Grain Business Magazine - April 2013 by Glencore Grain

April 2013

Forecasting frost risk

Resistance on the rise

Management of frost

Herbicides becoming less effective

Winning the race against time

Do it yourself weather forecasting

New age technology will drive future farms

SARDI crop performance report 2013

Increasing efficiency

Key weather influences explained

Produced for the benefit of Australian grain growers by Glencore Grain

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CONTENTS ÂŠ Copyright. Editorial material published in Grain Business is copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without written permission from the Publisher or Editor. Print Post Approved: PP 510545/00616

Welcome from Glencore Grain

Forecasting frost risk

Winning the race against time

Publisher Glencore Grain Pty Ltd 124-130 South Tce Adelaide, SA 5000 Phone: (08) 8211 7199 gbm@viterra.com

Australian grain lures Egyptian buyer

Report highlights grain practices

Design & Production Fuller Phone: (08) 8363 6811 37 Fullarton Rd Kent Town, SA 5067 fuller.com.au Advertising Rebecca Long RKL Media Phone: (08) 8843 0059 Mobile: 0417 813 480 rebecca@rklmedia.com.au Cover note: Sprouting Field Pea, South Australia PHOTO: Tom Roschi from TRP Photography tom@trp.com.au

At Grain Business, we want to provide useful, insightful, and up to date information in each and every issue. If there are any topics you would like to see featured in future editions or if you have any feedback about Grain Business magazine, please contact us at gbm@glencoregrain.com.au

Taking the resistance fight online 11

New age technology drive future farms

Resistance on the rise

Western wisdom helps control wild radish

Do it yourself weather forecasting helps manage the risk

Snail control is a numbers game

Farm Profile Pinnaroo Nickolls Partners â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Wade Nickolls

US drought shapes world grain supply

SARDI crop performance report 2013

Wool update China demand drives firm wool market

foreword

Welcome from Glencore Grain Welcome to the first edition of Grain Business for 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and the first for Glencore Grain. In late 2012, we were pleased to complete the acquisition of Viterra. The acquisition is a long term commitment to Australian growers and the agricultural industry and reflects Glencoreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strong belief in the importance and potential of the Australian grain industry. While we have offered grain marketing services to Australian growers for the past nine years, we are now able to combine our expertise with that of the Viterra team and provide Australian growers with the benefits of our combined global marketing and logistics capability and financial strength. The Viterra brand is being retained for all grain storage and handling activities in Australia with all grain marketing activities now under the Glencore Grain brand. Glencore has first class marketing networks and access to the best markets for Australian grain. As an integrated commodity producer and marketer, we process, handle and market wheat, barley, canola, pulses, sorghum, corn, rice, cotton, sugar, meals, edible oils and biodiesel. Through Grain Business, we will continue to provide agronomic insight and industry intelligence the magazine is renowned for. This edition features weather and factors

currently influencing our weather patterns, coping with frosts, and the cost and difficulties involved with controlling wild radish and managing herbicide resistance. We have again worked with SARDI to publish the Crop Performance Report, and we have retained regular features such as the Farm Profile, this issue featuring South Australian, Wade Nickolls. We are keen to share our global marketing knowledge to assist you in making cropping and grain marketing decisions. In this edition, Glencore Grainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trading manager, James Maw, gives his interpretation of the current grain markets at a global and local level, and identifies various factors that may affect future market trends. I trust you will find this edition of Grain Business interesting and informative for your business.

David Mattiske Managing Director

APRIL 2013

managing frost

Forecasting frost risk It is one of nature’s ironies that while global warming is increasing the average temperature on southern Australian farms, scientists are also detecting an increase in the risk of frost during the growing season. words/ Marcus La Forgia

A long-term study by CSIRO climate application scientist Dr Steven Crimp has found that the frequency of frosts and the frost risk window had lengthened substantially in the last 50 years across most of the southern grain belt. However, the upside is the data that has been collected over half a century, could lead to the development of a frost forecasting tool, which will assist growers in making better cropping decisions. “The occurrence of frosts late in the season can be devastating and can result in crop losses anywhere from 40% to 80%,” he said. “Each year, crop losses as a result of frost are estimated to average more than $33 million in South Australia and Victoria. There is also a hidden cost in the form of reduced yield potential when farmers forgo early seeding opportunities in order to reduce the likelihood of frost damage. “The trend analyses show that despite an increase in mean minimum temperatures, there has been a slight increase in the mean number of frosts across much of New South Wales, Victoria and parts of South Australia, as well as a significant increase in the period over which frost events can occur. “If we can understand why this has

occurred we can start to provide farmers with an informed assessment of how their exposure to frost risk has changed.” The study has uncovered that in the Victorian grainbelt, the frost window has lengthened by three weeks with a similar trend in eastern South Australia. In the New South Wales grain belt, the frost window has grown by two weeks. “The window of frost occurrence has broadened in the east and frosts are occurring earlier in the season and also much later in the season. In the west, there are less early frosts, but there has been a shift to more events later in the season,” Dr Crimp said. The study has also uncovered decadal difference. For example in the decade between 2001 to 2011 frost days occurred between 20 to 46 days later than in the 1950s. As well as reviewing historical temperature data since 1960, the research has also included detailed simulations of frost risk in 17 Victorian locations based on management discussions with growers in those regions. “The engagement process has been to try and understand what the current management process has been for frost and exposure to frost risk,” Dr Crimp said.

“Farmers overwhelmingly indicated that frost risk and other temperature extremes are one of their biggest concerns. Our research will provide valuable information to help them manage that risk.”

Management of frost Currently, the key management strategies used to combat frost are modifying the sowing date and using either faster or slower growing varieties which will flower during periods of low frost risk. However, the increased frequency and risk of frost may change many accepted farming practices. “For example, some traditional management strategies to try and maximise in-crop rainfall, such as early dry sowing, will now result in enhanced exposure to frost risk,” Dr Crimp said. “We are hoping to help growers to select varieties and modify planting dates based on the ability to simulate frost exposure.” A key aspect of the study has been to examine the interaction between sowing and flowering dates for three widely used wheat varieties - the early flowering Ax, mid-season variety Yitpi and the late-maturing Rosella.

managing frost

Each year, crop losses as a result of frost are estimated to average more than $33 million in South Australia and Victoria. There is also a hidden cost in the form of reduced yield potential when farmers forgo early seeding opportunities in order to reduce the likelihood of frost damage.

Using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM), which simulates and predicts crop yield for different climate attributes, plant varieties, soil types and management decision, Dr Crimp’s team ‘planted’ each variety each week from 1 April (day 90) to 15 July for the period 1960 to 2011 at each of the 17 Victorian locations chosen for the study. They calculated a mean flowering date for each sowing date for the three varieties and the time of flowering was then graphed against the risk of frost. As an example of how the research could be used, at the Birchip Cropping Group site in the Victorian Wimmera Dr Crimp discovered that 90 per cent of the frosts occurred at, or before, day 240 (27 August) and only 10 per cent occurred

after day 290 (16 October). “This means that if a grower wanted to avoid all but 10 per cent of the frosts that may occur, they would have to plant on day 170 (18 June) for early maturing, day 160 (8 June) for medium, and day 150 (29 May) for late maturing varieties,” Dr Crimp said. “The ultimate outcome of the research will be the development of a seasonal forecasting system which could provide an accurate prediction of the likelihood of frosts in advance. However, the development of such a tool will require further research.“

Uncovering the cause As well as the more practical applications that may result from the research, Dr Crimp said a key focus

was to uncover the underlying cause of later frosts. Dr Crimp said the research was prompted by an earlier study that linked declines in southern Australian rainfall to a southerly shift and intensification of the high-pressure belt. “The analysis that I have been involved in shows strong links between this and changes in frost occurrence,” he said. The research project has used hourly, three-hourly and daily climate data to look for links between synoptic patterns or for large-scale climate patterns that can be associated with frost events. Dr Crimp said an ongoing focus of the research would be to understand if the southward displacement is a temporary change or whether it is likely to continue.

APRIL 2013

Time management

Winning the race against time Success on the land is largely a result of how well farmers can combine their knowledge, experience and time management skills. words/ Ken Solly

Unfortunately, good time management can be a challenge because although the demands of farming are continually increasing, most farmers don’t have the level of profit to employ additional labour and invest in labour saving technology. As a result, they can be required to work longer and harder and in many cases, sacrifice a work-life balance that can result in negative consequences such as health problems, a lack of social interaction and less time with the family. Given that most farmers can’t work any harder, it only leaves one option - work more efficiently.

Increasing efficiency The starting point to becoming more efficient is to review current time management practices, which is best done when conducting an annual business review. For each of the critical tasks on the farm, farmers need to ask three basic questions. 1. Can we do it better? 2. What new strategies can we implement to improve efficiency? 3. Can we cease doing something to improve time efficiency?

Downtime needs special focus in the review. Breakdowns, time shifting between paddocks, harvest logistic and travelling distances between farms are all areas where significant amounts of time can be lost, so should come under the spotlight. The review should all be about working smarter not harder. While finding an extra 10 minutes a day will give you an extra week per year, it’s more about achieving what’s required in less time than what it takes now. To bring about efficiency gains, you need to allocate nonnegotiable time to the most important things in your life first. Ensuring you have a family holiday, some weekends off, that you are home to celebrate birthdays and anniversaries and attend those important community functions all need to be factored in. While this may initially increase pressure on you, the balance that these activities will bring to your life will enable you to achieve more from the time spent on farming activities. The fact is that work will always expand to fill the time available, so unless you prioritise time for family and leisure activities, work will consume your life. This can lead to resentment, lack of motivation and poor job satisfaction, all of which detract from productivity and efficiency.

Machinery The Time Right management efficiency Rotation

Prioritising work on a “must-do”, “should-do” and “could-do” basis helps to ensure that you are optimising the returns for your efforts

Monitor your time It’s important for farmers to record what they’re spending time on and not rely on memory. By recording the tasks that are consuming time, it provides and opportunity to review and improve for the future. It also allows farmers to allocate their salary more accurately depending on the time they’re putting into the farm. One of the main reasons that farmers become time inefficient is that they are not recording and analysing how they are spending their time and not paying themselves according to their efforts.

Timeliness Every farm job has a window of time when it’s best done, and timeliness is the art of starting and finishing within this period to give every chance of an optimum result. The key to ensuring timeliness of farm tasks is to introduce planning and preparation principles into your business. Rushing tasks through at the last minute can result in errors or the risk of missing something. The use of an annual planner is one of the best ways to achieve this even for the most organised farmers. It becomes the document against which you can review your time management.

Planning and preparation Planning and preparation is the key to remaining focussed on the tasks required. Being prepared for seeding, spraying and harvest at least

a month before the earliest start date of each operation is essential. This ensures you use your time well during the quieter times and can also help you spread the workload throughout the year. An important part of the planning process is to have an alternative or fall-back position for every situation. Changing seasons, loss of staff, illness or injury can all have a big impact on your business, but if you’ve planned accordingly, the adjustment will be less severe.

Focus on tasks that deliver results One of the best ways of managing your time on the farm is by applying the Pareto Principle. The theory behind this principle is that there are a key number of tasks that are responsible for about 20% of your time, but they deliver 80% of your results. It’s important to remember that these are the key activities that deliver results for a farming operation, so put your focus into these areas. In a cropping operation, 20% of your time equates to 10 to 12 weeks per year and in most cases this is the amount of time it should take for seeding, spraying and harvesting. Make sure that these activities remain your focus throughout the year and you’re implementing activities that contribute to their successful implementation. Prioritising work on a “must-do”, “should-do” and “coulddo” basis helps to ensure that you are optimising the returns for your efforts.

APRIL 2013

Time management

Employing help

New technology

The strategic use of contractors can alleviate a labour shortage, speed up the operation and reduce the need for additional capital investment in the business. It’s not always feasible to complete farm tasks yourself and sometimes, using a contractor will get the job done more quickly and cheaply. When it comes to contract labour or machinery, the Pareto Principle comes into play again - remain focussed on the tasks that are delivering the results for your business. If using a contractor is going to increase returns for your farming business through the increased efficiency at a particular point in time, it may be worth pursuing.

Over many decades we have been experiencing the substitution of labour with capital where bigger and more efficient machinery is achieving so much more on an hourly basis. Combined with the use of computers, mobile phones and other technology, it has led to greater productivity, but it has come at a cost. Productivity should never be measured on its own - efficiency needs to link to it as well. Technology has been a fantastic aid to time management, but there is a flip side. As we are more accessible to others, we can be distracted more as well, so that is where personal discipline needs to be strong.

The fact is that work will always expand to fill the time available, so unless you prioritise time for family and leisure activities, work will consume your life.

Top five tips in time management • Review your current time use and strategise for improvement. • Treat time as your most important resource and discipline yourself on its use. • Be prepared to invest in time saving technology. • Keep a constant focus on work-life balance. • A prioritised weekly planning sheet is a must. Ken Solly, Agribusiness Consultant, Solly Business Services kensolly@rbm.com.au or 0427 620 895.

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In Brief

Australian grain lures Egyptian buyer Pictured at Outer Harbor with their ship loading in the background are Mr Mohamed Abou Donkol (middle), Mr Montaser Younes (second from left) with Viterra employees Mr Neil Carr, Mr Andrew Hannon and Mr Michael Hill.

One of Egypt’s largest wheat millers has returned to Australia for the third consecutive year to buy a shipment of the country’s highest quality wheat. The Abou Donkol family own two flour mills in Egypt with a milling capacity of 1500 tonnes per day, and Mr Mohamed Abou Donkol, on his first trip to Australia, personally oversaw the vessel loading at Outer Harbor, South Australia. Alongside his two brothers and under the leadership of his father (Mr. Salah Abu Dokol), Mr Mohamed Abou Donkol’s family employs more than 3000 people across their business which includes the flour mills, a pasta company, shipping, road transport and packaging. The Abou Donkol family annually import more than two million tonnes of wheat, corn and soybean meal from Brazil, Australia, Argentina, Russia, USA and Ukraine all of which is processed and value added for distribution both domestically within Egypt and exporting wheat flour around the world. James Maw, Glencore Grain’s Trading Manager, said this is the third year the Abou Donkol family

has purchased wheat from Australia, specifically South Australia, and they have been very pleased with the grain they have received. “Mr Mohamed Abou Donkol describes Australian wheat as being high purity, with consistent quality in its milling characteristics,” said Mr Maw. “Australia is competing with many other export countries to sell grain to this important, high value Egyptian customer. “These customers can buy grain from anywhere in the world; the relationships we have allow us to both secure their business, unlocking value for Australian grain, and to work along the supply chain to meet their needs. “Mr Mohamed favours Australian wheat over other origins as long as the price is competitive and the quality can be met. “Requirements can be significantly different to the receival standards for grower deliveries. We need to meet both the specific quality requirements of the customer, as well as the food safety and hygiene requirements of the Egyptian government. “For this cargo, Mr Mohamed Abou Donkol,

along with the company’s wheat quality expert and two Egyptian government officials have been present during loading.” he said. Tim Krause, Viterra’s General Manager, Storage and Handling, said meeting customer’s export requirements takes careful planning and execution. “Everyone in the supply chain is important. It cannot be done without the high quality grain, free from contaminants and residues, produced by South Australian growers,” said Mr Krause. “Efficiently moving the grain from up-country to port means grain is ready to load when the ship arrives. Conducting rigorous quality testing while loading ensures the tight quality specifications and food safety requirements are met. “Our Operations, Logistics, Food Safety, and Quality Control teams all have important roles to play. “We need to continue to work closely with our grower, exporter and end use customers to ensure we can capture the maximum value for the industry.”

In Brief

Report highlights grain practices A new report released by the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) provides an insight into on-farm practices used by grain growers Australia-wide. The Farm Practices Survey Report 2012 is the result of a survey of more than 1300 grain farming businesses and 2.36 million hectares of crop area, representing approximately 8% of the estimated area of crop planted in Australia. The report provides data to monitor and evaluate which farming systems and practices are working well and where ‘gaps’ are evident. The report is a key source of information for identifying future investment opportunities to drive productivity, profitability and sustainability

improvements on grain farms. Some key findings of the report are: • The percentage of wheat in the cropping mix has increased in many regions of Australia, notably in the eastern states and the central and eastern areas of Western Australia. • The percentage of barley has fallen significantly in most regions, while winter oilseeds have shown an increase in many areas. • Winter pulses have increased in the northern and western parts of New South Wales and Queensland, much of Victoria and South Australia, and the northern and southern areas of Western Australia. • The percentage of the crop planted

using zero or no-tillage is at more than 60 per cent of the hectares nationally. • There has been an increase in direct drilling and some increase in minimum-tillage. It is possible that weed management strategies have influenced these changes. • The use of variable rate technology remains at below 10 per cent of the cropped area, while yield mapping has increased to now represent more than 20 per cent of the cropped area. • Sixty per cent of the cropped area had stubble retained right through to planting in 2011, with this being slightly higher in the northern areas. A copy of the report can be found at grdc.com.au/farmpractices

Taking the resistance fight online

A new app to enable farmers to gauge their risk of developing herbicide-resistant weeds has been launched. The app is a key feature of the Weed Smart program, which is an industry-led initiative aimed at enhancing on-farm practices and promoting long-term sustainability of herbicide use in Australian agriculture. The app works by farmers answering five questions relating to the farming system on a specific paddock. The tool will then rate the chances of herbicide resistance

and assess how effectively the farmer is managing weeds in the seed bank. By providing an email address, the tool will then email an assessment to the farmer and provide advice on what they could do. The tool has been reviewed and evaluated by a panel of academic experts from across Australia’s agronomic regions. The Weed Smart initiative is a joint partnership of Australian research partners, commercial entities, Government, advisors and growers. For more information, visit weedsmart.org.au

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APRIL 2013

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Emerging technologies

â&#x20AC;&#x153;While the bulk of technology used to gather farm data has been around for some time, the game changer for the industry has been the emergence of a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;smart servicesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sector.

Emerging technologies

New age technology will drive future farms Measuring the growth of crops in the dark and tracking the movements of livestock are just two new tools farmers are accessing to help improve profitability on their farms. words/ Sarah Parker

According to Professor of Precision Agriculture at the University of New England, David Lamb, new sensor technology and off-farm data interpretation services will be the two major change agents in agriculture in the 2020s. David leads a multi-disciplinary team of academic, research and technical staff who are engaged in the development and application of sensors and practices in precision agriculture. “Sensors are now being developed to provide an enormous range of information on farm practices,” David said. “One example is measuring crop vigour from a crop duster. With recent advances in infra-red and sensor technology, growers are on their way to being able to deploy their own sensors to measure crop reflectance under cloud cover or in the dark and across diverse landscapes. “This technology provides a good insight into plant vigour and can map plant biomass and measure water or nutrient status.” Back at ground level, spray boom mounted sensors are being used to selectively apply herbicides to weeds that

appear intermittently in crops, leading to reduced herbicide rates. And under the ground, soil survey sensor technologies can be used to measure and map soil moisture, to manage crops or pastures. “While this sounds simple they are actually very complex tools,” David said. “Work is being done to provide simple interfaces for on-farm use and they will be increasingly supported by education and training. “Another opportunity is fitting livestock with tracking devices to identify grazing patterns,” David said. “This is not only important for grazing management - in fact pasture utilisation can be improved by more than 30 per cent - but also for animal health and welfare, which is becoming increasingly important to consumers.” The other change that will make sensor technology “work for farmers” is the introduction of off-farm data interpretation. “With a vast array of sensors available to farmers, a farm is a source of massive amounts of intelligence,” David said. “But one of the biggest barriers to using much of the technology on offer

is the complexity and sheer volume of data gathered. “Farmers need to be able to interpret all of this information if they are to get any value from it. “While the bulk of technology used to gather farm data has been around for some time, the game changer for the industry has been the emergence of a ‘smart services’ sector. “These are new enterprises where people take the information from the farm and format it in a way that can be understood and easily applied to farm management systems. “This sector is thriving because of the boom in web technology, which is why reliable, high-speed internet access to farms is so important.” The smart services network not only includes data interpretation, it also offers user-friendly websites and support forums, as well as ‘live’, remote, on-farm product advice, diagnostic and advisory systems and extension and training. “There is an inter-dependency between product and service developers and the client which means that farmers will guide future technology development and services offered,” David said.

APRIL 2013

Weed control

Resistance on the rise With a surprising number of herbicides becoming less effective in the fight against common weed species, grain growers can no longer avoid the challenge of resistance. words/ Marcus La Forgia

Surveys throughout southern Australia since 2005 have shown a dramatic increase in the resistance of annual ryegrass populations to some of the most common herbicides used by Australian grain growers. These include Trifluralin, Hoegrass, Glean, Axial, Select and Intervix (refer table 1). While ryegrass is by far the most widespread problem for grain growers, other species which show varying levels of herbicide resistance include Wild Oats, Brome, Indian Hedge Mustard, Wild Radish and Sow Thistle. Associate Professor in Weed Management at the University of Adelaide, Dr Chris Preston said the most concerning trend was the speed with which frontline herbicides were being rendered ineffective.

“They are losing effectiveness more quickly than we can discover new ones,” he said. “The Group Bs basically don’t work on ryegrass anymore and the Group A or FOPs are also not effective in many cases. “Increasingly we’re seeing more Trifluralin resistance and I think we can expect that we will see more and more of that as we go on. “We’re starting to see in some areas very high levels of Select (Clethodim) resistance, which is also starting to become a major issue. “Not surprisingly, on the back of a lot of clear field crops being grown, we’re picking up a fair bit of resistance to Intervix. Very quickly, we’re going to get into a position where Intervix isn’t really going to control ryegrass either.”

weed control

Associate Professor in Weed Management at the University of Adelaide, Dr Chris Preston said the most concerning trend was the speed with which frontline herbicides were being rendered ineffective. “They are losing effectiveness more quickly than we can discover new ones,” he said. But more concerning for Dr Preston is the increased prevalence of glysophate resistance, the most widely used herbicide for controlling many annual and perennial weeds. “Anywhere where glysophate has been used frequently for controlling ryegrass we’re picking up resistance, and it’s going to get worse” he said. “By the end of this year we will have registration for crop topping with glysophate on pulses, wheat and canola. Clearly there’s going to be a temptation for growers to crop top everything in their rotation with glysophate. “That means we’re going to end up with major problems.” Although his short term advice was using paraquat in the pulse phase, Dr Preston said the emergence of paraquat resistance in annual ryegrass late last year was another worrying development, as it remains the main alternative to glysophate.

Reducing resistance The key to reducing the number of herbicide resistant weeds is to put in place an integrated weed management strategy that includes a range of chemical and non-chemical activities. Dr Preston said the two proven activities to reduce the prevalence of herbicide resistant weeds were crop rotation and reducing seed set. Crop rotation could include alternating pastures, broadleaf and cereal crops and controlling resistance either through a reduced use of herbicides or varying herbicides with different modes of action. Dr Preston pointed to survey data collected over 10 years in southern Australia, which showed that about 50% of paddocks surveyed had resistance to 0-1 herbicides, while 40% had resistance to 4-6 herbicides. He said one of the key observations was that the rotation of

APRIL 2013

Weed control

Percentage of paddocks with herbicide-resistant annual ryegrass in cropping regions of South Australia and Victoria. Region

Year

Trifluralin

Hoegrass

Glean

Axial

Select

Intervix

Population’s resistant (%)

SA - Mid North

2008

SA - Mallee

2007

SA - South East

2007

SA - Eyre Peninsula

2009

Vic - Western

2010

Vic - Northern

2011

Vic - Southern

2009

stock was a key factor in paddocks showing a lower number of herbicide resistant weeds. “When we actually put those geographically on the map, the 50% were mainly from areas where there was still a lot of stock in rotation,” he said. “The 40% were from areas where we knew there was continuous cropping. “Pasture itself doesn’t do anything about resistance as such, it just stops growers using herbicides. Because they have high

frequencies of pasture, they’re actually moving to resistance more slowly than those with continuous cropping. “If you’re a continuous cropper and you haven’t yet adopted resistance management strategies, you need to.” The other option for growers is reducing seed set through practices such as crop topping, seed collection or hay production. With the seedbank the key to a weed’s survival, practices to break-up or reduce seed setting will have a strong impact in the fight against resistance.

Weed control

Mixing herbicides

Weed management strategies

Mixing herbicides is another common practice among growers to extend the spectrum of coverage across broadleaf weeds as well as grasses. But according to Dr Preston, this practice presents a number of risks including chemical and biological incompatibility. Chemical incompatibility occurs if herbicides are mixed together and the components react negatively. This reaction can reduce the efficiency of the herbicide at best, but at worst could produce a tank full of gel. Biological incompatibility occurs when two herbicides are mixed and one or both will “antagonise” the activity of the other. An example is mixing paraquat and glysophate, which will result in leaf burn before the glysophate can be taken up by the weed. However, Dr Preston said if growers followed label directions closely and sought good advice, they’re unlikely to run into these issues.

Growers should implement a range of weed management strategies to complement the use of herbicides. These include: • Crop rotation – put in place a diverse rotation that includes cereals, broadleaf crops and pastures. This allows a greater range of weed management tactics and herbicide modes of action. • Drive down the weed seedbank – use crop topping or hay making to manage the weed seedbank. • Herbicide usage– incorporate the use of both pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides. Aim to diversify herbicide modes of action to reduce resistance risk. • Double knock – hit weeds with two control methods in quick succession. This could either be chemical or non-chemical activity. • Crop topping – apply herbicides such as glysophate or paraquat prior to harvest when the targeted weed is at flowering/early grain fill. • Crop competition – use crop uniformity, density, vigour and good agronomy to outcompete weeds. • Cut hay or oats – cut the hay early before ryegrass has viable seed to reduce ryegrass seedbanks by 80-85%.

APRIL 2013

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machinerywild efficiency radish

Western wisdom helps control wild radish “Short-term pain for long-term gain” is the advice agronomists are giving to south-eastern Australian grain farmers, who are fighting an emerging battle against herbicide resistant wild radish. words/ Sarah Parker

After more than a decade of experience in controlling the broadleaf weed in Western Australia, Nufarm’s Bill Campbell says that an Integrated Weed Management Plan may cost more initially, but is important for long term sustainable cropping. “Growers should look at this as a short term investment for farm sustainability and profitability,” he said. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) is one of Australia’s most troublesome brassicaceous weeds, with an estimated hidden annual cost to the agriculture sector of more than $70 million a year in lost yield, due to competition with broadleaf crops. Its fibrous stems make reaping difficult, which often sees heavily infested crops left unharvested. Green wild radish pods also release toxins when stored with pulses and oil seeds, reducing the viability of the grain. The costs to manage the problem are set to increase, with emerging herbicide resistant populations appearing across southern Australia as a result of more intensive cropping systems and shorter rotations with broadleaf grain varieties. Fortunately, due to its established presence in Western Australian

cropping areas, there is now a wealth of experience and knowledge in managing wild radish available to southern growers and this will help them avoid costly and unsuccessful weed management practices. “Wild radish will evolve and adapt to the cropping systems in South Australia, Western Victoria and southern New South Wales, as it has done on Western Australia, and it will thrive in all rainfall zones,” Bill said. “We have learnt from Western Australia experiences, that a holistic whole farm approach is required - not just attacking it with herbicides alone. “It has a complex seed dormancy composition and therefore germination is often staggered throughout the growing season, so a late ‘salvage’ spraying on mature plants is largely ineffective.” Bill said it is important for growers to get their spraying strategy right, as problematic radish populations will require several sprays in crop. “Sequential sprays are now standard practice in the west,” Bill said. “The first spray is very early in the crop, followed by the second on small subsequent germinations, well prior to flag leaf emergence of cereals.”

He said previous weed management practices relied on a single herbicide application, from mixture groups B, F and I. While this has been enough to achieve an acceptable level of control in the past, populations of wild radish across southern Australia were now showing resistance to these herbicides. The first step to identifying the level of herbicide resistance in wild radish is through relatively inexpensive testing, approximately $100 per mode of action (MOA). This allows growers to make informed decisions on future herbicide applications and management practices, ensuring the most cost effective control methods. The second step is identifying where the wild radish seeds originate from so that growers can address the reason for its existence. If the weed seed is not destroyed it can be transported to other paddocks through seed or by livestock, causing widespread contamination. “Once there is a clear understanding of the scale of the problem, we are recommending multiple applications of a combination of old and new chemistries, to ensure that no late germinating plants are missed and resistance can’t build up,” Bill said.

April 2013

wild radish

“On average, herbicide application can vary from $14 per hectare to upwards of $60 per hectare, with multiple sprays often necessary where large numbers exist and in highly resistant populations. (Refer to Table 1) “But while spraying is important to reduce plant numbers, a herbicide-only approach is simply no longer sustainable. “The biological complexity and long dormancy of wild radish highlights the importance of an integrated approach to management. “Harvest seed management such as chaff carts and burning wind rows are critical management tools. “They should be employed in addition to expanding the crop rotation, particularly adding in a pasture cycle, to provide the best opportunities to stop

weed-set and gradually reduce the seed bank. “It may even be necessary to introduce a fallow phase where weed populations are high or resistant.” Bill said there is no ‘one size fits all’ approach to wild radish management, but it was important to have short-term and long-term goals, and to review those goals regularly. “There can be a reluctance by farmers to change the way they do things, because they are either not able to invest or don’t want to invest in these long-term solutions,” Bill said. “But they will end up being further out of pocket when the weed becomes more aggressive and control becomes harder. He advises that farmers consider changing the way they do things, so

that they are able to invest in these long-term solutions. “Doing this will prevent them being further out of pocket when the weed becomes more aggressive and control becomes harder,” he said. “The direct cost of controlling wild radish can be very imposing on farm budgets as it becomes more problematic. “The most important part of establishing a successful management plan is for growers to be willing to learn and adapt to change. “There is over a decade of research and functional experience in effective wild radish management, and the results will enable southern farmers to establish best practice management processes early on, rather than making the same mistakes.”

But while spraying is important to reduce plant numbers, a herbicide-only approach is simply no longer sustainable.

An SV-Group B and phenoxy (MCPA and 2, 4-D) resistant plant (alive) next to a susceptible (dead) plant.

wild radish

Table 1. Average cost of herbicide application: Radish Resistance Development Stage

Description

Cost

Stage 1 – Susceptible populations

All chemistries perform as well

$14 for one spray

Stage 2 – Partially susceptible populations

No overt signs of resistance, but clear indication that control is being impacted

Stage 3 – Overtly resistant to individual MOA only

Obvious resistance to single herbicide group

Two way MOA mixture $21 - $27 per hectare

Stage 4 – High level of MOA resistance

Group B herbicides ineffective, Group I and F resistance present

Three-way MOA treatment $44 $55 per hectare

Stage 5 – High level of multiple resistance

Three-way MOA treatment with existing chemistries not effective

$59 + per hectare

$14 for one spray Ideally two sprays $21 - $27 per hectare

APRIL 2013

influences on weather

Do it yourself weather forecasting helps manage the risk While reliable seasonal forecasts are at the top of every farmer’s wish list, the reality is there will always be uncertainty when it comes to the weather. words/ Marcus La Forgia The complex interactions of the oceans and atmosphere mean that unlike other farming inputs, climate predictability will, unfortunately, never be exact. It’s for this reason that Principal Scientist of Climate Applications at SARDI, Dr Peter Hayman said at a recent Grains Research and Development Corporation update, that it’s essential for growers to practice sound risk management when dealing with forecasting. “When a farmer receives advice about weed control, they can have an extraordinarily high level of confidence that the advice is correct,” he said. “But we will never have that level of confidence in seasonal forecasting. “If we knew what would happen this coming season, you wouldn’t have to talk about managing risks, you would just know what to do.” The good news for farmers is that the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) has a growing amount of on-line information for do it yourself weather and climate forecasters keen to manage their risk. Senior Meteorologist of the South Australian Climate Section at BOM, Darren Ray, said the majority of farmers have been relying on traditional seasonal forecasts or media reports for weather information. “Most farmers are probably familiar with traditional statistically based seasonal forecasts and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as a broadscale climate influence, and that’s

probably the limit of their knowledge,” he said. “But one of the problems with current seasonal forecasts is that they are presented in three-month blocks. “They don’t tell you how rainfall or temperature are going to be distributed across that period and likewise. They don’t tell you how much above or below average rainfall and temperature will be.” Darren suggested that farmers can now look beyond traditional forecasts to build a stronger picture of what to expect in the long-term. “As a starting point, it is good to have some understanding of the various major climate influences like ENSO, but also the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM),” he said. “These broad scale features influence our weather at different times of the year, so it’s useful to understand when they have an impact and when they don’t, and then look at the forecasts for those influences. “Then it is easier to see how the seasonal outlook messages fit into the picture. The different influences can also work together to produce really wet conditions, as in spring 2010, or really dry conditions, as in spring 2006.” Darren said the BOM’s experimental ocean-atmosphere coupled model, POAMA, soon to become the new operational seasonal forecasting system, already provides eight-month forecasts for ENSO and IOD, providing this long-term view of conditions.

Key weather influences explained Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) IOD is one of the key influences on the amount of rainfall that occurs in winter and spring in southern Australia. It initiates in the northern Indian Ocean through the movement of ocean currents and releases moist air into the atmosphere, which is then spread across Australia depending on the type of event. The smaller the amount of moist air released into the atmosphere, the less rainfall there will be in winter and spring in southern Australia. By keeping an eye on IOD’s behaviour, it can provide a snapshot of the expected rainfall spreading across south west and south east Australia. A negative IOD event is good for grain growers, as it means more moist warm air is driven across Australia increasing rainfall, while a positive event is the opposite and results in lower rainfall. The influence of IOD is from July to November, peaking late August and September.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Niño Southern Oscillation is one of the more widely known influences, impacting on Australian climate in winter through to early autumn. Normally in the Pacific Ocean trade winds blow from an easterly direction, pushing warm, moist air towards Australia’s east coast, resulting in rainfall. During La Niña events, ENSO pushes greater amounts of moist air across Australia from warmer oceans nearby, generally resulting in higher rainfall. El Niño occurs when trade winds weaken and ocean waters near Australia cool, often resulting in lower rainfall. The influence of ENSO is evident from July through to March.

influences on weather

Southern Annular Mode (SAM) SAM refers to a belt of westerly winds or low pressure systems that circulate around Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Winds circulate around Antarctica, with cold fronts developing out of the stormy weather and pushing up towards southern Australia. When winds contract towards Antarctica, there is a reduction in the number and strength of cold fronts that reach Australia. However, when westerly winds move further north, there is an increase in frontal activity and potential rainfall. SAM is unreliable and can often change in a matter of weeks, and in recent times there have been fewer fronts pushing through to southern Australia, resulting in less rainfall. In recent years, SAM has tended to be more positive during autumn–winter, and may be a contributor, along with stronger sub-tropical ridge high pressure systems, to the ‘big dry’ observed in southern Australia from 1997 to 2010.

Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) MJO is a cycle or moving ‘pulse’ of cloud and rainfall that moves from west to east along the equator roughly every 30 to 60 days in summer and early autumn. While its impact is mainly on Northern Australia, it can underlie large rainfall events across Southern Australia from November to May.

The Climate Dogs video series available at the Victorian Department of Primary Industry website provides an easy to understand snapshot of each of the influences. Visit dpi.vic.gov.au

12 month snapshot – what to look out for when Autumn (April/May) At this time of year, the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is worth keeping an eye on as it can contribute to a significant rainfall event in April or early May. Potential rainfall events can be indicated about three weeks in advance. You can follow the MJO at the BOM website (bom.gov.au). The Subtropical Ridge (STR) also impacts this time of the year. When this lies further south drier conditions occur.

Winter (July/August) ENSO events can start to build at this time of year, typically lasting until the next April. If a La Niña event is predicted, it typically means higher rainfall while in place, but if an El Niño event occurs, it typically leads to warmer and drier spring and summer conditions. At this time of year, IOD events also begin, but for a shorter period, usually ending in November. A negative IOD event can result in higher rainfall in late winter and early-mid spring, while a positive event generally results in drier conditions. A negative SAM can see wetter conditions around southern coasts.

Late Spring, Summer, early Autumn (November to March) IOD events end in November, with the MJO tropical cycle becoming relevant again in December, often underlying rainfall events from this time. Any ENSO events in place also continue to influence conditions. A strongly positive SAM can bring rain as it hits the coast or Great Dividing Range in the south east.

What is POAMA? The Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia, or POAMA as it is known, is the Bureau of Meteorology’s state-of-the-art seasonal forecasting system. The basis for seasonal prediction lies in variability driven by slow-processes in the climate system, particularly the ocean. Successful seasonal forecasts are then a result of the ability to pick up on current conditions and predict the slowly changing ocean state. POAMA uses ocean and atmosphere modelling coupled with ocean, atmosphere and land observations from ships, satellites and ground stations. Using the laws of physics, it then generates a picture of how the ocean, land and atmosphere is evolving, and will evolve over coming months. POAMA generates an eight-month forecast every day and specifically, is able to provide predictions of ENSO and IOD, as well as MJO and SAM. Unlike existing statistical forecasting systems, coupled models like POAMA are not limited by historical relationships and can forecast a new set of climatic conditions. A further benefit is coupled models can produce multiple forecasts at any point in time. If similar conditions are forecast from the various runs of the model, there is more confidence in the forecast. Alternatively, if they differ significantly there is more uncertainty in the outcome.

You can view latest POAMA forecasts by visiting poama.bom.gov.au

April 2013

Snail trials

Snail control is a numbers game

A Grain Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) funded trial undertaken by SARDI entomologists on South Australia’s Yorke Peninsula last year has revealed that bait density may be a more important influence on snail control than product type and active ingredient concentration. words/ Peter Fuller

“The average kill rate achieved with the tested bait products was around 50%, which is a common despair of agronomists and farmers,” said SARDI entomologist Greg Baker in a presentation at the recent GRDC update in Adelaide. Greg said the GRDC study had been prompted by a cyclical increase in snail numbers in the last two seasons. “This has been caused by the return of the La Nina cycle of wetter, cooler summers and autumns, which has provided ideal conditions for snail survival and breeding and less time for stubble bashing and burning,” he said. “It is also likely that the mouse plague during 2010 and 2011 reduced the efficiency of snail baiting, as baits were often consumed by mice.” He said a GRDC funded snail distribution survey, which is being undertaken across Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales, will help determine if snails are continuing to spread across the grain belt. Stubble retention, minimum tillage and less burning coupled with “imperfect” baiting control meant that snails were expected to be a continuing cyclical pest in the future.

The bait trials, which took place from August to October 2012, were the first step in a series of trials aiming to determine if bait type, density or size influenced snail mortality. The study also assessed the UV stability of various baits under summer conditions and the efficiency of other products such as urea, Perlka and caffeine. “We measured lows of 18% and highs of 80% mortality using seven commercial bait products, but the average was around 47%, which was poor,” Greg said. “However, in a rate comparison trial this increased to as much as 90% when the bait rate was doubled, which indicated that bait density may have a significant influence on snail control. “There was a major difference between rates of 20-30 baits per square metre and 80 baits per square metre – the rate of mortality went from around 50% to nearly 90%.” Given the cost implications of doubling the rate, Greg said his researchers were now investigating the opportunity of reducing the bait size and toxin concentration while increasing density.

Snail trials

The study also trialled “offlabel” control measures including spraying low rates of urea on ground or plants, applying the calcium cyanamide fertiliser Perlka, and also using diluted caffeine.

Photo: SARDI Entomology.

“Unlike slugs, snails are not attracted to the bait,” he said. “They stumble across it, so the best chance of an encounter is to increase the number of baits per square metre. “The trials showed that the size of the bait or toxin concentration may be less important than the density of baits.” He said future research will investigate the timing of bait application. The various bait products trialled over summer degraded at around the same rate. “We need to understand more about the snail reproduction cycle and how products degrade before we could suggest earlier baiting in summer.” The study also trialled “off-label” control measures including spraying low rates of urea on ground or plants, applying the calcium cyanamide fertiliser Perlka, and also

using diluted caffeine. “There was no repellent or mortality effect from urea or from Perlka in the field trials,” Greg said. “However, we did achieve a nil egg hatch using Perlka in the laboratory but this would need to be tested in the field. “A 10% caffeine trial was also inconclusive. “There was no obvious repellent effect in canola windrows, although we did see some repellence in canola stubble and desiccated peas. “We would need to undertake replicated trials using these methods before we could make any recommendations.” The final results of the trials and surveys, being conducted in collaboration with Dr Michael Nash from the University of Melbourne and Svetlana Micic and Peter Mangano from the Department of Agriculture and Food in Western Australia, are expected to be available in mid 2013.

APRIL 2013

farm profile machinery Farm Profile efficiency

Pinnaroo Nickolls Partners â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Wade Nickolls

machinery Farm efficiency Profile farm profile

Business owners/managers The Nickolls farming enterprise is a joint operation owned and operated by Wade and Danielle Nickolls and Chad and Kate Nickolls. Wade and Danielle have three children, Tilly (9), Elsie (7) and Jack (3) and Chad and Kate have two boys Harley (3) and Brock (1). Wade and Chadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s father, Jeff, is still an important part of the business. Property name and location Nickolls Partners is located south of Pinnaroo in the Murray Mallee region of South Australia. It is located near the border with Victoria, about 243 kilometres east of Adelaide. Annual rainfall Pinnaroo has an approximate annual rainfall of 350mm. Total area/cropping program Approximately 4200ha is cropped consisting of mainly wheat and barley and 30-40% of break crops of vetch, lentils and hay. Number of employees Permanent full-time employee Dwaine Monaghan works on the farm and casual employees are used as required throughout the season.

The Nickolls farming enterprise - Chad, Jeff and Wade Nickolls.

April 2013

machinery Farm Profile efficiency

When was the farming district settled? Land had been sold for wheat farming from around 1895 but most of the land was abandoned because it was impossible to cart wheat almost 100 kilometres to the nearest railway at Tailem Bend. Viable farming activities began in Pinnaroo in 1906 with the introduction of rail services. Originally it was used almost exclusively for wheat, but sheep were introduced in the 1920s. Both Chad and I are fourth generation farmers, with the original property owned and operated by our great grandfather. What made you want to run a farming business? Chad and I grew up on the farm and had a passion for farming from a young age. We both studied agriculture at University, with a plan to take on the family farm once we had finished. We both enjoy the day-to-day challenges that are involved in running a farm, with everything from grain marketing through to business expansion. We now have young families and we’d like to give them the opportunity to run the farm in the future if they want to. We love the fact that farming brings so many like minded people together trying to make a living off the land and nurturing and respecting what it is capable of.

We’re heavily involved in the community through Pinnaroo Football Netball Club and enjoy tennis and basketball. We also make our own smallgoods and home brew. How do you manage your cropping program? In terms of farm management, both Chad and I studied agriculture at University so we have a good knowledge on what we need to do. We also use Agrilink Ag consultants for advice. For our cropping program, we work on 30-40% area in break crops each year. We run mainly wheat and barley (both feed and malt), with break crops of vetch, lentils, canola and hay to control ryegrass and brome grass predominately. We used to grow a lot of lupins as break crops, but have moved away from that, although we may introduce it again in the future. We probably treat our hay enterprise as a direct replacement for livestock without the erosion issues. We’re continually changing varieties to produce better yields and for better disease resistance. We have been practicing no-till for about 14 years and using variable rate technology for about 10 years. I have been involved in the South Australian No-Till Farming Association (SANTFA) for a number of years and two of these as President.

The next generation of the Nickolls farming enterprise – Harley (3) and Brock (1) Nickolls, the sons of Chad and Kate.

We now have young families and we’d like to give them the opportunity to run the farm in the future if they want to.

machinery Farm efficiency Profile

We use variable rate when sowing and spreading our crop, varying both the seed rates and fertilizer rates, placing the products where they will most benefit the profits of the business. The machinery we use is a John Deere RTK signal autosteer on all machines, and Topcon controllers in the seeder and sprayer. We use yield maps, em38 maps, satellite imagery and paddock knowledge with VRT. We would like to go to some type of weed destructor at harvest down the track depending on price and logistics. In terms of weed management, we’re very careful with the types of herbicides we use and how much of it we use. We absolutely stick to our break crop routine and don’t miss an opportunity to get the number of weeds down. We’ll sometimes even run two break crops in a row. Occasionally we will remove an entire area of our crop if it’s badly affected by weeds - anything to stop them from going to seed. Crop topping cereals is also an important late in season weed control. Summer weed control is very important to us and is really the start of the season’s work. In the last few months, we’ve tried some clay spreading and delving on poorer quality sands to make them wet better and lessen the problems of frost. We don’t want to be organic famers, but we want to try and

reduce the number of chemicals we use. What does the future look like? The key priorities for us are to keep the weed and pest numbers to a minimum, expand as required and embrace technology to assist us on the farm. We want to farm for 30 more years and would like to give our children the opportunity to take on the farm after that, so we’re committed to meeting the challenges. How do you see the farming business changing in your district? Some of the changes I’d expect to see are an increase in the holdings of individual farms, more sheep run on less favourable cropping land and precision agriculture being embraced. I’d also expect to see more hay introduced, because the harsh conditions lend themselves to good quality hay. I also see a continuing focus on weed management. We believe genetically modified crops will be important not only to farmers trying to survive, but to the ever expanding world population that must be fed. At the moment, the varieties and attributes that are needed for the lower rainfall areas are probably not available, but the option to embrace technology when required would be reassuring.

Wade and Danielle Nickolls with children Tilly (9), Elsie (7) and Jack (3).

April 2013

grain marketing

US drought shapes world grain supply If you reflect on the past 10 years the most volatile period for global grain markets is generally February to May, when the northern hemisphere crops are developing through spring and the southern hemisphere crops are being planted. words/ James Maw, Trading Manager, Glencore Grain.

According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) world wheat ending stocks are currently 26.5%. This is a comfortable level; however global production in the coming year will heavily influence world stocks. Any loss in production will draw world stocks towards a critical level.

grain marketing

WORLD WHEAT PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION

2012/13f

2011/12e

2010/11

2009/10

2008/9

2007/8 2006/7

2005/6

2004/5

2003/4

2002/3 Production figures

2001/2

Consumption figures

700

680

660

640

620

600

580

560

540

520

500

2000/1

Million tonnes

This year, there are a few factors for Australian growers to monitor that will potentially impact world supply and therefore influence seeding and grain marketing decisions for their 2013/14 cropping program. All eyes will be on the weather in the United States of America (US) over the coming months. As the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest producer and exporter of corn and one of the largest producers and exporters of wheat and soybean, the US is a major contributor to the world corn, wheat and soybean stocks. Drought conditions in the US Plains may cause a potential production risk, with the northern and southern US Plains being major wheat production regions, and the Mid West being a major corn and soybean production region. The current drought conditions are being compared to 2003 and the region will require significant rainfall to achieve average production. While all grain markets are interlinked it is important to look at

the supply and demand factors for each commodity.

WHEAT World consumption of wheat is trending upwards especially in South East Asia and Far East Asia and this trend looks set to continue with population growth and changing diets. The key markets for Australian wheat include South East Asia and the Middle East, and import demand in these regions has increased approximately 20 per cent in the past five years. According to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) world agricultural supply and demand estimates, wheat production has been highly varied in recent years, as low as 553 million (metric) tonnes (mmt) in 2003/04 to a high of 697mmt in 2011/12. In the last three years global production has been lower than consumption and hence global stocks have been reduced from approximately 198mmt in 2010/11 to 178mmt in 2012/13. In the current

crop year, major exporters Australia, Argentina and the Former Soviet Union (FSU) all had lower production due to weather conditions and therefore their exports were down. FSU (includes major FSU countries Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine) production and export volatility is a major wildcard for the world wheat market. In the past five years their production has been as low as 77mmt and as high as 115mmt. Likewise their export volume has fluctuated between 14mmt and 40mmt. Analysts currently predict FSU production in 2013/14 will return to an average figure between 95 and 100mmt. The size of their export task for the coming year will determine if they compete in Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s key markets of the Middle East and South East Asia. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) world wheat ending stocks are currently 26.5%. This is a comfortable level; however global production in the coming year will heavily influence world stocks.

APRIL 2013

Grain Marketing

Any loss in production will draw world stocks towards a critical level. India has emerged as a large exporter of wheat. Three years ago India exported minimal wheat and this year, the USDA predicts they will export 6.5mmt. India faces storage and logistics challenges and will trade at a discount due to quality concerns but the big question is can they continue to be a consistent exporter? USDA estimates their current carry-in stocks at 24mmt and this year’s crop, due to be harvest in April/May, is estimated at 95mmt, an increase of 8mmt on the previous year and a 19mmt increase since the 2007/08 harvest.

CORN Corn consumption is increasing as demand from the biofuels and feed markets increases. Corn production in 2012 was significantly lower with the US corn crop well down on expectation. In May 2012, the USDA was estimating a US corn crop of 375mmt. In August 2012 the USDA revised the estimate down by 100mmt to 274mmt.

The current total US production estimate at 274mmt is the lowest since 2006/07. Current corn stocks to usage are tight at 13.6% and the global market needs a good corn crop this year to ensure stock levels increase. With the US responsible for producing approximately one third of the world’s corn and supplying approximately half of the world’s corn exports all eyes will be on the US harvest.

BARLEY Barley production in the major exporting regions of the EU, FSU, Canada, and Australia, has been declining as it struggles to compete for cropping hectares over corn, canola and soybeans. This decline has been partly offset by an increase in production in Argentina, where barley production has increased from 1.6mmt in 2007/08 to 5.50mmt in 2012/13 according to USDA estimates, due to the government taxes on wheat and soybeans. Exports have fallen due to the decline in production and consumption is relatively flat with static beer and feed markets. As a commodity predominately focused on the feed market,

With the world’s population increasing by 80 million people per annum and changing Asian diets increasing demand for protein, global grain consumption is increasing by approximately 25 million tonnes a year. Production needs to increase at the same rate to ensure global stocks are maintained.

Grain Marketing

With the US responsible for producing approximately one third of the world’s corn and supplying approximately half of the world’s corn exports all eyes will be on the US harvest. WORLD CORN PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 2012/13

2011/12

2010/11

2009/10

2008/9

Production figures Consumption figures

900

880

860

840

820

800

780

760

740

720

700

2007/8

M tonnes

demand for barley will be impacted by the availability of other feed grain and their price comparison.

SOYBEAN The production and consumption of soybean influences the global canola market. South America and the US are the significant producers, with the 2012/13 crops estimated by the USDA at 137mmt and 82mmt respectively. Demand is led by China with their consumption increasing from 50mmt in 2007/08 to an estimated 77mmt in 2012/13, according to the USDA. Current soybean stocks are comfortable at 25% if the South American crop, being harvested in March, April and May, continues on its current course. The US will begin sowing its crop in April and there will be competition for hectares between soybean and corn.

CANOLA Consumption of canola is increasing as the European Union (EU) increases its demand for biofuels and global fast food chains move towards canola oil

as a healthier alternative to soybean and palm oils. Production while increasing, has not kept pace with consumption and world canola stocks are tight, currently at 4.4% according to the USDA. Canada, the EU, the FSU and Australia are the key production regions with the EU a net importer of canola. The EU and Middle East are currently the key customers for Australian canola with significant potential growth in Asian markets. Certain regions in Australia now have the opportunity to supply the growing Chinese canola market with the recent relaxation of their import regulations.

2012/13 AUSTRALIAN CROP In 2012/13, as estimated by ABARES, Australia’s total winter crop production was approximately 36mmt, with wheat production estimated to be around 22mmt, barley production 7mmt and canola production approximately 3mmt. With a predicted 21mmt of wheat to be exported in 2012/13, taking into account domestic consumption, Australian wheat stocks will be drawn down. From November 2012 to January

2013 year, ABS data shows 4mmt has been exported from Australia, with the remaining 17mmt to be exported before September. From May, Australian wheat exports will be competing with the new crop in the northern hemisphere. With the world’s population increasing by up to 80 million people per annum and changing Asian diets increasing demand for protein, global grain consumption is increasing by approximately 25mmt a year. Production needs to increase at the same rate to ensure global stocks are maintained. Wheat stocks are currently at comfortable levels; however barley, corn, soybean and canola stocks are tight and will need average to above average global production in 2013/14 to ensure supply meets global demand. As always, weather is the unpredictable factor and both the US and Australia will be watching the skies over the coming months. RESOURCES: USDA World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, usda. gov/oce/commodity/wasde/index.htm. US Drought Monitor, droughtmonitor.unl.edu/

APRIL 2013

Segregations Mid North:

• Sheoak Log

Sheoak Log

Adelaide:

• Port Adelaide Packing and Processing Plant

Victoria:

Port Adelaide

• Warracknabeal • Swan Hill

Packing & Processing Plant

Xceed™ Oasis CL Growing Areas N W

E S

100

SCALE KILOMETRES

150

Swan Hill

Crop Report 2013

Which varieties performed best? Detailed yield results from SARDI & NVT trials

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Contents

Glencore Grain is pleased to present you with the 2013 Crop Performance Report, which has been compiled by the South Australian Research and Development Institute. With Glencore Grainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s support, this publication provides you with data from National Variety Trials and SARDI trials to assist in your planting decisions.

Wheat

.............................................................

2012 NVT yield results were similar to 2011 with Corack and Mace, among top ranked varieties in many regions.

Barley

.............................................................

Faba Beans

.....................................

Farah and Fiesta VF were equal leading varieties in a low disease incidence season producing excellent yields.

Field Peas

..........................................

New feed barley, Fathom, surpasses Oxford in NVT 2012 yield stakes while Scope is now an accredited malting variety.

The new semi-leafless white pea, PBA Pearl, was highest yielding again in 2012 but growers must consider marketability

Canola

Lentils

...........................................................

Growers should rotate varieties to avoid the ongoing threat of Blackleg disease resistance breakdown.

Cereal Disease

.................

.............................................................

PBA Ace, a new release, has wide potential in SA with a long term 7 per cent yield advantage over all other varieties.

Lupin & Bean

........................

Timely fungicide sprays and widespread use of in-furrow treatments in some regions kept rust under control in 2012.

PBA Gunyidi leads Mandelup in long term yields across West Coast and Central district trials but not in Eastern border districts.

Chickpeas

Oats

.........................................

Varieties generally yielded similarly in 2012 but PBA Striker remains the highest yielding in long term results

........................................................................

The new leaf rust and nematode resistant potential milling oat, Dunnart, was a consistent performer in 2012 trials.

Triticale

....................................................

AGT Fusion, with midseason maturity and good CCN and rust resistance topped yields at most NVT sites in 2012.

Important notice: Although staff of the South Australian Research and Development Institute have taken all reasonable care in preparing information contained in this Crop Performance Report, neither SARDI nor their officers, staff or suppliers involved in the editing and production of this magazine accept any liability resulting from the interpretation or use of the information set out in this document. Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

New wheat varieties dominate 2012 trials By Rob Wheeler, Leader, New Variety Agronomy, SARDI

These varieties were among 37 commercial varieties tested at 26 SARDI managed, National Wheat Variety Trial (NVT) sites across South Australia in 2012. The trials, funded by Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), also tested a further 32 advanced lines from wheat breeding companies operating throughout Australia.

Rob Wheeler

Most districts in South Australia averaged less than decile 3 rainfall in 2012, with very dry but cool weather occurring during spring. These conditions followed from high subsoil moisture leading into seeding and generally average rainfall over winter. Overall the conditions combined to prevent high foliar disease levels but several trials were sprayed to control stripe rust. This management strategy was introduced in 2011, and all sites were additionally treated with fertiliser amended fungicides in 2012. While this management generally prevented serious damage from foliar disease, the seasonal conditions did favour crown rot which was noted at Minnipa and other Eyre Peninsula sites. In spite of the difficult seasonal conditions, the 26 trials, all produced surprisingly good results, with grain yields across all sites averaging 2.77 t/ha, 23 per cent below the 3.58 t/ha produced in 2011. Individual trial site yields ranged from 0.6 t/ha at Nunjikompita on Western Eyre Peninsula to more than 6.0 t/ha at Conmurra, a newly introduced site in the South East. The mild weather during flowering and grain fill contributed to grain quality, which was generally better in 2012 wheat NVTs than in 2011. Across all sites, grain protein varied from 8.5 to 15.5 per cent and averaged 11.5 per cent, compared with 11.4 per cent in 2011. Test weights averaged 82.6 kg/hl and were greatly improved on the average of 80.8 kg/hl in 2011, while screenings increased slightly from 1.4 per cent in 2011 to 2.4 per cent in 2012.

The dry and mild spring weather produced little occurrence of black point in NVT grain samples and no sprouted or white grain was observed. A later than usual opening in some districts resulted in the 26 trials being sown during the period 4 May to 15 June, with the majority sown in the last week of May and first week of June. Early to midseason flowering varieties were generally those most favoured by the seasonal conditions, as commonly occurs when dry spring weather prevails. Among the varieties tested, Yitpi and KordCLPlus experienced unexpected seed quality and purity issues and were withdrawn from trials. When averaged across sites, the new variety Corack led all commercial varieties for yield, marginally ahead of Mace and less than 2 per cent ahead of Emu Rock. Behind these, a large group of varieties comprising Espada, Scout, Estoc, Wyalkatchem, Cobra, AGT Katana, Derrimut and GrenadeCLPlus ranged from 5 to 10 per cent below Corack. The popular varieties, Gladius and Axe, averaged 10 to 12 per cent below Corack respectively and were expected to perform better under the dry conditions for which they were developed. However the leading variety, Corack jostled with Mace and Emu Rock for top rank across regions, being led by Mace in the Mid North and Yorke Peninsula and by Emu Rock in Lower Eyre Peninsula trials. Recently released by Australian Grain Technologies (AGT), Corack, with Australian Premium White (APW) classification, is derived from the once popular and widely adapted variety, Wyalkatchem. Corack has early maturity, Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN) resistance and good yellow leaf spot resistance. However, Corack has moderate rust resistance, being moderately susceptible to stripe rust and leaf rust and is very susceptible to powdery mildew. Corack appears to have good grain receival quality albeit slightly more susceptibility to black point than Wyalkatchem. The second ranked variety across all trials, Mace excelled in Mid North trials and overall performed consistently well in all regions except the South East where stripe rust at Conmurra may have reduced its potential. Like Corack, Mace is

WHEAT

In almost a copy of the results from 2011 wheat variety trials, the new varieties Corack and Mace were again among the top ranked varieties when averaged across trials in South Australia during 2012.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

derived from Wyalkatchem, and is rapidly gaining popularity among growers throughout South Australia due to its wide adapation, good grain quality and good disease resistance profile. Mace is eligible for Australian Hord (AH) classification and has good resistance to most foliar and root diseases including yellow leaf spot, CCN, stem and leaf rust, and powdery mildew. Mace has shown good test weight, low screenings and good tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting, better than Wyalkatchem. Additionally, Mace would be suitable for wheat on wheat rotations although nitrogen management will be important, since Mace has often shown low protein relative to older lower yielding varieties. This has been confirmed as a direct result of its high yields; implying higher nitrogen fertilization may be worthwhile in growing Mace. While stripe rust had no serious impact within 2012 trials, growers are reminded that Mace is susceptible to very susceptible to stripe rust. Mace has a potential for large yield loss in stripe rust prone areas unless growers regularly monitor crops and are prepared to use fungicides in a preventative strategy commencing early in crop growth. Performing well across Eyre Peninsula in 2012 and third ranked across all trials, Emu Rock is a recently released variety from the WA based Intergrain breeding program. Initially developed for WA growers and derived from Kukri, Emu Rock is another early maturing variety with AH eligibility. Having now been evaluated across several seasons in SA, in longer term results, Emu Rock has generally averaged 4 to 5 per cent below Corack and Mace within SA NVTs. Emu Rock has shown plump grain with good test weight but has moderate disease resistance. Emu Rock is susceptible to CCN, is rated Moderately Susceptible to Susceptible (MS/S) to powdery mildew and leaf rust, Moderately Susceptible (MS) to yellow leaf spot and Moderately Resistant to Moderately Susceptible (MR/MS) to stem and stripe rust (WA-Yr17).

WHEAT

Somewhat surprising in fourth rank across trials, was Espada, the APW quality sister-line to Gladius. Espada performed well across Upper Eyre, Mid North and South East trials and was 7 per cent above Gladius, a result not seen before in NVT trialling. Seed quality may be implicated in the Gladius result

but not withstanding, Espada has performed well in other wet and longer seasons. Espada has good levels of rust resistance, is moderately susceptible to CCN and has moderate susceptibility to many other foliar and root diseases and black point. Like Gladius, it is susceptible to very susceptible to preharvest sprouting. Consequently growers in districts at risk of pre-harvest rains are advised to avoid delaying harvest of Espada and Gladius. For the first time in several seasons of NVTs, Scout was not among the top three ranked varieties but did perform well in the South East and moderately well in most areas. Scout remains a top ranked variety in long term results but is clearly better adapted to higher rainfall and more favourable grain filling conditions. Scout has been recently upgraded and is now eligible for AH classification and has a good spectrum of foliar and root disease resistances. Scout is derived largely from Yitpi and has a similar level of susceptibility to yellow leaf spot but is more susceptible to black point. Scout has CCN resistance and good stem rust and leaf rust resistance while rated moderately susceptible to stripe rust. Scout has good grain receival quality with high test weight, low screenings and good sprouting tolerance and is gaining in popularity among growers. It shows a similar tendency to low protein as Mace, once again found to be associated with its higher grain yields. Estoc, another Yitpi derived variety ranked fifth, just trailing Scout. Released by AGT during spring 2010, this APW variety is much later maturing than the 2012 leading varieties, flowering only one or two days earlier than Yitpi. With generally moderate yields, Estoc is eligible for APW classification and has produced good physical grain quality, with excellent test weights combined with good sprouting tolerance, like Yitpi. It has good resistance to all rusts and CCN and is slightly less susceptible to yellow leaf spot than Yitpi. These characteristics provide SA growers with a widely adapted longer season variety option relative to the many early to mid season varieties released in recent years. Just trailing Espada, Scout and Estoc overall were a diverse group of very recently released varieties of some interest to SA growers.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

In only its second season of NVT in SA, the recently released ‘imidazolinone tolerant’ variety GrenadeCLPlus performed well across all districts, leading all “imi” tolerant alternatives. A sister-line to JusticaCLPlus, GrenadeCLPlus has the advantage of AH quality and improved CCN resistance and test weight and has similarly useful rust resistance. It is also earlier flowering than JusticaCLPlus which was an advantage under 2012 conditions but nevertheless this new variety offers a good replacement for JusticaCLPlus and possibly KordCLPlus, except in the most marginal rainfall districts. With overall yields in 2012 NVT just below GrenadeCLPlus the new variety, Longreach Phantom was also released to SA growers in 2012. This variety, derived from Yitpi has similar mid to late maturity and while not expected to yield well under the dry 2012 conditions, did produce some good yields in Mid North, Yorke Peninsula and South East trials. Phantom has CCN resistance coupled with good resistance to all rusts but has similar susceptibility to yellow leaf spot and “midseason yellowing” as Yitpi. Phantom has an AH classification and sprouting tolerance, although test weights have been moderate. Together with Grenade and Phantom, Shield was also released to SA growers in 2012 amid wide interest. This AH quality variety released by AGT features

very high levels of resistance to CCN resistance, all rusts and powdery mildew but is susceptible to yellow leaf spot. Shield performed well across Murray Mallee NVT sites, equalling Corack, but produced more moderate yields in other districts. Shield has only been widely evaluated in NVT in the 2011 and 2012 seasons but appears to offer an early to mid-season maturing option with good disease resistance, particularly for mallee districts.

DURUM WHEAT PERFORMANCE The weather conditions in 2012 were not ideal for durum wheat which is generally sensitive to rainfall and temperature stress, but despite this, durum NVTs produced acceptable yields and quality among the six Mid North and Yorke Peninsula sites. The dry conditions during flowering and grain fill coupled with some frost at the Spalding site had some impact on varietal performance, but the two recently released varieties from the Waite Durum Program continued to display high yield. Yawa released in 2011 and WID802 released in 2012, averaged 13 and 9 per cent above Tamaroi respectively, aligning closely with their longer term performance. Hyperno, Saintly, Tilkuri and Caparoi trailed by around 7 to 8 per cent but were still more than 5 per cent above the formerly widely grown variety, Tamaroi. These yield results general aligned well with long term results and show Hyperno and Tjilkuri to be equally highest yielding in the Mid North and Yorke Peninsula with no major differences in receival quality noted between them. Caparoi, continues to more closely align to Kalka and Tamaroi in yield, and more often exhibits the best grain recieval quality among all varieties tested. In contrast, the new high yielding varieties, Yawa and WID802 exhibit higher screenings and smaller grain size, particularly when grown in stressful conditions and need to be managed to minimise crop stress.

WHEAT

Longreach Cobra produced moderate yield results, showing a similar adaptation to Scout. Cobra has had limited evaluation in SA (2012 is the first year of state wide evaluation) and was initially released in WA. Cobra is derived from Westonia and has an AH classification and early season maturity coupled with good resistance to CCN, stem and leaf rust, and moderate yellow leaf spot susceptibility. Cobra is moderately susceptible to susceptible to both stripe rust and black point and limited results show moderate test weights and sprouting tolerance similar to Yitpi.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

SA wheat variety yield performance (2012 and long term, 2008-2012, expressed as a t/ha Mid North South East

85 115 101 100 107 104 98 100 101 79

88 110 94 108 98 105 99 106 108 93

1.62 7

3.98 6

2.23 12

2.95 9

Durums

t/ha

Caparoi Hyperno Saintly

93 108 101

103 99 103

94 99 106

3.23 3.46 3.42

16 16 16 14 4 12 16 8 16 12 16 16 16 8 12 8 16 14 16 16 12 16 8 12 16 12 12

as %site av. 99 106 105

3.19

104

3.36

103

103 110 3.1 8 1 June

103 99 2.44 7 29 May

97 108 2.77 9 15 June

3.49 3.68

107 113 3.26

15 15

Soil Type J-M / A-O rain mm pHwater previous crop Site stresses

105 97 97 92 105 112 97 95 99 105 104 103 101 96 94

98 99 97 97 99 111 100 100 108 98 107 101 99 93 93

98 84 99 94 99 107

95 115 94 98 101 111

96 113 95 98 98 104

95 109 104 106 105 103

123 88 90

100 100 107

99 103 100

99 104 97

6.04 11

3.26 10

4.1 4

4.41 6

23 23 23

Tjilkuri

28 May

95 89 94 95 107 109 95 102 96 105 110 97 103 103 100

# trials

Tamaroi WID0802 Yawa Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date sown

102 106 90 103 100 109 100 106 96 117 110 114 101 94 104

8 June

28 May

6 June

12 June

L/limestone

SCL/CL

SC/MC

CL/LC

LC/LMC

CL/limestone

143/139

69/301

112/218

74/288

50/514

42/306

48/305

49/340

8.6 vetch

7.3 canola

5.9 canola pe,fr

6.8 pasture de,lb

8 beans yr

7.3 canola

6.3 canola

8.4 canola

WHEAT

Abbreviations Soil type:

S - sand L - loam C - clay Li - light M - medium H=heavy F - fine Rain recorded in mm/ - separates top soil from sub soil

Site stress factors: de - preanthesis moisture stress dl - dry post anthesis bo - boron toxicity pe - poor establishment lr - leaf rust r - rhizoctonia yr - stripe rust 38 f - frost lb - late break

t/ha

88 114 99 102 104 103 101 99 104 97

104 101 100 98 104 112 102 101 103 107 104 103 102 101 100 100 100 110 103 102 104 110 103 104 107 100 102 3.71

Wolseley

84 110 95 104 103 102 107 95 95 90

3.87 3.73 3.69 3.64 3.86 4.17 3.77 3.73 3.83 3.98 3.87 3.82 3.79 3.74 3.72 3.69 3.72 4.08 3.81 3.78 3.86 4.09 3.82 3.86 3.98 3.70 3.80

Sherwood

97 98 98 87 101 109 88 104 101 107 103 97 87 102 96

Long across

Keith

85 106 108 90 93 107 112 99 98 93 104 107 98 98 103

2012 (% site average) Conmurra

Turretfield

99 100 97 91 110 108 98 100 95 108 104 101 95 97 92

# trials

Spalding

98 98 98 97 101 101 100 101 100 102 102 102 100 110 98

as %site av.

Mintaro

AGT Katana Axe Catalina Clearfield Jnz Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Justica CL Plus Kord CLPLUS Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem Young Yitpi Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%)

Booleroo

Variety

t/ha

Long term average across sites (08-12)

2012 (% site average)

4.26 4.13 4.01 3.95 4.41 4.48 4.12 4.17 4.13 4.30 4.30 4.16 4.14 3.97 4.05 3.97 4.07 4.41 4.19 4.10 4.31 4.49 3.91 4.32 4.31 4.05 4.24

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

and % of site average yield) Mid and Lower Eyre Peninsula

3.09 6

104 97 94 89 108 114 97 94 99 105 103 102 93 96 90

95 112 100 0 100 102 106 99 109 95

91 115 95 0 100 111 105 98 110 98

84 116 91 0 99 99 102 99 107 94

3.68 5

3.83 4

3.53 8

4.24 4.06 4.03 3.99 4.29 4.53 4.16 3.98 4.14 4.32 4.31 4.22 4.16 4.10 4.10 4.02 4.12 4.50 4.27 4.06 4.26 4.45 4.22 4.23 4.36 4.12 4.17

t/ha 98 102 101

96 95 101

103 92 91

3.07 3.19 3.19

as %site av. 100 104 104

15 15 15 12 3 9 15 6 15 9 15 15 15 6 9 6 15 12 15 12 9 15 6 9 15 12 12

# trials 21 21 21

3.04

102

100

3.19

104

101 109 3.33 6 25 May

106 100 3.24 10 27 May

3.28 3.47

107 113 3.07

15 15

14 May

28 May

31 May

107 111 3.04 6 6 June

CL/SCL

SCL/CL

LS/SCL

28/256

39/203

30/250

63/218

55/341

72/167

7.5 canola dl,es

6.0 pasture dl

5.5 canola de.dl

7.8 lentil

8.5 lentil

8.3 lentils pe

SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2008-2012) GRDC funded National Statistics Group

WHEAT

Data source: Data analysis by:

104 100 99 98 105 111 102 98 102 106 106 103 102 101 101 99 101 111 105 100 105 109 104 104 107 101 102 4.07

# trials

2.47 5

103 97 96 92 104 109 97 101 99 110 104 104 101 103 104

as %site av.

4.71 8

99 100 91 89 104 114 101 98 98 110 101 101 99 99 94

Long term average across sites (08-12) t/ha

85 107 101 100 101 101 98 97 99 98

14 14 14 11 6 8 14 4 14 8 14 14 14 6 8 5 14 11 14 14 8 11 6 7 14 11 11

Wokurna

89 117 102 93 84 92 99 103 102 103

105 101 100 97 107 110 103 101 102 106 105 103 103 100 101 100 100 109 103 102 103 109 103 103 105 101 104 4.01

Urania

101 106 98 101 105 103 101 96 104 93

4.20 4.07 4.02 3.89 4.27 4.42 4.15 4.06 4.11 4.27 4.22 4.14 4.12 4.03 4.04 4.01 4.02 4.36 4.14 4.09 4.15 4.38 4.12 4.11 4.23 4.07 4.16

2012 (% site average) Paskeville

105 105 92 87 97 99 96 103 96 114 103 96 94 100 98

# trials

106 102 92 89 90 112 94 102 91 119 103 101 101 103 96

as %site av.

97 91 95 97 110 102 100 104 99 107 97 100 92 99 94

Long term average across sites (08-12) t/ha

Ungarra

15 15 15 12 4 9 15 4 15 9 15 15 15 7 9 5 15 12 15 15 9 12 3 9 15 11 12

Rudall

# trials

105 102 99 97 109 110 101 103 102 106 106 102 102 98 100 98 100 109 103 101 106 111 96 106 106 100 104 4.06

2012 (% site average Cummins

as %site av.

term average sites (08-12)

Yorke Peninsula

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

SA wheat variety yield performance (2012 and long term, 2008-2012, expressed as a t/ha Upper, eastern and western Eyre Peninsula

Mitchelville

Nunjikompita

Penong

Piednippie

Warramboo

Minnipa

Variety

Kimba

2012 (% site average)

95 103 92 80 96 106 93 108 97 108 104 99 100 108 93

112 102 86 94 99 119 98 115 108 117 111 104 101 110 92

113 96 94 94 102 127 99 93 114 120 101 104 93 100 100

91 93 91 85 96 101 98 94 94 109 114 93 102 114 101

97 111 99 81 74 111 97 108 100 128 108 90 100 108 95

98 99 92 94 96 105 104 92 96 102 111 102 94 108 97

96 108 98 94 100 114 96 98 91 105 100 102 101 92 90

93 111 91 101 97 100 99

70 110 95 109 90 103 98

77 114 106 113 87 89 105

91 106 96 102 98 91 111

75 118 83 104 95 99 118

92 113 103 96 106 98 104

96 114 95 102 88 98 96

92 99

94 90

100 103

94 93

92 96

106 89

95 100

1.32 5 29 May LS 99/163 8.1 canola de,dl

1.71 8 27 May L 63/185 8.6 barley b,cr,dl

2.29 10 4 May LS 58/192 7.2 pasture de,dl,ta

0.61 8 7 June LSCL 18/136 8.8 pasture dl,lb

0.72 8 6 June SCL 22/137 8.8 pasture dl,lb

1.24 9 7 June LSCL 5/181 8.5 pasture dl,lb

1.74 7 29 May SL 70/234 8.1 pasture de,dl

Abbreviations

WHEAT

Soil type:

S - sand L - loam C - clay Li - light M - medium H - heavy F - fine / - separates top soil from sub soil

Site stress factors: de - preanthesis moisture stress dl - dry post antresis b - beron toxicity lb - late break cr - crown rot ta - take all

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

and % of site average yield)

Murray Mallee

100 93 99 94 89 109 100 99 109 105 94 96 97 93 91

104 90 95 88 89 109 95 104 97 115 122 95 95 94 99

99 95 98 90 85 109 94 100 104 109 104 97 97 104 94

91 105 97 102 90 95 114 89 101 88

99 105 97 97 96 90 108 100 98 88

92 117 95 103 101 102 107 98 105 100

93 107 104 0 85 107 112 0 95 81

81 109 100 95 95 104 121 98 99 85

93 111 107 101 91 91 104 85 99 94

3.27 10 1 June SL/CL 78/240 6.3 pasture

1.74 9 31 May LS/LS 106/111 8.7 pasture dl

3.6 6 26 May SL/SCL 90/268 6.6 peas

2.08 7 31 May SL/LC 131/214 8.3 wheat yls

1.12 17 30 May LS/SL 102/91 7.2 pasture de,dl

1.28 13 31 May SL/LC 60/100 8.4 pasture dl

2.27 2.19 2.13 2.00 2.25 2.47 2.23 2.15 2.15 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.22 2.14 2.15 2.18 2.14 2.39 2.23 2.16 2.21 2.32 2.26 2.14 2.27 2.17 2.22

# trials

Wunkar

102 100 96 90 101 111 93 97 100 113 96 102 94 97 95

as % site av.

Wanbi

95 96 91 88 104 103 102 87 96 106 107 93 95 108 96

t/ha

Pinnaroo

95 101 98 92 99 117 96 97 103 106 106 103 91 100 99

107 103 100 94 106 117 105 101 101 110 109 105 105 101 102 103 101 113 105 102 104 109 107 101 107 102 105 2.12

27 27 27 21 6 16 27 6 27 16 27 27 27 12 16 10 27 21 27 26 16 21 12 11 27 21 21

SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2008-2012) GRDC funded National Statistics Group

WHEAT

Data source: Data analysis by:

Palmer

29 29 29 24 13 18 29 7 29 18 29 29 29 13 18 11 29 24 29 29 18 24 13 6 29 22 23

Nangari

107 103 100 94 110 116 105 102 102 110 108 105 104 101 101 103 100 115 105 103 103 110 105 105 109 101 106 2.07

Geranium

# trials

2.23 2.13 2.08 1.95 2.27 2.40 2.17 2.11 2.11 2.29 2.24 2.17 2.16 2.08 2.09 2.13 2.07 2.39 2.18 2.13 2.14 2.27 2.17 2.18 2.25 2.10 2.19

Long term average across sites (08-12)

2012 (% site average)

as % site av.

t/ha

Long term average across sites (08-12)

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

2012 Wheat variety performance for grain protein (% at 11% moisture) across NVT sites Yorke Peninsula

11.7 12.0 11.5 11.1 10.4 12.4 11.7 11.8 11.7 11.4 11.5 12.5 11.9 11.8 11.9 10.1 12.3 10.5 11.7 11.5 11.5 11.3 11.3

11.7 11.7 11.2 11.7 10.6 11.3 11.3 11.6 11.4 12.1 12.3 12.0 11.3 11.9 11.7 10.3 11.9 11.3 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.9 11.1

11.8 12.5 11.5 11.6 11.7 12.5 12.0 11.1 12.5 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.1 11.9 10.8 11.5 12.1 10.9 12.0 11.1

9.9 10.5 10.2 9.1 9.3 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.0 8.5 9.5 10.1 9.9 10.5 9.0 11.0 9.1 9.6 9.1

12.0 11.7 11.9 11.7 11.5 11.7 11.9 11.6 12.2 12.5 11.8 12.4 12.0 11.8 11.7 11.4 12.4 11.7 11.7 11.6

10.0 10.1 9.9 9.7 9.2 9.1 10.2 9.7 10.8 9.9 9.6 10.1 10.6 10.8 9.3 9.9 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.3

10.9 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.4 10.8 11.0 10.6 11.4 11.2 10.6 11.0 11.2 11.1 10.6 10.4 11.1 10.2 10.7 10.3

12.1 12.5

10.0 9.8

12.2 12.1

10.1 9.7

11.1 11.0

Wokurna

12.3 12.1 11.7 13.4 11.4 10.9 11.1 12.0 11.9 12.0 13.1 12.5 11.2 12.4 12.4 10.8 12.4 12.9 12.1 12.4 12.1 12.6 11.4

Urania

Mean

10.5 11.2 10.3 10.6 10.0 10.3 11.1 10.8 10.2 12.4 12.1 11.0 11.2 11.6 10.8 9.6 10.1 10.6 10.3 10.4 10.6 11.5 10.2

Paskeville

Turretfield

12.2 11.7 11.4 11.8 10.7 11.7 11.1 11.9 11.7 12.5 12.4 11.9 10.9 12.0 11.8 10.7 12.6 11.4 12.4 11.7 11.4 12.4 11.3

Mean

Spalding

11.4 11.5 10.9 11.9 10.8 11.5 11.3 11.1 11.0 11.8 11.9 11.7 11.3 12.0 11.5 10.5 11.5 10.7 11.2 11.1 11.5 11.5 11.1

Wolseley

Mintaro

13.6 13.3 12.6 13.4 12.3 13.7 13.0 12.6 12.8 13.9 14.3 13.6 13.2 14.2 13.5 12.2 13.2 12.2 13.3 13.2 13.1 13.4 12.8

Sherwood

Booleroo

12.1 11.9 11.6 13.8 11.7 12.5 11.9 12.4 11.4 12.8 12.5 13.0 12.0 12.9 12.6 11.5 12.5 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.2 12.7 11.8

Keith

Mean

8.6 9.3 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.9 8.4 8.7 8.5 8.8 8.6 8.5 9.0 8.4 8.0 8.7 8.0 8.2 7.6 9.3 8.5 8.6

Conmurra

Ungarra

South East

Rudall

AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Justica CL Plus Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem

Mid North

Cummins

Lower Eyre Peninsula

12.4 11.3 10.8 11.4 10.4 10.9 11.4 11.6 10.2 11.7 12.2 12.1 11.1 11.8 10.8 10.5 11.0

12.0 12.0 11.5 11.7 11.7 12.4 11.7 11.2 11.5 12.3 12.5 12.3 11.7 12.5 11.8 10.6 12.4

11.0 12.1 10.8 10.8 11.1 11.0 11.9 10.9 10.9 12.0 11.2 11.7 11.0 11.4 10.5 10.6 12.0

10.7 11.1 10.7 11.8 11.1

11.7 10.8 11.6 12.2 11.7

10.9 10.7 11.0 11.7 10.7

2012 Wheat variety performance for test weight (kg/hl) -across NVT sites

WHEAT

AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Justica CL Plus Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem

85.8 84.0 86.5 83.6 84.4 83.1 84.9 84.7 84.6 81.8 86.5 83.7 83.6 82.4 84.3 83.1 84.2 84.5 85.0 85.7 82.4 84.6 84.3

83.4 83.3 84.0 81.7 81.9 78.2 82.0 81.9 81.9 80.0 83.7 81.5 81.7 79.4 80.0 83.2 80.6 81.5 81.0 81.7 80.0 83.6 82.7

83.2 83.1 84.5 78.4 81.9 79.1 82.2 82.9 82.4 80.1 83.0 81.3 81.4 79.2 80.0 83.2 80.3 82.8 80.9 82.6 80.8 81.6 82.0

84.1 83.4 85.0 81.2 82.7 80.1 83.0 83.2 83.0 80.6 84.4 82.2 82.2 80.3 81.4 83.2 81.7 82.9 82.3 83.3 81.0 83.3 83.0

85.6 84.9 85.2 81.5 84.4 81.2 84.0 85.6 83.9 82.1 85.3 82.2 83.1 81.5 82.9 83.9 82.9 84.9 82.9 85.0 83.0 84.0 83.7

83.7 82.7 83.5 80.8 81.5 80.0 82.4 82.6 81.8 79.1 83.2 80.1 82.0 78.1 79.5 82.4 80.6 82.5 81.8 84.4 81.5 82.5 82.1

78.9 79.9 82.3 79.3 78.8 78.9 80.1 81.4 72.4 77.5 81.2 77.6 79.7 79.3 79.5 78.7 79.8 76.7 80.2 80.7 75.7 76.0 73.8

83.7 83.5 83.6 80.1 82.7 77.1 82.7 83.1 83.0 81.1 84.5 80.4 82.0 80.0 80.1 83.9 79.1 83.5 80.7 82.4 83.1 83.7 81.0

83.0 82.8 83.6 80.4 81.8 79.3 82.3 83.2 80.3 80.0 83.6 80.1 81.7 79.7 80.5 82.2 80.6 81.9 81.4 83.1 80.8 81.6 80.1

86.4 84.2 85.9 79.3 83.9 80.3 85.1 82.7 83.4 81.5 84.9 82.4 81.4 81.2 84.1 79.8 81.6 83.8 83.4 85.5

83.3 82.6 81.3 82.5 83.8 81.9 84.4 78.8 82.1 78.8 85.7 81.5 82.1 79.9 80.9 83.3 77.7 82.9 81.1 85.2

86.0 84.3 85.5 81.2 83.9 81.5 83.7 84.1 82.8 81.9 86.1 83.2 83.7 81.9 83.5 84.0 83.0 83.9 83.7 85.2

86.4 85.4 86.3 83.0 84.9 83.2 85.1 86.3 84.8 83.1 86.5 84.2 83.7 81.5 84.1 83.8 84.4 85.0 85.3 86.4

85.5 84.1 84.8 81.5 84.1 81.7 84.6 83.0 83.3 81.3 85.8 82.8 82.7 81.1 83.1 82.7 81.7 83.9 83.4 85.6

83.7 80.6

83.3 82.0

84.7 84.0

85.6 84.0

84.3 82.6

85.9 85.3 86.1 83.0 84.5 81.8 84.6 84.9 84.4 83.5 85.6 83.6 84.2 82.0 83.7 84.8 83.4

86.3 84.8 86.3 81.8 82.6 81.4 84.1 85.3 84.4 82.9 85.8 83.5 83.9 81.5 81.7 84.5 82.8

85.2 83.2 85.9 81.6 82.7 80.9 82.5 84.8 83.2 81.8 85.5 82.1 82.5 80.8 82.7 83.2 81.3

84.1 85.6 84.2 85.2 84.4

84.1 85.6 83.4 83.6 83.0

83.0 85.2 81.8 83.0 82.7

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Warramboo

Mean

14.0 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.2 13.3 13.7 13.4 14.2 14.2 14.5 13.4 13.2 14.6 12.6 12.8 14.7 13.3 13.7 13.8 14.1

10.5 10.9 10.2 10.9 10.0 10.2 11.1 10.5 10.9 11.8 11.7 11.9 10.6 11.2 10.3 10.4 10.9 10.6 10.7 10.3 10.8

13.4 13.4 12.7 13.4 12.4 13.7 12.5 13.4 13.1 13.9 14.8 13.4 12.4 13.5 13.4 12.6 14.3 12.6 13.6 13.2 13.1

16.1 14.5 14.6 16.7 14.2 15.8 14.5 15.2 15.3 15.8 16.7 15.3 14.5 16.2 15.8 15.0 16.7 15.0 16.2 15.3 14.6

11.7 11.8 10.8 11.5 10.8 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.4 11.7 12.2 11.7 10.7 11.7 10.9 10.5 11.7 10.9 11.2 10.7 10.8

8.1 8.5 8.4 8.5 7.6 9.1 8.0 8.0 7.8 8.3 8.9 8.1 8.5 8.5 8.0 7.7 8.3 8.6 8.8 7.9 8.5

12.5 12.2 11.8 12.6 11.5 12.3 11.9 12.2 12.2 12.8 13.2 12.5 11.8 12.9 12.1 11.6 13.0 12.0 12.5 12.1 12.2

11.5

13.2

13.4

11.0

12.8

16.1

10.5

7.7

12.1

84.7 83.9 85.2 82.6 83.8

82.8 84.2 83.0

84.2 83.4 84.4 81.5 82.8 79.4 82.4 85.1 81.9 81.5 84.2 81.9 82.8 81.1 82.5 83.1 82.5 84.1 83.1 82.6 80.9

79.7 80.3 83.7 78.4 78.0 77.6 77.6 80.9 79.0 78.4 82.3 80.8 80.8 77.6 77.0 80.5 77.6 81.2 78.6 79.1 76.4

85.0 83.1 84.5 79.4 82.2 81.1 82.8 84.2 82.7 81.1 84.8 82.5 83.3 81.5 80.6 83.8 80.8 82.6 80.5 84.4 81.9

84.6 84.3 85.7 82.0 85.2 80.0 84.2 85.5 83.6 82.0 84.8 82.6 83.9 81.9 82.4 84.6 83.4 85.3 83.2 84.7 83.3

82.7 82.0 82.9 79.7 82.2 79.1 82.4 83.5 80.0 80.7 82.3 80.9 81.5 79.9 81.4 83.6 81.0 83.6 81.3 83.2 79.5

85.1 84.3 86.0 81.1 85.3 81.6 84.7 85.3 84.4 82.0 85.2 83.7 84.1 82.5 83.2 85.3 82.7 84.5 83.2 84.9 83.4

82.1 81.0 83.9 80.9 81.8 79.1 82.5 81.9 81.4 80.2 84.1 81.2 80.9 80.5 81.0 82.0 81.1 80.5 82.1 82.6 80.1

83.3 82.6 84.4 80.4 82.5 79.7 82.4 83.8 81.9 80.8 84.0 81.9 82.5 80.7 81.1 83.3 81.3 83.1 81.7 83.1 80.8

83.0

81.5

78.4

81.0

83.1

81.1

84.5

82.2

81.7

11.5 11.2 11.2 11.8 12.0 11.9 11.2 12.0 11.3 10.9 11.6

MEAN

Streaky Bay

11.7 11.6 11.0

13.8 13.4 13.0 13.6 12.5 13.1 12.8 13.4 12.7 13.8 14.0 13.7 13.0 14.5 13.4 12.4 14.1 12.9 13.4 13.3 13.4

Nunjikompi-ta

84.3 84.5 85.5 81.5 83.1 80.7 83.6 84.9 82.8 82.2 84.7 83.0 83.3 81.8 81.2 83.9 82.9 84.1 83.7 82.8 82.7 83.8 82.5

11.5 11.9 11.3 12.1 11.1

Mitchelville

86.3 85.0 86.2 83.4 85.0 82.8 84.4 86.6 84.0 83.4 85.5 83.7 83.2 82.9 84.2 85.0 84.8 85.6 83.6 85.6 84.2 84.4 84.0

Penong

84.0 82.5 83.3 82.1 83.4 80.3 84.2 84.0 82.8 80.1 84.5 80.9 80.9 80.5 82.2 82.8 81.6

11.1

13.1 13.4 12.2 14.6 12.7 13.7 12.7 12.7 12.4 13.0 13.7 13.4 11.8 14.4 12.6 11.8 13.8 13.1 12.6 13.7 11.9 13.9 13.4

Minnipa

85.4 84.6 86.3 82.9 84.4 80.8 84.4 85.1 84.9 82.7 85.1 83.4 83.2 81.7 82.0 84.5 82.2 83.7 83.5 84.6 83.4 83.9 84.1

11.9 11.2 10.8

11.7 12.4 12.2 13.0 12.2 11.7 11.9 11.6 12.3 12.4 12.5 11.8 11.5 12.0 11.0 11.7 11.2 11.1 12.1 11.3 11.6 13.4 12.3

Kimba

10.6 10.9 10.1 10.4 11.4 10.4 9.8 10.3 10.8 9.7 10.9 10.3 10.9 10.7 9.8 11.2 10.1

11.0 12.0 11.3 11.8 10.4 11.0 10.9 10.8 11.0 11.8 11.7 12.2 11.3 12.0 10.8 10.7 11.2

Mean

11.3 11.6 11.4 11.5 10.7 11.8 12.0 11.0 10.8 12.1 11.7 12.1 12.1 11.9 11.2 10.7 11.6 11.2 11.0 11.2 11.5 12.0 11.3

Wunkar

10.8 10.4 10.4 10.4 9.5

Wanbi

Palmer

11.1 11.6 10.2 11.0 10.9 11.0 11.2 10.1 10.8 11.3 10.8 11.7 10.9 11.2 11.3 11.1 10.9 10.8 11.5 11.4 10.2 11.2 10.9

Pinnaroo

Nangari

11.1 10.9 11.1 11.9 11.2

Geranium

Mean 11.8 11.8 11.0 11.3 11.1 11.4 11.7 11.2 10.9 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.3 11.9 11.0 10.5 11.8

ALL SITES

Upper Eyre Peninsula

Murray Mallee

AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Justica CL Plus Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem

11.7 11.8 11.3 11.8 11.0 11.5 11.4 11.5 12.0 12.1 11.9 11.4 12.1 11.4 10.9 11.9 11.6 11.4

11.4

83.7 85.5 83.1 83.9 83.4

83.2 82.7 84.1 82.4 82.4 79.9 83.7 83.3 81.3 80.6 83.6 80.5 81.5 80.7 80.3 81.2 81.6 82.5 81.1 82.9 81.8 81.8 81.2

85.4 84.3 85.9 83.5 84.5 84.1 85.3 84.1 82.9 85.6 83.7 83.0 82.6 83.6 84.2 84.0 85.3 83.3 85.5 83.2 84.6 84.3

81.7 84.1 83.0 82.2

84.1 84.9 83.3 82.0 84.8 82.5 82.5 81.7 82.2 83.6 82.8

AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Justica CL Plus Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem

84.3 83.4 84.8 81.4 83.0 83.3 83.9 82.5 81.2 84.6 82.1 82.5 80.9 81.8 83.2 81.8 82.4 84.0

82.2

WHEAT

85.8 84.4 86.1 82.1 83.2 81.3 83.7 85.0 84.0 82.7 85.6 83.1 83.5 81.4 82.7 84.2 82.5

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

2012 Wheat variety performance for screenings (% < 2mm) across NVT sites

1.4 0.9 2.7 1.5 1.0 4.9 2.9 2.1 1.9 1.9 3.1 2.4 1.5 1.1 5.0 1.2 3.9 1.5 2.9 2.7 2.0 1.0 1.2

1.7 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.3 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.3 3.1 1.4 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.2

WHEAT

mean

12.5 12.3 11.8 12.5 11.8 11.8 11.7

12.0 12.4 11.9 12.4 11.7 12.8 11.5

12.4 12.5 12.2 12.8 12.2 12.8 11.9

1.2 1.2

1.3 0.4

1.3 1.0

1.3 0.9

2.0 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.8 2.2 3.0 2.5 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.3 3.1 1.9 2.0

1.1 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 2.3 3.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.8

0.7 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.4

1.7 2.2 3.6 1.4 1.1

1.8 1.2 2.7 2.4 0.8

2012 Durum variety performance for test weight Mid North

12.6 12.6 12.3 13.0 12.4 12.6 12.0

Caparoi Hyperno Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri WID0802 Yawa

mean

Wokurna

12.7 12.8 12.9 13.6 12.9 13.6 12.6

1.3 1.2

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 1.8 1.5 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.2

Turretfield

Urania

12.8 12.8 12.3 13.2 12.7 12.5 12.0

1.9 1.3 1.9 2.1 1.1 2.7 1.8 3.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.7 2.8 2.0 3.0 2.4 2.3 1.9

Spalding

Paskeville

13.5 13.7 13.7 14.2 14.1 13.4 12.9

1.6 1.1 1.4 1.9 0.7 2.1 1.8 1.8 2.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4

Mintaro

mean

13.5 13.5 12.4 13.7 13.4 13.9 12.7

1.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.2 2.3 2.1 2.8 2.0 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.2 2.2 1.6 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.9

MEAN

Turretfield

11.4 11.0 10.9 11.7 10.7 10.1 10.3

2.2 1.7 3.4 1.7 1.6 3.4 1.8 7.3 2.3 3.6 3.5 2.3 2.6 2.0 4.2 1.4 5.3 2.9 3.3 2.7

ALL SITES

Spalding

Caparoi Hyperno Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri WID0802 Yawa

Mintaro

2012 Durum variety performance for grain protein (% at 11% moisture) across NVT sites Mid North Yorke Peninsula

2.0 1.2 1.3 3.0 1.0 2.8 1.6 3.1 2.1 1.7 2.0 1.6 2.1 1.7 2.8 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 1.9

Wokurna

3.2 0.7 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.6 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.8 2.5 1.9 3.2 0.7 1.5 2.3 3.5 1.8

Urania

Mean

0.9 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.9 2.2 1.3 1.4 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 3.4 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.8 0.7 1.0

Paskeville

Turretfield

1.3 1.4 0.8 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.6 1.4 1.6 1.3 0.9 1.9 1.4 0.7 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.2 2.3 0.6 0.9

Mean

Spalding

2.9 3.1 3.4 3.8 2.5 4.4 3.9 4.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 4.1 2.5 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 4.8 2.0 2.4

Wolseley

Mintaro

2.3 2.7 2.2 3.9 2.2 3.3 2.5 4.5 2.1 2.8 3.6 2.6 2.3 2.9 3.7 2.1 2.6 3.1 2.6 3.4 4.8 1.7 1.5

Sherwood

Booleroo

5.3 5.6 6.9 6.5 4.5 8.4 8.0 8.6 6.5 5.6 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.1 7.4 4.5 6.2 7.3 7.1 5.6 8.5 4.0 5.0

Keith

Mean

1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.5 1.1 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.7

Yorke Peninsula

Conmurra

Ungarra

South East

Rudall

AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Justica CL Plus Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem

Mid North

Cummins

Lower Eyre Peninsula

81.0 81.1 80.0 79.4 78.6 79.0 80.0

82.3 81.2 81.3 80.6 80.3 78.4 81.5

79.0 78.4 80.1 75.2 75.0 76.3 79.5

80.8 80.2 80.5 78.4 78.0 77.9 80.3

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

7.9 4.3 5.5 5.9 5.0 7.4 11.8 7.6 6.0 4.1 6.0 5.4 4.6 6.8 11.7 8.5 7.4 8.1 6.9 9.1 14.0

0.9 0.3 1.8 3.0 0.6 1.1 1.5 2.3 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.4 1.3 3.2 1.0 1.7 2.1 4.0 1.3 1.4

1.7 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.9 2.8 1.2 1.7 1.6 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.7 1.8 1.0 1.3 1.8 0.8 1.0 2.1

1.5 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.6 1.6 3.0 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.9 3.5

1.6 1.6 3.0

2.7 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.7 3.5 3.6 2.8 1.8 2.7 1.3 3.1 2.0 1.7 3.7 1.9 2.2 3.3 2.8 2.0 3.4

3.3 2.1 2.7 3.2 1.9 4.2 4.9 3.5 3.1 2.6 1.9 3.3 2.2 2.4 4.7 2.7 3.0 4.1 3.1 2.9 5.3

1.4

3.6

6.3

1.3

0.9

0.5

1.8

2.4

2.1 2.0 2.2 1.6 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.2 2.8 1.4 1.5

MEAN

5.4 3.7 4.2 6.6 3.0 9.7 6.6 5.9 7.1 5.0 1.0 7.4 3.4 2.0 6.6 2.8 4.4 7.8 3.4 3.3 7.5

ALL SITES

1.9 1.7 1.5 2.1 1.5

Mean

Penong

4.0 3.7 3.0 4.0 2.8 3.7 3.9 3.4 4.1 2.5 1.1 3.0 3.2 2.0 5.0 2.5 2.4 6.7 2.0 2.9 5.6 2.1 2.6

Warramboo

Nunjikompita

2.9 2.6 1.7 3.4 2.2 3.9 2.9 3.5 3.5 2.7 1.4 3.0 2.9 2.3 4.1 1.4 2.7 5.8 2.9 1.8 3.5 0.9 2.1

Streaky Bay

Mitchelville

1.0

Minnipa

1.1 1.2 2.0

Kimba

2.2 1.5 2.2 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.5 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.1 2.1 1.2 1.4 2.7 0.7 1.3

1.3 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.7 1.1 0.7

Mean

1.2 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.5 3.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.6 2.0 1.7 0.9 2.9 1.4 1.6 2.8 1.9 1.7 2.6 1.0 1.1

Wunkar

1.5 1.6 0.8 2.1 1.4

Upper Eyre Peninsula

Wanbi

0.4 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.3 1.2 0.6 0.7 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.4 0.3 0.4

Pinnaroo

Palmer

1.4 1.4 2.4 1.4 0.8

Nangari

1.2 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 2.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.9 1.4 1.7

Geranium

Mean

Murray Mallee

AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Justica CL Plus Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem

2.2 1.7 2.0 2.3 1.6 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.8 3.3 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.2

1.6

Wokurna

mean

1.5 2.2 2.8 2.0 1.5 6.3 5.0

5.6 12.7 4.5 7.3 12.3 11.1 10.5

3.2 5.8 3.2 4.1 5.3 7.0 7.0

0.8 3.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 2.7 3.4

0.7 3.4 1.5 1.1 1.0 3.8 5.1

0.7 6.9 1.9 2.7 2.2 5.3 6.2

0.7 4.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 3.9 4.9

2.0 5.1 2.3 2.8 3.3 5.5 5.9

WHEAT

Urania

2.5 2.4 2.4 3.0 2.0 3.6 5.3

MEAN

Paskeville

Caparoi Hyperno Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri WID0802 Yawa

mean

82.7 81.3 82.2 80.4 80.1 79.1 81.5

Turretfield

84.6 82.3 83.9 82.5 82.2 80.3 82.7

Spalding

mean

83.9 81.0 83.2 81.2 80.9 77.9 81.4

Yorke Peninsula

Mintaro

Wokurna

85.4 83.3 84.2 83.9 83.8 82.0 83.3

MEAN

Urania

84.7 82.7 84.5 82.3 81.8 81.0 83.4

Mid North

ALL SITES

Paskeville

Yorke Peninsula

ALL SITES

2012 Durum variety performance for screenings (%) across NVT sites (kg/hl) across NVT sites

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Fathom topples Oxford in 2012 barley trials By Rob Wheeler, Leader, New Variety Agronomy, SARDI

For the first time, the new feed barley, Fathom, replaced Oxford which had topped the grain yields in barley trials across SA for the past three consecutive years. Fathom produced the highest average yield of 3.4 t/ha among Rob Wheeler 26 commercial varieties tested at 20 SARDI managed NVT sites across South Australia. The trials, funded by GRDC, also tested a further 14 advanced lines from barley breeding programs operating throughout Australia. It was a very successful year for the barley NVT program with good results from all sites. The trials recorded an average yield of 3.23 t/ ha, just below the 3.34 t/ha produced in 2011, with site average yields ranging from 1.74 t/ha at Streaky Bay to 5.27 t/ha at Bordertown. In contrast to 2011, when wheat trials outperformed barley, the reverse occurred in 2012 with a 16 per cent advantage to barley, in part due to lower disease incidence and later plantings. While barley trial grain yields declined slightly from 2011 levels, all aspects of grain receival quality were greatly improved. Across all trials, average grain protein declined from 12.6 per cent in 2011 to 11.6 per cent in 2012. Average test weights were up, from 66.9 to 70.7 kg/hl, screenings declined from 6.3 per cent to 4.0 per cent and retentions improved, from 72.9 to 73.1 per cent in 2012. Some of the positive effects on quality were no doubt a result of the low leaf rust incidence within 2012 trials relative to the previous season.

Barley

The cool and very dry spring weather, coupled with generally average winter rainfall in 2012, were not conducive to disease development, resulting in no obvious impact on varietal performance. This was in contrast to 2011, when leaf rust was prevalent, but it must be noted that fungicide amended fertiliser, combined with in crop fungicide, were introduced into standard trial management in 2012.

A later than usual opening in some districts, resulted in the 2012 trials being sown during the period 14 May to 15 June, with the majority sown in the last week of May and first week of June. Early to midseason flowering varieties were generally those most favoured by the seasonal conditions and while Fathom led, Fleet and Hindmarsh trailed by less than 1 and 3 per cent respectively, followed by Commander, Scope and Buloke, each averaging 9 per cent below Fathom. Oxford, a late flowering variety and leader in previous seasons, was not favoured in 2012 and trailed Fathom by more than 20 per cent overall but did yield well across South East trials. Among the new varieties tested, Navigator and Skipper experienced seed quality and purity issues and were subsequently withdrawn from trials. Fathom, a new feed variety recently released from the University of Adelaide Barley Breeding Program, performed well across all districts except the South East where, not surprisingly, it was outyielded by the later flowering Capstan and Oxford varieties. Longer term yield data shows Fathom to be comparable to Fleet and Hindmarsh in most districts and more particularly the Mid North and Yorke Peninsula. Fathom also features high levels of resistance to CCN and most foliar diseases, but is quite susceptible to some new strains of net form net blotch and leaf rust, and is susceptible to black point. Fathom has grain quality similar to Fleet with moderate test weight and generally low screenings and overall, could be considered an alternative to established feed varieties in most districts. Ranking just behind Fathom across all trials in 2012 were Fleet and Hindmarsh. With generally little yield difference over years, Fleet has exhibited higher yields in the drier Mallee and Central Eyre Peninsula environments with Hindmarsh holding an advantage in higher rainfall environments. Fleet has early to mid season maturity, performs well across a range of soils including light sandy soils and has an excellent spectrum of foliar and root disease resistances. Fleet remains a good option for all districts, and across several years of NVT, has produced moderate test weights and low screenings. Fleet is also suitable for stubble situations and deeper sowing, by virtue of its long coleoptile.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Growers are reminded that Hindmarsh has a short coleoptile and its establishment and yield can be compromised by deep sowing, fungicide amended seed treatments and pre-emergent herbicides that affect coleoptile length. Trailing the three feed varieties, Commander and Buloke jostled for top postion among the malting grade options in each region in 2012. Buloke only led within Lower Eyre Peninsula and South East trials. Overall, Buloke did perform better than in 2011, however based on its longer term yield performance, Commander has been the better option in all districts and particularly the Mallee and Central Eyre Peninsula. Commander has CCN resistance and modest foliar disease resistance and therefore should not be grown on barley stubble. However it has excellent grain plumpness, low screenings and high retentions albeit with slightly lower test weights and grain protein which were again seen in 2012 trials. These yield and grain characteristics will ensure that Commander is one of the most profitable varieties to grow in many districts, with a greater likely-hood of achieving malt grain quality. Performing similar to Commander and Buloke in 2012, the new imidazolinone tolerant Scope, is gaining interest with growers, particularly in mallee environments. Within Lower Eyre Peninsula, Scope produced an impressive average yield, however this was largely due to the result from Wanilla where it topped the trial exceeding Buloke by 16 per cent.

This trial followed a 2011 canola crop which received 40g/ha of On-Duty and although subsequent summer rainfall suggested a low risk of herbicide residue the trial results indicate this should be considered as part of interpreting variety performance. Scope is agronomically similar to Buloke in all respects and long term results confirm it to have a similar adaptation to Buloke in SA. Marketed by AWB Seeds, grower interest in Scope will be high, since it offers an option for troublesome grass control using an appropriate BASF Clearfield herbicide. Scope has just completed malting and brewing evaluation and is now an accredited malting variety. Maritime was the highest yielding variety at Warooka where its manganese efficiency is expected to provide greatest advantage and it was also highest at Lameroo in the Mallee where the benchmark early vigour of Maritime has been considered important. Navigator and Bass were awarded malting accreditation by Barley Australia during 2012. Bass was included in all SA NVT sites after only being evaluated in the South East in 2011. Bass, developed by Intergrain and with later maturity, is susceptible to CCN and moderately susceptible to many foliar diseases but has shown moderately good yields in central districts of SA in 2012. SloopSA maintained moderate yields in all regions in 2012 and is now clearly outclassed by new malt varieties. It is no longer segregated by Viterra but remains an accredited malting variety and other organisations may accumulate SloopSA for malting markets. Wimmera, Henley SY Rattler, Westminster, Flinders, and Grange are among a range of new, later maturing recently released varieties, currently under malting and brewing evaluation. They generally performed well in the higher rainfall South East trials and could potentially offer opportunities particularly for growers in higher rainfall areas and as an alternative to Gairdner and Baudin. However most have had only limited evaluation in NVT.

Barley

Hindmarsh performed strongly in the Mid North, Yorke Peninsula and Upper Eyre Peninsula trials in 2012. As the most widely grown barley variety in SA, Hindmarsh has established itself as a widely adapted, high yielding variety, suitable for most districts, although its short height and slow early vigour may preclude it from drier areas such as the Mallee and Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula. Hindmarsh has a food grade classification that may attract a premium over feed and as such Hindmarsh will be one of the most profitable options for most districts.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

SA barley variety yield performance (2012 and long term, 2008-2012, expressed as a t/ha Lower Eyre Peninsula Upper Eyre Long term average across sites (08-12)

2012 (% site average) Variety Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Macquarie Maritime Navigator Oxford Schooner Scope Skipper Sloop SA Westminster Wimmera Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown Soil Type J-M / A-O rain mm PHw previous crop Site Stress factors

2012 (% site average)

Cummins

Wanilla

t/ha

as % sites average

# trials

Darke Peak

Elliston

Minnipa

Streaky Bay

93 97 97 102 107 99 104 90 101 94 100 105 104 101 97 96 96

113 87 100 107 105 92 116 102 118 104 100 103 91 93 98 85 104

3.77 3.92 3.61 3.89 4.16 4.01 4.09 3.75 4.06 4.01 3.72

98 102 94 101 108 104 106 97 105 104 96

14 11 14 14 7 14 9 14 14 9 12

94 92

97 98

102 101

113 96

101

96 118 102 111 91

98 105 95 104 103

106 127 94 123 86

100 133 99 112 87

102

112

113 115

118 125

80 100 98

95 76 106

77 90 95

64 98 102

90 96 102 5.18 5 14 May CL 28/256 7.5 canola dl

92 78 100 3.79 13 15 May S 40/391 6.1 canola h?

11 14 14 5 14 4 13 14 11 8 5 7 9

98 95

93 94 123

105 108 97 97 98 96 109 91 99 102 102 103 106 3.86

130 99

105 82 103

4.07 4.17 3.76 3.74 3.76 3.70 4.20 3.52 3.83 3.93 3.95 3.97 4.09

100

105

2.32 11 29 May SL 60/189 7.7 pasture de,dl,rh

2.87 8 22 May S 38/328 8.3 pasture di

2.54 8 25 May L 63/185 8.6 barley b,cr,dl

1.74 9 1 June SL 29/177 8.4 pasture dl

Abbreviations Soil type: S - sand L - loam C - clay Li - light M - medium H - heavy F - fine NW - non wetting / - separates top soil from sub soil Site stress factors: cr - crown rot de - dry preanthesis dl - dry post anthesis

Barley

h? - imi herbicide residues rh - rhizoctonia ns - spot form net blotch

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

and % of site average yield) Peninsula

Murray Mallee

Long term average across sites (08-12)

2012 (% site average)

Wharminda

t/ha

as % sites average

# trials

Cooke Plains

Lameroo

Paruna

t/ha

as % sites average

# trials

103 100 103 109 99 101 113 103 114 96 97 92 99 116 100 91 104

2.68 2.50 2.39 2.60

106 99 94 103

20 16 12 20

105 93 90 107

96 89 87 103

89 75 93 95

2.40 2.29 2.27 2.39

101 97 96 101

14 11 14 14

2.75 2.90 2.57 2.89 2.57 2.50

109 114 102 114 102 99

20 12 20 20 12 4

114 112 93 116 99

106 106 97 102 92

114 117 100 112 104

2.55 2.59 2.28 2.60 2.36 2.36

108 109 97 110 100 100

14 9 14 14 9 5

106

108

107

2.67 2.80 2.77

105 111 109

12 20 18

91 89

104 103

108 99

2.49 2.46 2.37

106 104 100

9 14 14

2.56

101

104

110

2.37

100

2.66 2.36 2.55 2.69 2.77

105 93 101 106 109

16 20 16 12 4

93 91 112

93 90 101

81 82 96

2.51 2.15 2.37 2.42 2.33

106 91 100 103 99

12 14 12 9 5

81 3.00 10 1 June SL/LSCL 97/223 5.9 barley ns

96 2.48 6 1 June LS/LSCL 60/215 8.7 wheat dl

95 2.06 12 31 May S/LS 91/99 7.2 pasture dl

97 77 102 2.64 11 22 May NWS 39/209 6.6 pasture dl

2.53

2.36

Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2008-2012) Data analysis by: GRDC funded National Statistics Group

Barley

77 93 105

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

SA barley variety yield performance (2012 and long term, 2008-2012, expressed as a t/ha Yorke Peninsula Long term average across sites (08-12)

2012 (% site average) Variety Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Macquarie Maritime Navigator Oxford Schooner Scope Skipper Sloop SA Westminster Wimmera Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown Soil type J-M / A-O rain mm pHw previous crop Site Stress Factors

2012

Arthurton

Brentwood

Bute

Port Clinton

Warooka

t/ha

as % sites average

# trials

99 98 100 101

102 96 105 102

106 101 98 98

114 106 88 105

107 110 111 103

103 109 92 108 96 93 104 102 111 103 96 101

110 106 102 115 99 104 98 99 108 109 96 100

109 119 106 116 94 94 98 96 111 116 89 106

112 137 105 121 89 93 94 96 125 117 86 100

103 111 111 118 91 94 90 100 123 109 76 131

3.29 3.29 2.98 3.29 3.46 3.46 3.69 3.21 3.59 3.33 3.12

102 102 92 102 107 107 114 99 111 103 96

22 18 22 22 15 22 14 22 22 14 22

93 88 99

94 99 102

86 102 99

70 95 100

83 101 86

92 93 94 4.93 4 10 June SC/LMC 47/314 8.4 wheat

95 84 91 3.80 5 10 June SCL/SCLKS 28/244 8.6 wheat r

99 90 87 3.41 5 4 June CFS/CLS 61/188 8.7 lentils

100 74 86 2.64 9 25 May SL/SCL 66/223 8.6 pasture bo

85 77 82 2.88 10 10 June LKS 44/218 8.4 wheat wg, ss

3.40 3.60 3.28 3.06 3.20 3.03 3.42 2.91 3.25 3.42 3.33 3.16 3.38

105 111 101 95 99 94 106 90 100 106 103 98 105 3.23

17 22 22 9 22 13 22 22 17 12 8 22 17

Crystal Brook 96 103 99 108 113 95 111 93 95 99 99 112 112 90 101 90 93 102 96 90 86 3.68 7 30 May SCL/CL 89/199 8.6 wheat bo

Abbreviations

Barley

Soil type:

S - sand L - loam C - clay, Li - light M - medium H - heavy F - fine NW - non wetting / - separates top soil from sub soil

Site stress factors: bo - boron toxicity de - dry preanthesis dl - dry post anthesis lr - leaf r - rust wg - grass weeds r -rhizoctonia lb - late break ss - shallow soil

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

and % of site average yield) Mid North

South East

Long term average across sites (08-12)

(% site average)

Longt erm average across sites (08-12)

2012 (% site average)

Salters Springs

Turretfield

t/ha

as % sites average

# trials

102 101

110 106

102

101

108 114 94 113 93 96 100 98 118 109 94 100

103 129 104 124 91 97 94 98 123 110 93 110

3.98 4.11 3.73 4.07 4.33 4.19 4.47 3.93 4.30 4.13 3.87

100 103 93 102 108 105 112 98 108 103 97

15 12 12 15 12 15 9 15 15 9 15

92 91 102

79 98 98

95 88 94 3.83 5 10 June LMC/MHC 80/287 8.5 wheat

102 81 93 3.12 12 15 June LC/LMC 74/288 6.8 pasture de, dl, lb

4.12 4.41 4.01 3.76 3.94 3.77 4.20 3.68 4.02 4.21 4.03 3.84 4.17

103 110 101 94 99 94 105 92 101 105 101 96 104 3.99

12 15 15 6 15 12 15 15 12 9 3 6 12

Bordertown

Keith

99 100 101 109 93 94 80 96 100 100 105 107 101 96 101 91

98 101 105 98 102 85 100 98 94 105 107 101 92 96

106 75 99

96 89 96

82 102 100 5.27 6 12 June CL 49/340 8.2 canola

95 97 97 4.58 7 28 May L/limestone 42/306 7.3 canola

t/ha

as % sites average

# trials

4.26 4.37 4.02 4.32 4.54 4.51 4.59 4.03 4.54 4.40 4.16

100 103 94 102 107 106 108 95 107 103 98

2 9 8 9 9 9 5 9 9 5 9

4.52 4.61 4.12 4.15 4.19 4.07 4.64 3.82 4.23 4.44 4.27 4.31 4.43

106 108 97 98 99 96 109 90 99 104 100 101 104 4.26

7 9 8 6 8 7 9 9 7 5 4 9 9

Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2008-2012)

Barley

Data analysis by: GRDC funded National Statistics Group

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

2012 Barley variety performance for screenings (% < 2.2mm) across NVT sites

0.8 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.7 2.5 1.7 2.0 1.2 3.1 0.5 2.4 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.9 0.9

9.1 2.4 10.2 4.2 22.0 19.1 7.0 7.7 10.9 9.4 4.2 25.5 8.2 18.3 5.9 12.9 8.0

3.7 1.6 5.2 2.2 8.2 7.8 3.5 3.7 6.0 5.4 2.0 10.0 3.7 6.9 3.3 7.0 3.5

1.2

2.9

2.1

1.2 0.3 0.6 0.6

2.7 1.2 1.9 2.6

1.4 0.6 0.9 1.2

0.6 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.4

1.0 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.5

2.0 1.6 2.2 0.7 0.9

1.2 1.0 1.4 0.5 0.6

0.5

0.9

2.1

1.2

1.0 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.6

1.1 1.6 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.6

1.2 2.1 0.9 3.4 1.6 2.1 1.4

1.1 1.6 0.6 2.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

0.4

0.6

1.2

0.7

0.2 0.3 0.5 2.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.4

mean

1.3 1.6 4.4 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.5 5.7 3.7 1.2 2.2 2.0 1.0 2.7 5.3 1.7

0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4

Keith

8.6

2.3 2.5

Bordertown

20.9

mean

2.5

Paruna

2.3

Lameroo

4.1 5.4

2.7 1.9 3.6 4.4 8.9 6.3 1.5 5.0 3.3 2.0 6.3 2.5 3.9 3.6 2.3 1.3 7.4 1.9 1.9 1.9

Cooke Plains

Turretfield

0.8 1.3

0.6 0.4 1.0 1.0 3.8 1.5 0.8 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.8 1.0

South East

mean

Salters Springs

1.9 0.8

Wanilla

Crystal Brook

Murray Mallee

1.6 1.2 2.3 2.7 6.4 3.9 1.1 3.1 1.9 1.3 3.8 1.7 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.0 4.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Cummins Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

Mid North

mean

Lower Eyre Peninsula

0.4

0.3

1.2 4.2 2.7 0.7 1.0 0.3 1.0 5.5 0.8 0.4 1.3

0.8 3.3 1.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.6 3.2 0.5 0.4 1.0

0.9 2.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 5.3 0.5

0.5 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 3.2 0.4

2012 Barley variety performance for retention (% > 2.5mm) across NVT sites

Barley

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

90.1 97.2 93.2 89.6 65.8 92.9 94.0 89.4 94.5 96.3 83.3 94.7 94.9 92.5 94.7 96.0 82.5 93.7 91.5 96.2

81.5 86.2 77.8 70.9 56.2 73.5 85.9 71.7 74.3 83.6 73.8 84.8 79.4 70.9 84.1 90.6 64.8 84.8 77.7 83.1

85.8 91.7 85.5 80.2 61.0 83.2 90.0 80.5 84.4 90.0 78.5 89.7 87.1 81.7 89.4 93.3 73.6 89.2 84.6 89.7

90.7

80.7

85.7

71.8 82.9

88.3 85.5

60.9 40.0

73.7 69.4

62.0

58.1

14.5

44.8

86.2 82.4 54.5 66.3 68.0 67.6 68.5 76.8 50.5 72.2 87.9 63.7 68.1 72.7 66.5 44.6 74.6

89.2 94.4 84.8 90.8 76.5 54.4 68.2 67.8 84.0 81.6 94.8 52.3 83.6 73.9 86.0 58.4 77.1

45.3 71.1 24.2 51.7 20.3 15.5 39.9 38.0 35.4 49.3 61.3 11.8 33.4 20.2 50.6 25.2 34.7

73.6 82.6 54.5 69.6 54.9 45.9 58.9 60.9 56.6 67.7 81.3 42.6 61.7 55.6 67.7 42.7 62.1

94.6 97.7 97.5 94.4

86.0 97.7 94.0 92.4

70.1 88.6 79.0 62.2

83.6 94.7 90.2 83.0

96.6 95.5 92.4 96.6 97.5

93.2 92.9 87.8 94.2 95.2

81.9 73.3 66.4 83.4 81.1

90.6 87.2 82.2 91.4 91.2

96.8

93.3

74.8

88.3

92.8 94.1 98.1 90.7 94.9 96.2 96.7

92.2 91.4 96.1 79.4 90.0 95.2 92.9

82.5 80.0 95.0 65.7 68.9 71.3 78.5

89.1 88.5 96.4 78.6 84.6 87.6 89.4

96.4

95.4

80.3

90.7

99.2 98.5 97.1 84.8 98.3 98.3 95.7 97.6 98.3 91.1 98.0 97.6 95.2 97.1 98.6 90.3 93.8 96.9 96.9 92.3 95.7

98.3

98.7

90.1 68.0 83.6 96.5 90.2 95.5 89.5 65.2 89.5 96.5 92.4

93.6 76.4 90.9 97.4 92.9 96.6 93.9 78.2 93.7 97.0 93.8

91.0 70.4 94.8 93.4 97.1 73.8 94.9

94.8 80.3 94.3 95.2 97.0 83.0 95.3

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

28.9 14.8 40.0 16.9 32.9

1.7 1.4 0.4 0.8 0.3

10.3 14.3 55.8 7.6 34.3

1.9 0.8 1.5 0.6 2.7

14.5

0.4

17.8

5.7

21.5 23.0 12.2 33.1 27.8 39.8 20.5

0.4 1.1 0.6 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.8

22.7 15.9 5.2 11.3 38.0 26.4 31.1

1.6 1.7 0.4 5.7 1.3 1.1 2.1

13.9 9.1 6.7 20.6 5.6 14.3 8.0 9.7 9.0 3.8 10.8 13.8 14.0 11.3

0.7

1.1 0.9 1.3 1.4

3.5 1.8 11.6 13.2

6.8 6.5 25.0 13.5

1.3 1.7 5.1 4.1

2.6 2.2 8.7 6.6

0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 3.1 0.7 0.5 0.5

1.3 0.6 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.1 2.6 0.4 1.0 0.7

3.7 1.6 10.9 1.6 10.8 9.3 4.1 5.3 3.2 1.6 1.4 15.2 4.4 10.1 3.1

7.0 2.6 15.6 5.7 12.2 10.8 10.7 7.1 5.7 14.1 2.2 9.5 11.4 11.6 11.7

2.9 1.0 1.6 1.4 5.4 7.5 4.2 4.0 1.5 2.0 0.6 9.5 3.0 6.0 1.8

3.1 1.2 5.8 1.9 6.0 6.1 4.0 3.6 2.3 3.8 0.9 8.0 4.0 5.9 3.6

0.5

0.8

4.6

6.3

2.5

2.9

93.8 96.2 90.7 82.4

87.8 89.1 85.2 81.5

62.7 74.0 41.1 30.4

53.7 45.0 10.0 22.7

88.9 83.6 65.8 73.2

77.4 77.6 58.6 58.0

96.1 97.1 94.1 96.7 86.1 79.1 91.6 91.1 91.4 95.6 96.7 61.2 89.2 84.7 93.9

89.1 94.3 87.8 91.3 88.1 80.8 85.5 86.5 89.6 94.0 96.1 66.9 88.3 83.6 90.1

73.1 78.5 34.9 74.0 33.8 36.1 53.1 57.8 70.3 87.5 80.3 24.0 60.1 40.3 71.1

52.0 76.4 19.9 43.9 24.0 30.5 26.5 42.1 47.9 40.7 70.3 26.0 22.6 23.2 30.9

82.0 91.5 86.9 88.2 64.9 56.8 71.3 69.0 85.5 88.8 94.2 49.8 76.4 61.6 87.0

78.4 87.6 64.7 78.8 59.4 56.7 65.6 69.3 76.9 81.3 87.5 45.6 67.3 58.7 74.6

86.9

88.8

53.2

45.6

78.1

70.5

MEAN

1.1

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7

ALL SITES

31.8

mean

0.3

8.5 7.8

Warooka

34.6

2.3 1.0 1.7 1.7 9.8 3.0 2.0 5.3 2.0 1.2 3.0 1.8 2.4 2.3 3.3 0.6 2.2 1.3 1.7 2.1

Port Clinton

1.6 1.4

Bute

Wharminda

16.5 18.8

Brentwood

Streaky Bay

0.9 0.1

Yorke Peninsula Arthurton

Minnipa

21.3 17.8

mean

Elliston

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

Darke Peak

Central and upper Eyre Peninsula

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

3.1 6.9 4.3 2.5 8.0 2.5 6.6 3.9 4.4 4.7 1.7 7.0 5.3 6.3 4.5

19.0 20.9

88.8 98.6

23.3 23.1

76.3 71.7

12.4

96.0

9.2

73.3

24.2 39.9 5.5 21.7 12.5

89.2 91.0 94.8 91.7 95.7

36.9 36.1 5.1 32.9 9.6

83.1 89.6 73.1 86.7 57.6

19.1

94.7

21.4

39.7

25.1 30.0 46.0 11.7 17.5 13.2 23.0

95.5 95.6 96.2 78.6 95.2 95.5 95.2

16.0 32.6 61.0 25.2 11.1 13.2 17.6

74.0 81.6 95.3 34.7 70.6 73.3 73.8

73.0 89.2 71.6 80.6 36.1 71.6 81.1 53.8 70.1 78.8 71.6 74.2 73.2 75.2 82.0 93.7 68.7 76.9 73.2 82.8 82.4

56.1 60.7 54.3 61.0 67.5 46.5 60.6 50.8 49.8 57.2 64.3 78.4 43.8 54.3 53.7 58.5

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

78.2 64.6 76.9 83.0 65.6 77.1 67.9 69.3 72.9 77.5 87.0 55.9 70.7 67.5 75.5

Barley

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

2012 Barley variety performance for test weight (kg/hl) across NVT sites

71.6 73.0 73.8 73.8 71.7 72.5 71.9 68.7 73.2 73.1 72.7 72.9 73.9 71.4 72.4 71.4 72.7

67.3 70.1 70.8 67.0 66.9 67.8 69.9 66.4 68.9 68.1 67.3 69.9 70.1 66.5 69.8 69.0 69.8

70.0 71.3 72.2 70.0 69.7 70.2 71.2 67.9 71.1 70.5 70.0 71.8 72.2 69.4 71.2 70.0 71.2

73.0

68.8

70.9

71.1 73.6 73.7 72.8

72.7 72.1 71.1 71.6

71.9 72.6 72.2 72.1

70.4 71.4 72.1 70.0 70.7

71.7 70.6 73.7 69.8 71.5

71.9 69.4 73.5 70.6 71.6

71.3 70.4 73.1 70.1 71.3

72.0

72.6

72.2

72.3

72.6 72.2 71.4 69.4 72.6 72.2 71.0

72.9 73.9 71.9 71.1 74.1 72.9 73.2

73.6 72.4 72.4 73.0 73.4 71.7 72.9

73.0 72.8 71.9 71.2 73.3 72.2 72.4

71.4

72.6

72.7

72.2

74.7 74.6 74.6 72.3 72.5 73.3 75.5 73.0 74.1 74.0 74.0 71.1 74.9 73.7 73.4 72.9 75.0 74.9 73.5 73.7 73.7

mean

71.1 70.7 72.1 69.2 70.7 70.2 71.7 68.6 71.1 70.3 70.0 72.7 72.7 70.3 71.4 69.6 71.1

71.8 72.2 72.0 71.9

Keith

68.8

71.2 71.1

Bordertown

65.8

mean

70.8

Paruna

69.8

Lameroo

69.4 68.9

67.6 68.5 67.5 68.9 65.4 66.1 69.5 69.9 68.0 69.7 69.3 67.8 61.9 68.7 70.2 70.0 66.2 69.6 69.2 68.1

Cooke Plains

Turretfield

73.3 72.7

71.7 73.1 72.6 72.1 69.7 72.4 71.6 73.5 71.8 73.1 72.3 72.6 69.5 73.9 72.4 72.0 72.0 73.3 73.0 72.7

South East

mean

Salters Springs

70.9 71.8

Wanilla

Crystal Brook

Murray Mallee

69.6 70.8 70.0 70.5 67.6 69.3 70.5 71.7 69.9 71.4 70.8 70.2 65.7 71.3 71.3 71.0 69.1 71.5 71.1 70.4

Cummins Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

Mid North

mean

Lower Eyre Peninsula

73.4

74.0

72.7 70.1 70.9 73.0 74.3 72.2 72.5 71.3 72.7 69.4 74.0

73.6 71.2 71.7 73.1 74.9 72.6 73.3 72.7 73.3 70.2 74.5

71.9 70.0 74.1 73.1 73.1 70.7 72.1

72.6 71.5 74.6 74.0 73.3 72.2 72.9

2012 Barley variety performance for grain protein (% at 0% moisture) across NVT sites

Barley

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

8.80 9.20 8.60 8.40 8.30 7.60 8.50 8.60 7.90 8.80 8.60 8.30 8.10 8.50 8.90 8.70 7.80 8.50 8.30 8.90

11.70 11.10 10.90 10.50 11.40 10.70 10.80 11.00 11.40 11.20 10.70 11.30 10.60 10.90 11.60 11.40 10.50 11.00 10.50 11.00

10.3 10.2 9.8 9.5 9.9 9.2 9.7 9.8 9.7 10.0 9.7 9.8 9.4 9.7 10.3 10.1 9.2 9.8 9.4 10.0

9.00

10.70

9.9

13.00 13.80

11.40 12.60

15.60 16.30

13.3 14.2

11.40

14.90

12.6

11.00 12.20 11.70 12.60 13.40 12.10 13.10 12.30 11.90 11.10 12.70 12.60 12.40 11.40 12.80 12.00 13.40

10.90 10.60 10.80 11.10 11.20 11.30 12.70 11.50 11.00 11.50 11.10 11.60 11.80 10.70 11.60 10.60 12.70

14.80 14.70 16.20 14.10 17.10 15.50 17.00 16.00 14.80 14.40 15.70 17.40 16.00 15.20 15.20 15.80 17.70

12.2 12.5 12.9 12.6 13.9 13.0 14.3 13.3 12.6 12.3 13.2 13.9 13.4 12.4 13.2 12.8 14.6

10.80 10.90 10.90 9.90

9.20 9.60 9.80 8.40

12.30 13.20 11.80 12.10

10.8 11.2 10.8 10.1

8.80 10.20 10.60 9.90 10.10

8.20 8.80 8.60 8.50 9.20

10.40 11.30 11.30 11.30 10.60

9.1 10.1 10.2 9.9 10.0

10.50

9.00

12.10

10.5

10.70 10.90 9.90 9.30 10.80 9.90 10.30

8.10 8.80 9.30 8.40 9.20 8.40 9.00

10.70 10.50 11.40 11.80 13.30 12.00 11.60

9.8 10.1 10.2 9.8 11.1 10.1 10.3

11.30

8.70

11.90

10.6

10.10 9.80 9.10 9.30 8.90 10.30 10.10 8.80 10.00 9.20 9.40 9.00 9.90 9.60 10.10 8.30 10.90 9.10 9.80 8.20 9.70

9.70

9.9

9.00 9.70 9.70 8.80 9.20 9.00 9.80 10.00 9.00 8.80 9.00

9.1 9.5 9.3 9.6 9.7 8.9 9.9 9.6 9.2 8.9 9.5

10.40 8.80 9.80 9.10 9.50 9.80 8.70

10.3 8.6 10.4 9.1 9.7 9.0 9.2

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

70.0

63.1 64.8 65.8 63.4 64.6

71.1 69.6 73.8 68.9 71.9

69.6 66.7 68.6 68.2 66.5

68.3 68.5 71.5 71.6 71.3

68.0

73.1

69.9

70.2

65.7 64.5 65.0 69.0 67.1 62.9 66.5

73.5 72.2 71.6 72.6 73.4 72.9 72.0

67.1 66.5 69.3 72.1 67.3 67.5 66.8

69.6 69.6 69.8 70.8 71.0 70.6 70.8

68.3 68.2 67.6 70.1 68.0 68.6 69.9 69.2 68.6 69.1 70.9 70.0 68.6 69.2

69.3

72.5 71.7 71.7 70.9

72.0 72.8 72.6 72.1

66.5 68.4 63.4 65.3

68.6 68.5 65.6 67.2

70.8 70.9 69.3 69.3

70.1 70.5 68.5 69.0

72.6 73.3 73.8 71.1 70.2 72.1 71.7 67.5 73.3 72.9 72.0 69.5 74.6 71.2 73.3

72.5 71.7 73.9 70.4 72.3 72.9 71.5 68.7 73.8 73.4 72.6 71.9 73.3 72.1 72.6

65.5 66.8 68.1 65.0 64.2 65.8 67.4 61.4 68.1 70.4 67.0 65.4 68.6 65.5 68.1

68.4 65.8 69.0 66.4 68.4 68.9 69.1 66.7 69.2 66.4 68.6 70.8 69.6 68.3 68.7

68.8 70.1 72.9 69.0 69.5 67.9 69.7 66.6 71.9 72.0 70.9 69.2 71.2 68.3 71.2

69.6 69.6 71.5 68.4 68.9 69.5 69.9 66.2 71.2 71.0 70.2 69.3 71.5 69.1 70.8

71.5

72.8

66.5

70.6

70.4

12.20 11.90 11.80 11.40

11.70 11.40 11.30 10.60

14.20 14.40 13.50 13.10

16.80 17.50 16.20 15.70

13.50 12.40 11.90 11.70

13.7 13.5 12.9 12.5

11.60 11.60 11.60 11.80 11.70 11.20 10.70 10.80 10.50 11.20 11.70 11.50 11.90 11.00 11.70

10.70 11.10 11.30 10.80 11.10 11.10 11.30 10.60 10.70 10.80 11.70 10.80 11.10 10.60 11.20

13.10 13.10 14.10 13.40 14.40 14.70 13.50 13.00 12.90 12.90 13.90 14.10 13.20 13.00 13.60

15.80 15.40 16.30 16.30 17.90 16.30 17.80 15.90 16.00 14.60 16.80 17.50 17.10 15.90 16.70

11.60 12.30 12.30 11.90 13.30 13.10 12.90 11.80 11.40 11.90 12.00 12.40 12.10 12.10 12.70

12.6 12.7 13.1 12.8 13.7 13.3 13.2 12.4 12.3 12.3 13.2 13.3 13.1 12.5 13.2

12.20

11.40

14.50

18.00

12.40

13.7

ALL SITES MEAN

66.2

mean

72.2

68.4 70.4

Warooka

63.1

69.4 70.0 68.7 70.0 67.7 68.8 68.1 70.7 67.6 68.7 69.8 68.5 64.9 69.8 70.3 69.7 70.2 71.3 69.0 69.7

Port Clinton

69.7 72.0

Bute

Wharminda

68.0 69.8

Brentwood

Streaky Bay

71.7 73.3

Yorke Peninsula Arthurton

Minnipa

63.3 67.0

mean

Elliston

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

Darke Peak

Central and upper Eyre Peninsula

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

71.3 69.9 69.7 69.9 71.9 69.4 70.0 70.8 71.3 70.8 70.5 70.6 71.8 70.2 70.9 71.2

15.60 15.90

8.50 8.10

17.50 16.30

14.90 15.50

13.60

7.90

15.80

14.20

15.10 14.40 15.10 14.50 15.90

7.70 8.20 8.30 7.60 7.90

15.30 15.20 16.90 15.60 17.20

14.40 13.20 14.40 15.40 15.80

15.40

7.70

17.10

16.00

14.30 13.00 15.50 16.10 15.20 15.30 13.90

7.90 8.50 8.50 7.70 8.20 8.00 8.50

15.60 14.00 16.60 16.20 17.30 16.00 16.20

13.70 14.00 14.80 15.90 15.10 14.40 14.70

10.40 10.40 10.00 9.70 10.20 9.60 9.40 10.40 10.00 10.20 10.70 10.50 10.30 9.90 10.10 9.80 11.40 10.00 10.20 10.50 10.00

13.4 13.2 12.2 12.4 12.1 13.0 12.6 13.4 13.3 12.3 11.9 13.0 13.5 13.2 12.8 12.8

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

12.5 11.4 11.3 11.5 11.9 11.6 12.3 12.3 11.4 11.5 12.1 12.0 12.2 11.6 12.0 12.0

Barley

Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Good options available as a mixture of canola varieties perform well in 2012 By Andrew Ware, Research Scientist, SARDI, Port Lincoln

Canola harvest report

Andrew Ware

NVT canola trials in 2012 saw a wide range of varieties performing well at various sites throughout the state. The top yielding varieties at each site largely fell in line with the maturity date, with a number of varieties showing widespread adaptation across the state.

The performance of NVT canola sites across South Australia in 2012 saw site mean yields range from 0.52 t/ha at Tooligie to 3.15 t/ha at Moyhall (both conventional sites). The area planted to canola in South Australia was estimated to be 290,000ha, (ABARE, Crop Report) well up on the five year average of 203,000ha. Statewide production per hectare was estimated to be 1.4 t/ha, in line with the five year average. Variable rainfall across the state saw a patchy start to the season. This resulted in NVT canola sites being sown from the 3 May through until 7 June. In an effort to get canola established as early as possible some sites were sown into less than ideal moisture which led to variable establishment in some cases (with Riverton having to be abandoned). Generally good rain fell through June and July and saw most sites begin flowering with adequate moisture. The effects of dry conditions throughout August, September and October were lessened by cooler temperatures throughout those months leading to average yields at most sites. NVT canola trials were treated with Impact-infurrow (Flutriafol at 400 g a.i. per hectare) in 2012. This reduced the effect that blackleg had across trials, an important factor to consider when selecting varieties based on these results.

Canola

Blackleg remains an important factor in canola varietal selection. Research over the past several years has shown that canola varieties that are grown very intensively in a given region can have their blackleg resistance reduced. This is because a blackleg race can develop that can overcome this

varietal resistance. It is recommended that growers should rotate canola varieties or change them after a couple of years to reduce this occurring. The Blackleg Management Guide is designed to lead growers and advisors through the risk factors for blackleg in their area as well as providing the latest information of varietal resistance to blackleg. It is updated annually (March) and is available at www.grdc.com.au. There has been a wide range of new varieties available for 2013 sowings. Many of these varieties are hybrids and the likelihood is that in future many more hybrids will be released. When you make your choice about new varieties you should rely on NVT data from the NVT website and any of your own ideas from observing trials in 2012.

Conventional varieties Conventional canola variety trials were established at 10 sites across South Australia in 2012. The Arthurton and Frances sites showed no significant difference between varieties. Hyola 50 and AV Garnet performed well at most of the sites in 2012, as they have done in previous years. CB Agamax and CB Tango performed their best at the lower rainfall/ short season sites, where their earlier flowering time appears to have provided them with an advantage. Both of these varieties are rated MS for blackleg and is recommended to use a fungicide to maximise yield performance. AV-Zircon, released to replace AV-Garnet in areas where a higher level of blackleg resistance is needed, performed well at Bordertown and Moyhall. AV-Zircon is later in maturity to AV Garnet which may explain it poorer performance at several of the quick finishing sites. A series of specialty type hybrids from Cargill were only assessed in the South East as they will be marketed in a closed loop. Of these types Victory V3002 performed well at Keith and Frances.

Clearfield varieties Clearfield (Imidazolinone tolerant) varieties were evaluated at 15 sites, of which the Riverton site had to be abandoned due to poor continued on p. 59

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Mid maturing canola: long term - 2008-2012

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

AV GARNET

112

114

119

AV ZIRCON

103

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

114

108

CB AGAMAX

104

108

115

CB TANGO C

100

HYOLA 50

111

119

123

120

VICTORY V3001

100

106

101

VICTORY V3002

108

VICTORY V3003

103

SITE MEAN (t/ha)

1.92

ARCHER

101

2.43 2

106

1.92 2

107

1.87 7

108

CARBINE

103

105

106

102

Hyola 474CL

102

HYOLA 575CL

104

101

111

PIONEER 43C80 (CL)

PIONEER 43Y85 (CL)

100

PIONEER 44Y84 (CL)

103

105

107

102

PIONEER 45Y82 (CL)

108

110

108

106

Xceed OASIS CL

SITE MEAN (t/ha)

1.92

2.62

2.05

1.91

ATR COBBLER

ATR GEM

105

102

104

ATR SNAPPER

ATR STINGRAY

BONANZA TT

CB ATOMIC HT

107

CB HENTY HT

116

108

CB JARDEE HT

101

100

CB JUNEE HT

101

100

CB STURT TT

100

CB TELFER

CRUSHER TT

109

103

107

113

HYOLA 555TT

108

105

111

HYOLA 559TT

109

107

109

HYOLA 656TT

106

104

110

JACKPOT TT

100

102

MONOLA 413TT

MONOLA 506TT

MONOLA 605TT

THUMPER TT

107

SITE MEAN (t/ha)

1.92

2.62

2.05

1.91

Canola

Variety

South East

Conventional

Mid North

Clearfield

Yorke Peninsula

Triazine Tolerant

Lower Eyre Peninsula

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Early maturing canola: long term - 2008-2012

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

123

110

125

119

AV ZIRCON

108

109

CB AGAMAX

120

123

CB TANGO C

107

102

HYOLA 50

120

118

120

119

VICTORY V3001

106

VICTORY V3002

107

SITE MEAN (t/ha)

1.17

2.15

1.30

1.76

CARBINE

114

Hyola 474CL

108

HYOLA 575CL

110

108

111

PIONEER 43C80 (CL)

PIONEER 43Y85 (CL)

105

PIONEER 44Y84 (CL)

115

109

Xceed OASIS CL

SITE MEAN (t/ha)

1.03

ATR COBBLER

2.15 5

1.30 4

1.69 3

ATR SNAPPER

104

101

ATR STINGRAY

101

BONANZA TT

CB JARDEE HT

104

102

103

CB JUNEE HT

108

105

104

CB SCADDAN

CB STURT TT

100

CB TELFER

CRUSHER TT

106

HYOLA 555TT

116

MONOLA 506TT

THUMPER TT

SITE MEAN (t/ha)

1.20

HYOLA 555TT

108

HYOLA 559TT HYOLA 656TT

2.35

1.41

105

109

106

105

1.59 8

111

107

109

104

110

JACKPOT TT

100

102

MONOLA 413TT

MONOLA 506TT

MONOLA 605TT

107

THUMPER TT SITE MEAN (t/ha)

1.92

2.62

2.05

Clearfield

ARCHER

Conventional

South East

No. Trials

AV GARNET

Canola

Mid North

% of Site Mean

Variety

Yorke Peninsula

1.91

Triazine Tolerant

Upper Eyre Peninsula

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

44Y84 yielded performed extremely well at the lower rainfall sites, where site mean yield was less than 1 t/ha. 44Y84 also performed well at Yeelanna, Mt Hope, Arthurton and Turretfield. 44Y84 is currently rated as MR-MS for blackleg so it would be recommended to be treated with a fungicide especially in higher rainfall areas. Newly released Carbine also performed well across sites in the low yielding environments as well as sites at Arthurton, Keith and Mt Cooper. It has a provisional blackleg rating of MR. 45Y82 and 45Y86 both performed well across six sites where site mean yields were in the 1-2 t/ha bracket. 45Y82 yielded well at Arthurton, Spalding and Keith, whereas, 45Y86 had higher yields at Mt Hope, Yeelanna and Turretfield. Hyola575CL has the highest level of blackleg resistance in this herbicide group, which may be important to some growers. It performed well at Bordertown in 2012. Short season variety, 43C80, was the only open pollinated Clearfield variety evaluated in 2012. At most sites where it was evaluated it yielded less than 44Y84 and other short season variety 43Y85. Farmers in the low rainfall areas face a difficult decision of whether to run the risk of lower yields with an open pollinated variety or to pay increased costs for hybrid seed. An early seasonal break and sub-soil moisture may help to make this decision. Xceed OasisCL was the only released Juncea canola to be evaluated in 2012. In general terms its yields were lower than most of the other canola varieties at the sites where it was evaluated.

Triazine tolerant varieties Thirteen triazine tolerant canola sites were successfully harvested in 2012, with sites at Minnipa and Riverton having to be abandoned due to poor emergence.

Crusher TT was only evaluated at eight sites in 2012, all in the medium to high rainfall areas. At each site Crusher TT yielded well above the site mean yield. Crusher TT is rated MS for blackleg and is recommended to be treated with a fungicide to reduce damage from the disease. ATR Gem consistently produced grain yields above the site mean across all regions in the state. ATRGem has a provisional blackleg rating of MR. ATR Snapper yielded performed well above average in the low rainfall sites yielding less than 1 t/ha. CB Sturt and CB Telfer also performed well in the low rainfall areas. The short stature variety, ATR Stingray yielded well at all sites on Eyre Peninsula as well as sites at Lameroo and Frances. CB Atomic HT was only evaluated at eight sites and yielded well above the site mean at all sites except Frances in 2012. Newly released CB Atomic HT has a provisional blackleg rating of MR when treated with Jockey速. Hyola 559TT performed well across all regions in South Australia and yielded above the site mean yield at all sites except Bordertown and Frances. Similarly Hyola 555TT performed well across the state, only recording performances below the site mean at Mt Hope and Turretfield. The slightly later Hyola 659TT performed above the site mean yield at all sites it was evaluated at, with a larger advantage in the South East sites of Bordertown, Frances and Moyhall. Of the specialty TT canola varieties Monola 413TT consistently yielded above the site mean. This and the other specialty type varieties would be considered as options based on their yields and on the premium price being offered for production. They are only likely to be grown under a closed loop system in selected areas.

The contribution of data and information for this report from Trent Potter, formerly of SARDI, is gratefully acknowledged.

Canola

establishment and the Minlaton, Frances and Moyhall sites produced results where there was no significant difference between varieties.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

SA canola variety trial yield performance (2012 performance expressed as % of site average yield)

Canola

Tooligie

99 97 105 96 103 2.14 5 96 92 96 103 96 104 2.05 6 97 108 94 105 88 101 101 106 99 105 103 107 95 83 88 99 1.85 7 3-May LS 5.4 384 Wheat

104 96 95 86 93 1.79 8 89 93 89 102 98 109 1.50 11 88 112 89 108 91 100 87 109 118 111 101 102 94 92 86 101 1.64 10 4-May CL 6.0 223 Wheat

106 68 113 116 110 88 0.52 19 115 85 116 109 132 113 81 0.58 17 106 107 128 107 85 106 113 116 113 92 117 0.73 13 4-May SL 7.8 216 Barley

Minnipa

Mt Cooper

78 97 106 98

101 103 100 96 101 102 103 84 1.59 13 93 100 107 109 90 107

115 105 104 104 0.56 12

27-May L 8.6 185 Wheat pe

95 91 107 95 106 103 100 97 1.61 8 1-Jun L 8.5 294 Pasture dl

Arthurton

Minlaton

99 103 107 98 93 1.58 NS 94 107 92 88 106 111 100 1.80 9 88 102 103 96 92 113 104 101 119 104 105 102 100 84 100 89 1.52 11 29-May SCLFS/MC 8.4 229 Beans lb, w

111 103 101 106 97 100 98 2.11 NS 92 92 106 94 99 114 105 92 107 102 95 105 1.99 NS 2-May FSC/CLS 8.5 276.8 Wheat pe

No conventional trial at this site

Yeelanna

No valid results

AV Garnet AV Zircon CB Agamax CB Tango C Hyola 50 SARDI515M Victory V3001 Victory V3002 Victory V3003 Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Archer Carbine Hyola 474CL Hyola 575CL Pioneer 43C80 (CL) Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) Pioneer 45Y82 (CL) Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) Xceed Oasis CL Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%) ATR Cobbler ATR Gem ATR Snapper ATR Stingray Bonanza TT CB Atomic HT CB Henty HT CB Jardee HT CB Junee HT Crusher TT CB Sturt TT CB Telfer Hyola 555TT Hyola 559TT Hyola 656TT Jackpot TT Monola 413TT Monola 506TT Monola 605TT Thumper TT Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Date sown Soil type pH water Apr-Oct rain (mm) Previous Year Site stress factors

Mt Hope

Yorke Peninsula 2012

No valid results

Variety

Upper Eyre Peninsula 2012

No valid results

Lower Eyre Peninsula 2012

Abbreviations Soil type: S - sand C - clay L - loam F - fine K - coarse M - medium Li - light H - heavy Z - silt / - divides topsoil from subsoil. Site stress factors: pe - poor emergence lb - late break w - weeds dl - dry post flowering moisture stress.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Murray Mallee 2012

23-May

235 pe

95 88 90 107 104 105 1.68 12 81 99 87 96 124 94 82 122 106 90 116 108 92 100 88 110 1.30 17 1-Jun LC/LMC 6.8 288 Pasture lb, w

Keith

Bordertown

Frances

Moyhall

115 93 108 104 110 70 0.97 24 112 100 94 101 115 106

121 100 88 105 105 84 104 100 1.47 22 121 103 100 96 81 101 83 117 1.59 21 88 106 98 94 84 112 115 107 105 88 109 105 99 93 1.38 23 29-May L 7.9 306 Beans

104 111 86 88 113 88 99 112 2.00 15 99 99 100 109 95 100 96 2.11 15 77 103 84 100 110 92 90 92 116 85 94 112 99 115 113 99 104 89 98 1.94 16 6-Jun CL 6.1 340 Pasture dl

104 94 106 91 109 93 107 96 1.93 NS 105 99 111 95 107 94 2.08 NS 53 103 109 105 98 103 92 98 113 108 99 111 107 104 104 89 93 1.67 21 7-Jun SL 6.1 343 Wheat

96 118 101 95 99 90 3.15 16 103 104 99 94 97 105 3.01 NS 75 103 100 100 101 119 113 88 106 104 103 114 116 89 96 80 102 2.74 18 10-May CL 7.4 448 Beans

91 0.98 4 105 107 129 108 85 107 114 116 112 92 0.73 9 29-May SL 8.4 188 Wheat dl

Conventional

Lameroo

Clearfield

Turretfield

No conventional trial at this site

No conventional trial at this site No valid results

Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT NB Trials at Minnipa, Mt Cooper and Lameroo are not part of the NVT network. These trials were conducted by SARDI in 2012 in line with NVT protocols.

Canola

100 101 95 104 113 63 1.08 10 102 94 89 94 108 102 1.21 9 91 105 100 97 94 107 107 102 108 104 110 108 105 89 88 1.07 11 29-May SC/SCL 8.4 233 Barley

Riverton

No valid results

Spalding

South East 2012

Triazine Tolerant

Mid North 2012

Varieties for 2013 Fathom

Barley • • • • •

PBA Rana

Early maturing feed variety with broad adaptation Strong disease resistance including CCN Very low screenings similar to Maritime High test weight with consistently high grain yield Taller plant height than Hindmarsh

Faba Beans • Adapted to high rainfall, long season regions • Mid to late flowering and mid maturity • Resistant to foliar and seed Ascochyta blight and improved resistance to chocolate spot • Excellent bean quality suited for the Egyptian export market

Wombat

Oats • New milling quality dwarf oat variety • First dwarf variety to combine cereal cyst nematode resistance and tolerance with stem nematode tolerance • Excellent groat percent • Mid season maturity similar to Possum and Echidna • Improved variety with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and bacterial blight resistance • UNCLE TOBYS approved variety

Contact Viterra Seeds on 0458 009 804 AGRI PRODUCTS

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Cereal variety disease guide 2013 By Hugh Wallwork, Principal Cereal Pathologist and PamelaÂ Zwer, OatÂ Breeder

The cool winter and dry spring hindered the development of most foliar pathogens in Hugh Wallwork South Australia in 2012. The dry spring also prevented the development of white grain in crops as only a very low level was recorded in harvest deliveries. The dry spring did however promote the development of more crown rot than usual and severe infections were recorded across the upper western Eyre Peninsula. Crown rot survives in wheat stubbles and so many crops in 2013 will be exposed to high levels of inoculum where they are sown into these stubbles. Eyespot has been occurring in crops in the high rainfall regions of the Lower Eyre Peninsula and Mid North. On the Lower Eyre Peninsula the short stature of Wyalkatchem has probably reduced lodging and therefore disguised the level of infection in crops in previous years. Mace which has largely replaced Wyalkatchem therefore appears more susceptible.

Rusts Stem rust survived until winter on a few scattered volunteers in northern districts but failed to transfer to 2012 plantings and caused no concern to crops. Leaf rust in wheat was not recorded in crops and leaf rust in barley started late on the Yorke Peninsula and caused little damage especially compared to the 2011 season. Stripe rust arrived late in winter with recordings across a wide area from midAugust onwards. One crop of Mace near Pt Germein was found with much more severe infection and

may have been the source of the other outbreaks. Timely application of fungicide sprays along with widespread use of in-furrow treatments in some districts kept the stripe rust under good control.

Net form net blotch Net blotch levels were low in most crops. Ongoing analysis of samples of net form net blotch used in controlled environment tests have revealed a great diversity in virulence amongst a range of isolates obtained from around the state. Virulence in the fungus was found on Oxford, Henley, Navigator and Wimmera at Conmurra in the South East and this is reflected in changed ratings for these varieties in this Guide. Further cases of virulence have also been recorded on Fleet at Urania and south of Port Pirie. Similar to barley leaf rust and scald, this guide is now showing the resistance ratings of barleys to net form net blotch as a range rather than as a single rating. This reflects variation in the fungus around SA.

White grain Only a minimal amount of white grain was recorded in any wheat deliveries in SA due to the dry spring conditions. However the fungus remains viable in crop stubbles and could cause problems in 2013 should persistent damp conditions occur after head emergence. There is no good evidence for variation in resistance amongst varieties at this stage.

Loose smut Hindmarsh barley has been observed with higher levels of loose smut than is commonly observed in barley crops. Whilst testing of varieties for resistance to this disease is not carried out, it would appear that Hindmarsh is more susceptible than other varieties. Where barleys are treated for mildew control then loose smut should not be a problem.

continued on p. 66

CEREAL DISEASE

Summary of 2012 season and implications for 2013

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Wheat AGT Katana Axe Barham Bolac Brennan Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Elmore CL Plus Emu Rock Espada Estoc Forrest Gladius Grenade CLPlus Impala Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Lincoln Mace Peake Phantom Preston Scout Sentinel Shield SQP Revenue Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi

Rust Stem

Stripe#

Leaf

CCN resistance

Yellow leaf spot

Powdery mildew

MSS MRMS MR MRMS MS MR RMR MR MR MR MRMS MR MR RMR MR^ MR RMR MR MR MR MR^ MR^ MR SVS MR RMR MR R RMR MRMS S

MRMS RMR #MSS RMR RMR MS MSS MS MRMS MRMS MRMS # MRMS MRMS RMR #MRMS #MRMS MR #MRMS #MRMS RMR #SVS MRMS^ MR RMR #MS RMR #MR R MRMS S MRMS

MS MR MRMS MS RMR R MR MS MSS R/MR MSS R MRMS MR MS MS S MSS MS MR MR R^ MRMS MR R R R R MS MS MS

MS S MS S – R MRMS RMR MR S S MS MR S MS MR S MS MR S MRMS R MRMS S R S MR S MR S MR

MS S MSS S – MSS MS MR SVS S MS MS MSS MRMS MS S MSS S MSS MRMS MRMS S SVS MSS SVS MS S MS MSS MRMS SVS

MRMS MSS SVS – – MSS MSS VS MRMS MR MSS S MSS MS S MSS RMR S MSS MR MSS MRMS – MRMS R MR R S SVS MRMS

MR R MR MR MR MR RMR RMR

MR MR MR MR MR MR MR RMR

MRMS RMR RMR MRMS MR MR RMR MR

– MS MS MS MS – – MS

MR MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS

– MR SVS VS MSS S – MS

MR MR R R RMR MR RMR RMR R

MS MSS MR MR MR^ MR^ MS MS MSS

R R R MR R R R R MR

– R R R R R R R MS

MR MR MR MR MRMS MR MR MR MR

R R R R R R R RMR R

Durum Caparoi Hyperno Kalka Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri WID802 Yawa

Triticale Bogong Chopper Fusion Goanna Hawkeye Jaywick Rufus Tahara Treat

# - These ratings are for the WA Yr17 strain. Varieties with a # have the Yr17 resistance and so will be resistant to other strains.

CEREAL DISEASE

^ - Some susceptible plants in mix The stripe rust ratings for the triticales are for the WA Tobruk strain R Resistant MR Moderately Resistant MS Moderately Susceptible S Susceptible VS Very Susceptible T Tolerant MT Moderately Tolerant MI Moderately Intolerant I Intolerant VI Very Intolerant – Uncertain.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Root lesion nematodes

Septoria tritici blotch

Crown rot

Common root rot

P. neglectus

P. thornei

Flag smut

Black point †

Quality in SA

MS SVS MSS MS – MRMS MSS MSS MRMS MRMS MSS S S MRMS MSS MS S S MS MSS MRMS MS MRMS MR MRMS MRMS S MR MSS MR MRMS

MS MS MRMS S – S MS MSS MS MS MS S S MRMS MSS – MSS MS MS MS MS S S MSS S S S MRMS MRMS MS

MS MS MSS MS – MR MS S S MSS MSS MSS SVS S S S – S MS MS MRMS S S MS MS MS MS MS MRMS S MS

MS S S S S S S S S S MSS S S SVS S S S S S VS S S MSS S S MSS S S S S S

MS MSS MSS – – MRMS MSS MS MS MS S MSS MRMS MS MS MRMS MSS – – MS MSS S S MS S S SVS MSS S MS

S S MRMS RMR – RMR SVS S R SVS MS MRMS MRMS RMR RMR R SVS – – RMR S MRMS MRMS SVS RMR MSS S SVS SVS MR

S S MRMS MSS MRMS S MSS MSS MS MS MS S MS MR MS MRMS S MR MR MS MSS MR MRMS S MSS MSS MRMS MS MS

AH AH Soft AH Feed AH APW APW AH AH AH APW APW APW AH AH Soft APW AH AH AH AH AH Feed AH ASW AH Feed AH APW AH

RMR RMR MRMS MRMS S MRMS MR MR

– MR MR MR MRMS – – MR

MR MRMS MR – MR MRMS – MR

VS VS VS VS VS VS VS VS

MS MS MS MS MS MS – –

R R RMR R R R – –

MSS MS S MS MS MSS – MR

Durum Durum Durum Durum Durum Durum Durum Durum

R R R R R R R R R

– – – – – – RMR R MRMS

– – – – – – RMR MR –

MSS MSS – – MS MS MS MS –

MSS S – – MSS MS MS MS MS

– – – – – – – R R

– – – – – – – – –

Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale

† Black point is not a disease but a response to certain humid conditions.

CEREAL DISEASE

Tolerance levels are lower for durum receivals.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Barley

Leaf rust*

Net form net blotch

Spot form net blotch

Scald*

CCN resistance

Powdery mildew

Barley grass stripe rust

Covered smut

Common root rot

Bass Buloke Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Grange Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Navigator Oxford Schooner Scope Skipper Sloop SA SY Rattler Westminster Wimmera IGB1101

R-MS MS-SVS MS-S MR-SVS MRMS-S MRMS-S MRMS-S MR MR-MRMS MRMS-S VS MS-S VS R-MRMS SVS MS-SVS MSS-SVS SVS R-MS RMR R-MRMS MRMS-SVS

MSS MR MS MS-S MR MR-S MR-MS MR MR MR MS VS MR-S MR-S MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR

MSS MS MS MR MRMS RMR MSS S S S MR MRMS MR MSS MS MS MRMS SVS MSS S MS S

MR-S MS S R MS MRMS S MSS R-SVS R-VS MS MSS R MS-S MSS MSS S S R-SVS MR MSS R-VS

S S R R R R S S S R R R R S VS S R R – – S R

MS MR MR MR MRMS MRMS MR MR R MS MRMS S R R S MR MR S RMR MR S –

– R R – MR MR – – – R MS S MR – R R – R – – – –

VS MS R RMR MRMS MR S RMR MR MS R MS MSS MRMS MR MRMS MSS R R R MRMS MS

MS MS MSS S S MSS MS S MS S S S MS MSS S MS MSS S MSS MRMS MS –

Explanation for resistance classification Previously a ‘/’ has been used where a rating falls between two of the ratings given below. Now there will be no / and the two ratings will be run together as one score. For example MR/ MS will now be presented as MRMS. Where a ‘-‘ is used then the rating is given as a range of scores that may be observed depending on which strain of the pathogen is present. R

The disease will not multiply or cause any damage on this variety. This rating is only used where the variety also has seedling resistance.

MR The disease may be visible and multiply but no significant economic osses will occur. This rating signifies strong adult plant resistance. MS

The disease may cause damage but this is unlikely to be more than around 15 per cent except in very severe situations.

The disease can be severe on this variety and losses of up to 50 per cent can occur.

CEREAL DISEASE

VS Where a disease is a problem this variety should not be grown. Losses greater than 50 per cent are possible and the variety may create significant problems to other growers.

Oats Brusher Echidna Euro Forester Glider Kangaroo Marloo Mitika Mulgara Numbat Potoroo Possum Quoll Swan Tammar Tungoo Wallaroo Wombat Wintaroo Yallara

Rust

CCN

stem

leaf φ

Resistance

Tolerance

MS-S S VS R-S MR-S MS-S S MR-S MS MS S MS-S MS-S VS MR-S MS-S S MS-S S S

MS-S S S MR-MS MS-S MS-S S MS-S MR-MS S S S MR-MS S MR-MS MS S MS S MS

R S R MS MS R R VS R S R VS S MR MR R R R R R

MI I I MI I MT MT I MT I T I I I MT MT MT T MT I

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

P.negectus

P. thornei

MRMS MS MRMS MRMS MS MRMS – MR MRMS MS MR MR MRMS MR S MS MRMS MS – – MRMS –

MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS – MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS – MRMS MR MR MRMS MRMS MR – – MRMS –

Stem nematode

Black point S MS S S MSS MS MSS MS MSS MSS SVS MSS MSS MR MS MSS MS S MSS MRMS MRMS –

Resistance

Tolerance

Bacterial blight

MS MS S S R S MS S R S S S R S R R MS MR MR S

I MT I I T MI MI I MT I MI I MT I T T MI MT MT I

MR-MS S MS MS-S R MR-MS S MR MR S S S MS S MR MR S MR-MS MR-MS MR-MS

Key to symbols used:

This classification based on yield loss is only a general guide and is less applicable for the minor diseases such as common root rot, or for the leaf diseases in lower rainfall areas, where yield losses are rarely severe.

* Due to multiple strains of these pathogens, the table provides a range of reactions that may be observed. Different ratings are separated by a -

Other information This fact sheet supplements other information available including the SARDI Sowing Guide 2013 and Crop Watch email newsletters. Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases and Cereal Root and Crown Diseases books (2000 editions) are also available from Ground Cover Direct or from Hugh Wallwork in SARDI.

Disease identification A diagnostic service is available to farmers and industry for diseased plant specimens. Samples of all leaf and aerial plant parts should be kept free of moisture and wrapped in paper not a plastic bag. Roots should be dug up carefully, preserving as much of the root system as possible and preferably kept damp. Samples should be sent to the following address:

Red leather leaf MS MS MS R-MR R MS VS S MS MS VS MS-S MS S R-MS R MS MS MS MS

BYDV

Septoria avenae

P. neglectus nematodes

MS MS MS MR-S MR-S MR-S MR-MS MS-S MS S MS S MS MS MS MR-MS MS MR MR-MS MS

MS S MS MR MR MR-MS S S MS MR S MS MR MS MR MR S MS MR-MS MS

MR-MS MR MR – – – – – – MR MR MR MR-MS MR-MS – – MR -MR-MS –

SARDI Diagnostic Centre Plant Research Centre Hartley Grove Urrbrae SA 5064 Further information contact: hugh.wallwork@sa.gov.au

CEREAL DISEASE

Root lesion nematodes

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

PBA Striker is the biggest long term chickpea hit By Larn McMurray, Research Scientist, SARDI, Clare & Kristy Hobson PBA Chickpeas, DPI New South Wales.

Despite similar grain yields to other chickpea varieties in the 2012 South Australian evaluation trials, the newly released desi type PBA Striker is the highest yielding variety long term in SA.

2012

Larn McMurray

The dry seasonal finish last year did not favour chickpea production, however all seven NVT and PBA desi trials were harvested and a respectable state wide average grain yield of 1.76 t/ha was achieved. This was however, well down on the 2.7 t/ha achieved in 2011. Site mean grain yields ranged from 1.25 t/ha at the Group C herbicide affected Yeelanna site on the lower Eyre Peninsula through to 2.48 t/ha at Riverton in the Mid North. There was no foliar disease incidence observed in any trial last year and apart from moderate weed competition (Lock), low levels of isoxaflutole (Melton) and simazine (Yeelanna) herbicide damage, the major stress factor influencing variety performance was the long period of post flowering moisture stress at all sites.

Variety/line Desi trials Ambar Genesis 509 Genesis 079# Genesis 090# Howzat Neelam PBA Boundary PBA HatTrick PBA Slasher PBA Striker (CICA0603) CICA0717 Site mean yield (t/ha) % LSD (0.05) Kabuli trials Almaz Genesis 079# Genesis 090# Genesis 114 Genesis Kalkee CICA0857 Site mean yield (t/ha) % LSD (0.05) Date sown Soil type Rainfall (mm) J-M/A-O pH (H2O) Previous crop Site stress factors Previous crop Site stress factors

Mid North Balaklava

97 82 77 102

Riverton

2005-2012 Riverton PBA

111 105 103

95 94 100 112 104 1.6 16.3

5/6 SL/ LiMC 53/188 8.1 Hay oats dl

99 105 100 2.48 7.7 91 106 103 91 87 106 2.26 11.5 11/6 LiC/MC

104 95 108 95 93 104 2.47 10.1 11/6 LiC/MC

95/306 7.7 Wheat dl

% Site mean

Trial #

103 98 104 96 95 105 97 93 106 107 106 2.01

3* 19 15 19 18 3* 13 18 21 20 19

93 112 108 94 92 105 1.77

19 19 19 19 10 13

20 Melton

89 111 106 107 97 94 108 106 105 1.85 10.8 100 111 104 108 109 121 1.38 19.6 7/6 SCLKS/ CLS 63/218 8.5 Barley hdI, dl

ChickPeas

Abbreviations Soil type: S - sand C - clay L - loam H - heavy M - medium Li - light / - over Site Stress Factors: dl - post flowering moisture stress abm - ascochyta blight (moderate) ht - high temperature during flowering/pod fill w - weed competition bo - boron toxicity hdI - herbicide damage (Isoxaflutole) de - pre flowering moisture stress bgm - botrytis grey mould vi - virus ct - low temperatures during flowering/ podding pe - poor establishment wl - waterlogging hdS - herbicide damage (simazine)

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

SA Desi & Kabuli chickpea variety trial yield performance: 2012 (as a % of site mean) and long term (2005-2012) average across sites (as a % of site mean). Yorke Peninsula South East Lower Eyre Peninsula 2005-2012

Minlaton

112 101 96

103 107 110 2.15 4.7 91 103 94 95 98 107 2.13 7.0 9/6 FSC/ CLS 56/277 8.5 Wheat dl

% Site mean

Trial #

104 96 106 96 98 104 96 93 104 107 106 1.99

3* 14 12 16 13 3* 8 13 16 15 14

92 113 105 96 94 106 1.79

14 14 14 14 8 10

2012

2005-2012

Mundulla

% Site mean

Trial #

105 104

101 95 101 97 97 103

4 8 8 10 7 3*

95 102 103 104 1.99

8 10 8 7

94 108 108 95 94 104 1.81

10 10 10 10 5 5

111

106 110 110 1.46 10.3 91 103 113 85 86 105 1.55 7.7 20/6 CL/ limestone 42/306 7.9 Barley dl

2012

2005-2012

Yeelanna

% Site mean

Trial #

107 118

92 102 95 98

5 5 7 5

100

114 87 93 1.25 14.4 105 84 96 86 101 100 1.17 15.4 1/6 CL

Lock

% Site mean

Trial #

103 104

103 87 99 87 92 106

3* 4 5 6 3* 3*

86 104 109 105 1.88

4 6 5 5

105 92 103 105 103 1.8

4 7 6 5

92 115 108 89 91 105 1.33

7 7 7 7 3* 3*

55/223 8.3 Wheat hdS, dl

106 105 103 1.52 11.8

29/5 SL 22/177 7.7 Wheat de, dl, w

Data source: SARDI, GRDC, PBA & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites and courtesy National Statistics Program) * Varieties have only had limited evaluation at these sites, treat results with caution # small kabuli type

ChickPeas

012

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Due to the relative late maturity of chickpeas and the extent of this moisture stress all varieties flowered and matured under high levels of duress and generally a low level of variety discrimination occurred. PBA Slasher along with PBA Striker (100 per cent of PBA Slasher), the WA release Neelam (99 per cent) and the small kabuli varieties Genesis 090 (97 per cent) and Genesis 079 (101 per cent) all produced similar state wide average yields. PBA Striker had equal or higher yields than PBA Slasher and Genesis 090 at all sites except for at Yeelanna, where like other early maturing varieties, it was lower yielding. PBA Striker is the best suited desi chickpea to medium to low rainfall pulse growing areas due to its improved adaptation over other varieties in these environments. It has a long term yield advantage over PBA Slasher in all areas of SA ranging from 1 per cent in the Mid North to 5 per cent on the upper Eyre Peninsula. It will also provide an alternative to the higher valued small kabuli types in these areas as evidenced by a long term yield increase of 22 per cent over Genesis 090 on the Upper Eyre Peninsula. PBA Striker was released by Seednet in 2012 as a high yielding desi chickpea with moderate resistance to ascochyta blight (AB). It is an early flowering and maturing variety with very good early vigour. PBA Striker has a similar plant type to PBA Slasher with larger seed size than this variety and all other southern and western Australian desi varieties. Seed of PBA Striker is also lighter in colour and it has very good milling characteristics. AB resistance of PBA Striker is less than PBA Slasher and Genesis 090 but improved over Almaz, however it is likely to require both vegetative and reproductive foliar fungicide sprays. Due to its lower AB rating than PBA Slasher and its early maturity, PBA Striker is not recommended for high rainfall and long growing season districts.

ChickPeas

Two desi varieties were released from Western Australia in 2012. Ambar (early maturing) and Neelam (mid maturing) and both have good yields and AB

resistance in this state. They are licensed to Heritage Seeds. Both appear to have similar but slightly lower yields than PBA Striker from limited evaluation in SA. Due to a seed source issue in 2012 no data was obtained from Ambar in NVT trials last year. Seed size of both lines is smaller than that of PBA Striker. Statewide average grain yields of the kabuli trials last year ranged from 1.17 t/ha at Yeelanna to 2.47 t/ha at the Riverton PBA trial. Like in the desi trials the spring moisture stress was the major yield limiting factor. Genesis 090 and Genesis 079 had similar average state wide grain yields both averaging approximately 10 per cent higher than the medium to large seeded kabuli group of Almaz, Genesis Kalkee and Genesis 114. Genesis 090 had higher grain yields than Genesis 079 at the more favourable sites of Riverton and Mundulla and also at the Group C herbicide affected Yeelanna site. However Genesis 079 was higher yielding on the shallower and quicker finishing soil types of the Yorke Peninsula. Genesis Kalkee performed similarly to Almaz at all sites which is in line with its long term performance. Genesis Kalkee has the largest seed size of all commercial kabuli varieties, hence more able to meet the size requirements of premium high valued markets. However yield and disease resistance are inferior to the small kabuli types. The lower relative yields of the larger seeded kabuli types compared with the desi and small seeded kabuli types needs to be considered along with the chances of obtaining large seed size before deciding to grow these high valued types in SA. Of considerable interest last year was the performance of the potential kabuli release, CICA0857. This line has medium (8-9mm) seed size that is larger than Genesis 090 but with equivalent long term grain yields to this variety in SA. It is early flowering and grain yields last year averaged 3 per cent higher than Genesis 090 across all sites ranging from equal at Yeelanna to 17 per cent higher at Melton. Some seed is expected to be available for 2014 sowings through Seednet.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Fiesta VF and Farah tie for top honours in 2012 By Andrew Ware, Research Scientist, SARDI, Port Lincoln

Andrew Ware

2012 faba bean harvest report

In addition a specialty broad bean breeding trial was conducted at Millicent in the South East.

Fiesta VF and Farah shared top honours for the highest yielding of the released faba beans evaluated in NVT and PBA sites across South Australia in 2012. Eight NVT faba bean trials and six PBA breeding trials were conducted across South Australia in 2012.

All sites, were sown in May, with the exception of Millicent (19 June), and established well. The dry, but cooler than normal spring gave some outstanding bean yields across the state, with the Maitland site averaging 4.22t/ha. Sites in the lower rainfall areas of the Upper Eyre Peninsula and Murray Mallee also performed well and achieved site mean yields of 1.86t/ha and 1.33t/ha respectively.

SA faba bean variety trial yield performance (2012 and predicted regional performance, expressed as % of site average yield) Lower Eyre Upper Eyre Yorke Peninsula Peninsula Peninsula 2012

Long term average across sites

2012

Long term average across sites

Lock

t/ha

Cockaleechie

t/ha

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

2.26

Farah

2.34

101

1.68

Fiesta

102

2.39

100

1.68

Variety Doza

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

Long term average across sites

2012 Maitland

t/ha

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

3.21

3.40

3.37

Minlaton

Fiord

2.33

1.50

3.25

Nura

100

2.35

1.62

100

3.40

PBA Rana

2.20

1.54

3.17

PBA Warda

2.48

104

2.70

2.38

1.86

1.70

3.42

Site av yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Date sown Soil type

4.22

3.49

17May

28May

29May

2May

SCL/ SC

FSC/ CLS

pH (water)

8.3

7.7

7.6

8.5

Apr-Oct rain (mm)

223

177

332

277

Wheat

Canola

Wheat

Previous Year Abbreviations

S - sand C - clay L - loam F - fine K - coarse M - medium Li - light H - heavy Z - silt / - divides topsoil from subsoil.

Site stress factors: pe - poor emergence lb - late break w - weeds dl - dry post flowering moisture stress Data source:

SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA - Australian Faba Bean Breeding Program. 2005-2012 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.

Faba Beans

Soil type:

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

The dry spring conditions helped contain the incidence of all diseases. In 2012 disease incidence was very low, producing some of the cleanest bean trials seen in recent years. The difference in yields between Fiesta and Farah was quite large at some sites. This is hard to explain, with no common factor or reason being obvious. However when averaged across all sites the yields of both varieties was quite similar, in line with what has been seen in the previous years. Fiestaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yields may be negated by its susceptibility to seed staining by ascochyta blight. Without management, this can result in grain that is un-marketable or has to be sold at a discounted price. Nura performed comparatively well at both sites on Yorke Peninsula, but tended to yield lower than Fiesta VF or Farah at all other sites.

Mid North / Central 2012

Variety

Laura

Doza

Saddleworth

Tarlee

Freeling

Strathalbyn

t/ha

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

2.40

Farah

102

101

2.56

100

Fiesta

101

107

103

2.58

101

2.36

Fiord Nura

2.49

PBA Rana

109

2.43

111

2.64

103

2.18

1.35

4.03

3.70

2.46

4.05

2.57

PBA Warda Site av yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Date sown Soil type pH water Apr-Oct rain (mm)

Faba Beans

Pinery

Long term average across sites

Previous Year Site stress factors

28-May

10-May

9-May

30-Apr

16-May

8-Jun

SCL/LMC

LMC/MC

7.0

8.2

237

270

Barley

Wheat

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

In its first year of commercial plantings PBA Rana yielded 10 per cent less than Farah and Fiesta when averaged across all sites in the state. PBA Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s later maturity time may have contributed to its poor relative performance in 2012.

PBA Rana is three quarters Manafest in its breeding, and should establish itself into areas where Manafest was grown before ascochyta blight became its demise. PBA Rana is licensed to Viterra and an end point royalty applies.

PBA Rana is a vigorous plant with good stem strength, mid to late flowering (similar to Nura) and mid maturity (later than Farah and Nura). It is well adapted to high rainfall, long growing seasons. Highest yields have been achieved in the Lower South East, Central Hills/ Fleurieu Peninsula and the high rainfall sites in the lower and mid-North where long term yields are equal to or greater than Fiesta VF and Farah. PBA Rana has good resistance to ascochyta blight and is moderately susceptible to chocolate spot. It has shown in the field to have very useful resistance (MS-MR) to rust, better than other commercial varieties. PBA Rana produces large, plump and light brown seed suited to Egyptian market requirements for that grade. It represents a unique and different category for faba bean marketing.

PBA Warda was released in 2012 by the northern node of the PBA Faba Bean Breeding Program. It was released as a higher yielding, more disease resistant replacement to Doza and Cairo for Northern NSW and southern Queensland. PBA Warda is not expected to play a role in the Southern region due to it poor disease resistance to Ascochyta blight and chocolate spot. PBA Warda yields in the 2012 PBA Faba Bean Breeding Program trials were generally less the Farah or Fiesta VF.

The contribution of data and information for this report from the Pulse Breeding Australia Faba Bean Breeding Program by Dr Jeff Paull, University of Adelaide, and Dr Rohan Kimber, SARDI, is gratefully acknowledged.

Mallee Lameroo

South East

Long term average across sites t/ha

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

2012 Keith

Bordertown

Long term average across sites Bool Lagoon

Millicent

t/ha

101

% of Site Mean

No. Trials

1.44

2.76

112

1.61

100

102

2.85

1.60

100

111

2.88

100

1.44

2.59

1.56

101

2.74

1.46

112

2.71

3.02

105

1.33

1.62

3.22

2.99

3.56

119 3.36

9-May

30-May

31-May

23-May

19-Jun

7.7

7.5

8.0

7.6

7.9

176

306

340

448

556

Barley

Wheat

Carrot

2.87

we, h

Faba Beans

2012

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Pearl-er peas in 2012 By By Mick Lines, Research Officer, SARDI, Larn McMurray, Research Scientist, SARDI & Tony Leonforte PBA Field Pea Breeder, DPI Victoria

The 2012 released white pea PBA Pearl was the highest yielding field pea across all South Australian National Variety Testing (NVT) and Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) trial sites in 2012. All other recently released varieties performed similarly to Kaspa, but better than Parafield, across all sites in a season with a dry and rapid finish.

Mick Lines

Field pea grain yields were lower than in previous seasons, but still generally equal or above average in 2012. Grain yield averaged 2.3 t/ha across all NVT and PBA trial sites last year, buoyed to some extent by early sowing and good early winter rainfall events. Individual site yields ranged from 1.0 t/ ha at the frosted and moisture stressed Lameroo site, to 3.1 t/ha at Willamulka. Yorke Peninsula was the highest performing region, with pea yields averaging 2.9 t/ha across the three sites.

SA field pea variety trial yield performance: 2012 (as % of site mean) and long term (2005-2012) average across sites (as % of site mean). Mid North

Yorke Peninsula

2012

Variety/line

Balaklava

Laura

2005-2012

Riverton

Snowtown

Turretfield

% Site mean

Trial #

2012

2005-2012

Minlaton

Kadina

Willamulka

% Site mean

Trial #

Kaspa

102

105

101

Parafield

PBA Gunyah

100

105

100

PBA Oura

100

103

100

PBA Pearl

103

108

104

116

107

PBA Percy

116

106

100

102

101

PBA Twilight

104

101

103

100

Sturt

111

102

101

102

101

Yarrum

102

100

102

101

OZP0805

102

103

107

101

103

102

Site mean yield (t/ha)

2.73

1.75

2.82

1.19

2.82

2.18

3.00

2.55

3.13

2.37

% LSD (0.05) Date sown

5/6

9/6

11/6

3/6

15/6

9/6

22/5

25/5

SL / LiMC

SCL / LMC

LC / MC

LC / LMC

FSC / CLS

SCLKS / CLS

LS / FSL

Previous crop

Oat hay

Barley

Wheat

Pasture

Wheat

Barley

Rainfall (mm) J-M/A-O

53/188

104/237

95/306

87/178

74/288

56/277

62/212

76/201

8.1

7.0

7.7

8.4

6.8

8.5

8.2

ha, bb

Soil type

pH H2O Site stress factors Abbreviations

Field Peas

Soil type:

S - sand C - clay L - loam Z - silty H - heavy M - medium Li - light F - fine Lst - limestone / - over.

Site Stress Factors: de - pre flowering moisture stress dl - post flowering moisture stress fr - reproductive frost damage w - weeds pe - poor establishment bb - bacterial blight ht - high temperatures during flowering/pod fill ha - hail damage during id - insect damage ho - hayed off due to excessive biomass.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

particularly in areas of the states South East and Murray Mallee, and this was a significant yield limiting factor at the Lameroo NVT site.

Moisture stress both pre and post flowering was the single most significant yield limiting factor in 2012, and was observed to some extent at most sites. However yields were higher than expected in many areas, and there was generally no preference or penalty for any particular maturity timing across sites. This is likely due to the timing and extent of these stress events combined with generally favourable and mild spring temperatures.

Disease incidence was generally low in 2012. Blackspot levels were minimal due to low carryover from 2011 stubbles, and high March rainfall triggering early spore release. A number of incidences of downy mildew infection were reported across several areas of the state, including infection at the Kadina and Turretfield PBA sites, however these did not progress sufficiently to cause significant yield loss. Bacterial blight infections were reported in areas of the states Mid North due to isolated winter frost

Winter temperatures were generally mild, and there were few incidences of frosts during winter. However, isolated frost events during early spring caused significant yield loss in some regions,

South East Mundulla

2005-2012 % Site mean

2012

2005-2012

Trial #

Lameroo

% Site mean

Upper Eyre Peninsula

Lower Eyre Peninsula 2012

Trial #

Lock**

2005-2012

Yeelanna

% Site mean

2012

2005-2012

Trial #

Minnipa

% Site mean

Trial #

103

100

104

103

104

100

106

102

103

101

105

104

102

104

101

104

109

105

112

111

108

110

111

107

108

102

108

104

102

104

102

101

104

102

111

107

106

101

103

107

105

101

2.62

2.40

1.00

1.47

1.86

1.53

1.65

1.92

2.87

20/6

22/5

29/5

1/6

27/4

CL / Lst

S/ CL

Barley

Wheat

Barley

42/306

50/176

22/177

55/223

63/185

7.9

7.7

8.3

8.6

fr, id, dl

de,dl,w

dl, ht

** Dual purpose type.

Field Peas

2012

Murray Mallee

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

or hail events in this region. A minor infection of bacterial blight at Riverton was the only diseaserelated yield limiting factor observed across NVT and PBA sites in 2012, however it had little effect on variety performance and yields were still relatively high, averaging 2.8 t/ha. A drier than average spring also meant that conditions were generally not conducive for powdery mildew development. Bacterial blight ratings have been revised for the 2013 season to better reflect yield losses from this disease, and to provide scope for further breeding improvements. PBA Percy (now MR), PBA Oura (MRMS), PBA Pearl (MS) and Parafield (MS) have all been downgraded by one rating. Sturt and Morgan remain in the MS bracket, while all other commercial cultivars fall into the S rating. Despite showing reasonably high infection symptoms under some high disease pressure situations in 2012 the rating for PBA Oura remains ahead of most other varieties to reflect its better recovery and lower yield loss from this disease than varieties such as Parafield and Kaspa. The 2012 released white pea PBA Pearl was the highest yielding commercial variety across all sites in 2012, and outyielded Kaspa at 6 out of 13 sites. PBA Pearl is a semi-leafless white pea variety with consistent high yield and superior agronomic and disease profile compared to many other commercial varieties. Its long term yield (2005-2012) shows a 10 per cent yield advantage over Kaspa across the state, and 15 per cent and 9 per cent in 2011 and 2012 respectively. However, growers contemplating upgrading to this variety will be best advised to secure markets for this white seeded type prior to sowing.

Field Peas

Kaspa performed well at most sites in 2012, yielding similarly to the site mean at all sites despite the rapid season finish. Kaspa outyielded Parafield at 8 of the 13 NVT and PBA sites

in 2012, and has a long term 6 per cent yield advantage over Parafield across all sites. Long term data shows that Parafield has been out-classed by all other varieties, and remaining growers should consider upgrading this variety. For growers delivering specifically into the sprouting market PBA Percy may offer a better adapted trailing (conventional) type pea to Parafield. The recently released earlier maturing PBA varieties Gunyah and Twilight (2010), and Oura and Percy (2011) performed similarly to Kaspa when averaged across all sites in 2012. Kaspa out-yielded these varieties at a number of sites, but was in turn outyielded at some others. There appears to be no particular pattern to these incidences, and reasons are unclear. These earlier maturing varieties have generally performed similarly to Kaspa long term, and over recent favourable seasons, but they have potential benefits over Kaspa such as improved yield reliability across lower rainfall and variable seasons or in situations where sowing is delayed, along with a superior suitability to the practice of crop-topping. Following grower interest, long term trials were set up in 2012 comparing “Kaspa type” varieties (Kaspa, PBA Gunyah, PBA Twilight) with various blends or mixtures of these varieties eg 33.3 per cent of Kaspa, PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight. All these varieties and blends can be delivered to receival points as “Kaspa type” grain. These blends theoretically offer flexibility in flower and maturity timings and durations, and may provide improved yield reliability and risk management across variable seasons. In 2012 varieties and the blends performed similarly at all sites except Turretfield, where Kaspa and Kaspa-dominated blends outyielded most other varieties and blends. This result confirms long term evaluation of these varieties under high rainfall situations and shows that Kaspa is still the preferred variety in higher yielding situations.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Ace bolts past older lentils By Stuart Sherriff, Research Officer, SARDI & Larn McMurray, Research Scientist, SARDI

Although lower than the previous two seasons, yields were still credible considering the limited growing season rainfall that occurred, particularly during spring. Rainfall was not the only problem in 2012 with a severe frost event at Lameroo causing enough damage to render the trial unviable, all other sites were successfully harvested. With low rainfall came little disease pressure and any infection was easily controlled with standard foliar fungicide strategies. On 4-5 November a storm event occurred in the central districts producing strong winds that lasted for several hours. Significant amounts of pod drop occurred in a number of regions reducing yields. It was noted in some trials that varieties which produced large amounts of biomass and lodged were somewhat protected from the wind event and incurred lower levels of pod loss. Erect varieties, which are typically easier to harvest, generally sustained the highest levels of loss. These losses to weather highlight the importance of timely harvest, not only to maximise grain yields but also to maintain quality from other events such as rain on the mature crop. Group C herbicide damage occurred in both commercial paddocks and in trials in 2012. Most of the problems occurred on lighter textured soils and in early sown crops where the herbicide application occurred to soils with marginal moisture levels and was then followed by substantial rainfall events in early winter. This resulted in the herbicide moving through the soil profile into the root zone leading to plant damage including poor plant establishment and reduced early vigor.

Varieties with short plant height and/or more susceptible to Group C herbicides were adversely affected to a greater extent than those that are not. Trial sites that were notably affected were Mallala in the Mid North and Melton on the Yorke Peninsula. This occurrence highlights the risks involved with the use of pre-emergent herbicides in lentils, especially under conditions which favour plant damage. With the recent release of PBA Herald XT and the future potential release of other varieties with tolerance to some post emergent Group B herbicides a change in herbicide strategies could be considered, even if it is only in situations where weather conditions are conducive to damage from post sowing pre-emergent herbicide. However the management of Group B herbicide resistant weeds must be considered in this approach. PBA Ace (CIPAL 803) was released in 2012 and was the highest yielding variety across all trials in 2012 averaging 104 per cent of the state mean. However its yield advantage over other varieties was lower than that seen in the previous two seasons most likely due to the dryer spring conditions of 2012. PBA Ace is a mid flowering and mid maturing variety with a medium seed type, grey seed coat and a good disease resistance profile. Long term trial data shows that PBA Ace has a lot of potential in SA with average production from 2005 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2012 being 107 per cent of the site mean across the state and higher than all other varieties. Also released in 2012, PBA Bolt performed well last year. With similar seed characteristics to PBA Ace, but earlier maturing and more erect in its plant type it produced a state wide average mean yield of 102 per cent, the same as PBA Jumbo but 2 per cent higher than PBA Flash and 7 per cent higher than PBA Blitz. It was 23 per cent higher than the site mean at the low yielding Snowtown site and has been the highest yielding variety long term in trials affected by drought. Its erect plant type will also assist the harvesting of this variety under these conditions. Long term evaluation in SA shows that PBA Bolt has similar but slightly lower yields than PBA Flash however it has improved ascochyta blight (AB) resistance over this variety and produces a grey seed

Lentils

Stuart Sherriff

Average lentil grain yields across all South Australian Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) and National Variety Trials (NVT) were 2.1 t/ha in 2012 and lower than that recorded in 2010 and 2011. Trial site mean yields ranged from 3.57 t/ha at Maitland on the Yorke Peninsula to 0.66 t/ha at Snowtown in the Mid North, the second lowest yielding trial was at Mallala with a site mean of 1.14 t/ha.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

coat colour. Botrytis Grey Mould (BGM) disease resistance is similar to PBA Flash and inferior to a number of other varieties including PBA Ace. PBA Jumbo has performed well for the last three years in SA trials and in 2012 it produced greater than average grain yields at all but one site on the Yorke Peninsula and Mid North. It was low yielding at Laura and Mundulla, both these sites are characterized by colder winter temperatures. A similar result was also observed in 2011. PBA Jumbo is short in plant height and performs well in environments where winter conditions are favourable for biomass

production but it is less suited to colder climates where biomass growth is restricted or delayed. PBA Blitz had lower average yields than the other leading varieties in 2012 and surprisingly was lower yielding than Nugget across all sites. Its best relative yields were at the quick finishing sites of Yeelanna and Willamulka and its poorest performances were at the two lowest yielding sites of Snowtown and Mallala. PBA Blitz is the lentil variety most agronomically suited to crop topping and delayed sowing situations. Agronomic trial work by the Southern Pulse Agronomy program suggests that

SA lentil variety trial yield performance: 2012 (as a % of site mean) and long term (2005-2012) average across sites (as a % of site mean). Mid North Yorke 2012

Variety

Laura

Aldinga

2005-2012

Riverton

Snowtown

% Site mean

110

102

Mallala

109

Boomer

Nipper

Northfield

2012

Trial #

Kadina

101

Maitland

Melton

101

Nugget

102

100

106

PBA Ace (CIPAL803)

107

114

101

114

106

104

100

106

111

PBA Blitz

101

PBA Bolt (CIPAL801)

106

101

123

102

103

PBA Bounty

104 101

103

107

117

PBA Herald XT

PBA Jumbo

105

103

124

102

101

110

104

106

Site mean yield (t/ha)

120

PBA Flash

CIPAL1101

100

1.53

1.14

3.07

0.66

2.17

101

108

2.42

3.57

1.73

2.27

% LSD (0.05)

11.8

9.6

4.6

22.7

7.4

6.4

16.8

5.3

Date sown

12/6

31/5

11/6

3/6

22/5

29/5

6/6

9/6

SCL/LiMC

LiC/MC

SCLKS/ CLS

SCL/SC

SCLKS/ CLS

FSC/CLS

104/237

71/209

95/306

87/178

62/212

48/332

63/218

56/277

Soil type Rainfall (mm) J-M/A-O pH (H2O) Previous crop Site stress factors

8.6

7.7

8.4

8.5

7.6

8.5

Barley

Wheat

Canola

Barley

Wheat

hdM, de dl, pdM

de,dl pdL

pdM

hdM, dl pdM

pdM dl

Abbreviations

Lentils

Minlaton

Soil type:

S - sand C - clay L - loam H - heavy M - medium Li - light F - fine Z - silt / - over

* Varieties have only had limited evaluation at these sites, treat results with caution. Data source: SARDI/GRDC, PBA & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites and courtesy National Statistics Program)

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

PBA Blitz is one of the most responsive varieties to inter-row sowing into standing cereal stubble as measured by an increase in grain yield compared with plots where stubble had been removed.

This was well down on its long term performance where it averages 3-7 per cent below Nugget and 4-7 per cent below Nipper across all regions. PBA Herald has a short plant type and is later maturing than Nipper and like this variety it is more susceptible to Group C chemistry (metribuzin and simazine) than most other lentil varieties. CIPAL1101 is another line with improved herbicide tolerance and due for release in 2013. In 2012 this line produced strong grain yields averaging 20 per cent higher than PBA HeraldXT and topping the trial at Melton with 108 per cent of site mean. Long term yields suggest it performs similarly but generally slightly higher than Nugget in SA.

PBA HeraldXT (CIPAL 702) has improved tolerance to the herbicide imazethapyr (*permit use in SA, registration pending) and the herbicide flumetsulam, plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues expanding weed control options in this variety. In previous years grain yields have generally been similar to Nipper. In 2012 PBA Herald XT averaged 11 per cent lower than Nipper and 21 per cent lower than Nugget across all SA sites.

2005-2012 Willamulka

% Site mean 95

100

2012

2005-2012 % Site mean

Trial #

101

Trial #

Mundulla

2012

2005-2012 % Site mean

Trial #

101

105

103

108

102

101

100

101

109

105

108

102

111

106

102

104

101

100

10*

3.25

2.58

99 1.60

Lower Eyre Peninsula

Murray Mallee Lameroo

1.54

2012 Yeelanna

2005-2012 % Site mean

Trial #

100

111

108

107

100

113

103

104

103

105

102

100

104

102

88 1.44

1.86

5.8

12.3

25/5

20/6

22/5

1/6

LS/ FSL

CL/ limestone

SL/CL

76/201

42/306

50/176

55/223

1.53

13.4

8.2

7.9

7.7

8.3

Barley

Wheat

dl, pdL

fr, w nbw

Site Stress Factors: de - pre flowering moisture stress fr - reproductive frost damage dl - post flowering moisture stress ht - high temperatures during flowering/pod fill bgmL = botrytis grey mould (low) bgmM - botrytis grey mould (moderate) bgmS - botrytis grey mould (severe) ab - ascochyta blight (low) hdM - herbicide damage metribuzin w - weed competition low wl - temporary waterlogging phwd - preharvest weather damage pe - poor establishment nbw - native bud worm. 79

Lentils

South East

NO VALID RESULT - TRIAL FROSTED

Peninsula

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Jenabillup leads the way in 2012 By Andrew Ware, Research Scientist, SARDI, Port Lincoln

2012 lupin harvest report

Andrew Ware

Jenabillup led the way in 2012 NVT and PBA lupin trials across South Australia, performing well at sites in all lupin growing regions across the state. The performance of both PBA Gunyidi and Mandelup was only marginally behind, with Wonga and Jindalee yielding significantly lower at most sites.

Five released varieties and 22 advanced lupin breeding lines were evaluated at eight sites across South Australia in 2012. Yields ranged from 0.64 t/ha at Frances to 3.24 t/ha at Mundulla.

Seeding typically occurred shortly after the fall of the opening rain, which varied considerably around the state. This said most sites were sown over a one month window, in line with previous years and occurred from the 4 May (Keith) to 5 June (Mundulla). Seeding at the Francis site was delayed and consequently yields at this site were low. Establishment was largely good at all sites with the exception of Lameroo and to a lesser extent Keith, where the sites were sown into low moisture. Growing seasonal rainfall was either average or below at the lupin sites in 2012, with little carry over moisture from the previous summer. Rainfall was well below average from midAugust until all sites had senesced. Temperatures were cooler throughout August, September

SA lupin variety trial yield performance (2012 and predicted regional performance, expressed as % of site average yield) Lower Eyre Peninsula Upper Eyre Peninsula 2012

Variety/line

Wanilla

Ungarra

Long term average across sites

2012

t/hs

% Site mean

No. Trials

Tooligie

2.08

105

Mid North

Long term average across sites

2012

Long term average across

t/ha

% Site mean

No. Trials

Spalding

t/ha

% Site mean

105

1.71

104

1.81

106

Mandelup

105

PBA Gunyidi

1.72

1.49

1.57

Quilinock

2.05

104

1.67

101

1.78

104

Wonga

100

103

1.69

102

1.77

103

1.69

102

1.59

1.53

0.93

1.65

1.12

1.71

2.04

103

2.00

101

1.88

1.90

1.98

Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Date sown Soil type pH water Apr-Oct rain (mm) Previous Year Site stress factors Jenabillup

86 2.61 6 8-May

11 7-May

25-May

28-May

SC/LMC

6.8

5.7

6.2

6.4

391

250

Wheat

177

236

Wheat

Lupin & Bean

Jindalee Abbreviations Soil type: S - sand C - clay L - loam NW - non-wetting /- divides topsoil from subsoil Site stress factors: es - establishment ls - late sown. Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA. Australian Lupin Breeding Program. 2005-2012 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

where shattering typically causes high yield losses.

and October and in general lacked extreme temperature events throughout this period.

PBA Gunyidi is moderately resistant to anthracnose and resistant to phomopsis. It flowers and matures early and is resistant to Metribuzin herbicide, but more susceptible to damage from Eclipse速.

Jenabillup performed better than Mandelup at sites in all regions across South Australia with the exception of the Murray Mallee. Newly released, PBA Gunyidi, yielded slightly higher than Mandelup in 2012. PBA Gunyidi was released in WA in September 2011. Limited seed is available to eastern states growers for planting in 2013. PBA Gunyidi is licensed to Seednet. PBA Gunyidi has been released as a potential Mandelup replacement that improves on Mandelup by having more shatter resistant pods. This will give growers the option of being able to harvest later without incurring significant losses. It has been shown to have a consistent yield advantage over Mandelup in the northern parts of the WA wheat belt

In five years of evaluation in South Australia long term averages show PBA Gunyidi as having yields very similar or slightly improved to Mandelup on the Lower Eyre Peninsula, Upper Eyre Peninsula and Mid North regions. In the Murray Mallee and South East regions the long term yield of Mandelup are greater than PBA Gunyidi.

The contribution of data and information for this report from the Pulse Breeding Australia Lupin Breeding Program by Dr Bevan Buirchell, DAFWA and Mark Richards, NSW DPI is gratefully acknowledged.

m s sites

South East

Long term average across sites

2012

Long term average across sites

2012

No. Trials

Lameroo

t/ha

% Site mean

Trial #

Keith

Mundulla

Frances

t/ha

% Site mean

Trial #

103

1.55

105

100

127

1.96

105

1.35

1.68

108

1.58

107

100

101

1.95

104

1.54

104

105

102

1.39

1.26

1.48

102

100

105

1.74

1.98

3.24

0.64

1.87

9-May

4-May

5-Jun

9-Jul

7.3

5.3

5.8

6.3

200

306

361

343

Pasture

Wheat

Barley

Pasture

1.91 1.88

Lupin & Bean

Murray Mallee

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Oats a consistent performer By Sue Hoppo and Pamela Zwer

It also holds its green leaf better than the other recently released dwarf varieties Mitika , Possum and Wombat making it more suitable for use as a hay variety either on its own or mixed with other hay varieties. Grain quality is comparable to other dwarf milling varieties. Dunnart was the highest yielding variety at Paskeville and Lowbanks in 2012 and yielded above the site average at all locations except Greenpatch and Turretfield.

New dwarf potential milling variety Dunnart was a consistent performer in NVT trials in South Australia in 2012. Part of a suite of dwarf varieties now available with milling quality, Dunnart is the latest release from the National Oat Breeding Program. Like Wombat , Dunnart is CCN resistant and tolerant and stem nematode tolerant.

Sue Hoppo

Bannister is a new potential milling dwarf variety released by the WA component of the National Oat Breeding Program.

SA oat variety yield performance: 2012 and long term (2005-2012), expressed as a % of site average and as t/ha Yorke Lower Eyre Upper Eyre Peninsula Variety Bannister

Mid

Greenpatch

Nunjikompita

Paskeville

Crystal Brook

Pinery

116

105

103

113

Carrolup

Dunnart

102

106

101

113

Euro

101

102

101

102

111

Kojonup Mitika Mortlock Numbat

Possum

103

100

106

Potoroo

107

101

Quoll Wandering

118

106

103

Yallara

106

108

113

Site av. yield t/ha

2.4

0.6

3.5

3.0

2.6

Wombat

LSD (%)

13 June

20 June

6 June

30 May

5 June

Soil type

LSCL

CL/SCL

SCL/CL

pH (water)

5.6

8.8

7.8

8.6

8.3

Date sown

J-M / A-O rain mm

33/442

18/136

63/218

89/199

65/260

previous crop

canola

pasture

lentil

wheat

barley

Stress factors

de,dl,lb

Oats

Abbreviations Soil types: Stress factors:

S - sand C - clay L - loam F - fine K - coarse M - medium Li - light H - heavy / - divides topsoil from subsoil. b - boron d - dry September de - drought early dl - drought late lb - late break r - rhizoctonia s - storm damage wg - grass weeds.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Wombat struggled at low rainfall sites in 2012, yielding below the site average at Nunjikompita and Lowbanks and slightly below the site average at Paskeville, Crystal Brook and Frances. However, Wombatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grain quality was good with an average test weight across all sites comparable to Mitika. Screenings were also low at all sites

North

except Nunjikompita and averaged 9.9 per cent across all locations compared to Mitikaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 7.2 per cent. Mitika was the highest yielding variety at Turretfield in 2012, out yielding the next highest yielding variety by 14 per cent. However, Mitika was lower yielding than the site average at Greenpatch, Nunjikompita, Riverton, Frances and Lowbank. Test weight, 1000 grain weight and screenings when averaged across all locations were excellent. For the second year running, Yallara yielded well at Crystal Brook and was the second highest yielding variety at Nunjikompita. Unfortunately it was low yielding at Lowbank which is unusual.

Murray Mallee

South East

Riverton

Turretfield

Bordertown

Frances

Kybybolite

Lowbank

111

112

121

112

106

122

105

102

105

103

111

114

134

104

111

110

129

102

105

101

104

105

102

117

116

114

110

101

115

107

102

113

110

125

108

100

3.7

2.7

4.4

3.6

3.7

0.8

6 June

12 June

7 June

1 June

30 May

LS/LS

7.0

7.4

8.2

6.1

8.9

84/270

74/288

49/340

32/343

48/353

74/105

wheat

pasture

canola

wheat

pasture

dl,r

de,dl,wg

d, s

Data source: NVT, GRDC and SARDI Crop Evaluation and Oat Breeding Programs (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites). Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group.

Oats

Bannister was the highest yielding variety at Greenpatch, Riverton and Bordertown in 2012 and yielded above the site average at all locations. Its long term average grain yield is the highest in all regions of South Australia except the Lower Eyre Peninsula. Average test weight was similar to Mitika but grain size smaller and screenings higher.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Yallaraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long term yield is close to the site average in the Murray Mallee. Potoroo was the highest yielding variety at Nunjikompita, Frances and Kybybolite. Possum was reasonably stable across environments, yielding equal to or above the site average at five out of 11 locations. Riverton and the three South East sites were the only trials in 2012 to yield above the long term average. The two most marginal oat sites, Nunjikompita and Lowbanks were well down on their long term average yield. Greenpatch was 1 t/ha lower than average and two out of three mid North sites were also around 1 t/ha lower than average. Paskeville and Crystal Brook yielded slightly lower than their long term average. Despite the low yields, grain quality at most locations was good due to the cooler conditions experienced during grain ripening. Seeding started a bit later than in 2011 but all NVT oat trials were sown either on 30 May or in the first two weeks of June. Nunjikompita was the latest trial to be sown on 20 June. Conditions at seeding were excellent but weed germination was limited. Many farmers sowed early but conditions became dry especially in the Murray Mallee and into Victoria. Red legged earth mite and lucerne flea were prevalent and required spraying at some sites. Cold, wet conditions during June and July caused slow emergence. By late August and September things were starting to dry out and there was one hot dry day in late August that caused some leaf tipping at Mid North sites. Lack of rain during September limited yield at most sites. Therefore, foliar diseases were limited with stem and leaf rust hard to find. Cool and calm conditions saved the yield and quality at most sites but storms in early November caused damage to some Yorke Peninsula and Mid North sites. Due to the lack of spring rainfall, harvest started early in most districts and proceeded without interruption.

Oats

Following is a brief summary of some of the newer grain varieties. Factors such as grain quality, disease resistance and maturity as well as grain yield should be considered before selecting the variety best suited to districts and end use. The sowing guide published each year in October/ November or on the SARDI website (www.sardi. sa.gov.au) provides comprehensive notes on each variety and is your best guide to choosing oat varieties for both grain and hay production.

The new potential milling variety Dunnart is a tall dwarf which averages about 10 to 15 cm taller than Possum, Wombat, and Mitika. Dunnart is the second variety to be released with resistance and tolerance to CCN and tolerance to stem nematode. It has improved resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and is moderately resistant to leaf rust. Dunnart has slightly lower hectolitre weight and groat per cent compared to Mitika, but lower screenings and higher grain weight. Dunnart has improved plant colour compared to Mitika, Possum, and Wombat. Seed is available through Viterra. The new potential milling quality dwarf variety Bannister is a new release from the WA component of the program and will not be available for sale in eastern states for a few years due to limited seed availability. Bannister is an improvement compared to other WA varieties for stem rust, leaf rust and septoria resistance but is still very susceptible and intolerant to CCN. Bannister is a high yielding variety with slightly inferior grain quality in SA compared to Mitika, Possum, Wombat and Dunnart.

Long Term average across sites within region (2005-2012) as % site average and number of trials Lower Eyre Upper Eyre Peninsula Peninsula Variety

%sites av.

# trials

%sites av.

# trials

Bannister

121

Carrolup

Dunnart

101

107

Euro

Kojonup

103

Mitika

101

Mortlock

Numbat

Possum

100

103

Potoroo

100

107

Quoll

103

108

Wombat

105

107

Yallara

3.43

1.55

Wandering

region mean

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Mitika has low husk lignin and good grain protein and digestibility making it also an excellent option for feed. Seed of Mitika is available from Heritage seeds.

The potential milling quality variety Wombat is a high yielding dwarf line with CCN resistance and tolerance. It was the first variety since Potoroo to combine CCN resistance and tolerance in a dwarf plant type. It was also the first dwarf variety released by the National Oat Breeding Program to combine CCN resistance and tolerance with stem nematode tolerance. Seed is available through Viterra. Wombat, like Mitika and Possum, can develop leaf reddening post flowering. This does not seem to affect its yield or quality.

Like Mitika, Possum is a milling quality dwarf oat susceptible and intolerant to CCN. Possumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s early-mid season maturity makes it more suitable than Mitika for medium to high rainfall areas where CCN is not a constraint. Seed of Possum is available from AWB Seeds.

Yallara is a premium milling quality variety. It is a tall variety that is also finding a place in the hay market due to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fine stems and improved hay quality. Although improved hay quality comes at the expense of hay yield, premiums for quality can compensate for this yield loss. Yallara has bright grain and high grain digestibility making it suitable for the horse racing industry. Seed of Yallara is available from Viterra. The dwarf milling quality variety Mitika is an early maturing variety suited to all rainfall districts due to its improved foliar disease resistance spectrum1. However, it is intolerant and susceptible to CCN and is not suitable for areas where this is a problem.

Euro and Potoroo are varieties which have now been superseded by Yallara and Wombat respectively. Numbat is a naked oat suitable for feeding monogastric animals. Advice should be sought before growing this variety. Wandering, Carrolup and Mortlock are varieties bred in Western Australia and included in NVT and breeding trials. They are not recommended in South Australia due to their susceptibility to nematodes and foliar diseases in this state. Advice should be sought before growing these varieties in South Australia. 1

Refer to the Oat Sowing Guide published in October/November each year, SARDI website or variety brochures for a more comprehensive listing of the foliar disease resistances for each variety.

Mid North

South East

%sites av.

# trials

%sites av.

# trials

%sites av.

112

114

103

104

101

Murray Mallee

# trials

%sites av.

# trials

113

117

107

100

103

105

103

102

109

105

104

101

105

104

103

106

103

109

110

103

107

113

102

106

115

103

105

108

106

3.62

3.16

3.38

1.94

Oats

Yorke Peninsula

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

‘No confusion – Fusion’s a winner’ By Ryan Bateman, SARDI, and Rob Wheeler, SARDI

The recently released mid maturing variety Fusion has topped the 2012 leader board with the highest average yield across the eight triticale National Variety Trial (NVT) sites in South Australia. Even after modest summer rainfalls across large Ryan Bateman areas of SA, growers experienced a reasonably dry autumn and late break. Some growers that decided to dry sow early experienced establishment issues, whereas others that waited for the seasons break experienced late germination in cold, slow growing conditions. Three triticale trials were sown during May, while the remaining five were sown in early June. Even with a below-average rainfall at seeding, along with dry conditions throughout spring, Triticale yields still managed to be above average in the Murray Mallee, South East, and the Yorke Peninsula. This was predominantly due to the milder spring conditions observed in many areas, which aided for a largely unaffected grain formation post flowering. Across the state, site average yields ranged from 0.94 t/ha at Minnipa on the Eyre Peninsula to 5.44 t/ha at Conmurra in the South East. Over all sites, yields averaged 2.38 t/ha, down 39 per cent from 2011, and 20 per cent from long term data (2005-2012). This yield reduction was largely due to a later sowing and moisture stress across the majority of sites.

Triticale

Amongst the Triticale yields for 2012, the relatively new grain varieties released over the past five years continued to dominate in most districts. Once again the newer varieties have outclassed the foundation varieties; an observation becoming more evident each year. The leading performer from AGT, Fusion, managed to top the yield rankings for six of the eight sites, with either Canobolas or Chopper taking the honours at the other two sites. Over all sites, Fusion finished 7 per cent ahead of Bogong and 8 per cent above Canobolas. Hawkeye and Goanna finished 10 per cent and 12 per cent behind Fusion respectively. The early maturing Chopper performed well across the majority of sites however, comparatively, its mean SA yield was deceptively low after not featuring in the high yielding Conmurra trial this season.

Due to seasonal differences in performance, it is important to take into consideration the long term averages and whether the variety has been widely evaluated across seasons and sites when comparing yields of varieties. It is also important to note that rust classifications change regularly due to new rust pathotypes arising. Please refer to the latest disease guide for updated information. Fusion, released by AGT in 2012, is a mid season maturing, fully awned spring triticale that has excellent resistance to leaf, stripe and stem rust. After three seasons of evaluation across the state in the SA NVT, it has proven to be the highest yielding triticale (9 per cent above SA average) based off the long term yield data (2005-2012). After topping the yields at most sites in 2012, the CCN resistant Fusion is also recognised for producing grains with low screenings and good size. Fusion will continue to undergo further yield performance and disease evaluation across all environments in the SA NVT system. Bogong is an early to mid season flowering, fully awned, stiff strawed grain variety with good resistance to all common field strains of rust. Bogong was released by the University of New England in 2008, and has now been evaluated for six seasons across all sites in SA. Bogong has now all but proven its broad adaptation in SA by topping the NVT results four out of the past five years. Long term yields (2005-2012) position Bogong second, approximately 7 per cent above average across all environments in SA. Despite Bogong’s early to mid season maturity classification, it still managed to top the majority of trials across the state in recent years, even with the vast climatic variation of seasons we’ve recently experienced. Canobolas is an early to mid season, awned, stiff strawed grain variety that was released in 2008 by the University of New England. One of its notable features is its excellent tolerance on acid soils, however it is now classified as moderately susceptible-susceptible to stripe rust. The long term yield of Canobolas matched its 2012 season, being 2-3 per cent above average. Hawkeye, released by AGT in 2007, once again performed well proving that it is a well adapted variety across all seasons and

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Released in 2009 by the University of Sydney, Berkshire performed well at Minnipa and Wharminda where it finished 21 per cent and 6 per cent above the 2012 site averages respectively. Berkshire is a mid season maturing, moderately susceptible to stripe rust variety that was purpose bred for its feed quality traits for pigs. Tahara continues to perform consistently across the state in line with long term yield results but in recent years has begun to be slightly outclassed by newer grain varieties. In 2012, Tahara produced excellent results at Streaky Bay, where it finished 6 per cent above average. Tahara provides as a good disease break option, having resistance to CCN and Pratylenchus. In 2012 Chopper produced yields that were above average across most sites. Chopper, a 2010 release from AGT, is a very early maturing semi-dwarf variety with CCN and good rust resistance. As expected, Chopper performed well in the short season, low yielding potential environments that were widely seen in 2012. At the late sown Turretfield site it ranked top, yielding 19 per cent above average, whereas at the stressed Minnipa site it finished 14 per cent above average. Even though itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more suited to shorter seasons, Chopper still has a superior long term average over the older varieties such as Ticket and Tahara. Jaywick did not perform as well as previous seasons and was down 7 per cent on its long term average. However it managed to finish 16 per cent above site average at Minnipa, where boron, crown rot, and post flowering moisture stresses were noted. Slightly earlier maturing than Bogong and Hawkeye, Jaywick was released in 2007 by AGT as a broadly adapted variety with good grain quality and good resistance to rust and CCN. Rufus yields remained inferior to the newer grain varieties, while its own personal performance was also down 3 per cent on its long term average.

Rufus is a reduced awn variety, with good rust and CCN resistance, making it a valuable dual purpose variety for hay, grazing and grain production. The dual purpose varieties were once again outperformed by high yielding mid season varieties at the Conmurra site in the state's South East. Yukuri, Endeavour, and Abacus all yielded similarly in 2012, being between 6-8 per cent below site average. Abacus is a long season variety, which is susceptible to stripe rust and CCN and therefore doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t offer too many options in current rotation systems. Released by the University of Sydney in 2007, Endeavour is a reduced awned, long season, dual purpose variety, which is resistant to stripe rust and CCN. Yukuri is a later maturing, reduced awn, rust resistant, CCN susceptible, dual purpose variety, commonly valued for forage production, and also for producing milling quality grain of wheat-like appearance. Yukuri, along with Tuckerbox, performed best at Greenpatch where 442mm of rain fell for the 2012 growing season (April-October). Released in 2010 and available from Cooper & Elleway, Tuckerbox is now in its fourth year of NVT as a reduced awn, late-medium season, CCN resistant variety that can be grown for forage or grain. Other releases by Cooper & Elleway in 2011 and 2010 were the varieties Goanna and Yowie. Seasonal conditions favoured the early maturing Goanna and it performed well at most sites except Minnipa where the high variability from abiotic stress factors might have had an influence on varietal performance. Goanna is a fully awned variety with good grain quality and tall plant height. Yowie is a slightly later maturing, medium season, fully awned variety with modest grain quality. Yields of this variety were down 10 per cent on long term data; however with these being relatively new releases, further evaluation across seasons within the SA NVT system is still required. Both Yowie and Goanna are deemed to have good resistance to current pathotypes of leaf, stem, and stripe rust. Overall 2012 has seen the newly commercialised variety Fusion being given the top honours, in a season which experienced a late break and lower than average yields from a mild, dry spring.

Triticale

sites (4 per cent above long term average). Hawkeye is a mid maturing variety with a high yield potential, CCN and rust resistance, and produces large grain with low screenings.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

SA triticale variety yield performance (2012 and long term, 2005-2012, expressed as % of site average yield and as t/ha) 2012

Variety

Abacus

Bute

Conmurra

Greenpatch

Minnipa

Pinnaroo

Streaky Bay

Turretfield

Wharminda

Berkshire

121

100

106

Bogong

112

107

100

105

Canobolas

108

100

112

Chopper

114

101

107

119

101

Endeavour

Fusion

115

104

107

124

109

107

106

130

Goanna

103

104

100

Hawkeye

105

100

101

Jaywick

116

Rufus

102

100

110

Tahara

103

106

104

Yowie

Yukuri

2.93

5.44

2.18

0.94

2.5

1.19

2.44

1.42

Tuckerbox

Site av Yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Date Sown Soil Type J-M / A-O rain mm pH water previous crop Stress factors

4 June

8 June

13 June

27 May

31 May

7 June

15 June

22 May

CFS/CLS

CL/limestone

SL/LC

LSCL

LC/LMC

NWS

61/188

50/514

33/442

63/185

131/214

5/181

74/288

39/209

8.7

5.6

8.6

8.3

8.5

6.8

6.6

lentils

beans

canola

barley

wheat

pasture

b,cr,dl

dl,lb

de,lb

Abbreviations

Triticale

Soil types: Site stress factors:

S - sand C - clay L - loam F - fine K - coarse M - medium Li - light H - heavy / - divides topsoil from subsoil NWS - non wetting sand. de - pre-flowering moisture stress dl - post-flowering moisture stress r - rhizoctonia yr - stripe rust wl - waterlogging b - boron lb - late break cr – crown rot.

SARDI Crop Performance Report 2013

Long term average across sites within region (2005-2012) as % site average and number of trials

# trials

South East as %site av.

# trials

Murray Mallee as %site av.

# trials

Mid North as %site av.

# trials

Yorke Peninsula as %site av.

# trials

Upper Eyre Peninsula as %site av.

# trials

105

103

102

106

103

105

110

106

108

103

108

105

102

104

103

100

101

103

101

105

101

106

109

110

108

103

104

105

110

105

103

101

102

100

101

103

2.86

94 1.93

2.62

3.27

2.12

5.04

Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites). Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group.

Triticale

as %site av.

Lower Eyre Peninsula

machinery Wool Marketing efficiency Update

China demand drives firm wool market Industry forecasts are predicting that 2013 will be another positive year for the wool industry. words/ Marcus La Forgia

Wool has very much managed to hold its own in the last 12 months, despite the high currency problems and weak conditions in western Europe.

Wool machinery Marketing efficiency Update

After hitting a seasonal low point in September last year, wool has been on a consistent road to recovery driven by stronger demand, particularly from China, and steady supply. “Wool has very much managed to hold its own in the last 12 months, despite the high currency problems and weak conditions in western Europe,” said Viterra’s Wool Manager for Eastern South Australia, Tony Kidman. “We’re expecting demand to remain fairly steady for the next six to 12 months and I wouldn’t expect to see a huge movement in prices - up or down. “Supply has been the underlying driver for the steady prices. We no longer have a four million-bale stockpile - all we’ve got is what’s growing on the sheep’s back. “There was also the trend about five years ago, when many farmers moved out of wool and into lambs when prices

were at record levels, which helped to even out supply.” Like many other Australian export sectors, demand from China has been the bright spot, according to Tony. He said the Chinese had increased their domestic use of wool in the last five years from 3% to 20% and he expected they would continue to drive demand. “We think wool will trade at an average of between 1100-1200 Ac/kg in 2013,” Tony said. “Prices peaked at 1300-1400 Ac/kg in late 2011 but over the 10-15 year period, 1100-1200 Ac/kg is very solid.” Tony also predicted a shift away from the super fine to medium micron wools of around 18.6 to 19.5. This is supported by the Australian Wool Testing Authority (AWTA), which is also predicting that wool volumes for 2013/14 will rise by 4%. According to the NAB Rural Commodities Wrap released earlier this

year the Eastern Market Indicator (EMI) for the full 2012/13 season will be 13% lower than the average in 2011/12. This would put the average EMI for 2012/13 at 1046 Ac/Kg, compared with an average of 1203 Ac/kg in 2011/12. Executive Director of the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers of Australia Inc Chris Wilcox said despite this, it was important to take into account that the 2011/12 average was the highest seasonal average since the1988/89 season. He added that the average EMI for the first half of the 2012/13 season was 1000 Ac/kg, 19% lower than the average in the first half of the 2011/12 season. To reach NAB’s predicted average for the full 2012/13 season, the EMI would need to average 1098 Ac/kg between January to June 2013. Indicators from January and February this year are positive, with the EMI hovering above 1100 Ac/kg.

April 2013

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