically inferior to wheats that were genetically disposed to be more vitreous. However, Mark believes the majority of varieties classified as Australian Premium White (APW) under Wheat Quality Australia’s Wheat Classification System had an acceptable geneticallydetermined density profile. Mark said the key causes of low density grain were seasonal factors such as drought, frost or harvest rain events. With frost, when the plant is “freeze dried” at the critical development grain filling stage, the grain becomes distorted such that density is reduced, and also important dough processing characteristics caused by enzymes and proteins are also distorted. With rain affected grain, the grain swells reducing density, the sprouting enzymes become active, and the processes of digestion of the carbohydrate and protein commence.

GENERATIONAL CHANGE Mark believes that for a long time, many growers could get away with

not understanding the end users of their products, but that was no longer the case. “The Australian Wheat Board did a lot of good things,” Mark said. “It created a trusted brand for Australian wheat and it had very good market intelligence which it fed back to the wheat breeders, which then led to the outcomes of targeted wheat varieties and variety recommendations, as well as lists of varieties and relevant classifications. “But while the AWB told farmers what varieties to grow, it also hid them from the sharper end of marketing. “The pool system, for example, protected the grower who didn’t really care about quality or the end user. “Understanding the supply chain is a generational change in perspective. And the emphasis on timely deliveries of grain that meets market specifications can only become more stringent as “free market” competition intensifies here and overseas, and as our customers become progressively more quality conscious and demanding.”

Today, growers must be more educated about the market. They must be customer focused if they are to continue to be relevant to premium customers in a world commodity market. Mark Laucke, Flour Miller

SUPPLY MACHINERY THE CHAIN RIGHT MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY ROTATION

MANAGING THE TEST WEIGHT CHALLENGE According to grain breeder Steve Jefferies of Australian Grain Technologies, it is important for growers to understand that environmental conditions such as heat, drought, frost, nutrition, disease and wet harvest conditions are by far the major factors influencing test weight. “Any single variety can range from 65 kg/hl to 85 kg/hl under different environmental conditions, a range of 20 kg/hl,” he said. “However in a given environment there is rarely more than 5 kg/hl difference between the best test weight variety and the worst test weight variety with the range usually around 3 kg/hl.” “If a grower regularly produces test weights in the mid 70s (kg/hl) then it would be worthwhile for them to consider higher test weight achieving varieties. “If the risk is low then they should choose the variety with the best agronomic and quality classification fit and therefore greatest likely financial return. It’s all about risk management. “Both leaf and root diseases as well as poor nutrition (not enough fertiliser) can lead to low test weights. “Low test weights can also be due to excessive

fertilizer applied at the wrong time or excessively high seeding rates that result in overly bulky crops which in turn can not be sustained during dry and hot spring conditions.” The breeder insight on the test weight debate highlights the importance of understanding the entire supply chain. Steve said the focus on test weights could have an impact on Australia’s wheat breeding programs. “Traditionally breeders have focused on improving yield, quality and disease resistance in new varieties,” Steve said. “The financial return for the grower has always been our main goal. If test weight specification becomes more demanding then we will need to respond by placing greater selection pressure on higher test weights. “If we cull a greater proportion of breeding lines based on test weight then our probability of delivering progress in yield, disease resistance and other quality traits in new varieties decreases proportionately.” For variety and test weight information visit nvtonline.com.au.

NOVEMBER 2013

NEW WHEAT VARIETIES

New wheat varieties meet the quality challenge Eight new wheat varieties have been approved under Australia’s wheat classification system to meet increasing demands from growers for high quality, high yielding and disease resistant cultivars. WORDS/ PETER FULLER

Trojan, Lancer, Shield, Grenade CL Plus, Suntop, Dart, Phantom and Gazelle will not only improve the management of stem and stripe rust and Cereal Cyst Nematodes (CCN) but are expected to contribute to higher test weights, in line with new grain trading regulations which will be introduced in the forthcoming harvest. Wheat Quality Australia (WQA), which released the 20132014 Wheat Variety Master List in early September, says the list responds to the increasing quality demands on farmers. “The WQA Wheat Variety Master List is a critical reference for industry,” said Wheat Quality Australia Chair, Christine Hawkins. “WQA employs an independent panel of experts (the Variety Classification Panel) to assess the quality of varieties against market requirements. “Inclusion on the list broadly signals the commercial end use value of a variety and is a key determinant of the price that growers can receive for different varieties.” The list has been broadly welcomed by growers and traders. Wimmera wheat grower Andrew Weidemann

acknowledged the “hip pocket” value of the classification system and the importance of the Master List as harvest approaches. “Classification provides me with the confidence that a market value exists for the varieties we grow,” Andrew said. “The Master List includes invaluable information about new and existing varieties to help me choose which ones to keep or purchase for seed next year, and what grade I can deliver my varieties into, to help maximise my returns.” Rosemary Richards, Executive Officer, Australian Grain Export Association agreed that the independent classification system managed by WQA was an essential contributor to Australia’s trade reputation. “The Master List is important as it identifies which varieties are in each class or grade,” Rosemary said. “It assists us in clear communication with our customers about the composition and functionality of the wheat we have for sale.” According to Dr Steve Jefferies, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Grain Technologies, classification is a critical step in the development and release of new varieties.

NEW WHEAT VARIETIES

“The classification of variety in a given zone can often dictate the adoption and success of that variety,” Steve said. “The Master List is the single industry reference source for variety classification information which in turn is critical to grower decision making on varieties, purchasing decisions by grain buyers, and segregation and storage strategies by bulk handlers.” Along with the Master List, Wheat Quality Australia recently modified the wheat classification zones. The new geographic zones are:

SOUTHERN CLASSIFICATION ZONE South Australia (SA) and Victoria (Vic) have been consolidated into a new Southern Classification Zone. Where varieties have different classifications in SA and Vic, they will have the highest of those classifications in the new Southern Classification Zone.

SOUTH EASTERN CLASSIFICATION ZONE Southern New South Wales (SNSW) has been renamed as the South Eastern Classification Zone.

NORTHERN CLASSIFICATION ZONE

WESTERN CLASSIFICATION ZONE

Central New South Wales (CNSW), Northern New South Wales (NNSW) and Queensland (Qld) have been consolidated into a new Northern Classification Zone. Where varieties have different classifications in CNSW, NNSW and Qld, they will have the highest of those classifications in the new Northern Classification Zone.

Western Australia (WA) has been renamed as the Western Classification Zone. The other change has been the removal of the default classification scheme.

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MACHINERY NEW WHEAT VARIETIES EFFICIENCY

The Master List is the single industry reference source for variety classification information which in turn is critical to grower decision making on varieties, purchasing decisions by grain buyers, and segregation and storage strategies by bulk handlers.

NEW WH TROJAN

A high yielding main season variety with mid to long season maturity, ideally suited to the medium to higher rainfall areas of Victoria and South Australia. Trojan will have APW classification in the Southern Zone and with large grain size and low screenings it will have a high average test weight. With similar characteristics to Yitpi and Pugsley, when grown in the Southern region, it is a short to medium height variety with good Boron tolerance. Trojan is moderately resistant to stem, leaf and stripe rust and moderately susceptible to powdery mildew, septoria trici, crown rot and yellow spotty. Main season yields are slightly lower than Scout and Yitpi (depending on the district) but are better than EGA Gregory, Chara, Pugsley and Bolac.

LANCER

Lancer is a slow maturing spring wheat which will help northern farmers capitalise on earlier planting opportunities. It has an APH classification in Northern and South Eastern Zones (all of New South Wales and Queensland) and has a solid grain package with good grain delivery, good grain size and low screenings. Lancer has a solid stripe rust resistance package, very good resistance to stem and leaf rust and its shorter canopy height offers good resistance to lodging. It also performs well under crown rot pressure. Lancer matures typically 4 - 7 days later than EGA Gregory and its yields are not dissimilar to EGA Gregory.

MACHINERY NEW WHEAT EFFICIENCY VARIETIES

HEAT VARIETIES GAZELLE

Gazelle is a high quality/high yielding soft wheat (ASG biscuit classification) in Northern, South Eastern and Southern Zones. It has mid to long season maturity similar to QAL2000 and Yenda and is ideally suited to early plantings and high production systems. It also appears well suited to acid soils with good yield performance in low pH environments. Gazelle has improved stripe rust resistance to established soft wheat varieties and delivers sound test weights, low screenings and low protein accumulation. Good rust resistance is a key attribute but it has been shown to be very susceptible to powdery mildew requiring good pre-emptive management.

PHANTOM

Phantom is a mid to late maturity, competitive yielding variety that is similar in adaptability to Yitpi with AH classification in the Southern Zone. It has high yield potential in good conditions and a favorable rust resistance package which adds significant security in the areas where it is likely to be grown widely. Phantom has useful levels of CCN resistance for growers looking to replace Yitpi, but a solid grain package with similar performance to Yitpi for sprouting and improved Black Point tolerance. It is considered to have the best currently available tolerance to sprouting of the Southern Zone market varieties.

GRENADE CL PLUS

Grenade CL Plus is a fully-awned spring wheat with an early mid season maturity similar to Gladius and a tall plant height similar to Yitpi and Justica CL Plus. It carries tolerance to toxic levels of boron and acid soils and has an AH classification in the Southern Zone (South Australia and Victoria) and improved test weights over Justica CL Plus and Gladius. Its main advantage is that it is bred for tolerance to Clearfield Intervix herbicide making it an option for growers looking for in crop control of problem weeds or to manage the risk of crop damage by chemical residues following a Clearfield Canola crop (that has been sprayed with Intervix). It has excellent stem rust resistance, useful resistance to stripe rust but poor leaf rust resistance, is moderately resistant to CCN but is suspectible to yellow leaf spot.

DART

Dart is a quick maturing variety which has APH classification in the Northern Zone (NSW and Queesnland) and AH classification in South Eastern Zone. It is quicker to mature than Crusader and well suited to late plantings. It has a solid grain package with consistent high protein accumulation, solid stripe rust resistance based and very good resistance to stem rusts and leaf rust. It is a low to mid tillering plant type that performs well in tight or shorter seasons. It yields between Livingston and Crusader in Northern NSW and Sunvale and Ventura in Southern NSW.

SUNTOP

Suntop is a new Australian Prime Hard (APH) quality wheat variety that has recorded high yields in both good and poor seasons in the Northern Zone. Suntop also has an excellent disease profile including good levels of resistance to all current field strains of leaf, stem and stripe rust, an important factor influencing variety selection by New South Wales and Queensland wheat growers. Suntopâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s good tolerance to both acid soils and Root Lesion Nematode (RLN) will also appeal to many growers. The variety has large grain and moderate tolerance to black point, making it generally far less susceptible to quality downgrading compared with other susceptible varieties and pre-harvest sprouting tolerance is similar to Ventura and better than Lincoln. Maturity is similar to the previously popular Janz, and faster than EGA Gregory.

SHIELD

Shield is an AH classified variety with an excellent disease resistance package to stem, stripe and leaf rust. An attractive option for growers looking for a low maintenance variety and lower risk in their cropping programs particularly for those who would rather avoid growing rust susceptible varieties requiring constant monitoring and fungicide applications. Shield is also moderately resistant to Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN) infection, and is early to mid maturing, similar to Mace. Its pre-harvest sprouting tolerance is similar to Yitpi, and it provides good resistance to black point. Shield produces grain with low screenings and moderate test weights similar to Gladius.

NOVEMBER 2013

BROWN MANURING

MACHINERY BROWNEFFICIENCY MANURING

PEA IS FOR PROFIT Field peas are being adopted into cropping systems in the form of a brown manure phase to address the shortcomings of continuous cropping. WORDS/ MARCUS LA FORGIA

Growers undertaking a continuous cropping program have long struggled with the inadequacies of the system, with soil Nitrogen deficiencies and weed control being two of the major challenges. But new research on incorporating a legume based brown manure phase into an intensive cropping program has demonstrated its economic viability, as well as its value in addressing some of the traditional drawbacks. Director of Cootamundra and Wagga Wagga based Rural Management Strategies, Robert Patterson, has spent much of the last six years focusing on the agronomics and economics of

incorporating brown manure crops into cropping systems in Southern New South Wales (NSW). “Brown manure crops are not new, but it’s been a bit ad-hoc and they’ve never really been incorporated into a system,” he said. “We’ve been looking at whether it can fit profitably into a cropping system, while maintaining sound agronomic principles. “With the limited scope for grain legume cash crops in rotation on any significant scale, canola has emerged as the only viable break crop in these continuous cropping systems. “This has resulted in crop sequences

of canola, wheat, canola, wheat or canola, wheat, wheat being adopted. “These systems require large amounts of artificial Nitrogen to maintain yields and grain protein, while weed control, particularly that of annual ryegrass and wild oats, has become more problematic with increasing incidences of herbicide resistance occurring.” Robert said full stubble retention and the adoption of wide row spacing have also presented challenges for controlling grass weeds, through less efficacy of many pre-emergents due to stubble absorption, and less crop competition for weeds, depending on crop type and variety.

These systems require large amounts of artificial Nitrogen to maintain yields and grain protein, while weed control, particularly that of annual ryegrass and wild oats, has become more problematic with increasing incidences of herbicide resistance occurring.

NOVEMBER 2013

BROWN MANURING

BROWN MANURE METHOD Brown manure cropping involves growing a grain legume crop, usually with minimal inputs of fertiliser and chemical, with the aim of achieving maximum dry matter production, before the major target weed species such as annual ryegrass or wild oats have set viable seed. The grain legume crop is sprayed with a knockdown herbicide such as glyphosate before seed set, to kill both the crop and weeds. A second knockdown herbicide application is generally made to achieve a “Double Knock”. This is in contrast to green manure where both the crop and weeds are killed by cultivation. The objective of this practice is to control problem weeds, boost soil Nitrogen for future crops, plus conserve soil moisture for the following crop in a low risk manner. Robert said that to date, his research had shown that a crop sequence of brown manure field peas followed by canola and two wheat crops, can be as profitable at current commodity prices as continuous cropping, or mixed farming involving cropping and Merino sheep. “We’ve also seen that a crop production system involving brown manure field peas, has less production and financial risk compared to continuous cropping, due to lower input and operating costs,” he said. “And a crop production system involving brown manure field peas, is likely to be more sustainable than

“We’ve also seen that a crop production system involving brown manure field peas, has less production and financial risk compared to continuous cropping, due to lower input and operating costs.” continuous cropping and similar to mixed farming, due to less reliance on herbicides for weed control and artificial Nitrogen for crop nutrition, plus the maintenance of higher levels of ground cover. “I have some clients now with 25 per cent of their area in brown manure crops on an on-going basis. I’ve been looking at fine-tuning that cropping system and making sure it stacks up economically for the grower.”

PEAS OVER VETCH Robert said while vetch is a common brown manure crop, his research has favoured early sown field peas. Field peas are favoured due to their wider sowing window, greater competiveness with weeds and potentially greater dry matter production,” he said. “Higher dry matter production should lead to higher Nitrogen accumulation, while more stubble cover provides shading to reduce evaporation and sunlight available to germinating weeds.” Brown manure legume crops provide three major benefits over long fallowing - competition for weeds, reducing the application of knockdown herbicides during the growing season, accumulation of soil Nitrogen - plus

the maintenance of ground cover both during the growing season and over the summer preceding the next crop. “This brown manure crop residue should reduce soil surface evaporation and reduce wind erosion, but also provides a better environment for germinating weeds over the summer,” he said. “The major disadvantage of brown manure crops compared with long fallowing is the cost of the grain legume seed ($25-$30/ha), plus the cost of sowing which is low in the overall scheme of things. “Fertiliser is not usually applied at sowing unless soil Phosphorus levels are low, as field peas are relatively nonresponsive to Phosphorus if sown early. Also, no nutrients are exported from the paddock in that year.”

CROP SEQUENCES According to Robert, grain legume crops such as lupins in Southern NSW have traditionally been followed by wheat, which responds well in terms of both yield and grain protein, due to the freedom from root diseases and high soil Nitrogen levels. “One of the problems is that in dry springs, many of these wheat crops “blow up”, due to high early dry matter production depleting soil moisture,

BROWN MANURING

resulting in reduced wheat yields with high protein but high screenings grain,” he said. “Given the desire to establish canola early with stored soil moisture and adequate Nitrogen to optimise yield potential, canola is now being grown after brown manure peas. “This enables almost complete prevention of wild oat seed set in two successive years, which depletes the seed bank significantly, to the extent that control measures have not been necessary in the following two cereal crops and has significant cost savings and reduced risk of crop damage from post-emergent wild oat herbicides.” Robert said the two year broadleaf crop sequence of brown manure peas followed by canola is also predicted to provide control of crown rot, which a one-year break does not. He said the reduction of take-all levels under high disease pressure weather conditions, should also be

adequate to allow early (mid April) sowing of the first wheat crop with little root disease risk. The ability to sow early with confidence (subject to variety) is expected to lead to higher wheat yield potential. The incidence of yellow leaf spot in wheat crops has also been observed to be significantly less following two sequential broadleaf crops.

ECONOMICS As part of his investigation, Robert looked at the economic analysis of three farming systems conducted in Southern NSW with a 450 mm annual rainfall. The systems included a traditional mixed farm comprising 67 per cent crop and 33 per cent lucerne based pasture, running a self replacing Merino flock, a continuous cropping of wheat and canola only and a continuous cropping of wheat and canola, but including brown manure field peas grown on 25

The Day Families of Woodlea Ag Enterprises in the Southern Riverina of New South Wales turned to brown manure cropping in 2009, after observing that many of the paddocks on its 4400 hectares were building weed seed banks that were unmanageable in a 100 per cent cropped and harvested system. The Days selected field peas for the brown manure phase over other legumes because of the excellent groundcover and high production of biomass, which provided good weed competition. Since introducing brown manuring into the system, the Days have seen a range of benefits including improved grain quality, improved yield, reduced disease levels and a boost in natural levels of Nitrogen. There has also been a moisture

per cent of the arable area. The results showed that crop production system comprising brown manure legumes, canola and wheat, can be as profitable as continuous cropping, but with less production and financial risk. “Brown manure legume system is considered to be more resilient in dry years, plus more sustainable due to the reduced reliance on selective herbicides for weed control and artificial Nitrogen for crop nutrition,” Robert said. “For those producers who prefer not to engage in mixed farming involving livestock, it appears that a brown manure legume system can produce financial results approaching those from mixed farming. It makes sense for producers to focus their attention where their interest and skills lie, as they are likely to perform better doing that which they enjoy.”

benefit, in some years, to subsequent crops due to the unused water in the soil profile. “This system has reduced the application of expensive Nitrogen and our use of in-crop herbicides for broadleaf and grass control have been scaled back,” Mark Day said. “We are not entering the paddock once the field peas are sown resulting in a substantial increase in time efficiencies. “The adoption of brown manure field peas in a farming system is not a silver bullet. While we understand the current system is not perfect and can be refined, it is felt to be a step towards a more robust cropping system. “In our farming system, we have seen a number of benefits and it will form a major part of our cropping system in the coming years.”

NOVEMBER 2013

MACHINERY EFFICIENCY FARM PROFILE

Tangerboun Property Name Tangerboun Business owners/managers Tangerboun is owned and operated by Ross and Cynthia Watson and their four daughters Gabrielle (34), Amelia (32), Gretchen (30) and Hannah (26). The Watsons purchased Tangerboun in 1994, after separating from a farming partnership with Ross’s parents Jim and Eileen, and twin brother, Philip. Ross and Cynthia initially purchased a 1440 hectare (ha) block and have since expanded their holdings to 2240 ha. Property Location 30 km north west of Swan Hill, Victoria. When was the farming district settled? The Swan Hill farming district was settled in the late 1890s and farming enterprises include primarily dryland cropping and livestock production. Annual rainfall Swan Hill has an average annual rainfall of 310 millimetres (mm). At Tangerboun the actual average rainfall in the past three years has been 419mm (190 mm growing season rainfall). Ross says 150mm growing season rainfall is a good year at Tangerboun. Soil types Tangerboun has sandy loam soils with ph of 7.5 to 8.5. The property consists of heavier flats and sandy rises. Total farm area and cropping program Ross and Cynthia own 2200 ha of arable farming land, plus 40 ha of non-arable native vegetation. The property is all within the Nowie district of Victoria. The property is continuously cropped with a rotation that includes a brown manured vetch crop. The cropping program features about 40 per cent wheat, 20 per cent barley, 20 per cent canola and 20 per cent legumes. Employees Tangerboun employs seasonal labour at harvest and Ross and Cynthia’s daughters help out on the farm when they can. Machinery Machinery used on Tangerboun includes: • Tractors: John Deere 8960; John Deere 8130 • Seed Rig: NDF disc planter (made in Narromine, NSW); 3 metre axle space, GPS Auto farm RTK, Symonds aircart (made in WA) • Spray Rig: Goldacres 36 metre dual boom with a direct chemical injection system • Harvester: John Deere S660, 12.2m draper • Trucks: Freightliner Alloy tri, White Alloy Triaxle • Other: 28 tonne Dunstan chaser bin (made in Vic); 10 tonne Marshall box spreader (made in WA); 2500 tonne farm storage with aeration From left, Gretchen, Ross and Cynthia Watson.

MACHINERY FARM EFFICIENCY PROFILE

APRIL 2013

MACHINERY FARM PROFILE EFFICIENCY

Ross and daughter Hannah Watson

What is the history of your farm? Tangerboun was settled in the 1890s by the Cockfield family. Our family partnership purchased the property from the Cockfield family in 1972, and purchased several neighbouring properties soon after. After separating with family members in 1994, we (Ross and Cynthia) purchased a share of the total property and have since expanded to 2240ha. What made you want to be a farmer? Having grown up on a third generation family farm, I guess it was in my blood. It’s satisfying to grow food. I think I am also attracted to the risk-taking part of farming. Farming definitely has its rewards and I am very passionate about improving soil health and its benefits. What education and training did you undertake? After boarding school, I came back to Swan Hill and worked on the family farm and we had a vegetable seed property. I have no qualifications in agriculture, but have done many TAFE and training courses over the years and have a thirst for information. I read a lot of farming journals and attend a lot of field days to find out more specific information.

How do you manage your cropping program? Our favourite crop rotation is brown manured vetch, followed by canola, then one or two seasons of wheat, then a season of barley. We also grow some chickpeas as a cash crop in place of the brown manured vetch. Including a brown manured vetch crop in the rotation is very much an economic choice to reduce our reliance on synthetic nitrogen. The vetch is brown manured as it is podding to maximise nitrogen input. If the vetch crop is a good one, the nitrogen benefits can carry on for three seasons. Grasses are selectively removed from the vetch prior to seed set. We don’t like to remove weeds too early as this removes valuable soil biota as well. Which grains/commodities/varieties do you tend to focus on? Canola is our highest value crop, with costs of around $230/ha and average yield of 1.2t/ha (ranging from 750kg/ha to 1.5t/ha). We grow Clearfield wheat – usually Kord after canola and then Mace. We grow Hindmarsh on clean ground or Scope

MACHINERY FARM EFFICIENCY PROFILE

barley where brome grass is an issue. Our long term wheat average 1.8t/ha and our barley average is around 2t/ha. We used to grow Kabuli chickpeas but they have become increasingly difficult to market, so we have swung over to Desi types, which have a strong market all year round. We have grown lentils previously and may grow them again in the future. Morava vetch is our choice for brown manuring, because of its superior dry matter production. Dry matter is everything for brown manuring. If you haven’t got cover, no-till doesn’t work – you need to have an environment in which the soil bugs can do their thing. We grow several canola varieties. We grow the hybrid varieties 44Y-84, (sown at 1 kg/ha) and the Triazine Tolerant (TT) variety Stingray (sown at 1.7kg/ha). Tell us about your tillage practices We started our transition to no-till farming in 2004 using a 17 metre (m) Hydraulic Multi planter. Initially we started matching machine widths, with a mixture of 2.2m and 3m axle widths and with press wheels without harrows on the planter. It wasn’t until 2011 that the property converted to zero-till controlled traffic, and we opted for a metric system. Since then we have used a 12m NDF disc planter (which gives me zero-till), 36m sprayer, 12.2m harvester, all with 3m axles and single tyres. The only way I could get full controlled traffic was to change all axles. However the chaser bin goes off the tracks to unload the harvester, which is something we are working on. A catcher on the chaser will be introduced when funds allow. The most significant benefit of zero-till farming is the improved moisture conversion. In tough times, we would get an extra 4 or 5 days before the crop suffers moisture stress. An important thing with controlled traffic farming is to plant the tracks so that the soil is always covered. This means there is less dust when spraying, and the tracks still yield okay. Inter-row planting has so many benefits for the soil. The fact you are not disturbing the roots of the previous crop and they remain anchored is vital – the soil biota and organisms can keep eating the roots as they rot away. We can always find standing stubble of the wheat and barley the second year, sometimes after three cereals. The better the soil gets over time, the quicker plant matter rots away. Soil health is a big picture thing – zero-till helps nature do what it does naturally. We have had the NDF disc seeder for three seasons now, and it’s ideal for where there is 100 per cent cover but I’d definitely say we are still learning, particularly in terms of seed placement and working in wet and dry soil. Why grain farming - why not stock? The last of our sheep left our property in 2005. We had

gradually reduced numbers after introducing no-till and some controlled traffic farming in 2004 because the sheep would hang in the tracks created by controlled traffic farming and denude any cover remaining there, leaving the paddock open to erosion. As time progressed, we realised even low numbers of sheep do too much damage to soils in a no-till system. What is your fertiliser regime? We have a minimal fertiliser regime. Our fertiliser rates are around 50 per cent of other farmers in our benchmarking group (while yields are only slightly below the group). Canola is sown with 30 kg/ha MAP and 50 kg/ha urea in a skip row so that the toxic fertiliser does not impact on germination of canola in dry conditions. We apply gypsum in crystal form at 300kg/ha, and on lighter soils also apply chicken manure at 2 m/ha. In perfect moist planting conditions, we could band the fertiliser with the seed and plant every row, but the last few years have been dry and we have had very good success by alternating seed and fertiliser rows. We achieve plant density of 20-30 plants/square metre. Wheat and barley are sown with MAP at variable rates – 50-60kg on the most productive country and 10-20kg on the flats. We base our rate from a yield map audit, but vary the rate manually as our air-seeder cart is not equipped for auto variable rate application. Post sowing urea is only applied in a very wet season. Urea tends to burn crops off, over-riding any potential gains. Legumes are sown with 30 or 60kg of single fertiliser. What is your normal herbicide regime? Our main weed problems are brome grass, turnip and thistles. We are fortunate not to have wild radish or ryegrass issues. Herbicides commonly used include Amine and Roundup, Gramoxone, Lontrel for knockdowns, and Clearfield group of chemicals for cereals. How do you manage herbicide resistance? We have avoided ryegrass resistance to the Group B herbicides to date and are very conscious of having strategies to avoid it in the future. Our brown manured vetch crop is important in this strategy. We are also careful with selection of herbicides and ensure adequate rates of chemical are applied. The dual boom with direct chemical injection is very effective and the TT canola variety Stingray also helps get the chemical mix right for prevention of resistance. What is your normal fungicide and pesticide regime? Fungicides are also used sparingly. They are applied late in the season with the hormone spray (Amine) when necessary. Leaf diseases are not generally a problem because of mostly dry seasons. Occasionally we have aphids in canola, which we treat on a needs basis. We rotate and minimise use of pesticides and fungicides to protect against resistance.

NOVEMBER 2013

MACHINERY FARM PROFILE EFFICIENCY

Improving soil health so we can reduce inputs to the absolute minimum is our main way of reducing our risks. I think there are also significant savings to be made from syndicating inputs.

What is your overall strategy with chemical use? We aim to take care of soil biology at all times, and this includes avoiding chemicals that destroy the good soil bugs. Explain your GPS rig and the yield feedback it gives you for management decision-making? We purchased our RTK system in 2005 and it is a very important part of our controlled traffic program. I’d say we get 80per cent accuracy with our inter-row sowing which significantly reduces compaction – this is vital to improving soil health. Over time, the RTK system has been very good value. We produce yield maps, but are not fully utilising the information they give us, as we don’t have a variable rate seed cart. Do you use off-farm soil and plant testing and quality guidance services? We haven’t conducted soil or plant tests for a number of years. We base our decision making on yields from the previous year. Soil and plant tests are just another cost and we’re not searching for anything specific. Do you belong to a farm management group? We are part of O’Callahan Rural Management’s benchmarking program. We have been doing the Farm Management 500 benchmarking process for 20 years. It gives us a guide and is a good tool to help confirm decisions we make, for example moving to the disc planter. We are aiming for the most profitable crop, not necessarily the best yielding crop in the district. Do you use a farm management adviser?

We don’t use an agronomy service or have a farm management adviser, but I like to keep informed and read a lot. I like to observe what’s happening in the soil and go looking for information to answer any of these queries. We subscribe to Agronomic Acumen, an agronomy service from Western Australian agronomist Wayne Smith. I am a member of BCG, Birchip Cropping Group, a group that conducts research on dry land cropping systems. I have been reading Western Australian No-Till Farming Association publication since it was released in the 1980s, and I am part of the Victorian No-Till Group. I have a real interest in soil biology and I like reading anything by soil biologists such as Wendy Williams, Pauline Mele and Jill Clapperton. What is your harvesting routine? We have a John Deere 660 harvester and a 28 tonne chaser bin. I like to drive the harvester - it’s the most enjoyable part of the season. Yield maps provide good information, but there’s nothing like seeing it yourself. The harvester is the best place to keep an eye on what’s going on at harvest time. When you’re off in the truck, it always seems to be that you’re needed back in the paddock. Our four girls have done a lot of hours in the chaser bin, and are also quite capable of driving the harvester. We direct head canola as there are no losses. It’s also much more efficient because I can stay on my tracks. We have 2500 tonne Butler upright storage systems, which give us a lot of flexibility with marketing our grain, particularly to maximise returns and timing of sales.

MACHINERY FARM EFFICIENCY PROFILE

Ross and daughter Hannah Watson

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MACHINERY FARM PROFILE EFFICIENCY

Ross and Cynthia Watson

We have no plans for retirement in the near future, however with four girls, we have had a succession plan in place for some time. The systems use aeration and phostoxin gas. However, just because we have the storage doesn’t mean we feel locked into using it each season. We do store grain and speculate in good seasons. We truck some grain direct from the paddock to ABA bunker storage in Woorinen. We use two tri-axle aluminium tippers which alternate between farm storage and ABA. Barley is stored for beef cattle farmers and wheat for the dairy farmers. How do you market your crop? We forward sell quite a bit of grain, but it varies each year, we have no set rules. Sometimes we take a few risks - when the price is high we probably sell too much. You can get it wrong. We don’t tend to use pools nowadays - we’ve probably lost a bit of money over time using pools. Regularly we contract grain with local dairy farmers and beef farmers – they take a certain tonnage on a shared price arrangement where the price follows the seasonal price, whether it goes up or down. Who do you rely on for grain marketing advice?

We get grain price information daily and used to read grain marketing columns, but not so much these days. We use SQP (Emerald Group) for pricing information and physical contracts. What are the biggest challenges/risks to your farm business? The biggest challenge to our farm business is overheads, particularly the cost of machinery replacement and depreciation. Rising input costs are also a concern. Another risk is my health – if I had a health problem we would have to look at leasing or share farming the property. How do you try to manage those challenges/risks? Half of our equipment is quite new and the other half is quite old. I would like to improve the half that’s old, but I am realistic enough to know there’s not enough money in dryland cropping to have everything you would like to have. Improving soil health so we can reduce inputs to the absolute minimum is our main way of reducing our risks. I think there are also significant savings to be made from syndicating inputs.

FARM PROFILE

What technological developments do you foresee which will improve your family farm? I am very interested in producing healthier grains, which may not include genetic modification. I am very interested in Jill Clapperton’s work on companion crops. Do you have future expansion plans? We have no plans for expansion of our farm, but may look at other off-farm investments. Land in our area is around $600-$700/acre and in recent times we have seen some new players in the district, for example the southern farmers, purchase land here as they are able to obtain land for one third of the price they can down south. Would you shift to another district for cheaper land or if rainfall becomes a problem due to climate change? We intend to focus on improving the farming system and stay here. We have been managing variable conditions here for many years, and everything we are doing to increase ground cover and improve soil health is going to help us farm with less rain. I hate to think what our crops would be like in dry years without the changes in our farming techniques. Do you have a business diversification strategy? We contract plant 1200 to 1600ha each year for a neighbouring farmer, which helped me to justify the purchase of our zero-till disc planter. We treat both properties as one, at planting time - we are both aiming to maximise profits.

We also have four investment properties. We have found it relatively easy to buy and sell off-farm properties, which cannot be done with farm land. These properties are part of our succession plan for our daughters. Do you think food production has a good future in Australia? There will always be hiccups, but my gut feel is that Australian food production has a good future as long as we can get the costs right. We also like to purchase Australian made equipment when possible. Australian made equipment can be more expensive, but if you look behind the shiny paint, much of it is better quality and better suited to Australian conditions. We have a much better feeling supporting our own manufacturers and their workers. What is your retirement/succession plan? We have no plans for retirement in the near future, however with four girls, we have had a succession plan in place for some time. Rather than investing in more land over recent years, we have channelled profits into off-farm investments. Our four daughters are all very capable operators and have helped drive the seeding rig and harvester, and chaser bin. They are good workers and multi-taskers. We would like to think our family farm will remain part of our family and be leased by our four girls for generations to come. They all have their own careers and have chosen not to become farmers.

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www.glencoregrain.com.au/pool-fact-sheets NOVEMBER 2013

MACHINERY EFFICIENCY HARVESTING PROFITS

Harvesting profits With a bumper harvest predicted for 2013/14, don’t miss the opportunity to capitalise on your income. WORDS/ MARCUS LA FORGIA

While the 2013/14 harvest isn’t in the bin just yet, it is shaping up to be a great year for most Australian grain growers. Latest forecasts from the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Science (ABARES) predict that Australian wheat production will reach 24.5 million tonnes for 2013/14, an 11 per cent rise on last year. Ben Trengove, from accounting and advisory firm William Buck, said growers should begin thinking how they can capitalise financially on such a strong result. “If growers put a significant amount of time into planning, a big income year can turn into a big opportunity,” he said. “In a big income year, opportunities exist for growers to pay down debt, reinvest in the business by upgrading plant and equipment (P&E) or to reduce overall risk and their exposure to the industry by taking profits out of the business and diversifying their overall wealth. “This could involve contributions to superannuation (both deductible and non-deductible), creating or adding to a passive investment portfolio (possibly shares, cash, commercial or residential property) or even investing into another business venture.”

Ben said that growers can benefit over the longer term from diversifying their wealth and holding other passive investments. “It generally sharpens a growers’ focus on the business’ return on capital, against what the grower achieves with their off-farm investments. But it also provides a greater level of confidence in making business decisions.”

DEBT REDUCTION According to Ben, every grower’s situation is unique, however debt reduction in a big income year is very important although not tax effective. “Debt reduction should be prioritised in a big year, but balanced with tax effective reinvestment in the business and also tax effective diversification,” he said. “A well planned big income year can be the start or success of a retirement or succession plan that has otherwise been ‘pushed aside’ due to tougher financial conditions. “But it’s important to remember that neither retirement nor succession should be left to the mercy of that ‘one good year’.”

MANAGING TAX LIABILITY Ben highlighted that using Farm Management Deposits (FMDs),

concessional (deductible) super contributions, deferred grain pools, purchasing depreciable business assets or pre-purchasing farm consumables were all good strategies for managing their tax liabilities in a big income year. “FMDs are a very effective way of deferring assessable income from a big income year to a later and possibly lower income year by making a deposit to an approved account,” he said. “However with limits of $400,000 per depositor some farmers will have already exhausted this option. “It is important for a grower to consider their structure and maximise how many family members can access this strategy.”

CONTRIBUTIONS TO SUPER Making concessional contributions to superannuation are another very effective way to manage a tax liability according to Ben. However, he warned that with caps on concessional contributions this may not shelter enough income from tax. “Growers need to plan to maximise the number of family members utilising this opportunity and maximise their concessional contributions, particularly for those aged 60 or over who have higher concessional caps beginning in the 2014 financial year,” he said.

HARVESTING PROFITS

In a big income year, opportunities exist for growers to pay down debt, reinvest in the business by upgrading plant and equipment. “Deferred grain pools are a great strategy for deferring assessable income to the next financial year, but because it is only a deferral, growers should plan to ensure only an optimal amount of income (not all income) is deferred taking into consideration the average target rate of tax and cash flow requirements.” Ben said that reinvesting back into the business by purchasing new business assets such as P&E does provide some tax benefit, but because of the lasting nature of P&E these deductions are usually claimed over a period of years. However, he said there are opportunities for growers to optimise

their tax position by adopting the simplified depreciation rules (assuming they are a small business entity). The simplified depreciation rules allow growers to: • Immediately write off most depreciating assets costing less than $6,500 each • Pool most other depreciating assets (irrespective of their effective life) in the general small business pool and depreciate at the rate of 30 per cent • Depreciate most newly acquired assets at 15 per cent in the first year, regardless of when they were acquired during that year • Claim an accelerated initial deduction of $5,000 for motor vehicles

“Further to these accelerated depreciation deductions, growers reinvesting back into their business purchasing an eligible no-till seeder can also take advantage of the 15 per cent conservation refundable tax offset,” he said. “Purchases must meet the eligibility criteria and you can claim the refundable tax offset for more than one eligible seeder if you meet the eligibility criteria for each.” For more information please phone Agribusiness Specialist Ben Trengove at William Buck Chartered Accountants and Advisors on 08 8409 4333 or email at ben.trengove@ williambucksa.com.au

William Buck Understands Rural Business As one of South Australia’s largest locally owned and operated accounting and advisory firms, William Buck genuinely understands the complexities involved in agricultural and rural business, having advised many successful businesses for over 65 years. To maximise returns from your bumper harvest, contact William Buck’s Agribusiness Specialist Ben Trengove on 0419 851 008 to turn your big crop into a big opportunity and improve your business performance and wealth position.

BIG CROP, BIG INCOME = BIG OPPORTUNITY OR BIG PROBLEM?

Level 6, 211 Victoria Square, Adelaide SA 5000 | Telephone: +61 8 8409 4333 Email: ben.trengove@williambucksa.com.au | williambuck.com

STRATEGIC THINKING | TAILORED ADVICE | INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS

NOVEMBER 2013 33 CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS & ADVISORS

MACHINERY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY

LOOKING INTO THE DIGITAL FUTURE High speed internet in rural areas promises to change the face of farming. WORDS/ SARAH PARKER

MACHINERY TECHNOLOGY EFFICIENCY

Farmers need to have an understanding of the products on offer, their functions and how they will improve their business With more Australian farms embracing technology, the humble farmhouse has become a high tech hub of data in recent years, informing and evolving farming practices. But another transformation is on the way in the form of high speed internet, with the National Broadband Network (NBN) to be rolled out across the country in the coming years. The NBN will provide internet access to regional communities through satellites and fixed wireless devices to deliver up to a 12Mbps service by 2015*. According to Professor of Precision Agriculture at the University of New England, David Lamb, high speed internet is likely to see a large uptake of virtual tools aimed at sharing practical knowledge. “Having fast and reliable internet access is going to transform the farmhouse into a connected, interactive education and business hub,” David said. “We’re expecting to see long term learning and more knowledge sharing through online platforms such as virtual shed meetings. “Farmers will also be able to actively participate in scientific research to improve disease control and boost annual crop yield.” “The use of crowd sourcing to collect information, ideas or content to improve business operations will also become a popular resource.” Of all of the high tech tools available, David suggests that telephony technology will be the most highly sought after. “Communicating via video conferencing will allow farmers to get support from local contacts such as vets, mechanics or other farmers

instantly - reducing operation down time significantly,” he said. “This technology means a group of people can work together and find solutions for problems in one video conference call, rather than in the days or weeks it could take to get someone out to a farm. “The opportunities are unlimited in terms of how farmers will utilise the new technology to solve problems and share information.” Beyond improving farm productivity, having access to high-speed internet will also improve farm safety and may reduce feelings of social isolation experienced by many farming families. “GPS tracking systems and improved communication with emergency services will benefit those working in remote locations,” David said. “The greater download speeds and data packages will allow families to consume information at a similar rate as their inner city counterparts. “We’re already seeing a demand for more access to in-home entertainment; streaming HD movies, online retail services and staying regularly connected through social media.” With the expected influx of new technologies set to hit the market place, David’s advice to farmers is to be prepared to skill up to stay ahead of the curve. “There will be a number of new technologies available to farmers, some more relevant and useful to their business than others,” he said. “Farmers need to have an understanding of the products on offer, their functions and how they will improve their business. “The challenge will be working out what is going to best meet the

farm’s needs.” David suggests the key to overcoming this will be to take advantage of the support that is on offer through the Smart Services sector. “The Smart Services sector will play a big role in the success of this new era of farming.” “It will provide support on the latest technology; how to integrate it into existing practices but also how to interpret and apply the information it collects.” For those in the industry involved in developing new technology it will be important to consider what the audience is already working with. “Designing interfaces that are familiar will be a big factor in the success and uptake of these new tools,” David said. “If it’s easy and familiar to use, it will be popular.” The NBN roll out brings with it a number of business opportunities, development of new technologies and improved farming practices, plus the subsequent growth of supporting industries. “We are at the beginning of a very exciting era in Australian farming,” David said. “Embracing these new opportunities and early adoption is the key to ensuring that by the time the roll out is complete, the farming industry is well equipped with enough capacity and technology to meet long term future needs.” *The speeds actually experienced by end-users of the fixed wireless or satellite will depend on a number of factors including the retail broadband plan they choose, their equipment and their in-premises connection.

NOVEMBER 2013

MACHINERY NATIONAL SEEDBANK EFFICIENCY

GROWERS TO BENEFIT FROM NATIONAL SEEDBANK A $3 million national seedbank to be built at Horsham in Victoria will provide growers with access to superior varieties of grain and help them capitalise on emerging market opportunities. The new seedbank, a partnership between the Victorian Government and the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), will bring together tropical and temperate grain, legumes and oilseed collections within the dedicated facility at Horsham. Victorian Agriculture and Food Security Minister Peter Walsh said the new facility would enable the breeding of superior varieties of grains for growers and could help respond to changing climate and environmental challenges, as well as pest and disease outbreaks. “These resources will underpin crop improvements and enable producers to remain productive, competitive and profitable in future environments and markets,” he said.

“Grain growers can also capitalise on new market opportunities based on growing demand for grains.” GRDC chairman Keith Perrett said the facility was also of critical importance to Australian researchers and breeders. “Australia is a net importer of the genetic diversity required to develop improved grain varieties. This centre is also an important resource for international researchers and plant breeders including those from developing countries,” Keith said. The facility will operate as part of a global system of genebanks supporting Australia’s obligations as a signatory to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.”

NATIONAL SEEDBANK

Grain growers can also capitalise on new market opportunities based on growing demand for grains.

NOVEMBER 2013

Harvest smart – and save!

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SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

SPECIAL Grain Business Supplement

SARDI SOWINGguide2014 Grain Business Special Supplement The SA Crop Variety Sowing Guide has been compiled by Officers with the South Australian Research and Development Institute. It is proudly sponsored by the South Australian Grain Industry Trust in association with the Grains Research and Development Corporation and Primary Industry and Resources SA. The SARDI Sustainable Systems Division Officers acknowledge the sponsorship of this guide by the SA Grain Industry Trust (SAGIT) and the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC). The contributions of New Variety Agronomy and Oat

Breeding research and Rural Solutions staff in SA, as as well as collaborative research staff in Victoria in producing results published in this edition is also acknowledged. The use of National Variety Trial (NVT) results and the analysis of individual and long term trial results by officers within the National Statistics Program is also most appreciated. Farmer cooperators are also to be thanked for the use of their land for the trials which have resulted in the data and information contained in this edition of the SA Sowing Guide.

Important notice: Although Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) and staff of SARDIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Crop Improvement Group have taken all reasonable care in preparing fact sheets in this special section of Grain Business, neither PIRSA, SARDI, Viterra, nor their officers, staff or servants involved in the editing and production of this magazine warrant the accuracy of the information contained in Grain Business Magazine or accept any liability resulting from the interpretation or use of the information set out in this document. Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

NOVEMBER 2013

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Plant Breeder’s RightsA information and variety update for 2014 By Rob Wheeler and Peter McCormack, SARDI

the best available seed. • When purchasing seed of a PBR Cultivar you should purchase it in the name or names of the entity or entities in which you intend to deliver. You should retain invoices to prove that you have entitlement to that seed and the crop produced. • If farmers are unsure, they should seek information from the owner, commercial partner/licensee or the selling agent (seed merchant). This article explains some of the origins, benefits and restrictions associated with PBR.

Key Points • Most new varieties are protected by PBR and growers need to be aware of the implications. • Seed of varieties with PBR protection can only be bought from the owner, commercial partner/licensee or an agent (seed merchant) authorised by the owner. • Once purchased, growers can maintain seed of a variety with PBR protection to satisfy their seed requirements for the following season. • Farmers can sell the Plant Breeder’s Rights products of a protected variety PBR was introduced to for commercial use as feed or stimulate private investment in food (e.g. deliver to Glencore, plant breeding by conferring flourmill or sell as animal feed) Rob Wheeler ownership rights to varieties unless bound by a ‘closed loop’ and thereby the potential to market those contract. rights as part of a commercialisation • Farmers cannot sell, trade or give away process. the variety for seed without authorization The Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994 of the owner. as amended act no:148 2002 gives an • Farmer to farmer trading of seed owner of PBR the exclusive right to sell, without authorisation of the owner will produce or reproduce, import, export, make them liable to prosecution. stock or condition the seed of a variety • Commercial marketing arrangements protected by PBR (or license another between the owners and the licensee can person or organisation to undertake vary between crops and varieties, and these activities). farmers must be aware of the conditions The rights are similar to patents or of the marketing arrangements. copyright, (these record ownership of the • Before you take delivery of certified genetic material) and are administered seed of a new variety, you are encouraged under the Act. PBR protection can last up to request a copy of the paddock to 20 years for broadacre crops. inspection report and the certificate of PBR guarantee ownership of a variety analysis report. It is important that you but do not specify how the variety should read the information contained in the be commercialised or whether or where inspection report and the seed analysis royalties should be charged. certificate to make sure you are buying 4 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

In the absence of a contract stating otherwise, farmers can sell the harvest of a protected variety for direct consumption as food or feed (for example, deliver it for animal feed or to a flour mill) but they are not permitted to sell, trade or give away the variety for seed without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. Royalties • The concept generally referred to as ‘end point royalty’ collection gives the licensee the right to collect royalties on harvested grain. • Increasingly more varieties being grown by farmers use the ‘end point royalty’ method of royalty collection. • Farmers should carefully read any documentation provided to be fully aware of the conditions when purchasing seed of a variety. While the restrictions in the use of seed under the PBR Act are clearly defined, other contractual arrangements may have been imposed by the licensee following agreement by the owners. For example, some contracts specify that the harvested grain must be delivered to certain collection agencies; these are commonly called ‘closed loop’ marketing arrangements or that EPR’s are on total grain production of the variety excluding seed saved for the following years production, ‘farmer saved seed’. • In some instances growers are permitted to trade “farmer to farmer” subject to a three party agreement involving the farmers and the licensee. This currently applies to Axe, Correll, Espada, Estoc, Gladius, Mace and Scout wheats.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

WHEAT Variety

Owner

Year of registration

Commercial partner/ Royalty Type ($/ Maximum Comments licensee tonne ex.GST) quality in SA AGT Katana AGT 2009 AGT EPR $3.00 AH Tested as RAC1423 AGT Scythe AGT 2004 AGT EPR $1.50 APW Tested as RAC1055 Axe AGT 2007 AGT # EPR $2.50 AH Tested as RAC1192 Barham AVS 2007 Seednet EPR $2.00 Soft Tested as VO2697R Bolac AVS 2006 Seednet EPR $2.10 AH Tested as VQ2621 Caparoi NSW DPI 2008 Seednet EPR $2.60 APDR1 Tested as TD60F Chara AVS 1999 Seednet EPR $1.00 AH Tested as VI341 Clearfield JNZ Intergrain Free to trade EPR $1.12 AH Corack AGT 2011 AGT # EPR $3.00 APW Tested as VW2316 Correll AGT 2006 AGT # EPR $2.00 AH Tested as WI23322 Derrimut Nugrain/AGT 2006 Seedcell. EPR $2.95 AH Tested as NGSP005 Emu Rock Intergrain 2011 Intergrain EPR $3.50 AH Tested as IGW3167 Espada AGT 2008 AGT # EPR $2.50 APW Tested as RAC1263 Estoc AGT 2010 AGT# EPR $3.00 APW Tested as RAC1412 GBA Ruby GBA 2003 Heritage seeds EPR $3.00 ASW Tested as GB 99-099 Gladius AGT 2006 AGT # EPR $2.50 AH Tested as RAC1262 Grenade CL Plus AGT 2012 AGT EPR $3.80 AH Tested as RAC1689R Hyperno AGT 2009 AGT/DGA EPR $3.00 APDR1 Tested as WID22209 Justica CL Plus AGT 2011 AGT EPR $3.55 APW Tested as RAC1683 Kalka Uni of Adelaide 2003 Durum Growers Assoc EPR $1.50 APDR1 Kord CL Plus AGT 2011 AGT EPR $3.55 AH Tested as RAC 1669R Kukri Uni of Adelaide 1999 Seednet EPR $1.00 AH Tested as RAC820 Longreach Catalina Longreach PB 2006 Seednet EPR $2.50 AH Tested as LRPB0268 Longreach Cobra Longreach PB 2011 Pacific Seeds EPR $3.50 AH Tested as LPB07-0956 Longreach Dart Longreach PB 2012 Pacific Seeds EPR $4.00 AH Tested as LPB07-1325 Longreach Guardian Longreach PB 2006 Seednet EPR $2.50 APW Tested as LRPB0617 Longreach Impala Longreach PB 2011 Pacific Seeds EPR $3.50 ASFT Tested as C51021 Longreach Lincoln Longreach PB 2006 Pacific Seeds EPR $2.50 AH Tested as LRPB0545 Longreach Orion Longreach PB 2010 Pacific Seeds EPR $3.00 ASFT Tested as LRPB04-2039 Longreach Phantom Longreach PB 2012 Pacific Seeds EPR $3.80 AH Tested as LPB06-1040 Longreach Scout Longreach PB 2007 Pacific Seeds# EPR $2.80 AH Tested as LPB05-1164 Mace AGT 2007 AGT# EPR $3.00 AH Tested as RAC 1372 Magenta Intergrain 2007 Intergrain EPR $3.00 ASW Tested as WAWHT2726 Peake Nugrain 2007 Seedcell EPR $2.95 AH Tested as NGSP006 Preston HRZ Wheats 2009 Seednet EPR $3.50 APW (prelim.) Pugsley AGT 2002 PlantTech/ Seednet /AGT EPR $1.50 APW Tested as WI 99069 Saintly AGT 2009 AGT/DGA EPR $3.00 APDR1 Tested as WID22279 Shield AGT 2012 AGT EPR S3.25 AH Tested as RAC1718 Tamaroi NSW Ag 1997 Durum Growers Assoc Seed APDR1 ‘Over the fence’ trading permitted Tjilkuri Uni of Adelaide 2010 Durum Growers Assoc Seed APDR1 Tested as WID801 Mackellar CSIRO 2001 Seednet EPR $1.00 AWW/FEED *See note below WID802 Uni of Adelaide 2012 Durum Growers Assoc Seed APDR1 Tested as WID802 Wyalkatchem Intergrain 2001 Heritage seeds EPR $1.92 APW Tested as WAWHT2212 Yawa Uni of Adelaide 2012 Durum Growers Assoc Seed APDR1 Tested as WID803 Yitpi Uni of Adelaide 1999 Seednet EPR $1.00 AH Tested as WI96080 All the varieties (with the exception of Tamaroi) listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. These varieties may have ‘End Point’ (EP) royalty or ‘grazing fee’ depending on the ‘end use’ of the crop. Growers purchasing seed of any of these varieties should seek information from the agent (seed merchant), or licensee regarding the type of royalty payment to be made. # Farmer to Farmer trading of Axe, Espada, Estoc, Gladius, Correll, Corack, Mace and Scout is allowed subject to an agreement with the licensee where the original seed was purchased through a recognized retailer.

LUPINS Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial partner/licensee Royalty (ex. GST) Comments Coromup WA 2006 Coorow Seeds EPR $1.67 Tested as WALAN2173M Jenabillup WA 2007 Seednet EPR $2.30 Tested as WALAN2224 Jindalee NSW 2000 Seednet EPR $1.38 Tested as WL318 Mandelup WA 2005 Heritage Seeds EPR $2.30 PBA Barlock WA 2013 Seednet EPR $2.75 Tested as WALAN2325 PBA Gunyidi WA 2011 Seednet EPR $2.75 Tested as WALAN2289 Wonga NSW 1995 Heritage Seeds Seed All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 5

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

BARLEY Variety

Owner

Year of registration

Commercial partner/ licensee

Royalty Type ($/ tonne ex.GST)

Maximum Comments quality in SA Admiral UofA / Joe White Maltings Malting Tested as Wi4259 Bass Intergrain 2011 Syngenta EPR $3.50 Malting Tested as WABAR2315 Baudin DAFWA 2002 Seednet EPR $3.00 Malting Tested as WABAR2080 Buloke AVS 2005 Seednet EPR $2.00 Malting Tested as VB0105 Charger UofA / Carlsberg 2013 Aust Grain Growers Co-op EPR $3.80 Malting Tested as Ca412402 Compass UofA 2013 Seednet EPR $ Pending classif Tested as WI4593 Commander UofA 2008 Seednet EPR $3.80 Malting Tested as WI3416 Dhow UofA 2002 Seednet /Heritage seeds EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as WI3102 Fathom UofA 2011 Seednet EPR $2.00 Feed Tested as WI4483 Flagship UofA 2005 Seednet /Heritage seeds EPR $1.80 Malting Tested as WI3408 Flinders Intergrain 2012 Syngenta EPR $3.80 Pending classif Tested as WABAR2537 Fleet UofA 2006 Seednet EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3804 GrangeR Nickersons 2010 Heritage seeds EPR $2.95 Malting Tested as SMBA09-3353 Henley Nickersons 2010 Heritage seeds EPR $2.95 Malting Hindmarsh AVS 2006 Seednet EPR $1.50 Food Tested as VB0324 Latrobe Intergrain 2013 Intergrain/Syngenta EPR $4.00 Pending classif Tested as IGB1101 Lockyer DAFWA 2007 COGGO Seeds EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WABAR2288 Navigator UofA 2011 Seednet EPR $3.80 Malt Tested as WI 4262 Oxford Nickersons 2009 Heritage seeds EPR $2.50 Feed Roe DAFWA 2007 COGGO Seeds EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WABAR2310 Scope AVS 2009 Seednet EPR $3.50 Malt Tested as VB0805 Skipper UofA 2012 Seednet EPR $3.80 Pending classif Tested as WI446 Sloop SA UofA 2002 Seednet/Heritage seeds EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as WI3167 Sloop Vic AVS 2002 Seednet/Heritage seeds EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as VB9953 SouthernStar UofA / Sapporo 2013 EPR $3.80 Malting Torrens UofA 2001 Seednet No royalty Feed Tested as WI3107 Capstan UofA 2002 Seednet EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3385 Maritime UofA 2002 Seednet EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3297 Vlamingh DAFWA 2005 Seednet EPR $3.50 Malting Tested as WABAR2175 Wimmera UofA 2011 Pending classif Tested as VB0432 Westminster Nickersons 2010 Grainsearrch EPR $3.00 Malting Tested as GS 5033 Yarra AVS 2004 Seednet EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as VB0021 Most of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. Some malting quality varieties attract a lower EPR when grain is sold as feed quality. These included Baudin (EPR $1.00 - feed), Flagship (EPR $1.50 – feed), Vlamingh (EPR $1.50 – feed) A number of new varieties released have been listed but appointment of licensee, EPR or classification are pending. These include Wimmera. Admiral, Charger and SouthernStar are “closed loop” varieties which can only be grown under contract with the licensee.

OATS Variety

Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex. GST) Quality licensee Bannister SA 2012 Seednet EPR $2.30 Milling/feed Brusher SA 2002 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $1.00* Hay Dunnart SA 2013 Seednet EPR $2.00 Milling/feed Forester SA 2011 AGF Seeds Seed Hay Kangaroo SA 2003 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $2.00* Hay Mitika SA 2004 Heritage seeds EPR $2.00 Milling/Feed Mulgara SA 2009 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $2.00* Hay Possum SA 2002 Seednet EPR $1.70 Milling/Feed Tammar SA 2010 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $2.00 Hay Tungoo SA 2008 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $2.00* Hay Wintaroo SA 2001 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $2.00* Hay Wombat SA 2011 Seednet EPR $2.00 Milling/Feed Yallara SA 2008 Seednet EPR $2.00 Milling/Feed All the varieties listed above are covered by PBR and therefore the seed cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. *Notes on hay varieties: Growers wanting to purchase seed of Mulgara, Tammar, Tungoo, Wintaroo, Brusher and Kangaroo need to contact one of the AEXCO Export Hay Processors. Growers will be asked to declare ‘end use’ (ie export hay or on farm feed) at the point of sale so as to determine the royalty type. Hay sold through an AEXCO export hay processor will incur an ‘end point’ royalty while hay for ‘domestic sale’ or ‘on farm use’ will incur a seed royalty.This endpoint royalty will increase to $2.00 from October 2013. 6 > SARDI Sowing Guide

State of origin

2014

Year of registration

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

CANOLA Variety

Year of registration

Commercial partner/licensee

Royalty

Archer

2012

Heritage Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

ATR Bonito

2013

Nuseed

EPR $5.00/t

ATR Cobbler

2007

Nuseed

Seed

ATR Gem

2011

Nuseed

Seed

ATR Snapper

2011

Nuseed

Seed

ATR Stingray

2011

Nuseed

Seed

ATR Wahoo

2013

Nussed

EPR $5.00/t

AV Garnet

2007

Nuseed

Seed

AV Zircon

2011

Nuseed

Seed

Bonanza TT

2012

Pacific Seeds

Seed

Carbine

2012

Heritage Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

CB Agamax

2010

Canola Breeders*

Seed (hybrid)

CB Atomic HT

2012

Canola Breeders*

Seed (hybrid)

CB Henty HT

2011

Canola Breeders*

Seed (hybrid)

CB Jardee HT

2009

Canola Breeders*

Seed (hybrid)

CB Junee HT

2010

Canola Breeders*

Seed (hybrid)

CB Sturt TT

2012

Canola Breeders*

EPR $5.00/t

CB Tango C

2012

Canola Breeders*

Seed (hybrid)

CB Telfer

2009

Canola Breeders*

EPR $5.00/t

Crusher TT

2010

Pacific Seeds

Seed

Hyola 474CL

2011

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 50

2007

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 444TT

2010

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 555TT

2010

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 559TT

2012

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 575CL

2010

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 577CL

2013

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 656TT

2012

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 930

2012

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Hyola 971CL

2012

Pacific Seeds

Seed (hybrid)

Jackpot TT

2011

Pacific Seeds

Seed

Nuseed Diamond

2013

Nuseed

Seed (hybrid)

Monola 413TT

2012

Nuseed Crop Network

Seed (closed loop with premium)

Monola 506TT

2011

Nuseed Crop Network

Seed (closed loop with premium)

Monola 605TT

2011

Nuseed Crop Network

Seed (closed loop with premium)

Pioneer 43C80 (CL)

2008

DuPont Pioneer

Seed

Pioneer 43Y85 (CL)

2012

DuPont Pioneer

Seed (hybrid)

Pioneer 44Y84 (CL)

2010

DuPont Pioneer

Seed (hybrid)

Pioneer 44Y87 (CL)

2013

DuPont Pioneer

Seed (hybrid)

Pioneer 45Y86 (CL)

2012

DuPont Pioneer

Seed (hybrid)

Pioneer 45Y88 (CL)

2013

DuPont Pioneer

Seed (hybrid)

Thumper TT

2011

Pacific Seeds

Seed

Victory V3001

2008

Cargill/ AWB

Seed (hybrid)(closed loop with premium)

Victory V3002

2011

Cargill/ AWB

Seed (hybrid)(closed loop with premium)

Victory V3003

2011

Cargill/ AWB

Seed (hybrid)(closed loop with premium)

Xceed Oasis CL (Juncea)

2009

Seednet

EPR $5.00/t

Exceed X121 CL

2013

Seednet

Seed (hybrid)

All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.This is NOT a complete list of PBR’s Canola varieties but a selection of recently released varieties. Space prevents us from listing all varieties.If growers intend sowing seed of varieties other than those listed above they will need to check the PBR status of those varieties. * Canola Breeders ceased operations in 2013. It is likely that some or all of it of its varieties will be marketed into the future. At the time of writing future marketing arrangements for Canola Breeders canola varieites are not clear.

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 7

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

FIELD PEAS Variety

State of origin

Year of registration

Commercial partner/ licensee

Royalty (ex. GST)

Comments

Bundi Vic 2005 Premier Seeds No EPR No PBR –white seed Kaspa Vic 2001 Seednet EPR $2.00 Maki NSW 2008 AGT EPR $4.00 Blue field pea Morgan VIC/NSW 1998 Hart Bros Seed ‘Dual purpose Parafield SA 1999 PlantTech Pty Ltd Seed No PBR PBA Coogee PBA 2013 Seednet EPR $2.60 Dual purpose, Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type PBA Gunyah PBA 2010 Seednet EPR $2.50 ‘Kaspa’ seed type PBA Hayman PBA 2012 Seednet Seed Dual purpose PBA Pearl PBA 2012 Seednet EPR $2.70 White seed PBA Percy PBA 2011 Seednet EPR $2.60 Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type PBA Oura PBA 2011 Seednet EPR $2.60 Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type PBA Twilight PBA 2010 Seednet EPR $2.50 ‘Kaspa’ seed type PBA Wharton PBA 2013 Seednet EPR $2.60 ‘Kaspa’ seed type Sturt Vic 2003 Premier Seeds Seed White seed SW Celine introduction 2006 Nuseed. EPR $3.00 White seed Yarrum NSW 2004 AGT EPR $4.00 Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties, except Parafield, and Bundi and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. # contact DPI Victoria for seed.

TRITICALE Variety

Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex. GST) Comments licensee Berkshire NSW Waratah Seeds Co. Bogong UNE/NSW Seednet EPR $2.20 Canobolas UNE/NSW 2008 Seednet EPR $2.20 Chopper SA 2010 AGT EPR $3.00 Endeavour NSW Waratah Seeds Co. Area based Royalty Tested as AT528 Fusion SA 2012 AGT EPR $3.00 Tested as TSA 291 Goanna SA 2012 Cooper/Elleway No PBR or royalty Hawkeye SA 2007 AGT EPR $2.50 Jackie NSW 2001 Waratah Seeds Co. Seed Dual purpose/grazing Jaywick SA 2007 AGT EPR $2.50 Kosciusko NSW 2003 Wilson Bros. Seed Tobruk NSW Waratah Seeds Co. Area based Royalty Tested as AT574 Tuckerbox SA 2010 Cooper/Elleway No PBR or royalty Speedee SA 2003 Seed Distributors No PBR or royalty Yowie SA 2010 Cooper/Elleway Seed Some of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. Credit, Rufus, Speedee, Tickit, Tahara, Tuckerbox, Treat and Yukuri are no longer covered by PBR and can be traded ‘over the fence’.

8 > SARDI Sowing Guide

State of origin

2014

Year of registration

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

BEANS Variety

State of origin Year of Commercial partner/ Royalty Maximum quality Comments registration licensee Farah SA 2003 Heritage Seeds EPR $3.00 Fie grade 1 Tested as 483/3 Fiesta VF SA 1998 Heritage Seeds No PBR or royalty Fie grade 1 Nura SA 2005 Seednet EPR $3.30 Fie grade 1 PBA Kareema SA 2009 PGG Wrightson EPR $4.00 Broad bean PBA Rana SA 2011 Seednet EPR $3.85 New category Tested as 974*(611*974)/15-1 All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

CHICKPEAS Variety

State of Year of Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex Maximum quality Comments origin registration licensee GST) Almaz CLIMA 2005 Seednet EPR $6.50 Kabuli type Med size 8-9mm Ambar WA 2012 Heritage Seeds EPR $ 4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption Gensis™509 Vic 2005 AACT EPR $5.00 Desi type ‘splitting’ enduse Genesis™079 Vic 2007 AACT Kabuli type Small size 6-7mm Genesis™090 Vic 2004 AACT EPR $5.00 Kabuli type Small size 7-8mm Genesis™114 Vic 2007 AACT Kabuli type Med size 8-9mm Genesis™Kalkee Vic 2011 AACT EPR $5.00 Kabuli type Med-large size 8-10mm Genesis™425 Vic 2007 AACT EPR $5.00 Kabuli type Small size 7-8mm Nafice CLIMA 2005 Seednet EPR $6.50 Kabuli type Med-large size 8-10mm Neelam WA 2012 Heritage Seeds EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Boundary PBA 2011 Seednet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA HatTrick PBA 2009 Seednet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Maiden PBA 2013 Seednet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Monarch PBA 2013 Seednet EPR $6.50 Kabuli type Med size 8-9mm PBA Pistol PBA 2011 Seednet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Slasher PBA 2009 Seednet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Striker PBA 2012 Seednet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

LENTILS Variety

State of origin

Year of registration

Commercial Royalty (ex. GST) Market restrictions partner/licensee Aldinga SA 1994 AFCA None None Boomer CIPAL 2005 Seednet EPR $5.00 Delivery to nominated receivers Nipper CIPAL 2005 Seednet EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders Northfield SA 1996 AFCA No royalty Open marketing to authorised traders Nugget CIPAL 1999 Heritage seeds EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Ace PBA 2012 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Bolt PBA 2012 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Bounty PBA 2009 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Flash PBA 2009 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Herald XT PBA 2011 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Hurricane XT PBA 2013 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR to be confirmed Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Jumbo PBA 2010 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Blitz PBA 2010 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders Tiara CIPAL 2006 Seednet EPR $8.00 Under contract, AWB Seeds All the varieties listed above, except Aldinga, Northfield and Digger, are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

VETCH Variety

State of origin

Year of Commercial partner/ Royalty Comments registration licensee Capello SA 1999 Heritage seeds Seed Namoi alternative Haymaker Plus SA 1999 Heritage seeds Seed High level hard seed Morava SA 1999 Heritage seeds Seed Forage use Rasina SA 2006 Heritage seeds Seed Tested as SA34719 All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. Explanation of abbreviations ABB = Australian Barley Board, AEXCO = Australian Exporters Company, AFCA = Australian Field Crop Association, AVS= AgVic Services, AWB = Australian Wheat Board, SAGIT = South Australian Grains Industry Trust, AGT = Australian Grain Technologies, AAC = Australian Agricultural Commodities, CBWA = Western Australian Canola Breeders, COGGO = Council of Grain Grower Organisations, DAFWA= Dept Agriculture and Food Western Australia, DGA = Durum Growers Association, EGA = Enterprise Grains Australia, GBA = Grain Biotech Australia, PBA = Pulse Breeding Australia, UofA = University of Adelaide

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 9

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Wheat variety sowing guide 2014 By Rob Wheeler, Senior Scientist, New Variety Agronomy Group, SARDI

his sowing guide provides data and guidance on hard, soft and durum wheat varieties for sowing in South Australia in 2014. Since publication of the 2013 sowing guide, no additional new hard milling varieties have been released specifically targeted for South Australian production but the soft wheat variety, Longreach Orion and the durum variety WID802 are recently released, new additions to the sowing options for SA. However, further data from 2012 National Variety Trials (NVT) has been gathered to support the imidazolinone tolerant variety Grenade CL Plus and other new varieties first mentioned in the 2013 Sowing guide such as Emu Rock, Longreach Cobra, Longreach Phantom, Shield and Wallup. As with all new varieties, extensive state-wide evaluation within SARDI and National Variety Trials (NVT) over many seasons will provide more confidence in their suitability and any specific adaptational requirements. The older variety, Pugsley, has been removed from the 2014 sowing guide owing to low production and outclassed agronomic characteristics when compared with more recently released varieties. Growers should note that a number of newer varieties listed in this guide are below acceptable industry standards for rust resistance but offer other important or useful attributes. If grown, these varieties should be accompanied by suitable rust preventative strategies. Where varieties do not meet minimum disease resistance standards for rust, as set by industry, they are listed with a cautioning note. Varieties have been listed according to maximum market receival quality classification and are listed in 10 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

alphabetical order and not in order of preference (See table on facing page).

With large grain and low screenings losses, it has shown high yield potential in SA under very dry and sharp Selection criteria finishing conditions albeit with Information on the most more moderate yields under important selection criteria, favourable spring conditions grain yield, quality, maturity and is susceptible to sprouting. and disease resistance for each Axe has good resistance to Rob Wheeler variety can be found in tables all rusts but is susceptible to 1 and 2. While the varieties listed above CCN, yellow leaf spot and Septoria. Seed are considered likely to provide the available through AGT (conditional Seed best return within each quality grade, Sharing allowed). farmers need to consider their individual farm and paddock situation and make BolacA their selection based on all available Bolac (VQ2621) is a long season, information. milling wheat, eligible for AH and Where possible, the growing of a single released by AGT. It is suitable for mildly variety only should be avoided. Climatic, acidic to alkaline soils and could be disease and price risks should be spread an alternative to feed wheats and later by growing at least two or more varieties varieties such as Chara, in the SE of South with varying maturity, disease resistance Australia. Bolac has good rust resistance, and/or quality classification. and is later flowering than Chara, but Average protein content for current earlier than Kellalac. Seed is available wheat varieties is very similar and rarely through Seednet. varies by more than one percent when grown under identical conditions. CorackA Perceived differences in protein Corack (VW2316) is an early maturing, achieving capability between varieties APW qua l i ty w h ea t d er ived fro m should be given only minor emphasis Wyalkatchem. It has CCN resistance and and protein should be managed through good yellow leaf spot resistance but is good crop nutrition. moderately susceptible to leaf and stripe rust and very susceptible to powdery Notes on newer varieties mildew. Long term NVT results in SA show a high yield potential, particularly AGT KatanaA in low to medium rainfall situations, with good grain quality. Seed available Katana (RAC1423) is an early flowering, through AGT (conditional Seed Sharing premium quality variety. Derived from allowed). Kukri, Katana has good physical grain quality, similar to Yitpi, and yields similar CorrellA to Wyalkatchem on average. Katana has modest rust resistance and is moderately Correll (WI23322), has an AH susceptible to CCN but rated MS to classification, is derived from Yitpi and yellow leaf spot and MRMS to powdery has a similar disease resistance profile to mildew. Seed available through AGT Yitpi but improved stem rust resistance. (conditional Seed Sharing allowed). Correll is generally higher in grain yield than Yitpi, but averages around 3 kg/ AxeA hl lower test weight and is susceptible to sprouting. Correll is 2 to 5 days earlier Axe (RAC1192) is a vigorous growing, flowering than Yitpi, and considerably very early flowering, AH quality variety.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Variety and current max. grade

Suitability and significant features

HARD AGT Katana

Low to medium rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stem rust resistance

Axe

Low to medium rainfall districts, particularly areas with sharp dry finish, potential pre harvest sprouting risk

Bolac

High rainfall districts especially South East region and Kangaroo Island

Catalina

Medium to high rainfall districts and note below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Chara

Medium to high rainfall districts especially South East region but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Cobra

Low to medium rainfall districts and note below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Correll

All districts, avoid low test weight situations and wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility. Below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance

Derrimut

Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Emu Rock

Low to medium rainfall districts but below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance

Gladius

All districts but avoid areas with potential pre harvest sprouting risk

Grenade CL Plus

All districts, imidazolinone tolerant

Kord CL Plus

All districts, imidazolinone tolerant but avoid areas with potential pre harvest sprouting risk

Lincoln

All districts but marginal grain size and potential pre harvest sprouting risk, very susceptible to crown rot

Mace

All districts but well below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance, wheat on wheat option

Peake

Medium to high rainfall districts and marginal grain size

Phantom

All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility

Scout

All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility and note below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Shield

Low to medium rainfall districts

Wallup

Medium to high rainfall districts

Yitpi

All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility and note well below minimum standards for stem rust resistance

APW Corack

Low to medium rainfall districts and note below minimum standards for stripe and leaf rust resistance

Espada

All districts but avoid areas with a potential pre harvest sprouting risk

Estoc

All districts

Forrest

Medium to high rainfall districts especially the South East region

Guardian

Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance and marginal grain size

Justica CL Plus

All districts, imidazolinone tolerant but below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance

Wyalkatchem

All districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance and now also more susceptible to leaf rust

SOFT Anlace

Soft wheat producing districts, noting that seed must be treated for bunt control

Barham

Soft wheat producing districts and Bowie replacement but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Impala

Soft wheat producing districts but below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance

Orion

Soft wheat producing districts

DURUM Caparoi

All durum districts

Kalka

All durum districts including boron toxic soils although generally outclassed

Hyperno

All durum districts

Saintly

All durum districts and potential for hay production

Tamaroi

All durum districts although generally outclassed

Tjilkuri

All durum districts

WID802

All durum districts an particularly the Upper SE, but note marginal grain size

Yawa

All durum districts but note marginal grain size

more when sown ver y early. Seed available through AGT (conditional Seed Sharing allowed). Emu RockA Emu Rock (IGW3167) is a high yielding, AH quality variety for mid to late sowings in a broad range of environments across WA. This early maturing, large grained wheat, derived from Kukri, is susceptible to CCN but has moderate to good resistance to stem and stripe rust and is MSS to leaf rust and MS to yellow spot. Across two seasons NVT in SA, Emu Rock has shown yields aligning with Wyalkatchem. Seed available through Intergrain. EspadaA Espada (RAC1263) is a sister line to Gladius, with high yield potential. It is agronomically similar to Gladius and moderately susceptible to CCN, but features improved leaf rust resistance. Espada has APW quality and is susceptible to sprouting like Gladius. Seed available through AGT (conditional Seed Sharing allowed). EstocA Estoc (RAC1412) was released in late 2010 and is related to Yitpi. It is a mid to late maturing variety like Yitpi, moderately resistant to CCN, SVS to P. thornei, with good levels of resistance to all rusts (MRMS to Yr), better yellow leaf spot (MSS) resistance and significantly higher grain yields. Estoc is eligible for APW classification, has good physical grain quality like Yitpi and has shown good sprouting tolerance. Seed available through AGT (conditional Seed Sharing allowed). ForrestA Forrest was released by HRZ wheats in 2011, targeting high rainfall zones, as an APW (SA) quality wheat. Forrest has late maturity and plump grain coupled with triple rust resistance, MRMS to yellow leaf spot, MR to black point and resistance/ tolerance to wheat streak mosaic virus. Forrest is susceptible to CCN and SVS to crown rot. Forrest is commercialised by Seednet. GladiusA Gladius (RAC1262) has an AH classification and is broadly adapted, very high yielding, and is well adapted to low rainfall environments. It has boron tolerance, and has good resistance to stem rust, MRMS to stripe rust and MS to leaf rust, CCN and yellow leaf spot. Gladius has midseason maturity and good 2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 11

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 grain size like Yitpi albeit with slightly lower test weight, and is susceptible to pre harvest sprouting. Trials indicate Gladius to have a lower tolerance to Ally® and Hussar ® . Seed available through AGT (conditional Seed Sharing allowed).

CCN, useful rust resistance (stem rust – MR, stripe rust (WA-Yr17) – MRMS and leaf rust - MS) and susceptible to yellow leaf spot. It has improved test weight and sprouting tolerance over Justica and an AH classification with seed available from AGT.

Grenade CL PlusA Grenade (RAC1689R) is an imidazolinone herbicide tolerant (Clear field type) replacement for Justica CL Plus. It is early to mid season flowering with moderate resistance to

Justica CL PlusA Released in early 2011, Justica CL Plus (RAC1683) carries two genes for Clear field resistance and therefore has improved levels of tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides over

Clearfield JNZ and Clearfield STL. It is derived from Gladius and Spear, is slightly later maturing than Gladius and has similar levels of disease resistance although it is now rated MSS to leaf rust. Justica CL Plus has an APW classification and has pre-harvest sprouting tolerance similar to Yitpi. Within NVT, Justica CL Plus has yielded similarly to Yitpi. Seed is available through AGT. Kord CL PlusA Kord CL Plus (RAC1669R) carries

Table 1: Some agronomic characteristics of selected varieties under SA conditions.

AGT Katana Axe Barham Bolac Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut

Max. Quality AH AH ASFT AH AH AH APW AH AH AH

Flowering EM E EM L EM EM EM M E EM

Emu Rock

APW APW AH AH APW ASFT AH APW AH AH AH AH APW AH AH AH APW AH

M ML EM EM EM EM EM M EM EM EM ML ML EM EM M EM ML

Variety

Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Guardian Impala Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Lincoln Mace Peake Phantom Pugsley Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Durums

Coleoptile length MS M M MS ML -

Boron tol. MI MI MI MI I MT MT

M M M MS MS ML ML MS M MS M

MT MT MT T MT MT MT MI T MT MT T MI I MI MT

CCN resis. MS S MS S R MRMS RMR MR S R S MS MR MS MR R S MR MS S MRMS R MRMS MS R MR MR S MR

Sprouting tolerance MI* I / VI I* I* MI / I* I MI I / VI* MI/I MI* I I / VI MI I / VI MI / I I* I I MI I / VI* MI / I MI* MI / I MI / I* MI MI MI / I* I MI / I

Other features Strong dough properties like Kukri Good early vigour, moderate test weight Bowie plant type Acid soil tolerance Potential for moderate test weight Below minimum disease standards for Yr Potential for low test weight Low tillering Short stiff straw Plump grain like ‘Kukri” Moderate test weight Good test weight Moderate test weight, low tolerance of Hussar® 2 gene Imidolazine tolerant ‘Janz like’ grain size and susceptibility to sprouting Below minimum standards for leaf rust 2 gene Imidolazine tolerant 2 gene Imidolazine tolerant, below minimum standards for leaf rust ‘Janz like’ grain size and susceptibility to sprouting Well below minimum disease standards for Yr ‘Janz like’ grain size Potential early growth yellowing Lodging potential Below minimum disease standards for Yr Potential for moderate test weight Short stiff straw, below minimum disease standards for Yr. Well below minimum disease standards for Sr

Caparoi APDR M MI / I* Plump and high protein achiever Hyperno APDR M MS I* Some high temperature tolerance Kalka APDR EM M MT MS MI / I* Derived from Yallaroi, improved boron tolerance Saintly APDR E MS MI / I* Awnless head Tamaroi APDR M I MS MI / I* Popular and widely adapted Tjilkuri APDR M I* WID802 APDR M Yawa APDR M MS Potential for small grain size * indicative rating more data needed Flowering: E= early; EM= early to mid season; M= midseason; ML= mid to late season; L=late Coleoptile: L = long; M = moderate: S = short Boron tolerance: I = intolerant; MI = moderately intolerant; MT = moderately tolerant; T = tolerant - variety yet to be fully evaluated. ? provisional rating based on limited data CCN tolerance indicates the ability of the variety to grow and yield in the presence of CCN. Resistance refers to the ability of the variety to reduce CCN carryover. Information on sprouting tolerance was provided by Prof Daryl Mares, University of Adelaide and disease resistances were provided by Dr Hugh Wallwork, SARDI

12 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 two genes for Clear field resistance and therefore has improved levels of tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides over Clearfield JNZ and Clearfield STL. It is derived from Gladius with similar maturity and susceptibility to pre harvest sprouting but is MR to CCN. Kord CL Plus is has an AH classification. Kord CL Plus has yielded slightly below (2-3%) Gladius in long term NVT evaluation. Seed available through AGT.

Longreach PhantomA Phantom (LRPB07-1040) is a mid to late flowering, AH quality variety derived from Yitpi with resistance to CCN, good resistance to powdery mildew and all rusts but rated SVS to yellow leaf spot and shows mid-season “yellowing” similar to Yitpi. Phantom has good black point tolerance, boron tolerance, low screenings and acceptable test weight. Seed available through Pacific Seeds.

Longreach CatalinaA Catalina (LPB0268) is an AH quality, CCN resistant variety suited to medium to higher rainfall districts across SE Australia. Catalina is several days earlier flowering than Yitpi and has acceptable physical grain quality. Catalina has good resistance to stem and leaf rust, moderate susceptibility to stripe rust and is MSS to yellow leaf spot. Long term yields have been slightly below Yitpi and it has shown sensitivity to Cadence® at recommended label rate and timing. Seed available through Seednet.

Longreach ScoutA Scout (LPB05-1164) is an AH quality variety with mid-season maturity, derived from Yitpi. It has good resistance to stem and leaf rust and the WA stripe rust pathotypes but carries VPM and is rated MS to the WA+Yr17 pathotype in eastern Australia. Scout is R to CCN and MRMS to powdery mildew but rated SVS to yellow leaf spot. Scout has good physical grain quality and similar sprouting tolerance to Yitpi but slightly more susceptible to black point. Seed available through Pacific Seeds (conditional Seed Sharing allowed).

Longreach CobraA Cobra (LPB07-0956) was recently released in Western Australia as an early maturing Westonia derivative with AH quality and high yield potential, although further evaluation in SA is required. Cobra has good resistance to stem and leaf rust but rated MSS to stripe rust, MRMS to CCN and MS to yellow leaf spot. Cobra has good grain size and moderate test weight and is moderately susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting. Seed available through Pacific Seeds.

MaceA Mace (RAC 1372) is derived from Wyalkatchem, but has an AH classification, taller plant height, is MR to stem rust, MR to leaf rust and is rated MRMS to CCN,YLS and Pratylenchus thornei. Although Mace has good resistance to the older WA stripe rust race, it is rated as SVS to the WA+ Yr17 stripe rust strain and if grown, must be carefully monitored and best avoided in districts prone to stripe rust unless a fungicide regime is in place. Mace has been widely tested since 2009 in NVT in SA and shows wide adaptation coupled with high yield potential and wheat on wheat application. Seed available through AGT (conditional Seed Sharing allowed).

Longreach DartA Dart (LBP07-1325) is a very early maturing, AH quality wheat with good early vigour and good resistance to all rusts and yellow leaf spot but susceptible to CCN. Dart shows restricted tillering and in combination with quick maturity, seeding rates should be kept up to maximise yield. Seed available through Pacific Seeds. Longreach LincolnA Lincoln (LPB03-0545) has mid-season maturity, AH quality and is a moderate yielding (similar or lower than Yitpi) variety. It has excellent resistance to all rusts including both WA and WA+Yr17 stripe rust pathotypes and good resistance to YLS and powdery mildew, but susceptible to CCN. Lincoln has grain size similar to Janz and is susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting. Seed available from Pacific Seeds.

MagentaA Magenta was released from DAFWA in 2007 as a mid season flowering, milling wheat with an APW classification in SA. In SA NVT, average yields have been similar to Gladius, although improved on Yorke Peninsula, but while Magenta has good resistance to stem, leaf rust and yellow leaf spot, it is MS to stripe rust and susceptible to CCN. Magenta has a long coleoptile and seed is licensed to Nuseed. PeakeA Peake (NGSP006) released in 2007, is a medium-short strawed, mid maturing (5-6 days earlier than Yitpi) variety that is now generally outclassed for yield by newer

varieties. Peake is MRMS to stem and stripe rust and R to leaf rust. Peake is CCN resistant, boron tolerant and is S to yellow leaf spot. Peake has AH quality and can produce small grain under dry spring conditions. Peake is available through Seedcell. ShieldA Shield (RAC 1718) is an early to midseason flowering, moderate yielding milling wheat with AH classification and acid soils tolerance. Shield has resistance to CCN, good resistance to all rusts (stem rust – MR, stripe rust (WA-Yr17) – MR and leaf rust – R) and rated S to yellow spot. Shield has good black point resistance (MRMS), moderate test weight and a low sprouting risk (MI). Seed available from AGT. WallupA Wallup (VV4978-1) was recently in 2011 for the Victorian Wimmera and other medium to higher rainfall regions. Wallup has AH quality combined with early to mid-season maturity, CCN resistance, acceptable stem, stripe and leaf rust resistance, moderate (MSS) levels of yellow leaf spot resistance and good black point resistance. It has useful resistance to root lesion nematodes, excellent straw strength and limited evaluation in NVT shows a moderate yield potential. Seed available through AGT (conditional Seed Sharing allowed). SOFT WHEATS BarhamA Barham (VO2697R) is closely related to Bowie but has CCN resistance, improved rust resistance albeit MSS to the WA + Yr17 strain of stripe rust, improved grain yield and quality eligible for the ASFT grade in SA. Barham is a mid season variety with similar maturity and plant type to Bowie and produces large grain with low screenings losses but low test weights like Bowie and is moderately susceptible to black point. Barham was released by AGT and available through Seednet. Longreach ImpalaA Impala is an early to midseason soft biscuit (ASFT) wheat targeted to eastern Australia. Impala has mid-season maturity, is susceptible to CCN, has good stem and stripe rust resistance, but is susceptible to leaf rust. Impala produces large grain with improved test weight over Bowie and low screenings losses and is MRMS to black point. Seed is available through Pacific Seeds. 2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 13

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 Table 2: Mean yield (% of trials average) of varieties from SARDI and NVT trials (2008-2012), and reaction to common disorders. Agricultural district Stem Stripe Leaf Septoria Yellow Powdery Black Lower Eyre Upper Eyre Murray Mid North Yorke Pen. South East Rust Rust Rust tritici leaf Mildew point Pen Pen Mallee blotch spot AGT Katana 105 14 108 29 107 27 104 16 104 15 105 15 MSS MRMS MS MS MS MRMS S Axe 102 14 103 29 103 27 100 16 100 15 102 15 MRMS RMR MR SVS S MSS S Barham 103 2 100 15 97 2 97 15 MR MSS MRMS MSS MSS SVS MRMS Bolac 101 2 101 6 100 6 96 5 MRMS RMR MS MS S MSS Catalina 100 14 100 29 100 27 99 16 99 15 99 15 MR MS R MRMS MSS MSS S Cobra 107 6 110 13 106 6 104 4 105 3 109 4 RMR MSS MR MSS MS MSS MSS Corack 110 8 116 18 117 16 112 12 111 9 110 9 MR MS MS MSS MR VS MSS Correll 103 14 105 29 105 27 102 16 102 15 101 15 MR MRMS MSS MRMS SVS MRMS MS Dart 101 4 102 7 101 6 101 8 98 6 103 4 MR MRMS RMR MS MSS MRMS MRMS Emu Rock 106 8 111 18 110 16 107 12 106 9 106 9 MRMS MRMS MSS MSS MS MSS MS Espada 105 14 108 29 109 27 104 16 106 15 106 15 MR MRMS R S MS S S Estoc 103 14 105 29 105 27 103 16 104 15 103 15 MR MRMS MRMS S MSS MSS MS Gladius 103 14 105 29 105 27 102 16 102 15 102 15 MR MRMS MS MSS MS S MS 100 6 101 13 101 12 101 8 101 6 98 7 MR MRMS MS MS S MSS Grenade CL Plus Guardian 104 9 103 5 102 6 105 12 105 12 105 11 RMR MS MS MSS S MS Impala 104 12 105 12 RMR MR S S MSS RMR MRMS 101 8 101 18 102 16 100 12 101 9 100 9 MR MRMS MSS S S S S Justica CL Plus 100 5 103 11 103 10 100 8 99 6 98 5 MR MRMS MS MS MSS MSS MR Kord CL Plus Lincoln 100 14 100 29 101 27 100 16 101 15 100 15 MR RMR MR MSS MRMS MR MR Mace 109 11 115 24 113 21 110 14 111 12 109 12 MR SVS MR MRMS MRMS MSS MS Magenta 103 14 105 29 105 27 103 16 105 15 103 15 RMR MS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS S Orion 97 16 96 15 MR MSS R MS MSS S S Peake 102 14 103 29 102 26 102 16 100 12 101 15 MR MRMS R MS S MRMS MSS Phantom 104 8 103 18 104 16 104 12 105 9 106 9 MR MR MRMS MRMS VS MRMS MR Scout 109 11 110 24 109 21 110 16 109 15 111 12 MR MS R MRMS SVS MRMS S Shield 103 6 105 13 107 12 103 8 104 6 96 3 MR MR R S S MR MRMS Wallup 103 7 105 6 101 11 104 12 104 9 106 9 RMR MRMS MS MSS MSS S MRMS Wyalkatchem 106 14 109 29 107 27 107 16 107 15 106 15 MRMS S MS MR MRMS SVS MS Yitpi 102 11 102 22 102 21 100 12 101 12 100 11 S MRMS MS MRMS SVS MRMS MS av trial yield t/ha 4.01 2.07 2.12 3.71 4.07 4.06 Durums Caparoi 99 23 100 21 MR MR MRMS RMR MR MSS Hyperno 106 23 104 21 R MR RMR RMR MRMS MR MS Kalka 99 24 99 21 MR MR RMR MRMS MRMS SVS S Saintly 105 23 104 21 MR MR MRMS MRMS MRMS VS MS Tamaroi 98 27 99 24 MR MR MR S MRMS MSS MS Tjilkuri 103 15 104 15 MR MR MR MRMS MRMS S MSS WID802 107 15 107 15 RMR MR RMR MR MRMS Yawa 113 15 113 15 RMR RMR MR MR MRMS MS MR av variety yield t/ha 3.26 3.07 - insufficient data R = resistant MR = moderately resistant MS = moderately susceptible S = susceptible VS = very susceptible - = variety yet to be fully evaluated Black Point is not a disease but is a physiological response to certain humid conditions. Information on disease reaction was provided by the Field Crop Pathology Unit (SARDI) and compiled before the full data from 2013 was available. Contact Dr Hugh Wallwork (08) 8303 9382

Longreach OrionA Orion is a mid to long season maturing soft biscuit (ASFT) wheat targeted to eastern Australia. Orion, is susceptible to CCN and YLS but has good stem and leaf rust resistance and is MSS to the WA-Yr17 stripe rust pathotype. Orion is MS to black point and susceptible to sprouting. Seed available through Pacific Seeds. DURUM WHEATS CaparoiA Caparoi (TD60F) was developed 14 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

and released by the Tamworth Durum Program and has been widely tested in SA, showing slightly earlier flowering than Tamaroi, similar yields and good semolina colour. Caparoi has excellent physical grain quality and high grain protein. Seed available from Seednet. HypernoA Hyperno (WID22209) has a similar m a t u r i t y, a d a p t a t i o n a n d d i s e a s e resistance profile to Kalka and Tamaroi, but generally offers greater yields, improved semolina colour and better

sprouting and black point tolerance. Hyperno is eligible for APDR grade in SA and was released from AGT with seed available from the Durum Growers Association. SaintlyA Saintly (WID22279) is awnless, earlier flowering than Kalka and Tamaroi, and has performed very well in dry finishing conditions in SA. Saintly has slightly less stem and stripe rust resistance compared to Hyperno. Saintly was released from AGT with seed available from the Durum Growers Association.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 TjilkuriA Tjilkuri (WID801) has a similar m a t u r i t y, a d a p t a t i o n a n d d i s e a s e resistance profile to Tamaroi, but generally offers greater yields, like Hyperno together with improved semolina colour. Tjilkuri is eligible for APDR grade in SA and was released from the University of Adelaide in 2010 with seed available from the Durum Growers Association. YawaA Yawa (WID803) was released from the University of Adelaide with seed available from the Durum Growers Association. Yawa has a similar maturity, adaptation and disease resistance profile

to Tamaroi, but offers very high yields, albeit with generally small grain size and high screening potential under stress conditions. Yawa has excellent semolina colour and is eligible for APDR grade in SA. WID802 WID802 has just been released from the University of Adelaide with seed available from the Durum Growers Association. WID802 is targeted for the SE of SA (Tatiara districts) and has a similar m a t u r i t y, a d a p t a t i o n a n d d i s e a s e resistance profile to Tamaroi, but offers high yields, albeit with sometimes small grain size. WID802 is eligible for APDR grade in SA.

Domestic Flours Millers Wheat Variety Preferences Most of South Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wheat is exported to the Middle East for flat and pan bread production, and to a lesser extent noodle production. The domestic flour millers purchase a small proportion of South Australian wheat either from marketers or directly from growers. The domestic flour millers can have different quality requirements to export markets due to different end products and processes employed. Table 3 lists the flour millersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; variety quality ratings, which provide growers with an indication of the most highly sought varieties. For further information, contact Laucke Flour Mills (03 5431 5201).

Hot plate goods

Milling Quality

Flour Colour

Water Absorption

Extensibility

A G

A A

G VP

A P

Soft AH

SF1 AH

Bolac Catalina Clearfield JNZ Correll Derrimut Gladius AGT Katana Kukri

AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH

2 1 3 3 3 1 1 1

2 1 2 1 1 3 3 3

G G G G G G

Lincoln Mace Peake Yitpi

AH AH AH AH

3 3 3 3

2 1 1 2

A G G G

Young

AGT Scythe APW APW 2 1 Frame APW APW 3 2 Scout AH AH 2 1 Wyalkatchem APW APW 3 1 New varieties - indicative assessments only

G G G G

A M A A

M G M M

Dart

A VP

MED /H&A H&A MED&A

G VP G A A P

MED&A H&A MED&A MED&A MED&A MED&A

G A G G G G

MED/H &A MED&A G MED&A MED/H &A MED&A

P M A G

A A A A

H&A MED/H G A

A G G A/M A A/M A A G A A-M G A A/M G A A/M M G

A/G A/G A/M G G A A A G A A A

A A A A

Rapid Dough

Acceptable Biscuit quality

G A G G

Acceptable Biscuit quality VP Very poor WA with strong inextensible dough, excessive bakery mix time P Has good water absorption and dough strength, but long mix time P Very strong dough with excessive mix time G Acceptable Hard wheat quality A Acceptable AH quality A Appears acceptable for Plant bakery VP Inextensible and bucky doughs with excessive Bakery mix times. Very strong variety. Closed loop release system. VP Optimum value as separate segregation due to excess mix requirement G Suitable Domestic Mill quality M suitable AH quality for Domestic Mills A Good potential for Plant Bakery application - slightly long mix time A Acceptable Hard wheat quality.

P Marginal AH quality - has strong dough & long mix time. Requires rapid test bake evaluation M A Marginal APW Quality VG VG Good APW quality - has short extensibility A M Suitable as AH for Domestic Mills G G Good APW quality - but marginal Water Absorbtion

APW APW AH AH

2 2

1 2

A A

A G

G A

M VG

A M

P A

Kord CL Plus AH AH Justica CL Plus APW APW Corack APW APW Grenade CL Plus AH AH Cobra AH AH Shield AH AH Phantom AH AH Wallup AH AH Impala Soft SF1

3 1 3 2 3 3 3 1

1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2

A M A G A A A A

A A A A M A A A

A A A G M A G A

A A A A G A A A

A M A M A A A M

M M A A P A A A

A A A M A M M P

M P A M A M M P

Estoc Emu Rock

Paste Viscosity

Bowie Axe

Max Resistance

SF1

Artisan breads

Soft

Plant Bakery

Barham

Mixing Time

Biscuit

Max Class Grade

Preferred Grade

Cake

Table 3. Domestic Flour Millers Assessment - S.A. Wheat Varieties (updated September 2013) 1 = not sought 2 = some requirement 3 = highly sought VG = very good, G = good, A = acceptable, M = marginal, P = poor, VP = very poor, H = High, PV - MED = Medium Variety End Product Category Quality Parameters Comments

Appears Good AH quality. High WA, long mix, balance dough & acceptable bake quality. Marginal APW Quality expect some interest from Domestic Mills Appears suitable for Domestic Mills. Tough dough & marginal long mix time only concern. Suitable for Domestic Mills Strong dough, suit specialist use only Good usable APW. Appears suitable for Domestic Mills Marginal Strong AH. Expect some interest from Domestic Mills. Appears suitable for Domestic Mills. Low viscosity & colour a concern Marginal strong AH. Should suit Domestic Mills. Appears suitable as AH for Domestic Mills Long Mix requirement. Suit specialist segregation. Limited interest Appears suitable for Domestic Mills as soft wheat

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 15

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Barley variety sowing guide 2014 by Rob Wheeler, Senior Scientist, New Variety Agronomy Group, SARDI

his sowing guide provides data and guidance on the most suitable barley varieties for sowing in South Australia in 2014. During the past 12 to 18 months, many new varieties have been registered with future potential to be grown in SA. These include, Bass, Compass, F a t h o m , H e n l e y, La Trobe, Grange, Skipper, Navigator and Wimmera. Most of these varieties are potential malt quality varieties yet to be accredited by Rob Wheeler industry, but some may be available for contracted and limited production in 2014. National Variety Trial (NVT) data gathered across seasons for many of these varieties is limited and due to limited seed release for 2014 they may not have been included in the list below, but are included within notes on new varieties. Due to limited market demand and outclassed yield and agronomic characteristics, SloopSA has been removed from the list for 2014. Varieties have been listed below according to quality classification grade and in alphabetical order and not in order of preference. The decision to grow either a malting or feed variety may depend on one or more factors, including; • market demand and malting varietal storage segregations in bulk storage facilities (Table 1); • the difference in payments between malting and feed grades as related to yield differences (Table 2). Furthermore, differential pricing of varieties will continue and growers need to consider market premiums and discounts in addition to agronomic performance to maximize profitability; • the probability of producing a malting 16 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

Variety Bass A BulokeA CommanderA FlagshipA

Max. Grade malting malting malting malting

GairdnerA NavigatorA Schooner ScopeA HindmarshA

malting malting malting malting food

BarqueA

feed

CapstanA

feed

FathomA FinnissA

feed feed - hull-less

FleetA Keel

feed feed

OxfordA

feed

Suitability and significant features Medium to high rainfall areas (>400 mm) All areas except where leaf rust and CCN is a problem. All areas, except prone to net form net blotch. Central Region close to domestic markets and Eyre Region, with timely harvest a priority. Medium to high rainfall areas (>400 mm), now agronomically outclassed South East region but prone to leaf rust All areas, now agronomically outclassed, declining industry demand All areas except where leaf rust and CCN is a problem. Imizadoline tolerant All areas noting modest early vigour and weed competitiveness especially in light soils. All areas, except where high risk of leaf scald or net form net blotch, now outclassed by new varieties Medium to high rainfall areas where very high yields are targeted and test weight is easily achieved. All areas Specialised variety for on-farm animal feed use in all areas. High powdery mildew risk All areas, particularly for districts with lower rainfall and light soils All areas except deep sandy soils of lower fertility and avoid areas prone to leaf rust Medium to high rainfall areas (>400mm) especially where leaf rust is prevalent

grade barley; • disease resistance and agronomic considerations (Table 3 and Table 4 respectively). For long term stability in farm returns and market supply and demand, farmers now growing only feed varieties should consider including some malting varieties in their cropping. However, it is important that growers contact their

grain marketers of choice to discuss market demand prior to sowing a malting variety. Malting barley is grown, stored and sold on a variety-specific basis and it is important to ascertain if the variety chosen is able to be stored and marketed in your area (Table 1). Net form net blotch remains a significant disease threat to barley production across South Australia and

Table 1. Malt variety market suitability and demand in SA Export grain use Domestic malt use Shochu use current SA segregations Bass being assessed being assessed being assessed nil Buloke PREFERRED (increasing) PREFERRED (increasing) no demand widespread (increasing) Commander PREFERRED (increasing) PREFERRED (increasing) acceptable widespread (stable) Flagship PREFERRED (stable) PREFERRED (stable) acceptable limited (stable) GrangeR being assessed being assessed no demand nil Henley being assessed being assessed no demand nil Navigator no demand PREFERRED (increasing) no demand limited (SE) Schooner acceptable (decreasing) acceptable (decreasing) acceptable limited (decreasing) Scope being assessed acceptable (increasing) no demand limited (increasing) Sloop SA is no longer accepted as a malting variety in SA. The new varieties, Admiral, Charger and SouthernStar are niche malting quality varieties grown under closed loop contract. See more information within the variety notes section. Flagship is most suitable for Central districts close to domestic markets and Eyre Peninsula where export malting and Shochu segregations are established.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

growers should refrain from growing barley on barley, or planting highly susceptible varieties, unless a vigilant fungicide strategy is planned. Cereal cyst nematode levels should be carefully monitored when susceptible varieties such as Schooner, Scope, Buloke, Oxford and Gairdner are grown. Seed dressings having activity on powdery mildew should be applied to all varieties susceptible to powdery mildew, particularly when sown before June. Notes on older varieties Buloke A is a high yielding, export quality profile malting variety developed by VicDPI and released in 2005. It is a tall, midseason variety, with a flowering time similar to Commander. Buloke has shown consistent high yield and has useful resistance to net form of net blotch and powdery mildew but susceptibility to CCN and some leaf rust strains. Buloke has averaged slightly lower retention

and higher screenings but similar test weight to Commander and is moderately susceptible to black point. Buloke has a moderately short coleoptile and moderately slow early growth and seed is available through Seednet. CommanderA is a malting quality variety developed by the University of Adelaide and suitable for domestic and Chinese and SE Asian export brewing markets. Commander has mid-season maturity and across many seasons, demonstrates wide adaptation and very high yield relative to other malting varieties, particularly in seasons with favourable spring finishes. Commander has excellent grain plumpness, but has generally lower test weight relative to Schooner and Flagship. Commander is resistant to CCN but has modest foliar disease resistance, being moderately susceptible to most foliar diseases including net form net blotch and therefore should not be grown on barley stubble and areas prone

to net form net blotch. Commander is moderately resistant to powdery mildew. Seed is available through Seednet. FlagshipA was developed and released from the University of Adelaide Barley Program in 2005 and has an export malt quality profile. Flagship is a tall, midseason maturity variety with good early vigour and weed competitiveness, but modest straw strength with lodging resistance similar to Schooner. Flagship can show high levels of soil boron toxicity symptoms which may reduce grain size but otherwise has slightly lower retention and higher screening than â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sloop typesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Flagship is susceptible to sprouting and timely harvest is recommended. Flagship is available through Seednet and Heritage Seeds. Finniss A is a hulless variety released from the University of Adelaide Barley Breeding Program and targeted at food and animal feed markets. Finniss has good straw strength and head retention,

Table 2: Yield of barley varieties in South Australian agricultural districts expressed as a percentage of trial site average yield (SARDI and NVT data 2008 - 2012 inclusive, with number of observations in italics). Region Yorke Peninsula M u r r ay M al l ee Mid North Lower Eyre Central Eyre South East Peninsula Peninsula Yield Obs No Yield Obs No Yield Obs No Yield Obs Yield Obs No Yield Obs No No MALTING (SA) Bass 102 18 97 11 103 12 102 11 99 16 103 9 Buloke 102 22 101 14 102 15 101 14 103 20 101 9 Commander 107 22 108 14 105 15 104 14 109 20 106 9 Flagship 99 22 97 14 99 15 97 14 102 20 95 9 Gairdner 97 22 100 5 97 15 96 12 99 4 98 9 GrangeR 111 14 105 9 106 9 109 9 107 12 107 5 Henley 105 17 106 9 103 12 105 11 105 12 106 7 Navigator 94 13 95 12 96 4 96 7 Schooner 90 22 91 14 92 15 91 14 93 20 90 9 Scope 101 17 100 12 101 12 99 11 101 16 99 7 FOOD Hindmarsh 111 22 104 14 110 15 108 14 111 20 108 9 FEED Barque 102 22 102 14 100 15 98 14 106 20 100 2 Fathom 114 14 110 9 112 9 106 9 115 12 108 5 Fleet 111 22 110 14 108 15 105 14 114 20 107 9 Keel 101 22 100 14 101 15 97 14 109 18 97 8 Maritime 99 22 100 14 99 15 98 14 101 20 98 8 Oxford 106 22 106 12 105 15 109 13 105 16 109 9 PENDING MALT ACCREDITATION Compass 121 5 123 3 115 3 113 3 126 4 115 2 Flinders 103 14 100 9 103 9 104 9 102 12 103 5 La Trobe 117 9 111 6 114 6 111 6 118 8 110 4 Macquarie 95 9 94 6 97 5 97 6 Skipper 106 12 103 9 105 9 102 8 106 12 104 5 Wimmera 105 17 96 3 104 12 106 9 104 9 region av. yield (t/ha) 3.23 2.36 3.99 3.86 2.53 4.26

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 17

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

and resistance to CCN, leaf rust and to common strains of leaf scald. Finniss is susceptible to powdery mildew. It is a semi dwarf type with mid season maturity like Schooner. Grain yield is similar to Schooner and well above other hulless types such as Torrens. Seed is available through Seednet. FleetA is a midseason maturing, CCN resistant feed barley, developed by the University of Adelaide as a replacement option for Barque and Mundah. Fleet has a long coleoptile, and combines the plant type of Barque with the yield potential of Keel, and the adaptation to deep sandy soils of Mundah. Fleet exhibits an excellent disease resistance profile, although now showing increased susceptibility to net form net blotch. Fleet has plump grain but slightly lower test weights than other feed types. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strong awn can reduce threshability and attention to concave and thresher adjustment is important, especially in maintaining test weight. Seed is available through Seednet. HindmarshA is an early maturing, semidwarf, food quality variety developed by VicDPI, and released in 2006. Hindmarsh

offers excellent yield potential and grain quality with resistance to CCN, variable resistance to leaf rust and leaf scald and susceptibility to spot form net blotch. Hindmarsh has slow early growth and a short coleoptile and attention to seeding depth is important in stubble systems. Where triadimenol seed dressing and pre-emergent herbicide is used, research has shown shallow sowing with increased seed rates to be more advantageous than deeper sowing to avoid potential damage. Seed is available from Seednet.

disease resistance profile but is now very susceptible to the net form net blotch. Maritime has excellent physical grain quality and early vigour, and is a good option for lower rainfall environments where tall straw and high test weights are sought but areas of low risk of net form net blotch. Seed is available through Seednet.

Keel, an early flowering, high yielding, feed quality variety was released in 1999 and is now generally outclassed by Hindmarsh and Fleet in SA. High susceptibility to leaf rust and in recent years, development of susceptibility to net form net blotch, have further detracted from this once very popular variety.

OxfordA is a feed quality variety which has shown very high yield potential in seasons with high spring rainfall. Oxford has late maturity good straw strength and head retention. While Oxford is susceptible to CCN, leaf scald and spot form net blotch, it has good resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew. It is also now appearing susceptible to new strains of net form net blotch. Oxford is a useful option for SE high rainfall districts. Seed is available through Heritage Seeds.

MaritimeA is a tall, early maturing feed variety with CCN resistance released by the University of Adelaide in 2004. Maritime was developed specifically for manganese deficient soils where it exhibits good adaptation. Maritime has moderate to high yield potential on other soil types, and offered a good

ScopeA is a tall, mid-season maturing, imidazolinone tolerant barley with moderate to high yield potential across a range of medium rainfall environments. Its disease resistance profile is very similar to Buloke with the main concern being susceptibility to some leaf rust strains and increased susceptibility to spot form net

Table 3: Disease reaction of selected barley varieties Variety CCN CCN Powdery Leaf Leaf Net blotch Net blotch Black resistance tolerance mildew scald rust (spot form) (net form) point Barque R T MR SVS MRMS-S RMR MSS S Bass S T MS MR-S R - MS MSS MSS MR Buloke S T MR MS MS-SVS MS MR MS Commander R T MR S MS-S MS MS MSS Compass R T MR MR-SVS MRMS-S MS MRMS-MS MSS Fathom R T MR R MR-SVS MR MS-S S Flagship R T MRMS MS MRMS-S MRMS MR MSS Fleet R T MRMS MRMS MRMS-S RMR MR-S MS Flinders S T MR S MRMS-S MSS MR-MS MSS Gairdner S T MR R-S MS-S S MRMS MR GrangeR S T MR MSS MR S MR MS Henley S T R R-SVS MR-MRMS S MR MSS Hindmarsh R T MS R-VS MRMS-S S MR S Keel R T MRMS MS VS MR MS SVS La Trobe R T MR R-VS MRMS-S S MR S Maritime R T S MSS MS-S MRMS VS MSS Navigator R T R R VS MR MR-S MSS Oxford S T R MS-S R-MRMS MSS MR-S MR Schooner VS T S MSS SVS MS MR MS Scope S T MR MSS MS-SVS MSS MR MSS Skipper R T MR S MSS-SVS MRMS MR MS Sloop SA R T S S SVS SVS MR S Wimmera S T S MSS R-MRMS MS MR MR Disease rating codes: R = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible; S = susceptible; VS = very susceptible. A range of reactions is provided where different strains of the pathogen exist and where the variety may respond differently to them.Information on disease reaction was supplied by the Field Crop Pathology Unit (SARDI). Contact Dr Hugh Wallwork (08) 8303 9382. 18 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Table 4: Agronomic characteristics of selected barley varieties Variety coleoptile Early Tillering length vigour ability Barque 6 9 Bass Buloke 4 5 7 Commander 6 6 7 Compass 6 6 Fathom 7 8 Flagship 5 5 7

Standing ability 6 7 5 4 7 5

Height to head 7 4 7 6 6 6 6

Earliness to flower 6 4 5 5 6 7 5

Head retention 5 6 4 5 7 6 7

Ease of threshing 3 8 7 4 7

Boron tox symptoms 6 8 3 6 6 5 8

Manganese efficiency 3

Fleet 8 6 8 3 7 6 5 4 5 Gairdner 5 4 9 6 5 4 8 6 7 3 GrangeR 7 6 5 Henley 8 4 4 Hindmarsh 3 3 8 7 5 7 7 7 8 Keel 6 8 5 6 8 5 6 6 4 La Trobe 3 3 8 7 5 7 7 7 8 Maritime 7 8 7 4 6 6 7 7 8 7 Navigator 6 4 9 7 4 4 7 8 2 Oxford 6 9 8 4 3 8 7 7 Schooner 6 6 7 6 7 5 4 7 7 5 Scope 5 7 5 7 5 4 8 3 Skipper 3 6 7 3 6 7 6 7 3 Sloop SA 6 6 7 5 7 5 3 7 7 6 Wimmera 5 4 9 8 4 3 8 6 7 Relative values based on a 0-9 scale, a high figure indicating the variety expresses the character to a high degree. These values are only a guide; growing conditions greatly influence differences. * A high boron toxicity symptom score relates to high presence of leaf symptoms.

blotch in the northern mallee in 2013. Scope completed malting accreditation in March 2013 but limited segregation and marketing opportunities will be available until international market development is successfully completed. Scope has registration for use with an appropriate BASF Clearfield herbicide and this herbicide tolerance makes Scope an attractive option for brome and other grass control, particularly in mallee type soils. Seed is available through Seednet. Notes on New Varieties Admiral A is a new malting barley developed by Joe White Maltings and the University of Adelaide. It is a semi-dwarf variety with stiff straw and maturity slightly later than Gairdner, hence is suited to high yield potential environments. It offers good resistance to net form net blotch, powdery mildew, leaf rust, scald and CCN, but is susceptible to spot form of net blotch. Admiral will be grown under production contracts for supply to Joe White Maltings. B a s s A ( WA B A R 2 3 1 5 ) h a s b e e n developed and recently released from Intergrain as an export quality barley, which has recently passed Barley Australia malt accreditation. It is a mid to late

maturing variety with variable resistance to scald and leaf rust, resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus but no CCN resistance and it is susceptible to both net and spot form net blotch. Bass has shown very good physical grain quality with high test weight and low screenings. Seed is available from Intergrain for the 2014 season. ChargerA(CA412402) is a new malting barley developed by Carlsberg and Heineken Breweries in collaboration with the University of Adelaide. It is mid maturing with good straw strength and resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew but is very susceptible to net form of net blotch. Charger has shown consistently high grain yield particularly in favourable environments. Contract production is exclusively managed by Australian Grain Growers Cooperative. Compass A (WI4593) is a new variety undergoing malting accreditation with potential for release to growers in 2015. It is closely related to Commander but is significantly higher yielding based on 2012 NVT data in SA. More evaluation is needed to confirm this difference across seasons. Compass has midseason maturity and is agronomically similar to

Commander. Compass has shown good physical grain quality with high retention and low screenings and moderate test weight. Seed will be available from Seednet. FathomA (WI4483) is an early maturing feed quality variety developed using wild barley to improve stress tolerance and water use efficiency. Fathom has averaged very high yields similar to Hindmarsh based on NVT data from 2010 to 2012 and shows good early vigour and weed competitiveness. Fathom has good levels of resistance to CCN, scald, powdery mildew and spot form net blotch. Fathom has shown susceptibility to NFNB and leaf rust and is not recommended for growing in high risk situations unless an appropriate fungicide strategy is applied. Seed is available from Seednet. GrangeRA is a new high yielding variety which recently passed Barley Australia malt accreditation but is yet to see industry demand. It is mid maturing and targeted for areas with more than 400mm rainfall. GrangeR has good levels of resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust and net form net blotch but susceptibility to spot form net blotch, CCN and leaf scald. Seed is available from Heritage Seeds.

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 19

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

HenleyA is a European malting barley licensed to Heritage Seeds under evaluation in Australia. It is mid to late maturing and targeted for areas with more than 400mm rainfall. Henley has good levels of resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust and net form net blotch, susceptibility to spot form net blotch and CCN and variable scald resistance. Malting accreditation will not be completed before March 2014 with seed available from Heritage Seeds. La Trobe A (IGB1101) is currently undergoing malt accreditation with potential for release to growers in 2014. It is an early maturing semi dwarf variety with growth habit and plant architecture very similar to Hindmarsh, and its agronomic performance has also been similar to Hindmarsh. La Trobe is resistant to CCN and net form of net blotch but susceptible to SFNB like Hindmarsh. Seed will be available from Intergrain Pty Ltd. NavigatorA (WI4262) has been developed by the University of Adelaide and is a recently released and accredited, domestic malt quality variety. Navigator is mid to late maturing, similar to Gairdner

20 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

but offering 2-3% higher yield potential, significantly improved physical grain quality and a good disease resistance profile with the exception of high susceptibility to leaf rust and some strains of net form net blotch. Production will be targeted for the South East region of SA. Seed is available from Seednet. SkipperA (WI4446) has been developed by the University of Adelaide as an early maturing, potential malting quality variety and is expected to complete Barley Australia malt accreditation in 2015. Data from NVT in SA since 2009 has shown Skipper to yield similarly to Commander and a useful alternative in lower rainfall environments. Skipper has good resistance to both forms of net blotch, powdery mildew and CCN but is high susceptibile to some strains of leaf rust and is susceptible to leaf scald. Strong performance in Shochu market evaluation will see significant contract production in 2014 and retail seed is expected to be available for commercial production in 2015 from Seednet. SouthernStarA is a new malting barley developed by Sapporo Breweries and

the University of Adelaide. SouthernStar is based on the variety Flagship and incorporates a patented novel gene for improved beer quality. It has almost identical agronomic characteristics to Flagship with good early vigour, CCN resistance and a strong foliar disease resistance profile. SouthernStar also has sensitivity to sprouting so timely harvest must be a priority. SouthernStar will be grown under production contracts for supply to Barrett Burston Maltings and Joe White Maltings WimmeraA (VB0432) was developed by the Victorian DPI and the University of Adelaide as a potential malting quality, mid to late maturing variety. Wimmera is undergoing malt accreditation trials with completion expected by March 2014. It has similar plant architecture to Gairdner however it has significantly higher yield potential as shown in SA NVT since 2009. During the past three seasons Wimmera has averaged more than 10% higher yield than Gairdner. Wimmera has good resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, net form net blotch and black point but is susceptible to leaf scald and CCN. Seed will be available for commercial production in 2014.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Lupin variety sowing guide 2014 By Andrew Ware, SARDI, Port Lincoln

here will be no newly released narrow leafed lupin varieties available for South Australian growers in 2014. PBA Barlock A was released Western Australia in Spring, 2013, but seed is not expected to be available to South Australian growers until 2015. PBA BarlockA is a high yielding narrow leafed (Australian sweet) lupin. It was released as a replacement to Tanjil A and Wonga A in areas with high risk of anthracnose. Yields are equivalent or greater to Mandelup in most areas of South Australia, with its greatest advantage on the Eyre Peninsula. Which suggest it may have a role replace Mandelup for growers willing to wait until 2015 for seed. For plantings in 2014 the range of recommended high yielding lupin varieties is confined to JenabillupA, PBA GunyidiA and MandelupA. Narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) are well suited to acid and sandy soils, and continue to be grown in suitable areas as a key component of the farming system. Recent improvements in grain pricing for lupins and a possible move away from a heavy reliance on wheat/ canola rotations is expected to see the area grown to lupins increase in coming seasons. Domestic marketing For producers wanting to sell into Victorian and NSW markets they must continue to satisfy anthracnose freedom, market access and transporting protocols. Anthracnose grain tests are the most common means of identifying anthracnose freedom for marketing. Paddock inspection for anthracnose freedom is usually the cheaper option per tonne of grain produced, but unfortunately this option is still not available to Eyre Peninsula lupin growers. To establish eligibility for paddock inspection, sowing seed needs to have been tested for anthracnose.

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encouraged to seek germination Grazing of Lupin Stubbles tests on seed so that seeding Lupin stubbles can provide rates can be increased a high value feed source to to compensate for poor livestock, however in recent years germination or alternative seed a number of growers have lost sourced. significant stock numbers to Manganese deficiency can lupinosis. This livestock health has also shown to be an issue problem occurs as a result of in recent years. Lupin plants toxins being produced from the Andrew Ware have a strong demand for phomopsis fungus that develops manganese as seeds develop and mature. in the lupin stem as the plant matures. All Manganese deficiency can influence seed current varieties have a reasonable level development and cause split or shrivelled of resistance that slows the development seed in pods. Deficient plants can remain of the phomopsis fungus. However, greener for longer causing difficulty when significant rain occurs while the at harvest. Manganese deficiency can crop matures and afterwards, fungal be overcome by applying 1kg/ha of development can still occur regardless of Manganese at flowering. The timing of the resistance the plant has. this application is important. Manganese Care must be taken in grazing lupin should be applied at mid-flowering of the stubbles and it may advisable not to graze first lateral. By this stage growth of the some paddocks at all given wet conditions first pods on the main stem should be 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; at and after harvest. 2.5cm long. Lupin paddocks should be grazed at the first opportunity after harvest. Stock Variety performance must have access to a good quality water PBA Barlock was the highest yielding supply. Older stock are less affected of the released varieties in 2012 breeding than young stock. Bulky crops and crop and NVT trials across South Australia, topping both aid the development of the eclipsing Jenabillup yields by 4% and fungus and can increase risk of lupinosis Mandelup yields by 11%, when averaged occurring. Tight lupin rotations also across all sites. Long term yields show increase the risk. PBA Barlock having a slight advantage over the other released varieties on Eyre Lupin agronomy Peninsula, but not performing so well One of the most commonly reported relative to the other varieties elsewhere in problems lupins suffer from in South the state. Australia is poor emergence. This is particularly prevalent in the variety Notes on current narrow-leafed Mandelup . Poor germination of seed lupin varieties will obviously effect establishment but will also enhance any crop effects from JenabillupA has been extensively trialled pre-emergent herbicide and as well as in SA for seven years with a long term decreasing early vigour. Growers are average 1% higher than Mandelup across all South Australian sites. It typically Table 1. Narrow-leafed lupin variety sowing guide has an advantage over Mandelup at the 2012. longer growing season areas, where its extended flowering window can assist Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall) with increased yield. Jenabillup flowers Low Medium High slightly later and for a longer period than < 375 mm 375-500 mm > 500 mm Mandelup, making it less suitable to crop MandelupA MandelupA JenabillupA topping. Jenabillup does have resistance to black pod syndrome, although rarely A A A Jenabillup Jenabillup Mandelup seen in South Australia. Jenabillup PBA GunyidiA PBA GunyidiA PBA GunyidiA does not have tolerance to metribuzin

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 Table 2. Agronomic features of narrow-leafed lupin varieties. Variety Flowering Height Early Lodging Pod loss/ Anthracnose vigour (high shatter rainfall) Early Tall Med MS/MR R MR CoromupA Mid Tall Med MR/MS MS MS JenabillupA Late Tall Slow MR R MS JindaleeA V early Tall Fast MS MS MR MandelupA Mid Med Med MR R R PBA BarlockA Early Med Fast MR R MR/R PBA GunyidiA Wonga A Early-Mid Med Med MR MR R R = Resistant; MR = Moderately resistant; MS = Moderately susceptible; S = Susceptible.

herbicide. It has a low anthracnose rating (MS). Jenabillup was first available to South Australian growers in 2011 and seed is available through Seednet. Jindalee A is the latest flowering and maturing variety currently available. It particularly suits early sowing in higher rainfall districts where its vernalisation (cold requirement) prevents it from flowering too early. It is well suited to situations of bulky dense canopies that would otherwise lead to poor pod set in other varieties. Jindalee can also benefit from late spring rains. Its long-term yield performance is well behind Mandelup across all districts in SA. Jindalee’s anthracnose rating is MS. This level of anthracnose resistance is generally adequate though, if combined with seed testing, paddock monitoring and sound crop hygiene management. Jindalee is moderately tall and vigorous, is resistant to phomopsis and is moderately resistant to brown leaf spot. In SA it appears to have improved resistance to root rots and premature wilting that occurs on duplex soils with shallow underlying clay. Jindalee has speckled seed and medium seed alkaloid levels. Seed is available through Seednet. MandelupA has established itself as a leading variety in SA (table 3). It is a tall variety, with good early vigour and very early flowering and maturity, making it well-suited to low to medium rainfall districts in SA, but still yields well in higher rainfall areas. Its early maturity makes it suitable for crop topping, with careful attention to correct timing.

Brown leaf spot

Grey Spot

CMV on seed

Phomopsis on stem

MS MS/MR MR MS MS MS MS

R R R R R S R

MR MS MR MR/R MR/R R

R MS R R MR R MR

Phomopsis on pod/ seed R R R R R S

BYMV Resistance MS MR MS MS MS/MR MS

Mandelup’s wide adaptation has seen it perform well over a range of seasons. In addition to its yield advantages, Mandelup has moderate anthracnose resistance, slightly less than Wonga. It is moderately resistant to phomopsis stem blight and CMV seed transmission and resistant to aphids. It is moderately susceptible to brown leaf spot. It does however suffer from some pod loss with delayed harvest, and seed quality can suffer with a wet harvest. A possible weakness in higher rainfall districts is its poorer stem strength and potential lodging, although this has not been observed at well grown, wetter sites in recent years. Seed of Mandelup is available in SA through Heritage Seeds Pty Ltd.

PBA Gunyidi has been released as a potential Mandelup replacement that improves on Mandelup by having more shatter resistant pods. This will give growers the option of being able to harvest later without incurring significant losses. PBA Gunyidi is moderately resistant to anthracnose and phomopsis. It flowers and matures early and is resistant to Metribuzin herbicide, but more susceptible to damage from Eclipse®. In five years of evaluation in South Australia PBA Gunyidi has yielded almost equivalent to Mandelup across the state, with the Upper Eyre Peninsula showing the highest yield advantage. Seed is available through Seednet.

PBA BarlockA (tested as WALAN2325) was released in WA in spring 2013, with seed expected to be available to South Australian growers in 2015. It is resistant to anthracnose and tolerant to metribuzin herbicide. PBA Barlock has improved resistance to pod shattering over Mandelup (equivalent to Tanjil ). It is moderately resistant (MR) to phomopsis stem blight (equal to Wonga ). PBA Barlock is an early flowering and maturing variety that has grain quality that on average meets market requirements. Long term yields show at equal to or improved over Mandelup , with the greatest advantage on Eyre Peninsula. Seed of PBA Barlock will be available in 2015 through Seednet.

WongaA is an early flowering, moderate yielding lupin released from NSW. It is moderately tall and vigorous and stands erect. Wonga is resistant to anthracnose. Wonga has speckled seed and medium seed alkaloid levels. It matures slightly slower than Mandelup. Wonga has moderate resistance to premature wilting on duplex soils with shallow underlying clay. Wonga is suited to most areas of SA, and remains the best option currently available to SA growers wanting high levels of anthracnose resistance.

PBA GunyidiA (tested as WALAN2289) was released in WA in September 2011.

Table 3. Predicted yield of lupin varieties is SA by region, as a % Mandelup Variety LOWER EP UPPER EP MID NORTH % of No. % of No. % of No. Site Mean Trials Site Mean Trials Site Mean Trials Coromup 97 12 97 5 98 7 Jenabillup 101 13 103 6 102 7 Jindalee 84 16 89 7 88 8 Mandelup 100 16 100 7 100 8 PBA Barlock 102 4 104 3 99 3 PBA Gunyidi 100 9 101 5 100 5 Wonga 92 15 95 7 86 8 Mandelup (t/ha) 2.05 1.67 1.78 Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT. 2005-2012 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.

Acknowledgements: Bevan Buirchell and Jon Clements (DAFWA) and Mark Richards (NSW, DPI) - part of the Pulse Breeding Australia national lupin breeding program and Wayne Hawthorne, Pulse Australia, Naracoorte.

MALLEE % of No. Trials Site Mean 91 7 98 7 85 8 100 8 96 3 97 5 88 8 1.59

SOUTH EAST % of No. Site Mean Trials 95 21 100 21 86 26 100 26 99 10 98 18 89 25 1.95

2014

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Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Vetch variety sowing guide 2014 By Rade Matic, Stuart Nagel and Gregg Kirby, SARDI National Vetch Breeding Program

etch is a multi-purpose crop grown mostly as a disease break crop in rotation with cereals in a wide range of soil types from light sands to heavier clay soils. Common Ve t c h varieties (Languedoc,Blanchfleur, Morava A , RasinaA, and Cummins) versatility allows cropping for grain or hay production, early grazing as green pasture or for dry grazing, hay production or green manure. Grain vetches have been grown in lower to mid-rainfall cereal areas of Southern Australia, and their grain yields have been similar to pea yields in these areas. Note that vetch grain is not used for human consumption and has limited use in pig rations. Grain from Morava and Rasina can be used without limit to feed all ruminants and as up to 25% in the diet of pigs. Forage vetches are used for hay, green manure or mid to late winter feed for grazing. They are purple vetch (V. banghalensis) variety Popany, or Woolly Pod vetches (V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa) varieties Namoi, Capello® or Haymaker ® . Forage vetches can grow successfully in areas of 400 to 650mm of annual rainfall. Grain from woolly pod vetch varieties CAN NOT be used to feed any livestock. Morava and Rasina are resistant to rust and are the preferred varieties for grain in areas prone to rust infections. Disease management is critical when growing a vetch crop regardless of the Table 1. Vetch grain variety rainfall zones (mm). <350 350-400 400-450 Languedoc Rasina Morava Rasina Blanchefleur Rasina Cummins Cummins Blanchefleur Languedoc Cummins Morava 24 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Languedoc generally exceeds end use, where possible disease Blanchefleur’s grain yield in resistant varieties should be areas with less than 350mm planted as a preference. rainfall. Its hard seed content is Care must be taken when generally around 5-10% and it is growing rust susceptible varieties highly susceptible to rust. as grazing or feeding hay/silage from rust infected plants may Blanchefleur. Prior to the induce abortions in pregnant Rade Matic release of Morava, Blanchefleur livestock. So while it is usually had been the preferred grain variety not economically viable to use fungicides in areas above 350mm rainfall in SA. for rust on vetch it may be necessary Blanchefleur has mid maturity, white where rust susceptible varieties are to be flowers and reddish brown/mottled seed used as feed. with orange cotyledons. Ascochyta blight occurs in earlier stages Blanchefleur is very susceptible to of the vetch crop and can reduce grain rust. It is well suited to medium to high and dry matter production, but not like rainfall areas where rust is not a regular a heavy infestation of Botrytis grey mould problem. Both vetch and lentils are on (BGM) can in cool/wet growing seasons the prescribed grain list of AQIS due to with high amounts of vegetative growth. the vetch-lentil substitution issue, this There is little difference between vetch has meant export markets of orange varieties in their resistance to BGM; cotyledon varieties like Blanchefleur are varieties like Morava, which produce limited to small bird seed markets in greater levels of vegetative growth and Europe and seed for grazing and green denser canopies, will be more prone to manure crops only. this disease in higher rainfall areas. When selecting a vetch variety growers also need to consider their individual farm and paddock situation and most importantly the end use targeting for the crop and to make this selection on all the available information. Notes on varieties Common vetch (Vicia sativa) Languedoc. Languedoc is an early flowering and maturing variety recommended for low rainfall areas although it can lodge severely making harvest difficult under certain conditions.

450-600 Morava Rasina

>600 Morava

Cummins. Cummins is a mid to early maturing, white flowering variety selected from Languedoc. It is well adapted to medium to low rainfall areas where it generally yields higher than Blanchefleur. Cummins is susceptible to rust and moderate susceptible to Ascochyta blight. MoravaA. Morava is a rust resistant late flowering vetch variety with 100% soft seeds, develop by SARDI’s Australian National Vetch Breeding Program (ANVBP). Grain yield is superior to other vetches in the high rainfall areas and to

Table 2. Vetch hay/silage/grazing and green manuring variety selection <350 350-400 400-450 450-600 >600 Rasina Rasina Morava Morava Capello Blanchefleur Morava Rasina Popany Haymaker Cummins Cummins Popany Capello Morava Languedoc Popany Capello Haymaker Popany Morava Blanchefleur Haymaker

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 Blanchefleur, Languedoc and Cummins in all other areas in the presence of rust. It is larger seeded and more resistant to shattering than other vetch varieties. The anti nutritional factor (BCN) levels are 50% lower than Blanchefleur and Languedoc. Morava produces higher herbage yields than all other common vetch varieties. Morava is later flowering and maturing than Blanchefleur and grain yield will be reduced in environments with dry finishes. Morava is moderately resistant to Ascochyta blight and very susceptible to Botrytis, because Morava produces very high biomass in wet/cool zones. Morava is a PBR variety and can be sourced from Heritage Seeds. RasinaA.

Rasina is soft seeded vetch from the ANVBP, and replaces Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Cummins in low to medium rainfall areas for grain production. Rasina is earlier for 5-10 days than Blanchefleur and 10 to 15 days earlier than Morava. A significant advantage over Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Cummins is Rasinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resistance to rust and slightly more tolerant to Ascochyta blight and Botrytis. However, Rasina is not expected to replace Morava in higher rainfall districts or for hay production. The level of anti-nutritional factors is 0.6 to 0.8 compared to 0.9 to 1.6 in Blanchefleur and Languedoc, respectively. Rasina possesses a distinctive uniform dark brown speckled seed coat with dark beige cotyledons. Rasina is a PBR variety and can be sourced from Heritage Seeds. Purple Vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. banghalensis) Popany is purple vetch. Grain yield is significantly lower than yields from common vetch varieties. But, seeds are smaller than seeds from common vetch varieties therefore the seeding rate is lower at approximately 30-35kg/ha. Grain from this variety can be used as a bird feed in mix with other recommended grains. Popany is a late maturity variety, >125 days from seeding to podding. It is a good variety in mid to high rainfall areas for hay/silage. Popany, possesses 5-10% hard seeds. This variety is resistant to rust but susceptible to ascochyta and chocolate spot. Seed coat is black with distinctive white hilum.

Table 3. Characteristics of selected vetch varieties Variety Maturity Yield potential Flower % of pod colour shattering Grain Dry matter Common vetch varieties (Vicia sativa) Blanchefleur Mid High Mod White 5-10 Cummins Mid-early High Mod White 5-10 Languedoc Very early High Low Purple 10-20 Morava Late High High Purple 0 Rasina Early-mid High Mod Purple 0-2 Purple vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. benghalensis) Popany Very late Low High Purple 20-30 Woolly pod vetches (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa) Namoi Late Low Very high Purple 5-10 Haymaker Late Low Very high 5-10 Capello Late Low Very high 5-10

% of hard seeds

Disease reaction* Rust Asochyta Botrytis

5-10 5-15 5-15 0 0

VS VS VS R R

MR MR S MS MR

S S S VS S

5-10

25-35 20-30 15-20

R R R

S S S

VS VS VS

Table 4. 2009-11 grain and dry matter yield for common vetch varieties, plus dry matter yield for woolly pod vetch varieties. Variety Grain Dry matter** yield % of yield % of (t/ha) Blanchefleur (t/ha) Morava Common vetch varieties* Blanchefleur 1.89 100 5.71 95.81 Morava 2.11 111.64 5.96 100 Rasina 2.08 2.08 5.69 95.47 Languedoc 0.91 48.11 4.32 72.48 Dry matter average for common vetches 5.42 Woolly pod vetch varieties** Namoi 6.75 113.26 Haymaker 6.59 110.57 Cappello 6.15 103.19 Dry matter average for woolly pod vetches 6.50 Purple vetch variety Popany 5.28 88.59 * data from 5 sites - Blyth, Lameroo, Peake, Kingsford & Charlick. ** data for both species presented from 4 sites: Minlaton, Charlick, Kingsford & Lameroo Table 5. Plant density and recommended seeding rates for vetch. Common vetch varieties Woolly pod vetch varieties Purple vetch variety* End use Plants density Sowing rate Plants density Sowing rate Plants density Sowing rate (plants per (kg/ha) (plants per (kg/ha) (plants per (kg/ha) sq.m.) sq.m.) sq.m.) Grain 40-60 40-50 40-50 25-40 40-50 25-40 Hay/silage 50-70 50-60 50-60 30-45 50-60 30-45 Grazing 50-70 50-60 50-60 30-45 50-60 30-45 Green manure 60-70 55-65 60-70 45-50 50-60 30-45 * in Australia only Popany exsisting as Purple vetch variety

Woolly pod vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa) CapelloA and HaymakerA .Woolly pod vetches are lower in grain yield compared with common vetches, but are much higher in dry matter production than common vetch varieties in rainfall areas >450mm/yr. Grain from these varieties can not be used to feed any livestock. Also, this variety can only be grazed from the

10-node stage to podding time. It is not recommended that grazing occur earlier and also once the plants begin to develop seed pods. These two varieties are very good for hay/silage production in areas >400mm of rainfall annually. Haymaker and Capello are selected soft seed varieties from Namoi. In last few years these two varieties have become prone to hard/dormant seeds. Both varieties are owned by Heritage Seeds. 2014

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Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Chickpea variety sowing guide 2014 By Larn McMurray, Research Scientist SARDI, and Kristy Hobson PBA Chickpea Breeder, NSW DPI

ulse Breeding Australia released two chickpea varieties with good seed quality characteristics in 2013 providing growers with new options suited to international markets. PBA Monarch, tested as CICA0857, is a high yielding medium sized kabuli chickpea with adaptation to all kabuli growing areas of Australia. It is particularly well suited to the shorter seasoned medium rainfall environments of south eastern Australia. This is due to its earlier flowering and maturity timings than all other medium sized kabuli varieties and the small sized variety Genesis™ 090. PBA Monarch is rated as moderately susceptible to aschochyta blight, similar to Almaz and Genesis™ Kalkee but inferior to Genesis™090. PBA Monarch has seed size similar to Almaz, larger than Genesis™090 but smaller than Genesis™Kalkee. In shorter growing seasons, PBA Monarch may have larger and more consistent seed size than other medium sized varieties due to its earlier pod filling timing. This combination of high yields and medium sized seed in an early flowering variety is unique in Australian kabuli varieties and is likely to provide growers with an alternative kabuli option to both the current medium and small sized kabuli varieties providing ascochyta blight is managed. Growers still need to be aware that all kabuli varieties currently have some limitations in agronomic adaptation and marketability and will not be suited to all areas or all situations. The other variety released by PBA for 2014 sowings is the large seeded, early to mid flowering desi type variety PBA Maiden, evaluated as CICA0717. PBA Maiden is the largest desi chickpea of the current southern varieties with a seed size approximately 30% larger than PBA Slasher. This variety is targeted for 26 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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of likely target markets. Other whole seed markets where its agronomic traits such as large, angular shaped and bright maturity, susceptibility to cold yellow-tan coloured seed coat tolerance, root lesion nematode are well suited to the specific susceptibility and lodging requirements of these markets resistance need to be considered such as Bangladesh. Growers are also. When comparing yields, advised to investigate delivery growers need to bear in mind and marketing options for Larn McMurray that under high AB pressure, PBA Maiden prior to growing varieties with moderate this variety due to its unique resistance or less may suffer greater yield and favourable seed characteristics. losses than the more resistant lines even PBA Maiden has moderate resistance to with the application of foliar fungicides. ascochyta blight and a mid flowering and Except for PBA Monarch, larger seeded maturity timing. Its grain yields have kabuli varieties generally yield 15 to 25% been similar to PBA Slasher in South lower than desi types and smaller seeded Australia but generally less than PBA kabuli varieties. Earlier maturing desi Striker. Both new varieties are being varieties ie PBA Striker can yield up to commercialised through Seednet. 15% higher than the small mid maturing kabuli variety Genesis™090. The major Selection Criteria grain price difference is between the desi The list of suggested varieties for and medium to large sized kabuli types, 2014 is shown in Table 1. A range but small differences can exist between of chickpea types are now available varieties based on seed size, appearance offering growers the opportunity to and marketability (Table 2). exploit particular management and or market opportunities providing Chickpea types the limitations of each are known and Desi types managed. Information on key selection Larger seeds are preferred for desi criteria and yield for each variety can types, regardless of whether they are be found in Tables 2, 3 and 4. When used for splitting or whole seed end use. selecting a chickpea type and variety There has been an increasing use of large to grow, growers need to make their whole seeded desi types in a range of decision on the basis of AB resistance, food preparations in the sub continent yield, price, marketability and availability Table 1. Chickpea variety sowing guide 2014. Seed type Below 400 Desi PBA Striker PBA Slasher PBA Maiden* Neelam Ambar Small kabuli Genesis™ 079 Genesis™ 090 Medium/large kabuli PBA Monarch

*Highest quality seed type

Rainfall zones (mm) 400–450 450–500 PBA Striker PBA Slasher PBA Slasher PBA Maiden* PBA Maiden* PBA Striker Neelam Neelam Ambar Ambar Genesis™ 090 Genesis™ 090 Genesis™ 079 Genesis™ 079 PBA Monarch PBA Monarch Genesis™ Kalkee Genesis™ Kalkee Genesis™ 114 Genesis™ 114 Almaz Almaz

Above 500 PBA Slasher PBA Maiden* Neelam Ambar Genesis™ 090 Genesis™ Kalkee PBA Monarch Genesis™ 114 Almaz

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 Table 2. Agronomic features of chickpea varieties. Variety Seed size Kabuli Seed Market g/100 main seed colour type seeds size (mm) suitability Desi type Ambar**

GenesisTM 509

15-17

Howzat

19-21

Neelam**

light brown dark brown light brown brown

light brown yellowtan light brown light brown dark brown

split & whole split

Early vigour

Flow- Maturity ering

early moderate

mid

split & poor/mod mid whole split & mid whole split & moderate midwhole late premium moderate earlywhole mid split & poor/mod mid whole split & good early whole split good early

PBA HatTrick

19-21

PBA Maiden

21-24

PBA Slasher

17-19

PBA Striker

20-22

Sonali

16-20

Kabuli type Almaz

36-42

8-9

cream

8-9mm

poor

GenesisTM 079 GenesisTM 090 GenesisTM 114 GenesisTM Kalkee

24-28 26-35 36-42 40-46

6-7 7-8 8-9 8-9

cream cream cream cream

6-7mm 6-8mm 8-9mm 8-10mm

moderate good good good

mid

Plant height

early

shortmedium early-mid medium

Ascochyta Botrytis Flowblight grey ering cold foliage mould tolerance

Lodging resistance maturity

Pratylenchus neglectus Resist- Tolerance ance

medium

mediumtall mid-late tall

mid mid

mid mid early early

shortmedium shortmedium shortmedium medium

mid-late mediumtall early short mid medium mid-late tall late tall

early R MS S MR MS mid R S S MR MR mid MS S S R midMS S S R late PBA Monarch 37-43 8-9 cream 8-9mm poor/mod early early medium MS S S MS R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible, T = tolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, I = intolerant, NA = not available due to no data. ** These varieties have had limited evaluation in SA.Provisional information produced by COGGO parties

and a small premium has been available for types fitting this use. Newer desi varieties have improved seed size and colour over older varieties like Tyson and are suited to whole and splitting markets and therefore more likely to achieve the higher prices of the benchmark northern region varieties ie Jimbour. PBA Maiden has the largest and lightest colour of all southern desi varieties. Small kabuli types Bulk markets for the small kabuli Genesis 090 exported from Australia have been developed in recent years and they generally are paying a premium over the desi types. However growers need to be aware that while these markets are still in their infancy, they may have to hold seed from time to time as the marketing opportunities are not always available or maybe limited in terms of size and price. Seed size is small, 6-8mm, so will not attract the higher prices of the larger seeded kabuli types (e.g. Genesis™ Kalkee). Further premiums may be obtained by grading and selling the seed on size. Genesis™ 079 produces predominantly 6-7mm seed for the bulk small kabuli markets and generally attracts a price at the bottom end of the Genesis™090 range.

Medium-large kabuli types PBA Monarch, Almaz, Genesis™ 114 and Genesis™Kalkee produce predominantly 8 to 10mm seed for traditional larger seeded kabuli markets where larger seed size is imperative to attract premium prices. Notes on selected desi varieties PBA MaidenA (CICA0717) is a large seeded high quality desi chickpea for the medium to low rainfall environments of southern Australia. It is broadly adapted to these regions and has shown similar yields to PBA Slasher. PBA Maiden is moderately resistant to foliar infection by ascochyta blight (equal to PBA Striker). PBA Maiden has a semi-spreading plant type and height similar to PBA Slasher. It has a seed size greater than current southern desi varieties (28 % larger than PBA Slasher) with a yellow-tan seed coat. Growers are advised to investigate delivery and marketing options for PBA Maiden prior to growing this variety due to its unique and favourable seed characteristics. Larger uniform seed size is more likely in medium rainfall regions. PBA Maiden is well suited to the whole seed desi markets such as those in Bangladesh. Seed is licensed to Seednet. PBA Striker A is a high yielding desi

chickpea with moderate resistance to AB. It is an early flowering and maturing variety with very good early vigour levels and will provide a high yielding alternative to all chickpea varieties in the short season, medium to low rainfall environments of western and southern Australia. PBA Striker has a similar plant type to PBA Slasher with larger seed size than this variety and all other southern and Western Australian desi varieties. Seed of PBA Striker is also light in colour and has very good milling characteristics. AB resistance of PBA Striker is less than PBA Slasher and Genesis™090 but improved over Almaz, however it is likely to require both vegetative and reproductive foliar fungicide sprays. Due to its lower AB rating than PBA Slasher and its early maturity, PBA Striker is not recommended for high rainfall and long growing season districts. Seed is licensed to Seednet. Ambar A is an early flowering and maturing desi type chickpea released from Western Australia in 2012 and rated as resistant to AB. Ambar is high yielding in WA with similar yields to PBA Slasher but has had very limited evaluation in southern Australia. Seed size is smaller than PBA Slasher and PBA Striker 2014

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Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 but light in colour. Seed is licensed to Heritage Seeds. Neelam A is a mid flowering and maturing desi type chickpea released from Western Australia in 2012 and rated as resistant to AB. Neelam has very high yields in WA generally higher than PBA Slasher. It has had limited evaluation in southern Australia and yields to date have generally been similar to PBA Striker. Neelam has a medium tall plant height, taller than PBA Slasher with a seed size smaller than PBA Slasher and PBA Striker but light in colour. Seed is licensed to Heritage Seeds. PBA HatTrickA , PBA PistolA & PBA Boundary A . These varieties have been released for northern NSW/southern Qld (PBA HatTrick & PBA Boundary) and Central Queensland (PBA Pistol) where they offer specific production advantages over current variety options. All three have limited suitability to SA and Victoria due to susceptibility to AB (PBA Pistol) and late maturity and low relative yields (PBA HatTrick and PBA Boundary). PBA SlasherA has foliar AB resistance and high yields in all chickpea growing areas of SA. It has a semi-spreading plant type with mid flowering and mid maturity similar to Howzat. PBA Slasher is suitable for both the split and whole seed markets as it has improved seed size and colour over varieties like Genesis™ 509 which are only likely to be suited for split seed markets. Fungicide management trials have indicated that foliar sprays only during podding are required to successfully grow this variety. Seed is licensed to Seed Net. Notes on selected kabuli varieties PBA Monarch A is a high yielding medium sized kabuli chickpea well adapted to the short season medium rainfall environments of South Australia. This is due to improved adaptation through earlier flowering and maturity compared to Genesis™090, Almaz and Genesis™Kalkee. It is adapted to the traditional kabuli chickpea growing regions and has shown a consistent and significant yield advantage in Australia (7-13 %) over all current medium and large seeded kabuli varieties. It has similar yields and larger seed size than Genesis™090 but a lower ascochyta blight disease rating. Ascochyta blight (AB) management for PBA Monarch will require at least three fungicide applications throughout the vegetative and podding phases in disease prone 28 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected desi chickpea varieties grouped by region in SA. Yields expressed as a percentage of PBA Slasher’s yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data, 2005-2012). Yorke Pen. Mid North Lower EP Upper EP South East Vic Mallee Wimmera PBA Slasher 2.08 2.13 1.85 0.92 2.03 1.43 1.40 yield (t/ha) Ambar 100* 93* 100* 99* 99* 96 95 Genesis™ 079# 101 99 99 95 99 97 96 Genesis™ 090# 92 91 92 84 95 92 94 Genesis™ 509 92 93 90 84* 93 Howzat 94 90 96 89* 95 Neelam 101* 100* 105* 101* 102 103 PBA HatTrick 89 88 90* 83* 93 PBA Maiden 102 100 100 101 102 99 100 PBA Slasher 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 PBA Striker 103 101 103 105 101 97 98 Sonali 93 91 94* 95 # Small kabuli types * evaluated in less than 5 trials in region, treat data with caution Table 4. Predicted long term yields of selected kabuli chickpea varieties grouped by region in SA. Yields expressed as a percentage of Genesis 090’s yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data, 2005–2012). Yorke Pen. Mid North Lower EP South East Vic Mallee Wimmera Genesis 090 yield 1.89 1.91 1.43 1.96 1.20 1.30 (t/ha) Almaz 88 86 85 87 82 81 Genesis™ 079 107 104 107 99 104 97 Genesis™ 090 100 100 100 100 100 100 Genesis™ 114 91 87 83 88 89 89 Genesis™ Kalkee 89 85 84* 87 89 90 PBA Monarch 101 97 97* 96 99 94 * evaluated in less than 5 trials in region, treat data with caution

regions of southern Australia. Seed will be licensed to Seednet. Almaz A is a medium to large seeded kabuli type commercialised by Seednet. Seed size is generally larger than Kaniva, with superior foliar AB resistance but inferior to that of Genesis™090. It has been 15-35% lower yielding than Genesis™090 in southern Australia and will generally require two to four foliar fungicide sprays, including a first application six to eight weeks after sowing, to successfully grow it in this region. Genesis™079 is a high yielding small seeded kabuli type with resistance to ascochyta blight. It has small seed (6-7 mm), smaller than Genesis™090. Genesis™079 has produced high and consistent yields in medium and low rainfall districts of SA. Seed of Genesis™079 is available through Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. Genesis™114 is a medium to large seeded (8-9 mm) kabuli type chickpea with yields higher than Almaz and Kaniva but less than the smaller seeded Genesis™090. Genesis™114 has moderate resistance to foliar AB meaning it will require strategic fungicide

management to protect yield and ensure high quality seed is produced. Its flowering time is similar to Almaz but later than Genesis™090. It has a medium to tall erect plant type. Har vestibility of Genesis™114 is excellent with greater height to lowest pod than Genesis™090 and Almaz. Genesis™114 is licensed to Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. Genesis™090 was the first kabuli type released in Australia with foliar resistance to AB. It is a small to medium seeded kabuli (7-8 mm) with medium height, erect branches and yields similar to PBA Slasher. Seed is available through Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies. Genesis™Kalkee is a medium to large seeded kabuli type similar to Genesis 114 but with later flowering and larger seed size. Genesis™Kalkee has the largest seed size of all commercial kabuli types hence more able to meet the size requirements of premium high valued markets. However yield and disease resistance are inferior to the small kabuli types but generally equivalent to Almaz in SA meaning it is likely to require strategic fungicide applications during the year. It is commercialised by Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Herbicide tolerance of cereal and pulse varieties By Michael Zerner, Rob Wheeler and Larn McMurray, SARDI

he level of tolerance to commonly used herbicides in cereal and pulse varieties has been found to vary between cultivars. Small yield reductions to sensitive varieties caused by herbicide damage may not be easily detected on a large scale, but can be very costly. The variation in tolerance may be due to any combination of differences in morphological or physiological traits among the varieties. Michael Zerner Australian cereal and pulse varieties are extensively tested to determine level of tolerance to commonly used herbicides in South Australia as part of a national GRDC funded program. All newly released varieties are tested to identify any potential herbicide sensitivity to provide additional information to growers for the agronomic management of new varieties. Varieties are first tested in preliminary trials at higher than recommended rates of the herbicides to identify any sensitivity to specific herbicides. Once a significant variety and herbicide interaction has been identified, the variety is tested with the specific herbicide in more advanced trials using recommended and higher than recommended herbicide rates to determine the severity of the yield reductions caused by the herbicide. Given that environmental conditions strongly influence the level of safety of most herbicides it is important that varieties are tested over a number of seasons to clearly identify the level of tolerance. Cereal field trials are conducted at

Mallala and Kybunga, while the pulses are tested at Minlaton. The level of sensitivity is determined by yield reductions in comparison to

unsprayed controls of the same variety. The long-term results are presented in the following tables, summarised using the symbols below.

not tested or insufficient data.

ď ?

no significant yield reductions at label or higher than recommended rates in (z) trials.

N (w/z)

narrow margin, significant yield reductions at higher than recommended rate, but not at recommended rate. Significant event occurring in w trials out of z trials tested. Eg. (2/5) = tested in 5 trials, 2 trials returning a significant yield reduction.

x% (1/z)

yield reduction (warning) significant yield reduction at recommended rate in 1 trial only out of z trials conducted.

x-y% (w/z)

yield reductions (warning) significant yield reductions at recommended rate in w trials out of z trials conducted.

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 29

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014 Table 1. Wheat variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2012) Herbicide 2,4-D Amine 625 Achieve® Affinity Force® + Ally® 2,4-D Amine Tralkoxydim MCPA MetsulfuronCarfentrazonemethyl Ethyl + MCPA Amine Variety 1993-2012 1993-2012 2006-2012 1993-2012 Year AGT Katana 2009-2012 (2) (2) (2) 6 (1/4) Axe 2008-2009 6 (1/2) N (1/2) (2) 7 (1/2) Catalina 2007-2012 N (1/3) N (1/3) (3) N (1/3) Cobra 2011-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) Corack 2011-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) Correll 2006-2009 14 (1/4) 10 (1/4) (4) 8-15 (3/4) Dart 2012 (1) (1) (1) (1) Derrimut 2006-2007 N (1/2) (2) (2) N (1/2) Emu Rock 2011-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) Espada 2009-2010 N (1/2) 7 (1/2) (2) (2) Estoc 2009-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) Frame 1993-2010 5-18 (3/18) 3-12 (2/18) (5) 4-21 (4/18) Gladius 2006-2012 6-11 (2/4) 5 (1/4) (4) 9-18 (2/4) Grenade CL+ 2012 (1) (1) (1) (1) Guardian 2008-2012 9 (1/2) (2) (2) N (1/2) Hyperno 2009-2012 (2) (2) N (2/4) 9 (1/3) Justica CL+ 2011-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) Kord CL+ 2011-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) Mace 2009-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) Peake 2008-2009 11 (1/2) (2) (2) N (1/2) Phantom 2011-2012 (1) (1) (1) (1) Pugsley 2001-2004 5 (1/4) 12 (1/4) 12 (1/4) Saintly 2009-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) Scout 2009-2012 (2) (2) (2) (3) Shield 2012 (1) (1) (1) (1) Tamaroi 1996-2003 3-4 (2/8) 5 (1/8) 11 (1/8) Tjilkuri 2009-2010 (2) (2) (2) (2) Wallup 2011-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) WID802 2010-2012 (2) (2) (2) N (1/3) Wyalkatchem 2003-2005 9 (1/3) N (1/3) 4-8 (2/3) Yawa 2009-2010 (2) (2) N (1/2) 8 (1/2) Yitpi 1998-2012 2-9 (3/4) (4) 2-8 (2/4) Rates (product/ha) 1.4L 380g 100mL + 500mL 7g Crop stage at spraying 2 node 3 leaf 3 leaf 3 leaf Table 2. Barley variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2012) Herbicide 2,4-D Amine Achieve® Affinity Force® + 500/625 MCPA 2,4-D Amine Tralkoxydim CarfentrazoneEthyl + MCPA Amine Variety Year 1993-2012 1993-2009 2006-2012 Bass 2009-2011 (2) (2) Baudin 2009-2012 (2) (1) (2) Barque 1995-2000 6 (1/6) N (1/6) Buloke 2006-2009 (4) N (1/4) 12 (1/4) Commander 2005-2007 (3) (3) (2) Fathom 2011-2012 (2) (2) Flagship 2004-2009 10 (1/6) 5 (1/6) N (1/4) Fleet 2004-2006 (3) N (1/3) (1) Flinders 2011-2012 (2) (2) Gairdner 1998-2001 N (3/4) 7 (1/4) Hindmarsh 2007-2009 (3) (3) N (1/3) Keel 1998-2001 (4) (4) Maritime 2003-2005 (3) N (1/3) Navigator 2010-2011 (2) (2) Oxford 2009-2012 (2) (1) (2) Schooner 1993-1997 (5) (5) Scope 2010-2012 (2) (2) Shepherd 2011 (1) (1) Skipper 2010-2011 (2) (2) Sloop SA 2009-2010 (2) (1) (2) Vlamingh 2009-2010 (2) (1) (2) Westminster 2011-2012 (2) (2) Wimmera 2010-2012 (2) (2) Rates (product/ha) 1.4L 380g 100mL + 500mL Crop stage at spraying 2 node 4 leaf 3 leaf 30 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

Axial® Pinoxaden + CloquintocetMethyl

Banvel M® MCPA+ Dicamba

2006-2012 N (1/4) 5 (1/2) (3) (2) (2) (4) (1) (2) (2) (2) N (1/4) (5) (4) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) N (1/2) 250mL 3 leaf

1993-2009 N (2/2) N (1/3) 6 (1/4) 10 (1/2) 7 (1/2) 5-21 (2/17) N (2/4) (2) (2) N (2/4) (8) (3) N (1/4) 1.4L 5leaf

Boxer Gold® Bromoxynil MCPA Prosulfocarb + Bromoxynil + S-Metalochlor MCPA

2009-2012 (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) N (1/1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) N (1/4) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) 2.5L IBS

1994-2012 (2) (2) (3) (2) (2) (4) (1) N (1/2) (2) (2) (2) 2-7 (5/17) (4) (1) (2) 5 (1/2) (2) (2) N (1/4) 5 (1/2) (1) (4) (2) (2) (1) N (3/8) (2) (2) (2) (3) (2) N (3/4) 1.4L 3 leaf

Ally®

Axial®

Banvel M®

Boxer Gold®

Metsulfuronmethyl

Pinoxaden + CloquintocetMethyl 2006-2012 (2) (2) (4) (2) (2) N (1/4) (1) (2) 11 (1/3) (2) (2) 9 (1/4) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 250mL 4 leaf

MCPA + Dicamba

Prosulfocarb + S-Metolachlor

1993-2012 (2) (1) 6-10 (5/6) N (1/4) N (2/3) (2) 16 (1/6) 5 (1/3) (2) 4 (1/4) 8 (1/3) 4 (1/4) (3) (2) N (1/4) 9-46 (2/5) (2) (1) (2) (1) (1) N (1/2) (2) 1.4L 6 leaf

2009-2012 (2) (2) (1) (2) 6 (1/1) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 2.5L IBS

1993-2012 (2) (2) (6) N (1/4) (3) (2) (6) (3) (2) (4) N (2/3) (4) N (1/3) (2) (2) (5) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 7g 4 leaf

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

® ® Conclude ® ® Crusader ® ® Diuron(500SC) ® ® ® ® ® ® LVE MCPA ® ® ® ® PA Cadence Cadence Conclude Crusader Diuron(500SC) + + GleanGlean Hussar Hussar Logran Logran LVE MCPA Sakura Sakura Tigrex Tigrex Dicamba Dicamba MCPAMCPA + + Pyroxsulam Pyroxsulam MCPAMCPA Chlorsulfuron ChlorsulfuronIodosulfuronIodosulfuron-Triasulfuron Triasulfuron LVE MCPA LVE MCPAPyroxasulfone Pyroxasulfone MCPAMCPA + + Florasulam Florasulam Diuron Diuron + MCPA + MCPA Merhylsodium Merhylsodium Diflufenican Diflufenican Amine Amine

2006-2012 2006-2012 2010-2012 2010-2012 2011-2012 2011-2012 1993-2012 1993-2012 2008-2012 2008-2012 2005-2012 2005-2012 1993-2009 1993-2009 1996-2008 1996-2008 2010-2012 2010-2012 1996-2012 1996-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 10 (1/2) 10 (1/2) 6 (1/1)6 (1/1) 9 (1/2)9 (1/2) 10 (1/2) 10 (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/2) (1) (1) (2) (2) 6-10 6-10 (2/3) (2/3) (3) (3) N (1/1) N (1/1) (2) (2) 9 (1/3)9 (1/3) (3) (3) 8 (1/3)8 (1/3) N (2/2) N (2/2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (1/2) N (1/2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (1/4) N (1/4) (2) (2) (1) (1) (3) (3) 12 (1/2) 12 (1/2) 12 (1/4) 12 (1/4) (4) (4) (3) (3) (2) (2) 7 (1/4)7 (1/4) N (1/1) N (1/1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) N (1/2) N (1/2) (2) (2) N (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (1/1) N (1/1) (1) (1) (2) (2) 6 (1/2)6 (1/2) (2) (2) N (1/2) N (1/2) 7 (1/2)7 (1/2) (2) (2) (2) (2) N (2/4) N (2/4) (2) (2) (2) (2) 8 (1/5)8 (1/5) (2) (2) (1) (1) 4-6 (3/17) 4-6 (3/17) (3) (3) N (2/6) N (2/6) 2 (1/17) 2 (1/17) 4 (1/13) 4 (1/13) (2) (2) N (4/15) N (4/15) 9 (1/4)9 (1/4) (3) (3) (2) (2) (3) (3) 7 (1/2)7 (1/2) 17-1917-19 (2/4) (2/4) 5 (1/4)5 (1/4) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (2) 7 (1/4)7 (1/4) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) N (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) 6 (1/2)6 (1/2) 9 (1/2)9 (1/2) 9 (1/2)9 (1/2) (2) (2) N (1/4) N (1/4) N (1/4) N (1/4) (2) (2) N (2/2) N (2/2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (1/2) N (1/2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (1/4) N (1/4) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) 6 (1/2)6 (1/2) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (2/2) N (2/2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) N (1/4) N (1/4) (4) (4) 12 (1/4) 12 (1/4) (4) (4) (2) (2) 6 (1/3)6 (1/3) N (1/3) N (1/3) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (3) (3) (2) (2) (2) (2) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 4 (1/8)4 (1/8) N (2/8) N (2/8) N (3/7) N (3/7) (8) (8) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) N (1/2) N (1/2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 5 (1/3)5 (1/3) 4 (1/3)4 (1/3) N (1/3) N (1/3) (3) (3) 7 (1/3)7 (1/3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 8 (1/3)8 (1/3) (1) (1) (4) (4) 6-8 (2/4) 6-8 (2/4) N (2/4) N (2/4) (2) (2) N (3/4) N (3/4) 200g 200g 700mL 700mL 500mL 500mL 500mL 500mL + 350mL + 350mL 20g 20g 200g 200g 35g 35g 1.2L 1.2L 118g 118g 1L 1L 5 leaf5 leaf 5 leaf5 leaf 3 leaf3 leaf 3 leaf3 leaf 3 leaf3 leaf 3 leaf3 leaf PSPEPSPE 5 leaf5 leaf IBS IBS 5 leaf5 leaf

® ® ® ® Broadstrike Broadstrike Bromoxynil Bromoxynil MCPAMCPA Cadence Cadence

+ Flumetsulam Flumetsulam Bromoxynil Bromoxynil + + r MCPAMCPA 1993-2012 1993-2012 (2) (2) (1) (1) (6) (6) (4) (4) (3) (3) N (1/2) N (1/2) (6) (6) (3) (3) (2) (2) (4) (4) N (1/3) N (1/3) (4) (4) 5 (1/3)5 (1/3) (2) (2) (1) (1) 14 (1/5) 14 (1/5) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) 25g 25g 6 leaf6 leaf

1994-2012 1994-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) 7-8 (2/6) 7-8 (2/6) 10 (1/4) 10 (1/4) (3) (3) (2) (2) 12 (1/6) 12 (1/6) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (2) 7 (1/4)7 (1/4) 6 (1/3)6 (1/3) 3-8 (2/4) 3-8 (2/4) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (2) (2) (2) N (1/4) N (1/4) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) N (2/3) N (2/3) 1.4L 1.4L 4 leaf4 leaf

® ® Diuron ® ® Decision Decision Diuron + MCPA + MCPA GleanGlean Amine Amine Dicamba Dicamba Diclofop-methyl Diclofop-methyl + Diuron + Diuron + MCPA + MCPA Chlorsulfuron Chlorsulfuron Sethoxydim Sethoxydim Amine Amine

2006-2012 2006-2012 N (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/4) N (1/4) 9-11 9-11 (2/4) (2/4) 12 (1/2) 12 (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/2) 14 (1/4) 14 (1/4) N (1/1) N (1/1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 200g 200g 6 leaf6 leaf

2005-2012 2005-2012 1993-2012 1993-2012 1993-2009 1993-2009 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (6) (6) (3) (3) 12 (1/4) 12 (1/4) 13 (1/4) 13 (1/4) (2) (2) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (5) (5) N (1/6) N (1/6) (4) (4) N (1/2) N (1/2) 7 (1/3)7 (1/3) (3) (3) (2) (2) (2) (2) 6 (1/4)6 (1/4) (3) (3) 7 (1/3)7 (1/3) 10 (1/3) 10 (1/3) (1) (1) (4) (4) N (1/3) N (1/3) (1) (1) N (2/3) N (2/3) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) N (2/5) N (2/5) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (1/2) N (1/2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1.0L 1.0L 500mL/350ml 500mL/350ml 20g 20g 4 leaf4 leaf 4 leaf4 leaf 4 leaf4 leaf

LVE MCPA LVE MCPA

Terbutryn Terbutryn

® ® Tigrex Tigrex

LVE MCPA LVE MCPA

Terbutryn Terbutryn

MCPAMCPA + + Diflufenican Diflufenican

1996-2008 1996-2008 3 (1/5)3 (1/5) (3) (3) (3) (3) (5) (5) (3) (3) 6 (1/4)6 (1/4) (2) (2) 4 (1/4)4 (1/4) 4 (1/3)4 (1/3) (2) (2) 1.2L 1.2L 6 leaf6 leaf

1993-2005 1993-2005 1-4 (2/6) 1-4 (2/6) (1) (1) N (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/2) 8 (1/4)8 (1/4) (4) (4) 4-7 (2/3) 4-7 (2/3) (5) (5) 850mL 850mL 4 leaf4 leaf

1996-2012 1996-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) 5-8 (3/5) 5-8 (3/5) (4) (4) (3) (3) (2) (2) 8 (1/6)8 (1/6) 7-8 (2/3) 7-8 (2/3) N (1/2) N (1/2) 3 (1/4)3 (1/4) 8 (1/3)8 (1/3) 4-6 (3/4) 4-6 (3/4) 7 (1/3)7 (1/3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1L 1L 6 leaf6 leaf

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 31

32 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

T Table 4. Field pea variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1994-2012) Herbicide H Broadstrike® Brodal Diuron Lexone® Lexone® Flumetsulam Options® + Diuron Metribuzin Metribuzin MCPA Amine diflufenican + MCPA Amine Variety Year 1994-2012 1994-2012 2011-2012 1994-2010 1994-2012 Alma 1994 - 2001 (8) (8) N (3/8) 4 (1/8) Bundi 2006-2007 (2) (2) (2) (2) Glenroy 1994 (1) (1) (1) (1) Kaspa 2002-2012 N (1/11) 11 (1/11) N (1/2) N (2/9) N (4/11) Laura 1994-1996 N (1/5) 14 (1/5) 42 (1/5) N (5/5) Mukta 1996-2001 (6) N (2/6) (6) N (2/6) PBA Gunyah 2008-2012 N (1/5) (5) (1) 9 (1/3) N (3/5) PBA Oura 2011-2012 (2) (2) (2) (2) PBA Pearl 2012 (1) (1) (1) (1) PBA Twilight 2008-2011 N (1/4) N (1/4) (1) N (1/3) 13 (1/4) Parafield 1996 - 2005 11-13 (2/10) (10) N (3/10) N (5/10) Santi 1999-2001 7 (1/3) N (1/3) (3) (3) 2002-2005 10-13 (2/4) (4) 8 (1/4) 12-17 (2/4) Sturt Soupa 1998-2001 8 (1/4) N (2/4) 9 (1/4) 5 (1/4) SW Celine 2006-2007 (2) (2) (2) (2) Rates (product/ha) 25 g 125 ml + 125 ml 1L 280 g 280 g Crop stage at spraying 5 Node 5 Node PSPE PSPE 3 Node * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation. Outlook® Di-methenamid-P

2011-2012 (2) (2) N (1/2) (1) (1) 1L IBS

1994-2008 6 (2/8) (2) 24 (1/1) 10 (1/7) N (2/5) 3-9 (2/6) (1) (1) 5-20 (2/10) 4-27 (2/3) (4) 6-10 (2/4) (2) 900 ml 5 Node

(2) (2) (1) (1) 1.2 L PSPE

2011-2012 N (1/2)

Simazine Simazine

1994-2010 N (1/8) 15 (1/2) (1) (9) 8 (1/5) 7 (1/6) N (1/3) 11 (1/3) 11-15 (2/10) N (1/3) 7 (1/4) (4) (2) 70 g 3 Node

Spinnaker® Imazethapyr

3 leaf

1994-2010 19-40 (2/8) (2) (1) N (1/8) 19 (1/5) 8 (1/6) 9-11 (2/3) 9 (1/3) 29 (1/10) 17 (1/3) (4) 22 (1/4) (2) 350 ml + 650 ml PSPE

Simazine + Diuron* Simazine + Diuron

3 leaf

1994-2012 8 (1/7) N (2/2) (10) (4) N (1/6) 11 (1/5) (2) (1) (4) 7 (1/10) (3) N (1/4) N (1/4) N (1/2) 45 g 3 Node

Raptor ® Imazamox

3 leaf

5-6 leaf

1995-2012 13 (1/3) N (1/2) 10-11 (2/4) (2) N (1/3) 5-17 (3/3) 9-13 (3/4) N (1/3) 18 (1/3) N (1/4) (3) 10 (1/3) N (1/2) 8-11 (3/3) 1L

Tigrex® MCPA + diflufenican

2009-2012 N (1/4) 9 (1/4) (2) (1) N (2/3) 1 kg PSPE

Terbyne® Terbuthylazine

PSPE

5 leaf

3 - 6 leaf

1995-2012 1995-2012 (2) (2) (1) (2) (4) (4) (1) (2) (3) (3) N (1/3) (3) 3 (1/4) (4) (3) 12 (1/3) (3) (3) N (1/4) 9 (1/4) (3) (3) 7 (1/3) (3) (1) (2) N (1/3) 7 (1/3) 7g + 700 ml 20g

1995-2012 2011-2011 6 (1/2) (2) (1) (4) (2) (1) (3) 16-20 (2/3) N (1/3) (3) 13 (1/3) (4) (3) (3) (2) (1) N (1/3) 280g+350mL 50mL

1995-2006 (2) (3) (3) (3) (4) (3) (2) (2) (2) 830g + 1L

2011-2012 10 (1/2) (2) (2) 700mL

Glean® chlorsulfuron

Eclipse ®+ LVE MCPA Metosulam + LVE MCPA

Diuron + Conclude® Diuron + Dual Eclipse MCPA MCPA + Gold® 100SC® Diuron + Diuron + Metosulam Florasulam S-metolachlor MCPAAmine

MCPA Sodium MCPA Sodium

T Table 3. Oat variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2012) Herbicide H 2,4-D Amine Affinity Force® Ally®* Broadstrike® Bromoxynil Cadence® Banvel M® 625 + MCPA metMCPA+Dicamba Flumetsulam MCPA Dicamba 2,4-D amine Carfentrazone- sulfuronbromoxynil + Ethyl + MCPA methyl MCPA Amine Variety Year 1995-2012 2011-2012 1995-2012 1995-2012 1995-2012 1995-2012 2011-2012 Brusher 2003-2004 7 (1/2) (2) 5 (1/2) 8 (1/2) N (1/2) 2011-2012 (2) N (1/2) (1) N (1/1) (2) (2) N (1/1) Dunnart Euro 1996-1998 7-8 (2/4) (4) 19-27 (2/4) (4) (4) Forester 2011-2012 (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) N (1/2) Glider 1998-2003 8 (1/3) (3) 9 (1/3) (3) (3) Kangaroo 2004-2006 4-17 (2/3) (3) 15-35 (2/3) 10 (1/3) 16 (1/3) Mitika 2003-2006 6 (1/4) 7 (1/4) 8-40 (3/4) 7 (1/4) 6 (1/4) Mulgara 2008-2010 N (2/3) 6 (1/2) 7 (1/3) (3) 7 (1/3) Possum 2001-2004 6-8 (2/3) (3) 15-22 (3/3) N (1/3) 4-13 (2/3) Tungoo 2007-2010 N (1/4) 9 (1/4) 12 (1/4) (4) 8 (1/4) Wallaroo 1995-1997 (3) (3) 11 (1/3) 10 (1/3) (3) Wintaroo 2001,2003,2007 N (1/3) N (1/3) 35 (1/3) (3) (3) Wombat 2011-2012 (2) N (1/2) (1) N (1/1) N (1/2) N (1/2) 67 (1/2) Yallara 2005-2007 6 (1/3) N (1/3) 27-54 (3/3) 4 (1/3) N (2/3) Rates (product/ha) 1L 100mL + 5g 1.4L 25 g 1.4L 200g 500mL 2 node 3 leaf 3 leaf 3 - 5 leaf 5- 6 leaf 3 leaf Crop stage at spraying 5 leaf * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Herbicide tolerance Table 5. Lentil variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1994-2012) Brodal Diuron Herbicide Broadstrike® Flumetsulam Options® Diuron diflufenican Variety Year PBA Ace 2012 PBA Blitz 2010-2012 PBA Flash 2006-2012 PBA Herald XT 2012 PBA Jumbo 2011-2012 Aldinga 1994-2001 Boomer 2005-2009 Bounty 2009-2011 Cassab 1999-2001 Cobber 1994-2002 Digger 1994-2001 Nipper 2004-2012 Northfield 1994-2004 Nugget 1999-2005 Matilda 1994-2002 Rates (product/ha)

1994-2012 (1) 10-13 (2/3) 10-14 (3/7) (1) 12 (1/2) N (2/7) 7-19 (2/5) 12 (2/3) N (1/3) 10 (1/4) 8-18 (2/7) 8-20 (4/9) 10-25 (3/9) 6-20 (3/6) N (1/4) 20g

1994-2012 (1) (3) N (3/7) (1) (2) N (2/7) 7-11 (2/4) 9 (1/3) 7 (1/3) 22 (1/4) 15-23 (2/7) 7 (1/9) 16-24 (3/9) 11 (1/6) 10-12 (2/4) 150ml

1996-2012 (1) N (1/3) N (1/7) (1) (2) N (1/5) (5) N (1/3) N (2/3) N (1/2) N (3/5) N (3/9) 14 (1/7) N (1/6) (2) 1L

Dual Gold®* S-metalochlor

Lexone® Metribuzin

Lexone®* Metribuzin

Simazine* Simazine

1997-2000 (3) 8 (1/2) (1) N (2/3) 21 (1/2) N (1/2) (1) 500ml

1994-2012 N (1/1) 10 (1/3) N (4/7) N (1/1) N (2/2) N (3/7) 19 (1/5) N (2/3) N (2/3) 12 (1/4) 32 (1/7) N (5/9) 17-19 (2/9) 6 (1/6) N (4/4) 280 g

2005-2008 42 (1/3) N (1/1) 34 (1/4) 26-52 (3/4) 14 (1/1) (2) 180g

2004-2012 N (1/1) N (3/3) N (3/7) N (1/1) N (2/2) (5) 9 (1/3) 13-14 (2/9) (1) (2) 1.2 L

Crop stage at spraying 6 weeks 6 weeks PSPE PSPE PSPE 3 node * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

PSPE

Table 6. Chickpea variety response to herbicides in South Australia (2004-2012) Broadstrike® Diuron Lexone® Outlook® Herbicide Balance® Isoxaflutole Flumetsulam Diuron Metribuzin Di-methenamid-P Variety Year 2004-2012 2004-2012 2004-2010 2004-2012 2011-2012 Almaz 2006-2007 (2) N (1/2) (2) N (1/2) Genesis 090 2004-2012 (9) N (2/9) 14 (1/7) (9) 8 (1/2) Genesis 079 2007-2009 (3) 16-20 (2/3) (3) (3) Genesis 114 2010-2011 (2) (2) (1) (2) (1) Genesis 509 2005-2006 (2) (2) 11 (1/2) (2) PBA Slasher 2008-2011 (4) N (1/4) (3) (4) (1) PBA Striker 2012 (1) (1) N (1/1) (1) Rates (product/ha) 100 g 20 g 1L 280 g 1L Crop stage at spraying PSPE 6 weeks PSPE PSPE IBS * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

Simazine Simazine 2004-2012 (2) 11 (1/9) (3) N (1/2) (2) N (1/4) (1) 1.2 L PSPE

Table 7. Faba bean variety response to herbicides in South Australia (2000-2012) Outlook®* Simazine Simazine Lexone® Herbicide Diuron® Diuron Di-methenamid-P Simazine Simazine Metribuzin Variety Year 2000-2011 2011 2000-2011 2001-2008 2003-2010 Farah 2002-2008 (7) N (1/7) 6-18 (3/7) (6) Fiesta 2000-2007 N (1/8) 18 (1/8) 21 (1/7) (5) Fiord 2000-2002 N (1/3) N (2/3) N (1/2) PBA Rana 2009-2011 (3) (1) (3) N (1/2) Nura 2003-2011 (9) (1) N (1/9) N (1/6) (8) Rates (product/ha) 1L 1L 1.5 L 1.5 L 280 g Crop stage at spraying PSPE IBS PSPE 6 weeks PSPE * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

Spinnaker® Imazethapyr 2000-2011 28-39 (2/3) 11-32 (2/8) 18-30 (2/3) 14 (1/3) 10-53 (5/9) 85 g PSPE

Simazine + Diuron500* Simazine + Diuron 1992-2002 N (1/3) N (1/3) 6 (1/3) (1) 12 (1/4) 15 (1/4) 500ml + 500ml PSPE

Simazine* Simazine 2004-2008 (2) 8 (1/5) N (2/2) 10 (1/2) N (1/1) 1.2 L 6 weeks

Raptor®* Imazamox 2003-2011 N (3/6) N (4/5) 18 (1/3) 20 (1/9) 45 g 3-4leaf

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

Terbyne®* Terbuthylazine 2009-2012 N (1/1) N (3/3) N (4/4) N (1/1) N (1/2) N (1/1) 11 (1/3) 21 (1/4) 1kg PSPE

Terbyne® Terbuthylazine 2009-2012 N (1/9) (1) N (1/2) N (1/3) N (1/1) 1 kg PSPE

Terbyne® Terbuthylazine 2009-2011 N (1/3) N (1/3) 1 kg PSPE

SARDI Sowing Guide < 33

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Canola variety sowing guide 2014 varieties so that the reaction to blackleg will be more difficult to assess from looking at the trials. Much higher than normal occurrences of downy mildew and white leaf spot have been reported throughout South Australia in 2013. Any varietal differences and effects these diseases are having on yield are not clear at this stage and will be the subject of on-going research.

By Andrew Ware, SARDI, Port Lincoln

here will be eleven canola new varieties available for 2014 sowing in South Australia. There are several new open pollinated varieties being released, these will attract an end point royalty (EPR). However, the majority of new releases will be hybrids. These, together with a range of existing varieties will give growers Speciality and Juncea Types and advisers a wide selection In recent years a number of of varieties across all herbicide specialty canola varieties have tolerance groups available for been released. These include the planting in 2014. Andrew Ware VictoryÂŽ varieties (marketed by Cargill) and MonolaÂŽ varieties (marketed Blackleg and other diseases by Nuseed). Blackleg has the potential to be a very These varieties have a different oil destructive disease when growing canola. profile than commodity canola that is Its management is critical in order to more suitable for use in the food industry. maximize yields. Agronomically speciality canola is the Growers and advisers are directed to the same as commodity canola. Blackleg Management Guide (at GRDC. Speciality canola is being offered com.au or australianoilseeds.com) as a to growers in a closed loop marketing point of reference to help manage the systems, often attracting a premium price. disease. Currently production contracts for This document is updated annually in these varieties are limited to the South March. East and regions close to the Victorian It is important to review and monitor border, but this may change into the blackleg management strategies on a future. regular basis as the disease has a high Juncea canola is being developed as a capacity to breakdown varietal resistance. drought and heat tolerant alternative to Blackleg management involves assessing canola for the low rainfall environments. risk to the disease (based on rainfall In 2014 there will be two juncea varieties and the intensity canola is grown on available for sowing (both marketed by a regional level), while having a good Seednet). understanding of disease levels in existing Sales of Juncea canola must be and previous crops. segregated from regular canola. Growers should plan to place new Seednet advise there will be a range of canola crops as far as possible (at least segregations available to South Australian 500m) from the previous yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s canola growers in 2014. stubble, while selecting varieties with a suitable blackleg resistance rating, Varietal selection assessing the need to use fungicides, and The selection of the most suitable possibly changing varieties to a different canola variety for a particular situation blackleg resistance group after a number n e e d s c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f m a t u r i t y, of years of growing one variety. herbicide tolerance, blackleg resistance, Since 2011, NVT trials have been sown relative yield, oil content and early vigour. with the same fungicide treatment on all 34 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

The weed species expected may dictate the need for a herbicide tolerant production system (e.g., triazine tolerant or Clearfield). A triazine tolerant variety will incur a yield and oil penalty when grown in situations where they are not warranted. When decisions are being made on canola varietal choice, the National Variety Trials provide an excellent, unbiased resource. Data from the NVT website (www. nvtonline.com.au) and any observations you might make from trials in 2013 will greatly add to the confidence you have on selecting a new variety. Varietal Characteristics Notes on newly released conventional variety Nuseed Diamond (tested as NHC1203C). Early-mid maturing hybrid. Nuseed indicate a blackleg rating of MR (P). Medium plant height. Tested in NVT trials in 2012-13. Bred and marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. Notes on recently released conventional varieties AV- G a r n e t . M i d - e a r l y t o m i d t o maturing. Medium height. High oil content. Rated MR for blackleg (resistance groups A, B and G). Tested in NVT trials 2006-2013. Bred by DPI Victoria. Marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. AV- Z i rc o n . M i d - e a r l y t o m i d t o maturing. Medium height. Rated MR for blackleg (resistance group A). High-very high oil content. Tested in NVT trials 2010-2013. Bred by DPI Victoria and Nuseed Pty Ltd. Marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. CB TM Agamax. Early-mid maturing hybrid. Suited to low to medium rainfall areas. Moderate-high oil content. Blackleg resistance rating MS. Tested in NVT trials in 2010-2013. Bred by Canola Breeders*.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

CB TM Tango C A . Early maturing conventional hybrid Suited to low to medium rainfall regions. Blackleg resistance rating MS. Tested in NVT trials in 2011-2013. Bred by Canola Breeders*. Hyola®

50. Mid to mid-early maturing hybrid. Blackleg resistance of R (resistance group D). Tested in NVT trials in 2005-2013 Bred by Canola Breeders International. Marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hyola® 930. Winter hybrid canola with oil levels similar to Hyola® 50. Provisional Blackleg rating of MR. Matures 4 to 5 weeks later than Hyola® 50. Suitable for autumn, Early Winter or Spring Sowing. Suited to grazing in winter. Marketed by Pacific Seeds. Victor y V3002. Early–mid maturing conventional specialty (high stability oil) hybrid. Blackleg resistance of R-MR (resistance group C). Tested in NVT trials in 2011-2013. Bred by Cargill and DPI Victoria. Marketed by AWB in a closed loop program. Withdrawn and no longer available: Hyola® 433 HERBICIDE TOLERANT Notes on newly released Clearfield (imidazolinone tolerant) varieties Hyola® 577CL. Mid maturing hybrid. Very high oil content. Very high yield, medium – tall plant height. Adapted to medium-high rainfall areas. Provisional Pacific Seeds blackleg resistance rating R-MR (P). Rotation Blackleg Group to be advised. Tested in NVT trials in 2013. Pacific seeds indicate excellent for standability and direct harvesting. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. New release for 2014. Pioneer® 44Y87 (CL) (tested as Pioneer 09N121I). Early-Mid maturing hybrid. Moderate-high oil content. Medium plant height. Suited to medium rainfall areas. DuPont Pioneer indicates blackleg resistance rating R – MR (P). Tested in NVT trials 2012-13. New release for 2014 Pioneer ® 45Y88 (CL) (tested as Pioneer 09N146I). Mid maturing hybrid. Moderate-high oil content. Medium plant height. Suited to high rainfall and

Early Maturing Canola: Long Term - 2008-2012 Variety

Upper Eyre Peninsula

Yorke Peninsula

Mid North

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

AV GARNET

123

110

125

AV ZIRCON

108

CB AGAMAX

120

CB TANGO C

107

HYOLA 50

120

118

VICTORY V3001

VICTORY V3002

South East

% of No. Site Mean Trials

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

119

109

123

102

120

119

106

107

Conventional

Site Mean (t/ha)

1.17

2.15

1.30

1.76

Clearfield ARCHER

CARBINE

114

110

Hyola 474CL

108

HYOLA 575CL

111

PIONEER 43C80 (CL)

PIONEER 43Y85 (CL)

105

PIONEER 44Y84 (CL)

115

109

Xceed OASIS CL

Site Mean (t/ha)

1.03

2.15

1.30

1.69

Triazine tolerant ATR COBBLER

ATR SNAPPER

104

101

ATR STINGRAY

101

BONANZA TT

CB JARDEE HT

104

102

103

CB JUNEE HT

108

105

104

CB SCADDAN

CB STURT TT

100

CB TELFER

CRUSHER TT

106

HYOLA 555TT

116

MONOLA 506TT

THUMPER TT

Site Mean (t/ha)

1.20

2.35

irrigated areas. DuPont Pioneer indicates blackleg resistance rating R (P). Bred and marketed by DuPont Pioneer. New release for 2014. XCEED TM X121 CL. The first hybrid Clearfield® tolerant juncea canola. Four days later than Oasis CL. Excellent early vigour and branching ability and has high oil content. X121 CL has excellent pod shattering tolerance and is suitable for direct har vest. Provisional blackleg resistance of R-MR. Bred by Seednet in conjunction with GRDC. Seednet anticipate a blackleg resistance rating of R (resistant).

1.41

1.59

Notes on recently released Clearfield (imidazolinone tolerant) varieties Archer. Mid-late maturing hybrid. High oil content. Medium plant height. Blackleg rating of MR-MS. Tested in NVT trials 2011-13. Marketed by Heritage Seeds. Carbine. Early-mid maturing hybrid. Moderate-high oil content. Medium plant height. MS (P) Blackleg rating. Tested in NVT trials 2011-13. Marketed by Heritage Seeds. Hyola ® 474CL. Mid-early maturing hybrid. High oil and high protein

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 35

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Mid Maturing Canola: Long Term - 2008-2012 Variety Lower Eyre Yorke Peninsula Peninsula % of No. % of No. Site Mean Trials Site Mean Trials Conventional AV Garnet 112 10 114 7 AV Zircon 103 4 CB Agamax 104 6 108 3 CB Tango C 100 4 Hyola 50 111 10 119 7 Victory V3001 99 2 100 2 Victory V3002 Victory V3003 Site Mean (T/Ha) 1.92 2.43 Clearfield Archer 101 2 106 2 Carbine 103 2 105 2 Hyola 474CL 98 4 99 2 Hyola 575CL 104 6 104 4 Pioneer 43C80 (CL) 97 2 98 2 Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) 95 2 91 2 Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 103 8 105 6 Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) 105 2 Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) 108 6 110 4 Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) 107 2 Site Mean (T/Ha) 1.92 2.62 Triazine tolerant ATR Bonito 108 2 ATR Cobbler 90 10 90 8 ATR Gem 105 4 ATR Snapper 95 6 92 4 ATR Stingray 99 6 93 4 ATR Wahoo 108 2 Bonanza TT 84 4 84 2 CB Atomic HT CB Henty HT 116 2 CB Jardee HT 97 9 101 6 CB Junee HT 97 5 101 2 CB Sturt TT CB Telfer 73 4 87 4 Crusher TT 109 6 103 4 Hyola 555TT 108 6 105 4 Hyola 559TT 109 3 Hyola 656TT 106 2 Jackpot TT 100 2 Monola 413TT 96 2 Monola 506TT 85 4 Monola 605TT 89 4 89 2 Thumper TT 97 6 86 3 Site Mean (t/ha) 1.92 2.62

content. Medium-tall plant height. Fits medium-low to high rainfall areas, and exhibits excellent hybrid vigour. Blackleg resistance rating R. Tested in NVT trials in 2011-13. Bred 36 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

Mid North

NVT trials in 2010-13. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

South East

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

119 115 123 106 1.92

10 4 10 3 -

114 108 96 96 120 101 108 103 1.87

15 6 7 6 15 13 4 6

107 106 99 101 95 96 107 105 108 104 2.05

7 4 6 8 3 2 11 3 8 3

108 102 102 111 89 100 102 103 106 108 1.91

8 4 6 9 3 3 12 3 9 3

105 92 102 99 98 102 86 107 100 100 100 84 107 105 107 104 100 98 86 87 92 2.05

3 14 5 8 8 3 2 3 11 6 4 9 8 8 4 2 3 3 2 6 7

111 78 104 85 97 109 107 108 95 89 93 65 113 111 109 110 102 94 87 87 107 1.91

3 14 5 9 9 3 3 6 12 8 2 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 6 6 9

Hyola® 971CL. Late maturing winter Grain n Graze hybrid. Extremely high biomass, good grain yield and oil content. Autumn and Spring sowing grain and graze option for very high rainfall or irrigated zones. Provisional blackleg rating of MR (P), rotation group C. Not tested in NVT trials. Marketed by Pacific Seeds. Pioneer ® 43C80 (CL) A . An early maturing variety. Moderate oil content. Adapted to low rainfall areas. Medium plant height. Blackleg resistance rating of MR-MS. Tested in NVT trials 2008-2009, 2011-2012. Bred and marketed by DuPont Pioneer. Pioneer® 43Y85 (CL). Early maturing hybrid. Moderate oil content. Medium plant height. Blackleg resistance rating of MR (rotation groups A, B). Suited to low rainfall areas and short season growing zones. Tested in NVT trials 2011-13. Bred and marketed by DuPont Pioneer. Pioneer® 44Y84 (CL). Early/early-mid season hybrid. Widely adapted in low and medium rainfall areas. High oil content. Medium – tall plant height. Blackleg resistance rating of MS. Tested in NVT trials in 2010-13. Bred and marketed by DuPont Pioneer. Pioneer ® 45Y86 (CL). Mid maturing hybrid. High oil content. Replacement for 46Y83 (CL). Blackleg rating of MS (P). Tested in NVT trials in 2010-13. Bred and marketed by DuPont Pioneer. XCEED TM VT Oasis CL A . First herbicide tolerant Clearfield tolerant juncea canola released in Australia. Early maturing open pollinated variety. High oil content. Blackleg rating of R. Blackleg resistance group D, G. Tested in NVT trials 2008-13. An EPR applies. Bred by DPI Victoria/ Seednet. Marketed by Seednet. Withdrawn and no longer available: Pioneer® 45Y82 (CL)

and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

Notes on newly released Triazine tolerant (TT) varieties

Hyola® 575CL. Mid maturing hybrid. High oil content. Medium plant height. Blackleg resistance rating R. Tested in SA

ATR Bonito A (tested as NT0183). Early-mid season maturing variety.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Short-medium height. Nuseed indicate a blackleg rating of MR (P). Tested in NVT trials 2012-13. Bred and marketed by Nuseed. An EPR of $5 per tonne (GST ex) applies to ATR Bonito. New release for 2014. ATR WahooA (tested as NT0184). Mid maturity variety. Medium plant height. Nuseed indicate a blackleg rating of MR (P). Tested in NVT trials 2012-13. Bred and marketed by Nuseed. An EPR of $5 per tonne (GST ex) applies to ATR Wahoo. New release for 2014. Hyola® 450TT. Early to mid-maturing hybrid. Medium plant height. Provisional blackleg resistance rating of R (P), blackleg rotation group D. Pacific seeds indicate excellent standability and shatter tolerance. Tested in NVT trails in 2013. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. New release for 2014. Hyol a ® 65 0TT. Mid t o m id- la te maturing hybrid. Medium-tall plant height. Provisional Pacific Seeds blackleg resistance rating of R (P). Pacific seeds indicate excellent standability and shatter tolerance. Tested in NVT trails in 2013. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. New release for 2014. Monola™ 314TT. Early-Mid open pollinated specialty oil variety. Medium plant height. Nuseed indicate a blackleg rating of MR. Bred and marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. New release for 2014. Notes on recently released Triazine tolerant (TT) varieties ATR GemA. Early-mid maturity triazine tolerant variety. High oil content. Medium plant height. Blackleg resistance rating of MR. Blackleg resistance groups A,B,D. Tested in NVT trials 2011-13.Bred and marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. ATR-StingrayA. Early maturing variety. Short height. Moderate-high oil content. Blackleg resistance rating MR. Tested in NVT trials 201-12. Bred by Nuseed Pty Ltd and DPI Victoria. Marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. Bonanza TTA. Early maturing doubled haploid OP TT variety. Moderate oil content. Short plant, suited to direct heading. Fits medium-low to medium

% Oil Content of 2012 mid-season canola trials Variety Name Lower Eyre Yorke Mid-North Peninula Pen. Mt Hope Yeelanna Arthur- Spalding Turretton field Conventional AV Garnet 48.4 47.3 40.9 43.5 AV Zircon 49.2 47.6 41.8 43.2 CB Agamax 46.7 45.3 41.5 42.2 CB Tango C 47.3 47.1 42.0 43.1 Hyola 50 48.6 47.4 41.9 43.7 Nuseed Diamond 47.5 Victory V3001 Victory V3002 Victory V3003 Clearfield Archer 46.3 45.9 41.0 41.4 40.4 Carbine 43.3 Hyola 474CL 47.3 46.6 42.5 43.1 42.4 Hyola 575CL 46.6 46.0 42.5 42.6 41.0 Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 47.0 45.7 43.3 42.6 42.1 Pioneer 45Y82 (CL) 46.1 45.2 42.7 43.5 40.8 Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) 47.4 46.4 42.3 41.5 40.7 Triazine tolerant ATR Bonito 49.0 47.3 42.3 44.0 42.1 ATR Cobbler 46.3 44.1 40.3 40.0 39.9 ATR Gem 48.2 47.9 41.4 43.3 41.1 ATR Snapper 49.3 45.9 43.3 43.6 43.1 ATR Stingray 47.6 46.7 41.9 42.2 41.3 ATR Wahoo 49.1 48.8 41.3 43.2 41.7 Bonanza TT 47.0 45.7 42.4 41.7 CB Atomic HT 41.5 41.7 40.3 CB Henty HT CB Jardee HT 46.4 43.7 40.4 41.2 39.1 CB Junee HT 46.0 44.0 40.5 40.9 39.2 CB Sturt TT 40.4 41.6 40.4 CB Telfer Crusher TT 46.3 43.9 39.8 41.2 39.3 Hyola 555TT 46.6 45.4 41.7 41.7 41.0 Hyola 559TT 49.0 47.7 40.9 42.2 40.6 Hyola 656TT 47.4 45.7 40.0 40.2 Jackpot TT 48.7 47.8 42.8 42.1 41.3 Monola 413TT 46.9 46.1 41.8 41.1 40.6 Monola 506TT 46.7 46.5 Monola 605TT 45.4 44.6 41.1 42.0 40.0 Thumper TT 47.9 47.1 40.3

rainfall areas. Blackleg resistance rating of R-MR. Blackleg rotation group C. Tested in NVT trials in 2011-12. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Bonanza TT has been outclassed, but seed is still available CB Atomic HT. Mid maturing hybrid. Medium height. Moderate-high oil content. Suited to medium to high

South-East Bordertown

Frances

Moyhall

42.6 44.1 41.7 43.1 43.8 41.5 43.7 44.9

44.4 42.0 44.9 44.7 44.4 43.6 44.6 42.7

45.1 45.7 44.9 44.1 46.2 45.8

43.5 43.9 44.8 44.5 43.9 43.1 42.8

44.1 45.3 44.4 44.6 43.5 43.2

44.7 45.0 45.7 44.8 44.3 44.4

45.3 40.5 44.3 44.7 43.2 44.1 42.8 41.6 40.5 41.4 42.9 42.0 41.7 42.6 42.7 42.3 44.6 44.6 44.8 42.1 44.5

44.2 42.7 44.2 45.4 44.3 44.3 43.5 42.3 41.7 42.3 42.2 43.1 44.2 43.2 44.4 43.0 44.3 41.9 42.9

46.6 43.4 46.3 45.9 44.5 45.6 44.2 44.5 44.2 43.2 43.2 43.7 45.5 43.9 46.6 44.0 45.9 43.1 45.4

rainfall zones. Provisional blackleg rating of MS (P). Tested in NVT trials in 201213. Bred by Canola Breeders*. CB TM Henty HT. Mid-maturing TT hybrid. Moderate oil content. Suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Blackleg rating of MS. Tested in NVT trials in 2011, and at limited sites in 2012-13. Bred by Canola Breeders*.

2013

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 37

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

CBTM Jardee HT. Mid maturing hybrid. Moderate oil content. Blackleg rating of MS-S. tested in NVT trials 2008-13. Bred by Canola Breeders*. CB™ Junee HT. Early-mid maturing TT hybrid. Moderate oil content. Blackleg resistance rating MS-S. Tested in NVT trials in 2010-12. Bred by Canola Breeders*. CB TM Nitro HT. Early-mid maturity hybrid. Moderate oil content. Medium plant height. Suited to medium to high rainfall areas. Provisional blackleg rating of S (P). Tested in NVT 2012-13. Bred by Canola Breeders*. CB TM Sturt TT. Early-mid maturity open-pollinated variety. Moderate oil content. Short-medium plant height. Adapted to the low and medium rainfall areas. Blackleg rating of MS-S. Tested in NVT trials in 2011-13. An EPR applies. Bred by Canola Breeders*. Crusher TT A . Mid maturing OP TT variety. Moderate oil content. Mediumtall plant height. Suited to medium to very high rainfall areas including irrigation. Blackleg resistance rating MR-MS. Tested in NVT trials in 2010-13. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hyola ® 444TT. Early maturing TT Hybrid. Medium-short plant height. Moderate-high oil content. Ideally fits low to medium-high rainfall areas and exhibits good TT hybrid vigour and good standability. Blackleg resistance rating R-MR. Tested in NVT trials in 2010-11. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Outclassed, but seed still available. Hyola ® 555TT. Mid-Early maturing TT Hybrid. Moderate-high oil content. Medium plant height. Ideally fits medium-low right through to high

38 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

% Oil Content of 2012 early-season canola trials Variety Tooligie Minlaton Keith Conventional AV Garnet 45.6 42.7 AV Zircon 44.5 41.9 CB Agamax 44.9 41.4 CB Tango C 46.6 42.7 Hyola 50 46.0 41.9 Victory V3001 40.2 Victory V3002 43.4 Clearfield Archer 41.7 Carbine 46.4 44.1 42.1 Hyola 474CL 45.2 45.3 42.4 Hyola 575CL 46.4 41.9 Pioneer 43C80 (CL) 47.7 43.1 41.5 Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) 45.8 43.6 41.3 Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 46.8 44.7 40.6 Pioneer 45Y82 (CL) 45.3 43.4 41.5 Xceed Oasis CL 45.0 Triazine tolerant ATR Bonito 46.9 44.8 40.1 ATR Cobbler 45.7 42.7 39.1 ATR Gem 47.6 44.9 38.7 ATR Snapper 48.7 45.1 40.8 ATR Stingray 46.8 44.0 39.4 Bonanza TT 46.0 44.9 38.3 CB Atomic HT 39.7 CB Jardee HT 42.0 37.0 CB Junee HT 44.0 42.0 37.6 CB Sturt TT 45.2 42.4 38.0 CB Telfer 47.2 43.8 38.2 Hyola 559TT 46.0 44.1 38.6 Jackpot TT 47.1 44.0 40.5 Monola 413TT 47.4 42.9 40.1 Monola 506TT 40.9

rainfall areas. Blackleg resistance rating R-MR, blackleg rotation group E. Tested in NVT trials in 2010-13. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hyola® 559TT. Mid-Early maturing TT Hybrid. High oil content. Medium plant height. Ideally fits medium-low right through to high rainfall areas. Blackleg resistance rating R-MR, blackleg rotation group D. Tested in NVT trials in 2012-13. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Hy ola ® 656TT. Mi d to mid-la te maturing hybrid. High oil content.

Medium-tall plant height. Suited to high to very high rainfall areas. Provisional blackleg rating of R (P). Tested in NVT trials in 2012 -13. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Monola™ 413TTA. Early-mid maturing open pollinated specialty oil variety. Medium plant height. High oil content. Provisional blackleg rating of R-MR (P). Blackleg resistance group D. Tested in NVT trials in 2012-13. Bred and marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. Monola™ 605TTA. Early-mid maturing open pollinated specialty oil variety. Medium plant height. Moderate oil content. Blackleg rating of R-MR. Blackleg resistance group D. Tested in NVT trials in 2011-13. Bred and marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. Thumper TT. Mid to mid-late maturing d o u b l e d h a p l o i d O P T T v a r i e t y. Moderate-high oil content. Medium plant height. Suited to high to very high rainfall areas. Ideally fits high to very high rainfall areas including irrigation, exhibits good early vigour and excellent standability. Blackleg resistance rating R. Blackleg rotation group E. Tested in NVT trials in 2010-13. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Withdrawn and no longer available: Fighter TT, Jackpot TT, and ATR Snapper *Canola Breeders ceased operating as a company in July 2013. Future marketing arrangements of all of Canola Breeders released varieties is unclear at the time of writing this article. Acknowledgements: Trent Potter, Yeruga Crop Research and Australian Oilseeds Federation.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Oat variety sowing guide 2014 By Pamela Zwer, Principal Oat Breeder, Sue Hoppo, Research Scientist, Peter McCormack, Manager Oat Improvement, Mark Hill Senior Agricultural Officer, Oat Breeding Peter Wheeler Agricultural Officer, Oat Breeding, KerryLee McMurray, Technical Officer, Oat Breeding and Michelle Williams, Research Officer, Oat Quality Laboratory, SARDI

he oat variety descriptions in this publication serve as a guide to select oat varieties for specific end uses with disease resistance, agronomic traits, and yield potential suited to diverse south eastern Australian farming systems.

should also be tolerant so that it 9375) for your local accredited yields well in the presence of the agronomist. nematode. Yield penalties of up Varieties contained in Table to 80% can occur if an intolerant 1 provide options for different variety is sown in a paddock where end uses. Table 5 should then CCN or SN is a problem. be used in conjunction with this There are eleven varieties table to determine if the variety resistant to CCN listed in Table of choice has both resistance Sue Hoppo 5 and nine of these are also and tolerance to CCN if it is a tolerant: Dunnart, Wombat, Tammar, problem or resistance and tolerance to Mulgara, Tungoo, Kangaroo, Wintaroo, SN if it is a problem. Varieties grown Wallaroo and Potoroo are all varieties where CCN or SN is present should be with both CCN resistance and tolerance. resistant to the particular nematode The remaining two resistant varieties, which is a problem so that multiplication Yallara and Brusher are intolerant of of the nematode is limited. The variety

How to use the oat variety sowing guide Varieties adapted to low, medium, and high rainfall regions and categorised by grain and hay end-use are shown in Table 1. Select the group of varieties suited to your rainfall region and end use. Consult Tables 2 to 7 to refine the list to one or two varieties. Consult Tables 2 and 3 for hay and grain production comparisons, Table 4 for agronomic features, Table 5 for disease resistance, Table 6 for grain quality and Table 7 for hay quality. Certain varieties are preferred for particular end-uses, so check with hay processors and millers prior to variety selection.

Table 1. Oat varieties listed according to annual rainfall. Use Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 to further refine your choice within each category. End use Annual Rainfall (mm) <375 375-500 >500 Milling grain Mitika Mitika Mitika Yallara Yallara Yallara Wombat Wombat Wombat Dunnart1 Possum Possum Bannister 1 Dunnart1 Dunnart1 Bannister1 Bannister1

Is cereal cyst or stem nematode a production contraint? Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) and stem nematode (SN) are major soilborne diseases limiting the yield of oats in certain areas of southern Australia. Due to the significant effect of CCN and SN on varietal performance, soil testing is recommended to assess if either of these nematodes will be a significant problem. The PreDictaâ&#x201E;˘ B Root Disease Testing Service (RDTS) provides a diagnostic service to assess the levels of both nematodes prior to sowing. This is available through your local accredited agronomist or contact Alan Mackay (SARDI Plant and Soil Health ph. 8303

Feed grain - pigs, poultry Oat hay

Feed grainsheep, cattle

Hay and legume mixes

Mitika Yallara Wintaroo Mulgara Wombat Dunnart Echidna Wallaroo Wallaroo Brusher Mulgara Wintaroo

Mitika Yallara Wintaroo Mulgara Wombat Dunnart Echidna Quoll Numbat Wintaroo Mulgara Tammar Tungoo Kangaroo Brusher

Mitika Yallara Wintaroo Mulgara Wombat Dunnart Echidna Quoll Numbat Forester Tammar Tungoo Glider Kangaroo Brusher Mulgara Wintaroo Forester Tammar Tungoo Glider Kangaroo

Wallaroo Brusher Mulgara Wintaroo Yallara

Wintaroo Tammar Tungoo Kangaroo Brusher Potoroo 1 Milling status in south eastern Australia to be confirmed in early 2014

2013

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 39

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

CCN. There are nine varieties tolerant to stem nematode. These are Dunnart, Wombat, Tammar, Mulgara, Tungoo, Wintaroo, Glider, Quoll and Echidna. All of these are rated as resistant or moderately resistant to SN except Echidna which is rated as moderately susceptible. Bannister, Kangaroo, Potoroo and Wallaroo are intermediate in their reaction to SN. In cold wet seasonal conditions these varieties may suffer more yield loss than in warmer, drier winter conditions. Is leaf disease a production constraint? Resistance to leaf diseases is important in most environments. However, even though varieties are listed as resistant to stem and leaf rust, changes in rust pathotypes can occur. Recently a stem rust pathotype moved into the southern region of South Australia from northern NSW causing all stem rust resistance to be ineffective in the presence of this pathotype. Table 5 indicates a range of resistance reactions for stem rust depending on whether the new pathotype of stem rust is present or not. Monitoring of disease levels is essential and application of fungicide may still be required depending on seasonal conditions. Table 1 should be used to determine the variety options available for a particular end use. Next, Table 5 should be used to further refine your choice. For example, if a variety for oat hay is required in a high rainfall environment, Forester, Tammar, Tungoo, Glider and Kangaroo are suitable (Table 1). Table 3 indicates that Kangaroo is the highest yielding for hay in this environment. However, using Table 5 Forester, Tammar, Tungoo, and Glider have better resistance to both stem and leaf rust. These varieties also vary in their level of resistance to septoria, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), bacterial blight and red leather leaf which may be also be important. Table 4 should then be used to determine if the variety selected matures at the time required. Is milling quality required? The probability of a variety meeting the classification criteria for milling grade is an important consideration when selecting a variety for milling end-use. This is greatly influenced by seasonal conditions. Premium milling varieties such as Yallara, Mitika, Possum, Wombat, 40 > SARDI Sowing Guide

2014

Table 2. Eight year (2005-2012) average grain yield (t/ha) of oat varieties tested in grain trials (no. trials in brackets). Region Lower EP Upper EP Yorke Mid North South East Murray Overall Peninsula Mallee Semi-dwarf (husked) Bannister 3.8 (2) 1.9 (4) 4.1 (3) 3.6 (17) 3.8 (13) 2.3 (8) 3.2 (47) Dunnart 3.5 (6) 1.7 (10) 3.7 (7) 3.3 (23) 3.6 (23) 2.1 (15) 3.0 (84) Mitika 3.5 (7) 1.6 (12) 3.7 (8) 3.4 (24) 3.5 (25) 2.0 (16) 3.0 (92) Possum 3.4 (7) 1.6 (12) 3.7 (8) 3.3 (22) 3.5 (25) 2.0 (15) 2.9 (89) Potoroo 3.4 (7) 1.7 (12) 3.8 (8) 3.2 (22) 3.7 (23) 2.1 (15) 3.0 (87) Quoll 3.5 (3) 1.7 (5) 3.7 (3) 3.4 (9) 3.6 (15) 2.2 (7) 3.0 (42) Wombat 3.6 (4) 1.7 (7) 3.7 (5) 3.3 (17) 3.7 (15) 2.1 (10) 3.0 (58) Semi-dwarf (naked) Numbat 2.5 (2) 0.8 (6) 2.7 (2) 2.0 (17) 2.3 (17) 1.1 (11) 1.9 (55) Tall (husked) Yallara 3.4 (7) 1.5 (12) 3.4 (8) 3.1 (24) 3.2 (25) 1.9 (16) 2.7 (92) Table 3. Eight year (2005-2012) average hay and grain production of oat varieties tested in hay trials Hay yield (t/ha) Grain yield (t/ha) Rainfall zone Rainfall zone <375mm 375-500 mm >500mm <375mm 375-500 mm >500mm Tall (husked) - early to mid season maturity Brusher 6.4 8.8 11.6 1.7 2.7 2.8 Mulgara 6.7 9.3 11.7 1.9 2.8 2.9 Wallaroo 6.3 9.0 11.5 1.8 2.6 2.8 Wintaroo 7.2 9.9 11.7 1.9 2.8 3.0 Yallara 6.5 9.1 11.6 2.0 3.0 3.3 Tall (husked) - mid late to very late maturity Forester na 8.3 12.1 1.4 1.9 2.2 Glider na 8.2 11.9 1.5 2.1 2.4 Kangaroo na 9.1 12.2 1.8 2.5 2.9 Tammar na 8.9 12.0 1.8 2.6 3.0 Tungoo na 8.8 12.0 1.6 2.4 2.8 No. trials 14 40 21 23 46 27

Euro and Mortlock, will reach the classification criteria for milling grade more often than other varieties such as Echidna (Table 6). Although some varieties are not considered milling class, they may reach milling grade criteria, but would not be accepted for milling. It is imperative that you check with your miller about the quality standards and varieties that are accepted for milling before you sow a grain crop. To select a variety for milling grain in medium to high rainfall zones you have the choice of Mitika, Yallara, Wombat, Possum, Dunnart and Bannister (Table 1). Dunnart and Bannister are both potential milling varieties. Their milling status will be confirmed by test mill in early 2014. Table 2 shows the relative yield and Table 6 the relative grain quality for each of these varieties. Using this information, choose a variety that suits

your end use based on whether yield or quality is a priority. Table 4 should also be used to determine if the variety selected matures at the time required and Table 5 should be used to determine if the variety selected has the desired disease resistance. For example, if CCN is a problem you have a choice of Wombat or Dunnart. If export hay quality is required Hay quality is essential to meet export hay standards and is greatly influenced by seasonal and nutritional conditions. However, some varieties are more likely to produce hay of a higher quality than others. It is imperative that you check with your hay processor about the quality standards required to make export grade quality hay before you sow a hay crop. Use Table 7 to refine your choice after first ensuring that the criteria in Tables 1,

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

4 and 5 are met for your situation. Oats for grazing This guide contains no guidelines for oats suited to grazing plus feed grain production and repeated grazing from early sowing. A more comprehensive guide for grazing varieties is contained in the Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide produced annually by NSW DPI. Please contact the National Oat Breeding or New Variety Agronomy Groups for information on how to obtain a copy of this publication. Notes on recently released varieties Fact sheets or pamphlets describing all varieties released by the SA based National Oat Breeding Program are available from Primary Industries and Resources (PIRSA), the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), New Variety Agronomy Group, the relevant commercial partner for the variety or the SARDI website (www.sardi. sa.gov.au). The herbicide tolerance of different oat varieties as well as yield and quality information for grain varieties is available on the NVT website www. nvtonline.com.au. Milling varieties Bannister A . Bannister is a dwar f potential milling variety with high grain yield released for Western Australia. Bannister is suited to eastern Australia as well as Western Australia. It is adapted to low, medium, and high rainfall zones of Southern Australia. It is 13 cm taller than Mitika and heads about 3 to 4 days later than Mitika. Seednet is the commercial partner. Bannister is resistant to leaf rust and moderately resistant to bacterial blight. It is susceptible and intolerant to CCN. Bannister has slightly lower hectolitre weight and slightly higher screenings compared to Mitika. It is similar to Mitika for groat percent. DunnartA. Dunnart is a dwarf potential milling variety commercialised by Seednet with seed available in 2014. It averages about 10 to 15 cm taller than Possum, Wombat, and Mitika. Dunnart is resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN and moderately tolerant to stem nematode with improved resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). It is moderately resistant to leaf rust. Dunnart has slightly lower hectolitre weight and groat percent compared to Mitika, but lower screenings

and higher grain weight. Dunnart has improved plant colour compared to Mitika, Possum, and Wombat. Wombat A . Wombat is a dwarf milling variety commercialised by Seednet with seed available in 2014. It is similar in height to Possum and slightly taller than Mitika. It is a midseason variety flowering about six days later than Mitika. Wombat is the first dwarf milling variety with CCN resistance and tolerance. It is also moderately tolerant and moderately resistant to stem nematode. It has improved BYDV resistance compared to other dwarf varieties and improved bacterial blight resistance compared to other dwarf varieties except Mitika. Wombat has high hectolitre weight and low screenings compared to the feed variety Potoroo, which was the first dwarf variety with CCN resistance and tolerance. It also has high groat percent, slightly higher than Mitika. Wombat can have slightly higher screenings than Mitika, Yallara and Possum depending

on seasonal conditions. Wombat will develop leaf reddening symptoms similar to Mitika and Possum post flowering. This does not affect grain yield or quality. Mitika A . Mitika is an early maturing dwarf milling oat developed by SARDI and now commercialised by Heritage Seeds. It is resistant to leaf rust and moderately resistant to stem rust and bacterial blight. However, Mitika is susceptible to CCN, BYDV, septoria and red leather leaf and intolerant to CCN and stem nematode. Mitika is a milling quality oat with high hectolitre and grain weight, low screenings percent and moderately high groat percent. It is also a high feed value oat with low hull lignin and high grain digestibility. Mitika averages higher levels of Betaglucan than Possum, Yallara and Euro. It is recommended for all rainfall zones where CCN or stem nematode is not a problem. Yallara A . Yallara is a medium-tall milling oat variety developed by SARDI

Table 4. Agronomic features of varieties. Variety Early Plant Heading Maturity Shattering Standing vigour height resistance ability Semi-dwarf (husked) Bannister G D EM EM R R Dunnart G TD EM EM R MR Echidna G D EM EM R R Mitika G D E E R R Possum G D EM EM R R Potoroo G TD E E MR MR Quoll G TD EM EM R R Wombat G D M M R R Semi-dwarf (naked) Numbat MG D EM EM MR R Tall (husked) Brusher MG T E EM MS MR Forester VG MT VL VL R R Glider P MT L L MS MR Kangaroo MG MT ML ML MS R Mulgara MG T EM EM MR MR Tammar M MT LM LM MS R Tungoo MP MT ML ML MS MS Wallaroo G MT E E MS MS Wintaroo M T M EM MS MR-MS Yallara VG MT EM EM MR R Value for trait: Early vigour: VG=very good, G=good, MG = moderately good, M=moderate, P=poor, MP = moderately poor Plant height: D = dwarf, TD = tall dwarf, T = tall, ST = short tall, MT = moderate tall Heading and maturity: E = early, EM = early mid, M= mid season, ML = mid late season, LM = late mid season, L= late, VL=very late Shattering and standing ability: R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible

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and commercialised by Seednet. Yallara is a backcross line using Euro as the recurrent parent and a North Dakota line as the source of rust resistance. It is moderately resistant to stem rust and resistant to leaf rust. Long term yield of this variety is a 2% improvement compared to Euro. However, yield increases of between 40 and 100% have been recorded for varieties with stem rust resistance similar to Yallara in years where stem rust is yield limiting. Yallara is slightly taller than Euro and 2 days earlier to head. It has premium oat quality and averages higher hectolitre weight and groat percent and lower screenings percent than Euro, Mitika, Possum and Wombat. Yallara is an improvement compared to Euro for bacterial blight resistance. Like Euro, Yallara is resistant to CCN but intolerant, moderately susceptible to septoria and red leather leaf and intolerant to stem nematode. Yallara is recommended to replace Euro in all areas but particularly where stem and leaf rust can be yield limiting. In addition, Yallara has bright grain and high grain digestibility making it suitable for the horse racing industry. Based on herbicide tolerance trials conducted by the SARDI New Variety Agronomy Group, Yallara is particularly sensitive to applications of Banvel-M 速. For m or e i nf or m a tio n a b o u t t h e herbicide tolerance of Yallara go to www. nvtonline.com.au. Hay varieties Forester A . Forester is a very late hay variety adapted to high rainfall and irrigated cropping regions. It is seven to 10 days later than Glider, three days later than Riel, two days later than Targa, and three weeks later than Wintaroo. Forester has excellent early vigour and is an improvement compared to Glider. It has excellent lodging and shattering resistance. Forester has an excellent foliar disease resistance spectrum. It is moderately susceptible to CCN. It has good hay colour, but like all late hay varieties may not resist hot dry winds as well as earlier varieties. Forester has excellent hay quality and is an improvement compared to Glider, Tammar, Targa, and Vasse, but similar to Riel. Seed of Forester is available from AGF Seeds. 42 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Table 5. Disease resistance of oat varieties - field reactions. Colour key: Green is a good choice, yellow use caution and red either do not use or develop a management package if this disease is yield limiting in your environment Variety

Rust 1 leaf stem

Barley yellow dwarf virus2

CCN resistance

Stem nematode Septoria Bacterial blight toler- resist- tolerance ance ance

Red leather leaf

Semi-dwarf (husked) Bannister

MR-S

Dunnart

MR-S

MS MS

Echidna

Mitika

MR-S

Possum

MS-S

S-VS

Quoll

Potoroo

MR-S

Wombat

MS-S

Semi-dwarf (naked) Numbat

MR-S

Tall (husked) Brusher

MS-S

MR-MS

Forester

R-S

MR-MS

MR-S

MS-S

R-MR

Glider

MR-S

S-MR

Kangaroo

MS-S

MR-S

MR-MS

Mulgara

MS-S

Tammar

MR-S

R-MS

Tungoo

MS-S

MR-MS

Wallaroo

Wintaroo

MR-MS

Yallara MR-S R MS R I S I MS MR-MS MS 1Disease reactions to stem rust will vary with pathotype, 2Disease reactions to BYDV may vary with the strain of the virus. Key to symbols used: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, VI= very intolerant, I = intolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, T = tolerant, VT = very tolerant.

Tammar A . Tammar is a new late tall hay oat variety later in cutting time than Kangaroo and Tungoo but not as late as Glider. It is available to growers through AEXCO Pty Ltd. Tammar has excellent hay colour and resists brown leaf at hay cutting. Hay yields are slightly lower than Wintaroo and similar to Tungoo and Kangaroo. Grain yield is better than Kangaroo, Tungoo, Glider and Riel. Hay quality is better than Kangaroo and similar to Tungoo and Wintaroo. Hay digestibility and ADF are better than Tungoo and Wintaroo. Tammar is moderately resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN and resistant and moderately tolerant to SN. Tammar has an excellent foliar disease resistance profile and is an improvement compared to Tungoo for stem rust resistance. Tammar is similar in height to Kangaroo,

Tungoo and Wintaroo and has better l o d g i n g r e s i s t a n c e t h a n Tu n g o o , Wintaroo, Glider and Riel. Tammar has better early vigour than Tungoo and Glider. Tammar has grain quality similar to Tungoo and Kangaroo with slightly smaller grain weight and slightly more screenings. It has improved grain quality compared to Glider, Riel and Vasse. Tammar is recommended for medium and high rainfall zones and gives a slightly later option for cutting time than Tungoo and Kangaroo. MulgaraA. Mulgara is a tall mid season hay oat similar in heading time and height to Wintaroo. It is available to growers through AEXCO Pty Ltd. Mulgara is an improvement compared to Wintaroo for resistance to stem rust and bacterial blight. It is also an improvement compared to Wintaroo for lodging and shattering resistance and

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

early vigour. Hay yield is an improvement compared to Brusher but is slightly lower than Wintaroo. Hay quality is similar to Wintaroo. Mulgara has excellent hay colour and resists brown leaf at hay cutting. Grain yield and quality is similar to Wintaroo with lower screenings, higher protein and groat percent. Mulgara has high grain hull lignin. Mulgara is recommended to replace Wintaroo in areas with stem nematode due to its higher level of resistance. In tests conducted over six years, Mulgara averaged 70 nematodes per plant compared to Wintarooâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1065. It is also recommended to replace Wintaroo where improved lodging resistance, stem rust, or bacterial blight resistance is required. The seed size of Mulgara is larger than other hay varieties and similar to Swan. Care should be taken to sow this variety at the correct seed density. Tungoo A . Tungoo is a medium tall mid to late season hay variety similar in heading date to Kangaroo. Seed of this line is available to growers through AEXCO Pty Ltd. Tungoo has an excellent disease resistance profile and resists leaf browning from hot dry winds. It combines resistance and moderate tolerance to CCN and SN. Levels of stem nematode resistance are similar to Glider and an improvement compared to Wintaroo. Tested over six years, Tungoo averaged 24 nematodes per plant compared to Wintarooâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1065. Tungoo is also resistant to leaf rust and red leather leaf, moderately resistant to BYDV, septoria, and bacterial blight and moderately susceptible to stem rust. Hay yield is similar to Kangaroo but grain yield and quality is similar to Glider. Hay digestibility is similar to Wintaroo (better than Kangaroo), although it tends to be higher in NDF and lower in WSC than Wintaroo but an improvement compared to Kangaroo. Early vigour is an improvement compared to Glider, but not as good as Kangaroo. It has moderately low hull lignin. Brusher A . Brusher is an early-mid season tall oat developed by SARDI and commercialised by AEXCO Pty Ltd in 2003. It is two to four days earlier to head than Wintaroo and this suits it well to low rainfall areas. Although Brusher

Table 6. Grain quality comparisons. Variety Hectolitre Screenings Weight <2mm (kg/hl)

1000 Grain weight (g)

Kernel (%)

Probability of reaching milling grade

Protein (%)

Oil(fat) (%)

Hull lignin content

Semi-dwarf (husked) Bannister MH ML MH MH H M M H Dunnart MH L VH MH H M M H Echidna M MH M ML L M M MH Mitika H L H MH H MH M L Possum MH L MH MH H MH M H Potoroo L MH M ML M MH H Quoll ML ML M MH MH M SEG Wombat H ML MH H H MH M H Semi-dwarf (naked) Numbat VH H L H VH Tall (husked) Brusher M M MH M MH M L Forester L M L L M M H Glider L M M ML MH ML L Kangaroo M ML MH ML M M H Mulgara M M MH MH MH M H Tammar L H L ML MH M SEG Tungoo L H L ML MH M L Wallaroo M M M MH M MH L Wintaroo M M MH MH M M L Yallara H L H H VH MH L H Value for trait: L = low, ML = moderately low, M = medium, MH = moderately high, H = high, VH = very high, - not applicable Table 7. Hay quality comparisons. Variety Digestible Crude Neutral Water soluble dry matter protein detergent fibre carbohydrate (%dm) (%dm basis) (%dm basis) (%dm basis) Tall (husked) Brusher MH M M MH Forester MH M ML MH Glider M M M M Kangaroo ML MH MH ML Mulgara M M M M Tammar M MH M M Tungoo M MH M-MH M Wallaroo M M M M Wintaroo M M M M Yallara MH M ML H Value for trait: L = low, ML = moderately low, M = medium, MH = moderately high, H = high.

has inferior hay yield when compared to Wintaroo it is recommended to replace this variety where improved resistance to stem and leaf rust or improved hay quality is desired. Grain yield and grain quality is similar to Wintaroo, Wallaroo and Kangaroo with higher grain protein. Brusher is moderately susceptible to stem rust, BYDV, septoria, red leather leaf and bacterial blight. It is resistant to leaf rust, resistant but moderately intolerant of cereal cyst nematode and intolerant of stem nematode. When there is a

Stem diameter

M MH M ML M ML M L M ML

high CCN population in a paddock with favourable seasonal conditions, Brusher will have significantly lower hay yield than tolerant varieties. Brusher is moderately low in grain lignin. Notes on interstate varieties Many of the varieties released interstate are evaluated in a limited number of trials in southern Australia. More information is available from the SARDI National Oat Breeding Program and should be sought before attempting to grow these varieties.

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Lentil variety sowing guide 2014 By Stuart Sherriff, Research Officer SARDI, Larn McMurray Research Scientist SARDI & Matthew Rodda, PBA lentil breeder, DEPI Victoria

BA Hurricane XT has been released for sowing in 2014 by Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) in conjunction with lentil commercial seed partner, PB Seeds Pty Ltd (Horsham). P B A H u r r i c a n e X T, e v a l u a t e d a s CIPAL1101, is a herbicide tolerant red lentil with improved tolerance to Group B herbicides similar to that of PBA Herald XT. It is a small red lentil with a grey seed coat, slightly larger in seed size than Nipper and PBA Herald XT. PBA Hurricane XT has good resistance to ascochyta blight (AB) but will require protection for botrytis grey mould (BGM) in disease prone areas, particularly where early sowing occurs. It is a mid-maturing variety with earlier flowering, increased vigour and improved plant height over Nipper and PBA Herald XT. Due to its improved plant characteristics and lower levels of BGM resistance than Nipper and PBA Herald XT, PBA Hurricane XT may not be as well suited to the agronomic practice of early sowing in the more favourable environments of South Australia (SA). The availability of PBA Hurricane XT now provides growers with a lentil variety which incorporates improved agronomic characteristics, higher grain yields than Nugget and improved tolerance to the herbicides, imazethapyr (permit renewal and registration process in progress) and flumetsulum along with reduced sensitivity to some Group B herbicide residues providing that product label rates, plant back periods and all label directions for use are adhered to. PBA Ace and PBA Bolt were released for sowing in 2013 and are both high yielding lines with a number of other agronomic benefits aiding lentil 44 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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where it has been high yielding production in south eastern in evaluation trials. PBA Bolt is Australia. PBA Ace is broadly rated moderately susceptible adapted and the highest to BGM and this will need to yielding lentil line in long term be managed in SA particularly evaluation trials in SA and where early sowing occurs. Victoria. It is a mid maturing Weather conditions conducive disease resistant red lentil with t o AB and BGM disease a grey coloured seed coat and Stuart Sherriff development caused high levels medium sized seed. It provides of infection in lentil crops an alternative to Nugget in all in 2013. The level of infection in PBA lentil growing areas, and to PBA Flash, Flash, Nipper, and to a lesser extent PBA Bolt and PBA Blitz where early PBA Jumbo, was higher than seen maturity for drought tolerance or crop previously in SA indicating that changes topping is not required. PBA Bolt is a in the virulence of AB pathogens may mid to early maturing, high yielding red have occurred, most likely due to the lentil with improved lodging resistance high intensity of lentil cropping on the and harvestability over all varieties and Yorke Peninsula and in the lower mid improved AB resistance over PBA Flash. North. Vegetative and podding sprays It has seed size and seed coat colour for AB are now recommended for these similar to Nugget and PBA Ace and its varieties in disease prone areas. In recent combination of erectness, improved seasons lentil crops in SA have often been boron and salt tolerance and high yields sown in the first half of May to improve in low rainfall situations makes it a good yield reliability in years where dry spring option for mallee type environments Table 1. Lentil variety sowing guide 2014. Seed type

Rainfall zones (mm) Below 400

Medium red

Small red

Large red Large green

400-450

450â&#x20AC;&#x201C;500

Above 500

PBA Blitz~

PBA Ace

PBA Blitz~

PBA Bolt

Nugget

PBA Flash

PBA Bolt

Nugget

PBA Flash

PBA Bounty

Nipper

Nipper#

Nipper

PBA Bounty

Northfield

PBA Hurricane XT+

PBA Herald XT+#

PBA Herald XT+

PBA Jumbo

Aldinga

Boomer

Boomer Tiara^

# = not well suited to low rainfall areas, or dry seasonal conditions, due to low biomass type; must be sown early in these situations ~ = variety best suited to crop-topping ^ = spring sowing type += herbicide tolerant variety

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Table 2. Characteristics of selected lentil varieties. Variety Seed Coty- Seed size Market coat ledon (%) relative category colour colour to Nugget Medium red Nugget Grey Red 100 MRS PBA Ace Grey Red 100 MRS PBA Blitz Grey Red 115-120 MRS PBA Bolt Grey Red 100 MRS PBA Flash Green Red 100-110 MRS Small red PBA Bounty Grey Red 90 SRP

Vigour

Plant height

Flowering time

Maturity Lodging Pod Shatter- Botrytis Ascochyta Boron Salt time resist- drop ing grey blight ance mould Foliage Seed MS R MR R MR

I I I MI MI

PBA Herald XT Grey Red 75 SR Poor/Mod MR MR R MR R R Nipper Grey Red 75-80 SRP Poor/Mod MR MR MR R MR R PBA Hurricane XT Grey Red 85 SRP Moderate MR MR R MS/MR MR Northfield Tan Red 80 SRP Poor/Mod MS MR MR S MR R Large red Aldinga Green Red 120 LRS Moderate Medium Mid Mid S MR MR MS MR MS PBA Jumbo Grey Red 120 LRS Moderate Medium Mid Mid MS MR MR MS MR R Large green Boomer Green Yellow 140-160 LG Good Tall Mid Mid/Late MS MR MS-S MR MR MS Tiarra Green Yellow 160-180 LG Good Tall Very late Very late MS MR S S R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, I = intolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, MT = moderately tolerant Market category: MRS = medium red split, SRP = small red premium round (football), SR = small red round (football), LRS = large red split, LG = large green.

I I I I

I MT I I

I MI

MI I

I -

conditions occur. In favourable seasons this has led to the production of dense canopies and lodged crops favouring BGM development and making disease control with foliar fungicides difficult. This is particularly the case in varieties rated MR/MS or lower for BGM e.g. Nugget, PBA Bolt, PBA Jumbo, PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Flash. Varieties with lower biomass production, e.g. PBA Herald XT and Nipper, and/or those with resistance to BGM, e.g. PBA Blitz, are better suited to the practice of early sowing. A large range of lentil varieties are available, offering growers the opportunity to exploit particular agronomic management and or market opportunities. When selecting lentil varieties, growers need to take into account varietal differences in grain yield, disease resistance (BGM and AB), agronomic adaptation, lodging resistance, marketability and herbicide tolerance. All current varieties have strengths and weakness which growers need to be aware of and manage for. Careful variety selection, along with the correct implementation of recommended agronomic management packages (see PBA variety release brochures, the Lentil Ute Guide and www.pulseaus.com.au), will increase the chances of maximising grain yield and quality. Growers can also spread their disease, yield and market risks by growing more than one variety,

Moderate Good Mod/Good Mod/Good Moderate

Medium Mid Mid/Late MS/MR Medium Mid Mid MS/MR Med/Tall Early Early MR Medium Early/Mid Early/Mid R Medium Early/Mid Early/Mid MR

Moderate

Med/ Mid/Late Mid short Short Mid/Late Mid/Late Short Mid/Late Mid Medium Mid Mid Short Mid Mid

providing the varieties chosen differ in their disease, maturity and marketing characteristics. Seed dressings are recommended particularly if growers are sowing seed which was infected with disease in 2013. Variety purity is very important in lentils with a restriction of 1% for varieties not of the same type. This is of particular concern when growing varieties with different seed coat or cotyledon colour (Table 2). Be aware of the potential for contamination from volunteer lentils in paddocks when changing to new varieties with different seed coat or cotyledon colours. A classification allowance at receival point now exists for seeds of contrasting colour in varieties which have a known seed type of a different colour, ie the â&#x20AC;&#x153;pale coat Blitzâ&#x20AC;? seeds in PBA Blitz, with a maximum limit of 1% allowed. Price differences can occur between varieties across seasons, however growers need to produce high quality seed in all varieties to secure markets and achieve the highest prices. On farm storage can assist in attaining the highest price for grain in some seasons and allow lentils with poor quality issues or contaminants to be stored until appropriate cleaning and marketing can occur. Timely harvesting is recommended in lentils to minimise seed discolouration and weather damage and also to reduce the risk of yield loss from strong wind events on the ripe crop.

MR R MR R MR

R MS/MR MR R MR

MS/MR MS/MR MR R R MR MS MR MS MS MS

Selection criteria Information on the most important selection criteria, grain yield, disease resistance, maturity, lodging resistance, shattering and seed type for each variety can be found in Tables 2-3. When selecting a variety, growers also need to consider their individual farm and paddock situation and the access and availability of the likely target markets and make their selection on all available information. Notes on selected varieties Medium Red Lentils PBA Ace A (CIPAL803) is a disease resistant, vigorous growing, mid flowering and maturing line with high yield potential and broad adaptation. It will provide an alternative to Nugget in all regions and PBA Flash and PBA Blitz in favourable lentil growing areas where crop topping and drought tolerance are not major priorities. It has a good disease resistance profile with resistance to AB and moderate resistance to BGM. PBA Ace is the highest yielding variety long term in all regions of SA and Victoria, but due to its later maturity than PBA Bolt, PBA Blitz and PBA Flash, is likely to be better suited to areas where mid maturing varieties are favoured. Some level of shattering has been observed in PBA Ace at maturity, under some conditions, but it is unlikely to cause 2014

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significant yield loss. Yield data (Table 3) includes sites where some shattering may have occurred in this variety. PBA Ace has a grey seed coat colour with a medium seed size. It is licensed to PB Seeds. P B A B o l t A ( C I PA L 8 0 1 ) i s a m i d flowering but early to mid maturing lentil with excellent lodging resistance at maturity and high yield in drought years and dry areas. It will provide an alternative to PBA Flash in all areas where AB, harvestability and drought tolerance are major issues, but particularly in the Mallee areas of Victoria, where it has consistently performed well. Like PBA Flash, it has improved tolerance to boron and salt over most other varieties. PBA Bolt has good resistance to AB but is moderately susceptible to BGM. It has a grey seed coat colour with a medium seed size. It is licensed to PB Seeds. PBA Blitz A is suited to all current lentil areas with particular adaptation to shorter-season areas where its combination of mid to early flowering, early maturity, high yield, good disease resistance and medium to large seed size will improve lentil reliability and economics of production. PBA Blitz is the earliest maturing lentil variety and the best option where crop topping and/ or delayed sowing are practised. It has a good level of early vigour and an erect plant type. PBA Blitz is a medium sized red lentil (larger than PBA Flash and Nugget) with a grey coloured seed coat. PBA Blitz has a low level of “pale coat Blitz” seeds which still have red cotyledons and are a natural part of the genetic make-up of the variety and do not affect the splitting or cooking characteristics of the variety. These “pale coat Blitz” seeds are classified at receival point as seeds of contrasting colour with a limit of 1% allowed. PBA Blitz is commercialised by PB Seeds. PBA FlashA is a high yielding red lentil with a green seed coat and medium seed size. It is well suited to shorter season and lower yielding lentil growing areas where its earlier maturity improves reliability of yield. Earlier maturity makes PBA Flash better suited to crop topping than Nugget, although caution is still required with this practice due to seasonal variation in weed and crop maturity. It is now rated moderately susceptible to foliar AB and will require foliar fungicide 46 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected lentil varieties grouped by region in evaluation trials in SA and Victoria. Yields expressed as a percentage of Nugget (SARDI, PBA, NVT & DPI Vic. data, 2005–2012). Yorke Pen. Mid North Lower EP South East S.A. Mallee Vic Mallee Wimmera Nugget yield 2.49 2.07 1.47 1.51 1.36 1.25 1.46 (t/ha) Medium Red Nugget 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 PBA Ace 108 111 111 114 114 114 111 PBA Blitz 104 106 107 106 107 99 100 PBA Bolt 104 107 107 111 110 112 110 PBA Flash 106 108 108 112 112 99 100 Small Red Nipper 99 101 100 102 100 92 95 Northfield 95 93 89 92 87* 88 90 PBA Bounty 103 103 104 99 103 103 102 PBA Herald XT 96 96 92 95 95 96 97 PBA Hurricane XT 104 105 NA 107* 106* 104 103 Large Red Aldinga 98 98 94 97 NA 93 94 PBA Jumbo 108 107 107 107 108 101 101 Large Green Boomer 103 104 104 106 103 99 99 * = varieties have had only limited evaluation at this site, treat results with caution.

sprays, prior to flowering and at podding, to control this disease under high intensity situations or in disease prone environments. PBA Flash is susceptible to BGM but has improved tolerance to boron and salinity compared to Nugget. PBA Flash has improved seed splitting characteristics over Nugget and is well suited to medium sized red lentil grain markets. PBA Flash is commercialised by PB Seeds. Small Red Lentils PBA Hurricane XT A (CIPAL1101) is the second lentil variety to be released with improved tolerance to the herbicide imazethapyr (permit renewal and registration process in progress) and the herbicide flumetsulam, plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues. However it is important to note that product label rates, plant-back periods and directions for use must still be adhered to. It is a mid flowering, mid maturing variety with small red seed and with a grey seed coat, although the seed size is slightly larger than Nipper and PBA Herald XT. It has a reasonable disease profile in that it has been rated MR to AB and MR/MS for BGM but will require protection for the latter in

disease prone areas, particularly where early sowing occurs. Plant height and early vigour are improved over Nipper and PBA Herald XT, improving weed competition and harvestability. It is the highest yielding of the small red lentils, producing yields 3% higher than Nugget and 5 – 12% higher than PBA Herald XT and Nipper in long term south eastern Australian evaluation trials. Like PBA Herald XT and Nipper, PBA Hurricane XT has been found more sensitive to Group C herbicides such as metribuzin and simazine than other lentil varieties, however, label rates of these herbicides have been used on most evaluation trials. It is important to be cautious when applying these herbicides on variable soil types, especially if weather conditions conducive to crop damage are forecast. PBA Hurricane XT is commercialised by PB Seeds. PBA Herald XT A was the first lentil variety released with improved tolerance to the herbicide imazethapyr (permit renewal and registration process in progress) and the herbicide flumetsulam, plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues. However it is important to note that product label rates, plant-back periods and directions for use must still be adhered to. It is a mid to late flowering

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

and maturing lentil and similar to Nipper in many agronomic characteristics, including short height, seed shape, grey seed coat colour and grain yield. It has good disease resistance including resistance to AB and BGM. Limited herbicide tolerance testing suggests PBA Herald XT, like Nipper, is more sensitive than Nugget, PBA Blitz and PBA Flash to high rates of group C herbicides such as metribuzin and simazine, therefore caution is urged with the application of these products particularly on variable soil types. PBA Herald XT has a very low level of seeds with a black seed coat typically at frequencies of 0.1% or less. These seeds still have red cotyledons and are a natural part of the genetic make-up of the variety and do not affect the splitting or cooking characteristics of PBA Herald XT. These black coated seeds are classified at receival point as seeds of contrasting colour with a limit of 1% allowed. PBA Herald XT is commercialised by PB Seeds. NipperA has resistance to BGM but its resistance to AB appears to have broken down in high lentil intensity areas of SA. Vegetative and podding sprays for AB are now recommended in this variety in disease prone areas. Nipper has a small seed size, similar to PBA Herald XT. Nipper, like PBA Herald XT, flowers later than Nugget but often matures earlier than Nugget. Nipper is favoured for

the practice of early sowing in SA due to the combination of a lower biomass production and good BGM disease resistance but AB will now need to be managed. Nipper is more sensitive to metribuzin than most other varieties and caution is required to avoid application when conditions are conducive to damage. Nipper is licensed to Seednet. Large Red Lentils PBA Jumbo A is the highest yielding large seeded red lentil and a direct replacement for Aldinga. It is suited to most current lentil growing areas, where it has consistently yielded around 15% higher than Aldinga, although attaining larger seed size is more likely in medium to high rainfall zones. PBA Jumbo is moderately susceptible to BGM and this disease will need to be managed in disease prone areas. It has resistance to foliar and seed AB, which are both improved over Aldinga although evaluation in 2013 suggests this resistance is starting to break down as seen in Nipper and PBA Flash. Plant type and lodging susceptibility is similar to Aldinga, and like that variety, PBA Jumbo is well suited to no-till, inter-row sowing into standing residue. It has a seed size and shape similar to Aldinga (20% larger than Nugget) but with a grey seed coat and like Aldinga is well suited to the postharvest removal of small broadleaf weeds

seeds. Milling quality is improved over Nugget and it is well suited to premium large red split markets such as those in Sri Lanka. PBA Jumbo is commercialised by PB Seeds. Large Green Lentils BoomerA is a large seeded high yielding green lentil released as Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first adapted green variety for all lentil growing areas. It has superior seed size to Matilda (approximately 30% larger) making it more competitive than this variety with overseas varieties in world export markets. Boomer has a large plant type and can produce prolific amounts of growth making it prone to lodging under favourable growing conditions. It has improved resistance to AB and BGM compared to Matilda. Boomer will be best adapted to medium rainfall areas of southern Australia with mild finishing conditions needed to ensure that the large seeds can fully form. Ascochyta blight must be managed during podding to avoid disease blemish on the seed coat. Boomer is moderately susceptible to shattering at maturity (more susceptible than current varieties). Delayed harvest under some conditions can result in shattering and/or loss of green seed colour resulting in downgrading in this variety. Boomer is licensed to Seednet.

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Pea variety sowing guide 2014 By Michael Lines, Research Officer- SARDI, Larn McMurray, Research Scientist- SARDI & Peter Kennedy, Field Pea Breeder- DPI Victoria

hree new Pulse Breeding Australia Field Pea varieties, one ‘Kaspa type’ dun, one forage pea and one dual purpose grain or forage pea, are to be available from Seednet for 2014 sowings. PBA Wharton (previously OZP0805) is a ‘Kaspa type’ dun pea with improved powdery mildew and virus resistances. It provides the same agronomic benefits as Kaspa (eg lodging and shattering resistance) however is earlier flowering and maturing, making it more suitable to the practice of crop topping. PBA Hayman (previously OZP0902) is a late flowering and late maturing conventional field pea suitable for forage production as a potential alternative to vetch. It produces small white seed, and has lower seed yield than Morgan (which is generally considered a dual purpose variety) but also has higher biomass production. PBA Hayman is also resistant to powdery mildew and moderately resistant to bacterial blight, traits lacking in the variety Morgan. PBA Coogee (previously OZP1103) is a mid-late maturing conventional ‘dual purpose’ dun pea, with powdery mildew resistance and improved bacterial blight resistance. PBA Coogee has high early season dry matter production and high grain yield potential in long seasons, and will offer the flexibility of a forage option if grain yield is limited by seasonal stresses such as frost. It may also provide a reliable alternative to vetch for hay production or green/ brown manuring, with increased postemergent weed control options, reduced hard seeds, and opportunistic grain production. PBA Coogee also shows improved boron and salt tolerance compared to all other current commercial field pea varieties. 48 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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delivered into the Kaspa A number of “Kaspa type” field segregation, opportunity exists peas are now available, offering for blending of varieties, and the same agronomic and seed may provide some benefit from type benefits as Kaspa but variable seasonal conditions or varying in their flowering and stresses such as post flowering maturity profiles. moisture stress or frost The release of PBA Wharton Michael Lines avoidance/recovery. also offers a “Kaspa type” Downy mildew infections were common alternative in regions where powdery in some regions in 2013. mildew and viruses are regular problems. Pulse Breeding Australia is placing The three recently released ‘Kaspa particular emphasis on breeding for types’, PBA Gunyah, PBA Twilight and resistance to a number of diseases, and PBA Wharton, are all earlier flowering improved resistance to diseases is now and maturing than Kaspa, and show incorporated in most advanced breeding improved suitability to crop-topping and lines. delayed sowing (for blackspot or weed However the use of metalaxyl (eg control) compared to Kaspa. Apron®) seed dressing is still advised for These ‘Kaspa type’ varieties have a control of downy mildew, particularly in round shape and lack of dimples which high risk paddocks. is preferred by the major buyers in the Bacterial blight ratings have been Indian subcontinent for its easier seed revised to reflect disease observations coat removal and greater split returns, made in 2012, and to provide scope for and has previously obtained a premium further breeding improvements (see over dimpled types like Parafield, Table 2). depending largely on world stocks and The disease forecasting model market supply. ‘Blackspot Manager’ predicted an Since all ‘Kaspa types’ can all be Table 1. Pea variety sowing guide 2014. Seed type Rainfall zone (mm) Below 350 350-425 425–500 Dun – “Kaspa type” PBA Twilight PBA Twilight PBA Gunyah PBA Wharton PBA Wharton Kaspa PBA Gunyah PBA Gunyah PBA Wharton Kaspa Kaspa PBA Twilight Dun - Other PBA Oura^ PBA Oura^ PBA Oura^ PBA Percy^ PBA Percy^ PBA Percy^ PBA Coogee* PBA Coogee* Yarrum Parafield^ Parafield^ PBA Coogee* Yarrum Yarrum Parafield^ Morgan* Morgan* Morgan* PBA Hayman** PBA Hayman** PBA Hayman** White PBA Pearl PBA Pearl PBA Pearl Sturt Sturt Sturt Bundi Bundi Bundi SW Celine SW Celine SW Celine Blue Excell Excell Excell Maki Maki Maki * Green manure/forage option ** Green manure/forage ONLY NT = Not tested ^ Preferred varieties where bacterial blight is a production constraint

Above 500 Kaspa PBA Gunyah PBA Wharton PBA Twilight PBA Oura^ PBA Percy^ Yarrum PBA Coogee* Parafield^ Morgan* PBA Hayman** PBA Pearl Sturt Bundi Excell Maki

Sowing Guide 2014

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Table 2. Variety characteristics of selected pea varieties. Weed Lodging Variety Seed Seed Leaf Flower Plant Flowering Maturity Downy mildew Black Powdery Bacterial Shattering competit- resistance type size form colour height time time blight Parafield Kaspa spot mildew (pv syringae) iveness at maturity strain strain# Alma Dun Me C P T M-L L S S MS S MR Average Poor Bundi White Me-Lg SL W Me-T E E R MS MS S S R Average# Fair-Good Dundale Dun Me C P T E M S MS S MR Average Poor Excell Blue Me SL W Me-T E-M L MR S MS S S S Average Good Kaspa Dun (K) Me SL Pi Me-T L M MR S MS S S R Good Fair-Good Maki# Blue SL W Sh E E S S S R S S Poor Poor-Fair Morgan Dun Sm SL P T L L MR S MS S MS MR Excellent Poor-Fair Parafield Dun Me-Lg C P T M M S S MS S MS MR Average Poor PBA Coogee Dun Lg C P T M M MS R MS-MR MR Good Poor PBA Gunyah Dun (K) Me SL Pi Me-T E-M E R S MS S S R Good Fair-Good PBA Hayman White Sm C W T L L MR S MS R MR S Excellent Fair PBA Oura Dun Me SL P Me-T E-M E MR MS MS S MS-MR MR Good Fair-Good PBA Pearl White Me-Lg SL W Me-T M M MS MS MR S MS MR Good Excellent PBA Percy Dun Me-Lg C P T E E S S MS S MR MR Average Poor PBA Twilight Dun (K) Me SL Pi Me-T E E R S MS S S R Good Fair-Good PBA Wharton Dun (K) Me SL Pi Me-T E-M E R S MS R S R Good Fair-Good Sturt White Me-Sm C W T E-M M MS S MS S MS MR Average Poor SW Celine White Me-Lg SL W Me-T E E S S MS S S S Average Fair-Good # based on limited observations K = Kaspa type, Sm = small, Me = medium, Lg = large, C = conventional, SL = semi-leafless, P = purple, W = white, Pi = pink, T = tall, Sh = short, E = early, M = mid, L= late, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant

increased blackspot risk in 2013 due to low summer rainfall and a late spore release, and later sowing was generally recommended to avoid early spore releases. A number of recently released earlier flowering and maturing varieties will provide better yield stability in delayed sowing situations, and may also allow further opportunity to achieve an effective weed control before sowing and/or minimise the risk of frost damage and bacterial blight. Predictions of blackspot spore release times in each pea growing district can be obtained through ‘Blackspot Manager’ via the internet (www.agric.wa.gov.au/ cropdiseases) or a free SMS service (to subscribe email Jenny Davidson: jenny. davidson@sa.gov.au). Selection criteria The list of suggested varieties is shown in Table 1 and is based on performance within different rainfall zones. Information on the most important selection criteria, grain yield, disease resistance, maturity, standing ability, weed competitiveness, shattering resistance and seed type/quality for each variety can be found in Tables 2–3. When selecting a variety, farmers also need to consider their individual farm and paddock situation, the access and availability of the likely target markets

and storage and handling facilities and make their selection on all the available information. Due to white peas not being accepted in the bulk dun segregation growers need to also consider the different quality types within peas (Table 1) and where they can be delivered before deciding whether to grow these types. Notes on selected varieties Dun types Dun peas are segregated from white and blue peas due to the different quality markets they are aimed at. Some pea markets in India and Sri Lanka prefer Australian dun peas due to their distinct ‘nutty’ taste. ‘Kaspa type’ grain is also preferred over dimpled grain (such as Parafield) in these markets due to its round shape and lack of dimples allowing easier seed coat removal and greater split returns. PBA Coogee A is a mid-late flowering and late maturing conventional dun pea to be released as a dual purpose field pea with suitability for either grain or forage production. It has higher grain yield and similar biomass production to Morgan, and grain yield between Parafield and Kaspa. PBA Coogee is resistant to powdery mildew and has improved bacterial blight

resistance. PBA Coogee shows improved boron and salt tolerance compared to all other current commercial field pea varieties. Seed is to be released through Seednet for 2014 sowings. PBA WhartonA is a ‘Kaspa type’ dun pea offering improved powdery mildew and virus resistances (Bean Leaf Roll and Pea Seed Borne Mosaic viruses). It provides the same agronomic benefits as Kaspa (eg lodging and shattering resistance), and will provide a reliable alternative in those areas where powdery mildew and viruses are regular problems. PBA Wharton is early to mid flowering and early maturing, making it more suitable to the practices of crop topping and delayed sowing for blackspot management. Seed is to be released through Seednet for 2014 sowings. PBA OuraA is an erect growing, semileafless pea variety offering improved resistance to bacterial blight, high yields and broad adaptation across all the major field pea production regions. It is early to mid flowering and early maturing, making it more suitable to the practice of crop topping than Kaspa. Agronomic trials have shown it is earlier (5-10 days) and longer flowering than Kaspa. It has fair to good lodging and pod 2014

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Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected pea varieties grouped by region in low and high yielding trials in SA. Yields expressed as a percentage of Kaspa’s yield (SARDI, PBA and NVT data, 2005–2012). Genotype

Yorke Peninsula

Mid North

Lower Eyre Peninsula

Upper Eyre Peninsula

Murray Mallee

South East

Excell

Kaspa

100

Morgan

Parafield

PBA Coogee

100

101

100

102

PBA Gunyah

101

103

104

PBA Oura

104

108

101

110

107

PBA Pearl

106

109

116

105

116

110

PBA Percy

103

106

101

107

103

PBA Twilight

101

100

103

PBA Wharton

104

102

104

110

Sturt

100

102

106

104

109

106

SW Celine

101

104

101

Yarrum

100

103

101

100

106

111

Kaspa Mean Yield (t/ha)

2.39

2.16

1.79

1.7

1.4

2.29

shatter resistance at maturity, although it does not have the sugar- pod characteristic like Kaspa. PBA Oura is rated MS-MR to bacterial blight, a similar response to that found in Parafield but improved over Kaspa, PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight. In agronomic disease yield loss experiments PBA Oura incurs less yield loss from bacterial blight than all varieties (including Parafield) except for PBA Percy. PBA Oura is the highest yielding variety with improved tolerance to this disease in all districts of SA, and recent results have shown it also has the highest tolerance to metribuzin of all commercial varieties. Seed is licensed to Seednet. PBA PercyA is a conventional type pea variety, with an improved bacterial blight disease rating compared to PBA Oura (MR vs. MS-MR). It is early flowering and early maturing, making it well suited to the practice of crop topping and delayed sowing for blackspot management. PBA Percy is very much earlier (10-25 days) and longer flowering than Kaspa, and even earlier flowering than recent releases PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight. PBA Percy is susceptible to lodging at maturity, but has moderate pod shatter resistance although it does not have the non shattering pod characteristic like Kaspa. 50 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Its earlier maturity may also offer some level of powdery mildew avoidance compared to other preferred bacterial blight resistant varieties. PBA Percy has had limited evaluation in SA but appears to yield similarly to PBA Oura. Seed is licensed to Seednet. PBA GunyahA is a ‘Kaspa type’ field pea with earlier and longer flowering than Kaspa and higher yield in shorter season environments and dryer seasons than Kaspa. It is early to mid flowering and early maturing, making it more suitable to the practice of crop topping than Kaspa. It is well suited to delayed sowing for disease management in response to a late season break. Its disease resistance profile is similar to Kaspa and therefore not well suited to bacterial blight prone environments. Despite being susceptible to powdery mildew it is likely that PBA Gunyah will incur less yield loss from this disease than Kaspa due to its earlier maturity. Widespread evaluation over a number of years shows that it is higher yielding than Kaspa when yield potential is below 2.25t/ha. PBA Gunyah has “Kaspa” seed type and is licensed to Seednet. PBA Twilight A is a ‘Kaspa type’ with similar attributes to PBA Gunyah. It has a shorter flowering period and

is earlier in maturity than PBA Gunyah making it well suited to the low rainfall and very short season field pea growing environments. Widespread evaluation over a number of years shows that it is higher yielding than Kaspa when yield potential is below 1.75t/ha, and higher than PBA Gunyah when yield potential is below 1.25t/ha. Its disease resistance profile is similar to Kaspa and therefore not well suited to bacterial blight prone environments. Despite being susceptible to powdery mildew it is likely that PBA Twilight will incur less yield loss from this disease than Kaspa due to its earlier maturity. PBA Twilight has “Kaspa” seed type and is licensed to Seednet. KaspaA is semi-leafless, late flowering, resistant to shattering and has good early season vigour and moderate resistance to lodging. Kaspa is susceptible to powdery mildew and black spot and the “Kaspa strain” of downy mildew. Kaspa seed should be treated with metal-axyl seed dressing, particularly in cropping regions prone to downy mildew. The seed of Kaspa is distinct from traditional dun types ie Parafield in that it is red brown in colour and almost spherical in shape. Kaspa is high yielding in many areas of southern Australia, however it needs to be considered carefully before use as an option in low rainfall areas or areas prone to early periods of high temperature and drought stress due to its late and condensed flowering characteristic. Kaspa also should be considered carefully in areas prone to frequent severe vegetative frosts due to potential for yield loss to bacterial blight. Kaspa is under contract to Seednet. White types White peas cannot be delivered to bulk export markets with dun peas. Some high quality specialised white peas may fit into specific premium value markets for split peas. Higher prices may be achieved if supplying specific niche markets, but these markets may be small. Small seeded white peas are likely to only suit domestic stock feed markets. Growers are advised to secure markets before deciding to grow these pea types. PBA PearlA is a semi-leafless white pea

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variety which is broadly adapted and has had high yields in evaluation trials in all districts. It has good early vigour and an erect growth habit, with excellent standability at maturity. It is early to mid flowering, and produces non sugar-type pods but is not prone to shattering (similar to PBA Oura and Parafield). It has a favourable disease resistance profile, with good resistance to downy mildew and Bean Leaf Roll virus and reasonable tolerance to bacterial blight. PBA HaymanA is a late flowering and late maturity conventional pea suitable for forage production as a potential alternative to vetch. It is considered a forage only pea, producing small white seed and yielding 30-80% of grain varieties depending on seasonal conditions. PBA Hayman has lower seed yield than Morgan (which is generally considered a dual purpose variety) but also has higher

biomass production, predominantly accumulated in spring. PBA Hayman also has improved resistance to powdery mildew over Morgan, and is rated moderately resistant to bacterial blight. Seed is expected to be available from Seednet for 2013 sowings. SturtA is a conventional leaf type, small seeded white pea similar to Parafield in height, lodging resistance and disease susceptibility. Flowering and maturity time of Sturt is similar but generally slightly earlier than Parafield. It consistently yields higher than all other varieties in trials affected by reproductive frosts, indicating some level of tolerance to this stress. Sturt is more sensitive than Kaspa and Parafield to label rates of both post sowing pre-emergent and post emergent applications of metribuzin on alkaline soils in SA. Sturt is licensed to Premier Seeds.

Blue types (green cotyledons) Some blue pea varieties are for specific premium value markets which are usually only small. Quality is paramount in these markets used predominantly for canning and snack food. Important parameters include damage by insects, bleaching of seed coat and consistency of seed colour. Two blue field pea varieties, Excell and Maki, are available to growers. Maki is best suited to the north-eastern field pea growing areas of Australia, and limited testing has been done in southern Australia. Both varieties are outclassed by the newer dun and white pea releases in the southern region of Australia and they have a relatively poor disease resistance profile, as shown in Table 2. SARDI acknowledges the dedication and achievements of the former Pulse Breeding Australia Field Pea breeder, Tony Leonforte.

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Triticale variety sowing guide 2014 By Ryan Bateman, Research Officer, New Variety Agronomy, SARDI and Rob Wheeler, Senior Scientist, New Variety Agronomy, SARDI

he triticale variety descriptions in this publication serve as a guide to select varieties for specific end uses with disease resistance, agronomic traits and yield potential suited to a wide range of environments across South Australia. Triticale is used predominately for stock feed and has a smaller market than that of other winter cereals, as it needs to compete with barley as the preferred feed grain. Dual purpose varieties are available that are suitable for grazing and grain production in the higher rainfall areas. Triticale will grow on similar soils to wheat and barley but it has also developed a reputation to perform on various unfavourable soil conditions including acidic and alkaline soils, as well as boron and slightly waterlogged soils. The aggressive root system on triticale also allows it to perform well on light, low fertile, sandy soils. Good CCN resistance in many triticale varieties offers another valuable rotation in farming systems, especially in lower rainfall environments where the choice in break crops can be limited. Resistance to stripe rust has long been a positive feature of growing triticale, however new rust strains are causing a gradual breakdown of resistance in some varieties, creating need for consideration in selecting varieties. Please refer to the latest disease guides for updated information. The most recent grain varieties to be released include Fusion (2012) from AGT, whilst Kath Cooper has released Goanna (2011) and Yowie (2010). All of these varieties are mid-season, spring type, grain triticales with good rust and CCN resistance. Long term yield data across sites and seasons is now available for varieties such as Bogong, Berkshire, Chopper, 52 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Canobolas, Hawkeye, and with good straw strength but is Jaywick, with these triticaleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s moderately susceptible to stripe now outclassing the foundation rust and susceptible to sprouting. varieties such as Tahara and A PBR variety, seed is available Tickit across all environments. from Waratah Seed Co. Ltd. These varieties offer broad adaptation, high yields, and CanobolasA improved grain quality relative Canobolas (tested as H418) was Ryan Bateman to Tahara, with all except released by the Universtiy of New Canobolas offering excellent rust England, Armidale, in 2008. It is an early resistance. to mid season (similar to Treat), awned, A selected range of triticale varieties stiff strawed grain variety but is now for specific purposes in different rainfall moderately susceptible â&#x20AC;&#x201C; susceptible to zones are shown in Table 1 including stripe rust. Canobolas is a widely adapted information on agronomic and disease spring variety that has improved acid soil characteristics. tolerance. Canobolas is protected by PBR Ta b l e 2 c o n t a i n s g r a i n y i e l d with seed marketed by Seednet. per formance data from SARDI and NVT field trials across SA grain growing ChopperA districts over the past 8 years. Chopper (tested as TSA0219) was Note that all triticale varieties have released by AGT in 2010. Chopper is a similar grain quality characteristics and very early maturing (7-15 days earlier livestock feed value, which are influenced than Tahara), fully awned spring triticale more by seasonal conditions than by and is seen as an alternative to Speedee varietal differences. offering CCN and rust resistance. It is a semi dwar f variety which is Notes on newer varieties shorter than all other triticale varieties (approximately 15% shorter than BogongA Tahara) and will not lodge to the same extent as other varieties in high yielding Bogong (tested as H127) was released environments. by the University of New England, Like Speedee, Chopper performs best Armidale, in 2008. It is an early to mid in short growing season environments season flowering (similar to Treat) fully (ie. sharp finishes) or late sowing awned, stiff strawed, grain variety with situations. Grain quality is good and good resistance to all common field similar to other new grain releases. A PBR strains of rust. variety, seed is available from AGT Seeds. Bogong has been one of the top yielding varieties over the past six seasons FusionA (up to 15% above Tahara) of evaluation across all environments. It is a widely Fusion (tested as TSA0291) was released adapted spring variety that is moderately by AGT in 2012. Fusion is a mid season susceptible to CCN. Bogong is protected maturing (similar to Tahara), fully by PBR with seed marketed by Seednet. awned spring triticale that has excellent resistance to leaf, stripe and stem rust. It BerkshireA has CCN resistance, and has a moderately tall plant height, similar to Rufus. Berkshire (tested as JRCT74) has been Fusion is a well adapted, high yielding developed in collaboration with the triticale with good grain size and low University of Sydney and Pork CRC. screenings. Fusion has been one of the Berkshire has been purpose bred for its top yielding varieties over the past 3 feed quality traits for pigs. Berkshire is seasons (up to 16% above Tahara). A PBR mid season maturity (similar to Tahara)

Sowing Guide 2014

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Table 1. Agronomic and disease characteristics of triticale varieties. Variety Origin Purpose Rainfall zone and environment

CCN Resistance / Tolerance

Pratylenchus neglectus Resistance / Tolerance

Pratylenchus thornei Resistance / Tolerance

Grain Good fit if short growing S-M E W/Awned MR R / MR season/ Late sown Grain M-T E W/Awned S-VS S/T MR-R/MT Grain T E-M W/Awned MS Grain M-T M W/Awned MS MS / T Grain M-T M W/Awned MS-S Grain M-T M W/Awned MR-MS^ R Grain T E-M W / Awned MR-MS^ R Medium rainfall Grain M-T M W/Awned MR* R (375mm - 500mm) Grain M-T M W/Awned MR* R Dual T M W/ R Awn MR-MS R/T MR-R/MT MR-R / MT Purpose Tahara VIC Grain T M W/Awned MS R/T MR-R/MT R / MT Tickit SA Grain M M W/Awned MS R/T MR / MT MR Treat SA Grain T M W/Awned MR MS / T MS - MR / MT Yowie SA Grain M-T M W / Awned MR-MS R Tuckerbox SA Dual T M W/ R Awn MR R Purpose Crackerjack NSW Dual M W/Awned R-MR Better suited to longer season, Purpose high rainfall (450mm+) Yukuri NSW Dual M-L W/ R Awn R-MR S environments as a grain crop Purpose Tobruk NSW Dual M-L W/ R Awn MR-MS Purpose Endeavour NSW Dual L W/ R Awn R R Purpose Height: S = Short, M = Medium, T = Tall. Maturity: E = Early, M = Mid, L = Late. Disease resistance: S = Susceptible, MS = Moderately Susceptible, MR = Moderately Resistant, R = Resistant. (*some Susceptible plants in mix, ^limited data) Disease tolerance: T = Tolerant, MT = Moderately Tolerant. Note that all recommended varieties are resistant to stem and leaf rust, and yellow spot, mildew and scald. All varieties are susceptible to crown rot and moderately susceptible to common root rot. High rainfall (500mm+)

SA SA NSW NSW NSW SA SA SA SA NSW

Stripe Rust

Low rainfall (<375mm)

Chopper Speedee Berkshire Bogong Canobolas Fusion Goanna Hawkeye Jaywick Rufus

Height Maturity Head Type

variety, seed is available from AGT Seeds. Goanna Goanna was released in 2011 by Cooper & Elleway as an early-medium season (similar heading time to Treat), spring type, grain triticale, which is deemed to have good resistance to current pathotypes of leaf, stem, and stripe rust. Goanna is a fully awned, tall variety with CCN resistance, and appears to have a reliable grain production and quality (good protein and test weight) under drier conditions . Goanna seed is available from Landmark. HawkeyeA Hawkeye (tested as TSA0108) was released by AGT in 2007 and is a broadly adapted, mid maturing variety with high yield potential and CCN resistance. It also has good resistance to all rusts and produces large grain with low screenings (similar to Tahara) and good

test weight (like Treat). It is considered a higher yielding alternative to Tahara and a CCN and stripe rust resistance alternative to Kosciuszko. A PBR variety, seed is available from AGT Seeds. JaywickA Jaywick (tested as TSA0124) was released by AGT in 2007 and is a broadly adapted, mid maturing variety with high yield potential and CCN resistance. It also has good to fair resistance to all rusts and produces large grain with low screenings and good test weight. It is considered a slightly earlier, higher yielding alternative to Tahara with good rust resistance. A PBR variety, seed is available from AGT Seeds. Rufus Rufus (tested as PT344) was released by the University of New England in 2004, as

a dual purpose or hay type. It is a tall, mid-season maturity, CCNresistant variety with wide adaptation offering good rust resistance. Trial yield results indicate a useful grain variety (table 2) but with features such as reduced awn length, good early vigour and height, there is strong interest in it as a hay or dual purpose triticale. Rufus is 2-3 days earlier than Tahara and is about 5cm taller, so lodging may potentially be a problem in very high rainfall situations. A non PBR variety, seed is widely available. Yowie Yowie was released in 2010 as a medium season (slightly later heading than Tahara), spring type, grain triticale, which has good resistance to current pathotypes of stem, stripe, and leaf rust, as well as CCN resistance. Yowie is a fully awned, medium-tall, 2014

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Table 2. Yield of selected triticale varieties according to region, expressed as percentage of Taharaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yield (SARDI and NVT Trials, 2005-2012) Variety Murray Mallee Mid North Yorke Peninsula Lower Eyre Peninsula Upper Eyre Peninsula Abacus Berkshire 109 111 106 110 106 Bogong 109 108 112 115 109 Canobolas 106 109 108 110 105 Chopper 106 110 105 107 101 Endeavour 89 Fusion 116 114 113 114 108 Goanna 101 92 Hawkeye 110 109 104 110 105 Jaywick 107 106 102 106 101 Rufus 100 102 103 101 98 Tahara 100 100 100 100 100 Tickit 103 102 101 103 100 Tobruk 106 103 101 101 Tuckerbox 97 96 97 Yowie 96 102 100 102 96 Yukuri 93 Taharaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Yield (t/ha) 2.01 3.11 2.53 2.75 1.89

modest yielding variety, with relatively good test weight and low screenings. Yowie is a non-PBR variety available from Cooper & Elleway. Tahara and Tickit Tahara has long been the common triticale variety for use in cereal rotations in most districts up to 500 mm average annual rainfall. However one notable disadvantage of the variety is that lodging can be a problem under high yielding situations. Tickit was released by the University of Adelaide triticale breeding program in 2002 to replace Tahara offering slightly shorter plant with stiffer straw and up to 4% yield advantage to Tahara. Both Tickit and Tahara offer good resistance to CCN and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus) making them a valuable disease break, however both are now moderately susceptible to stripe rust and outclassed by the newer grain varieties for yield. Seed of Tahara and Tickit may be purchased from commercial growers. Tuckerbox Tuckerbox is a late-medium season, tall,

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high tillering variety with reduced awn head type, which may be grown for forage or grain. Released in 2010, Tuckerbox has good resistance to all rusts and CCN. Tuckerbox is available from Yankalilla Seeds. Yukuri Yukuri originated from the University of New England in 2004, and is a latemedium season variety with reduced awn head type, suitable for forage and grain production in environments with 450 mm+ rainfall. It has very good rust resistance, but is susceptible to CCN. Yukuri is a Non-PBR variety. Dual Purpose grazing/grain varieties Dual purpose varieties all have high dry matter production, on a par with forage oats and are considered to provide a good alternative as a hay crop, but generally require early sowing or a longer growing season to achieve good grain production. Jackie and Breakwell, released by the University of Sydney in 2001 and 2005 respectively, are CCN resistant with

South East 95 111 114 106 103 100 114 110 109 100 100 104 113 96 103 98 4.80

reduced awns and have proven suitable for quality hay production in the Mid North of SA. They are now highly susceptible to stripe rust and therefore no longer recommended. Other dual purpose varieties include Crackerjack in 2004 by Heritage Seeds, Endeavour and Tobruk in 2007 by the University of Sydney. Endeavour has reduced awns and Tobruk is fully awned, with both being long season varieties targeted to the higher rainfall regions and offering potential for hay production. Endeavour has good rust resistance, w h i l e To b r u k i s n o w m o d e r a t e l y susceptible to stripe rust. Tobruk has performed at its best in the higher rainfall regions of SA, but overall appears to have a fit in SA offering a genuine dual purpose and longer season grain only variety. Certified seed for these two varieties can be obtained from Waratah Seed Co. Ltd. Crackerjack is another fully awned winter type triticale used for forage production in long season high rainfall environments and is marketed by Heritage Seeds.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Faba bean variety sowing guide 2014 By Charlton Jeisman, Andrew Ware and Rohan Kimber, SARDI; Jeff Paull, University of Adelaide and Wayne Hawthorne, Pulse Australia

or the major bean production regions in SA, the choice of faba bean variety continues to be between Nura and Farah. A new variety, tested as AF05069-2, is a broadly adapted variety for most faba bean producing areas, and will likely be released in southern Australia in 2015. PBA Rana was released in 2011 and developed by the University of Adelaide’s PBA faba bean breeding program. It is finding its niche in farming systems, particularly in the medium to high rainfall regions. Growers of PBA Rana have been impressed with its disease resistance as it generally requires one less fungicide spray compared with other varieties. PBA Rana represents a different grain category for faba bean production and marketing in Australia. As its seed is larger than current faba bean varieties, it is considered to be of high quality by the major Egyptian market. Future releases from the PBA bean breeding program will continue to target medium sized faba beans, but will also aim to release new varieties with larger grain size like PBA Rana, aimed at attracting premium prices. Farah has slightly higher yields than Nura in SA, but Nura has better rust resistance. Both varieties are MR-R to ascochyta blight. In some situations Nura will display better resistance to chocolate spot than Farah; however disease management strategies for control of chocolate spot should essentially be the same for both Nura and Farah. Flowering of Nura occurs around one week later than Farah and is therefore generally more responsive to early sowing than other varieties. Nura has a shorter crop height which can cause harvest difficulties and grain loss in low rainfall districts and seasons that do not encourage tall crop growth. Both varieties produce highly marketable seed. 56 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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th e ea rl y fl ow ering stag e. Varieties and market If wet conditions continue, preferences additional applications will be The human consumption needed for dense canopies as market in the Middle East prefers they will retain moisture and faba beans from Australia, maintain humidity levels. This although competition for market is particularly important when share from France and the UK disease symptoms are present. also occurs. Chocolate spot typically Australian beans must be of a Charlton Jeisman develops during spring as high quality to access the export human temperatures warm; however it can also consumption markets and must be free infect crops in late winter, so faba beans from mechanical damage, weathering, should be monitored for chocolate spot disease staining and storage problems. from this time. Faba beans darken over time while in Rust can be a considerable problem in storage and seed can become unsuitable faba beans, causing significant yield loss. for the export market after about 9 The disease can survive over summer months. on volunteer bean plants and become Farah, Nura and Fiesta varieties are well a problem for the following season. accepted in the Middle East, and market Monitoring faba bean crops in the future signals indicate that small seeded faba will be important to reduce the impact of bean varieties like Fiord and Ascot are no rust on production. longer wanted. Farah and Fiesta VF are susceptible to Mixing of these smaller seeded varieties rust, often displaying more pronounced into the now accepted larger “Fiesta symptoms than other varieties. The grade” will downgrade the overall quality chance of rust infection will be higher of the product. for early sown crops, or where beans are Product that does not meet export sown adjacent to the previous year’s bean standards or is surplus to demand is stubbles. Where these situations occur, consumed domestically in stockfeed control using suitable fungicides may rations; often at lower prices. Sound be required before flowering. Where beans are also finding a place in many conditions for crop production and integrated cropping and grazing disease development are ideal, fungicide enterprises as a means of finishing lambs applications to control rust may be on farm. Strong demand by graziers for necessary at the same time as chocolate feed beans can occur in dry conditions. spot is being targeted. Disease resistance levels of Nura and Varieties and disease management Farah allow growers to be more reactive In growing regions or seasonal to ascochyta blight than in other varieties conditions that favour chocolate spot and ascochyta disease management development, all varieties require strategies can be based on monitoring a protective fungicide spray before levels in high risk situations. With Fiesta, canopy closure when the crop is at growers must maintain ascochyta blight disease control until after flowering is Table 1. Faba bean variety sowing guide 2014. finished to ensure seed staining is Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall) minimised. Low Medium High Cercospora leaf spot continues to < 375 mm 375-500 mm > 500 mm be widely reported in faba beans. The Nura A PBA Rana A FarahA disease is soil borne and typically occurs Fiesta * Farah A NuraA in paddocks with a history of faba beans NuraA Fiesta * Farah A in the rotation, particularly where they have been grown in close rotation (less * Fiesta needs a higher level of disease monitoring than 4-6 years) or within close proximity and protection in most years.

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

Table 2. Agronomic and disease characteristics of faba and broad bean varieties. (National disease ratings as supplied by Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA)). Variety

Plant height

Flower time

Maturity Lodging Ascochyta Chocolate Cercoresistblight spot spora ance Foliage Seed

Rust

PSbMV seed staining

Faba bean FarahA

Medium Early-mid Early-mid

Fiesta VF

Medium Early-mid Early-mid

Fiord Manafest NuraA

Short

Early

MR-R

Medium

Mid

Short

Mid

Early-mid

MR-R

MS*

Mid

MS-MR*

PBA RanaA Medium Broad bean

avoid damage and cracking, and handle carefully when shifting them. Crop topping of faba beans can make them more vulnerable to seed staining, particularly when rain falls soon after application. Crop topping too early or using products or rates that cause crops to dry down quickly can exacerbate the issue. Maturity of current faba bean varieties is not as well suited to crop topping as the industry would like, particularly in wetter seasons, as crop maturity might not be even when ryegrass is ready for spraying. Notes on faba bean varieties

Aquadulce

Tall

Mid

Late

PBA KareemaA

Tall

Mid

Late

MR-R

MS-MR*

Current Varieties

Key: R=resistant, MR-moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible, VS=very susceptible * Note revised status of variety: PBA Rana, PBA Kareema and Nura for rust foliar infection after 2011 incidence; also Nura for chocolate spot susceptibility under early sown and higher disease pressure situations

of these paddocks. Correct identification is essential to distinguish Cercospora from ascochyta blight, chocolate spot or herbicide damage, which can all have similar symptoms on plants. Early control using carbendazim or tebuconazole at 5-8 weeks post sowing is most effective in preventing disease establishment and consequent yield loss from Cercospora. All current faba bean varieties are susceptible, thus early preventative control measures are best practice. Pulse Australia released a new Southern Pulse Bulletin in 2012: Faba bean disease management strategy, containing the latest information on disease management in faba beans. It is a very useful tool for reference, and

can be found at: http://www.pulseaus. com.au/pdf/Faba%20bean%20 disease%20management%20strategy%20 Southern%20region.pdf Harvest Lodging of bean crops can become an issue in seasons that promote tall growth. Conversely, crops with short canopies can cause problems with low harvest height, particularly in varieties that produce bottom pods close to the ground. In recent years, physical damage of bean seed has resulted in marketing downgrades, highlighting the importance of crop monitoring. Bud worm will need early monitoring and early control, even in seasons with below average rainfall. Growers should harvest beans when they have a high moisture content (12-14%) to

PBA RanaA (tested as AF10060/15-1 or 974*(611*974)/15-1) has good vigour and stem strength. It has mid to late flowering (similar to Nura) and mid maturity (later than Nura and Farah). PBA Rana is well adapted to high rainfall areas with long growing seasons. Highest yields have been achieved in the Lower South East, Central Hills/ Fleurieu Peninsula and the high rainfall sites in the Lower and Mid-North where long term yields are equal to or greater than Fiesta VF and Farah. PBA Rana has good resistance to ascochyta blight and is moderately susceptible to chocolate spot. It has demonstrated very useful resistance to rust (MS-MR) compared with other commercial varieties. PBA Rana produces large, plump, light brown seed and is suited to meeting Egyptian market requirements for that grade. PBA Rana represents a unique category for faba bean marketing. As PBA Rana is three quarters Manafest in its breeding, it should establish itself into

Table 3. Predicted yield of faba bean varieties in SA by region, as a % of Farah Variety

LOWER EP

UPPER EP

YORKE PEN

MID NORTH*

MALLEE

SOUTH EAST*

% of Farah

No. Trials

% of Farah

No. Trials

% of Farah

No. Trials

% of Farah

No. Trials

% of Farah

No. Trials

% of Farah

No. Trials

Doza

FarahA

100

Fiesta VF

102

100

101

Fiord

Nura A

100

PBA RanaA Farahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yield (t/ha)

2.34

1.68

3.40

2.56

1.61

2.85

Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA - Australian Faba Bean Breeding Program. 2005-2012 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program. * At high rainfall sites within the Mid North and South East regions, PBA Rana produces yields equal to or greater than Farah

2014

NOVEMBER 2013

SARDI Sowing Guide < 57

Sowing Guide 2014

SARDI SOWING GUIDE 2014

areas where Manafest was grown before ascochyta blight saw its demise. PBA Rana is licensed to Viterra and an end point royalty applies. Nura A is a medium-sized faba bean with moderate resistance to ascochyta blight and moderate susceptibility to rust. Nura is susceptible to chocolate spot, especially in situations when sown early and where disease pressure is high. Nura is susceptible to Cercospora leaf spot, similar to Farah and Fiesta VF. It is generally shorter than Fiesta VF and Farah meaning it is less likely to lodge, however since its bottom pods are closer to the ground, harvest can be more difficult in lower rainfall districts or when sown late. In most areas Nura’s long-term yields are slightly lower than Farah, although this is improved when Nura is sown early. It has good seed appearance, light buff in colour, with minimal seed staining and discolouration. Flowering time of Nura is generally around 7 days later than Farah, although has similar maturity. Protection from ascochyta blight and rust is only required in high risk situations which is a major advantage for growers, as it means a likely reduction in fungicide sprays. Nura is more sensitive to high rates of imazethapyr (eg Spinnaker®) than Farah but is more tolerant of simazine and metribuzin. Seed is available from Seednet and an end point royalty applies. FarahA was selected directly from Fiesta VF and is identical in many respects, except for its moderate resistance to ascochyta blight seed staining and more uniform seed size and colour. While the risk of crop infection from ascochyta blight seed staining is reduced with Farah, it remains a risk if it is not managed properly. Farah’s yields are slightly higher than Fiesta VF and Nura in most areas of southern Australia. The major advantage 58 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Table 4. Predicted yield of broad bean varieties in SA by region, as a % of Fiesta VF Variety

LOWER SOUTH EAST % of Fiesta VF

No. Trials

Aquadulce

107

Fiesta VF

100

PBA KareemaA

102

Fiesta VF’s yield (t/ha)

2.95

Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA - Australian Faba Bean Breeding Program. 2004-2010 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.

of Farah over Fiesta VF is the increased likelihood of achieving market standards for freedom from seed staining and a likely reduction in fungicide sprays required for controlling ascochyta blight. Farah is licensed to Heritage Seeds (formerly Seedmark) and an end point royalty applies. Fiesta VF has buff coloured seed and is larger than Fiord. Fiesta VF has good seedling vigour, is of medium height and is early to mid flowering. It is classed as susceptible to chocolate spot, although is less susceptible than Fiord. Fiesta VF is more susceptible to ascochyta blight than Farah and Nura so a proactive disease management strategy is recommended to achieve clean seed and ensure market standards are met. Fiesta VF is no longer protected by PBR, and no end point royalty applies. Potential variety release AF05069-2 has good yield, wide adaptation and very good ascochyta resistance. It has other disease resistances equal to or better than current varieties. Seed size and colour are expected to be similar to Fiesta and Farah, with a potential release in 2015 likely.

Broad bean varieties PBA Kareema A was selected from Aquadulce with similar plant type and adaptation to this variety but with larger and more uniform seed, and no “evergreens”. It is well adapted to the very high rainfall, broad bean districts in the Lower South-East of SA. It has significantly improved resistance to ascochyta blight (MR-R) and better rust resistance (MS-MR) than Aquadulce and is slightly less susceptible to chocolate spot than other faba bean varieties. Like Aquadulce, PBA Kareema is more tolerant of waterlogging than most varieties of faba bean, and is more tolerant of iron and manganese deficiencies. Trials in the South-East of SA have shown PBA Kareema yields to be similar to, or slightly less than, Aquadulce. PBA Kareema is licensed to PGG Wrightson and an end point royalty applies. Aquadulce is a tall broad bean variety, with late flowering and maturity, suited to areas with at least 500 mm average annual rainfall, such as the Lower South-East of SA. It is rated MS for chocolate spot, but can succumb under high disease pressure and rainfall situations. Aquadulce is more tolerant of waterlogging than most faba bean varieties and tolerates soils with iron and manganese deficiencies. The large seed size of Aquadulce means it must be considered a specialty bean as it has different marketing opportunities to faba beans. It commands a price premium over faba beans, depending on grading and seed size. For further information: Variety Management Packages (VMP) for all varieties except Aquadulce, are available on the Pulse Australia website: www.pulseaus.com.au/Search_Result_ Publication.aspx

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