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Leviticus: the 5 Offerings 10/02/2021
Derrick Harrison 10/02/2021
Leviticus: the 5 Offerings “You shall be holy for I, the LORD your God, am holy” (Lev. 19:2).
“Agnus Dei Lamb of God” by Francisco de Zurbarán (1635-40)
Introduction We must give special attention to the words of this book because the LORD spoke them from the inner sanctuary, the Holy of Holies, “Now the Lord called to Moses, and spoke to him from the tabernacle of meeting, saying …” (1:1). It is called Leviticus because all the sacrificial legislation contained in the book was committed to the tribe of Levi, the Levites. The hermeneutical key to understanding and interpreting Leviticus it to use the tool of “type” and “antitype” – Christ is the antitype and through Him and His sacrifice we can go back and examine the many types which point to give and re-enforce the truths of the New Testament and impart fresh insights as to the meaning of Christ’s New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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death. The epistle to the Hebrews lays down the principles upon which we are to interpret Leviticus and authenticates the use of typology to understand the book. This is third book of Moses and sits in the middle of the Pentateuch. Locating it historically, Israel had entered into covenant with the LORD at Sinai and the Law was at the heart of the covenant. Leviticus spells it out for the Israelites and particularly for the Levites who are about to take up their task of serving the Lord, this is “where the rubber hits the road.” Now Israelites are to live according to the legislation contained in the Law in the presence of a holy God. Everything was prescribed and this included the legislation of the sacrificial system. The Mosaic system of legislation covered every part of life and to keep it brought forth life and reproduced the holy character of God in human righteousness as it was later described by the apostle Paul in the context of his own life as a Pharisee: “Circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee; …touching the righteousness which is in the law, blameless” (Phil.3:5-6). It was Moses responsibility to set up the sacrificial system and to instruct the priests how to sacrifice correctly. He had to instruct the people how to live with regards to sacrifice and how to benefit from its practice. Moses was not only the Law giver, but he was the teacher of the Law and the judge who applied the Law into everyday situations, the application of the law often required atonement to be made and therefore sacrifices were required.
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I mentioned that the crowning item of clothing for the High Priest was the brass plate on his mitre/turban, engraved with the words “Holiness to the Lord.” This was consistent with God’s demand, “For I am the Lord your God: ye shall therefore sanctify yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I am holy” (Lev.11:44, 45; 19:2; 20:7, 26; 21:8), there are 53 references to “holy” in Leviticus. The root meaning of the word in the Old Testament is “separation” unto the Lord. Obviously, holiness is the key theme of this book with an equal emphasis on sin and its remedy through sacrifice.
About Reading Leviticus Leviticus may pose a problem for us because it is a different kind of book and therefore, we stumble over it without realizing why. The reason is quite simple – this book cannot be read the same way we read other books in the Bible. You may remember I told you that each book is recognized by its genre. The lay-out of the OT books recognizes this by classification of the library of books under general headings. Leviticus is a book of legislation and detail and requires a different approach than our normal method of reading Scripture. We all read the Bible devotionally – by that I mean we read to edify our hearts and to love the Lord. Our ears are open to hear Him speak to us. I hope that is how you read the Bible! Paul describes the purpose of the prophetic word, which surely, includes Scripture, “But he that prophesies speaks unto men to edification, and exhortation, and comfort” (1Cor.14:3). If you only read the Bible devotionally you may be in danger of dreaming your way through your daily reading and you may even become lazy and make do with that and what we do not grasp, we skip over. Leviticus will not allow you to do that! Often New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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Scripture requires more from us, if we are going to benefit from reading it and this is one of those books which requires more. David Pawson called the book boring, but I think we can do better than that, but I suggest you will need to take your pen and note-book to carefully identify the contents of each chapter and their spiritual application. There are many chapters in the Bible which require your careful attention as to their content. Bible teachers often suggest that you read an entire book through several times before you do anything else, that would be a tall order with regards to Leviticus, but it still needs to be done. May I suggest that sometimes you have to go beyond your normal practise of devotional reading and devote some time to actually study in depths a verse, a section, or a chapter of Scripture. Often a chapter heading cuts across a prophecy or a subject, think beyond chapter heading and verse structure. A simple target for all Bible readers is to be able to summarize each book and to have a grasp of the content of each chapter. Also, place each book in its historical context, in other words – chronologically (you can buy chronological Bibles. This is the purpose of a biblical Survey - you will find that this contributes to your enjoyment of Scripture. There will be direct outcomes for you as you read the Bible regularly. You will be transformed by the renewing of your mind; you whole way of thinking will be informed by Scripture. You will articulate the mind of Christ. But you will also find your mind and heart will begin to favour particular books or portions of Scripture, or particular Bible characters and you may dislike others. Your notes, comments and reflections will be added to, as you your knowledge of Scripture increases. God will inform you and teach you as you read His word.
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Some sections of Scripture you may wish to speed read, others you wish to linger in their light. It is an exciting journey, but Leviticus may prove hard work for you, toilsome perhaps? Let me remind you that Leviticus is unique because God directly spoke the contents of the book from the Holy of Holies where He had come to dwell, and it took a month to deliver the entire book so I think in the light of that we may need to alter our attitude towards it and spend more time meditating on it. God is not speaking from Eden or from Sinai but from the inside of the Holy of Holies and in Leviticus we meet constantly the phrase, “before the LORD,” He watches over every minute detail as each sacrifice is offered.
The 5 Levitical Offerings, (Lev ch.1-7) These were the main sacrifices used in the tabernacle – it was through sacrifice that the Israelites were to maintain their relationship with the LORD. How different it is for Christians today who believe that the sacrifice of Jesus provides salvation for their sin! The Bible makes this clear, For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins. (Hebrews 10:4) These sacrifices are symbolic of the real sacrifice of Jesus and each were uniquely fulfilled in Jesus Christ’s sacrifice for us. The only way to understand their true meaning is to see them as types which have their full meaning in the antitype who is Christ, “Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!” (Jn.1:29). New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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The 5 sacrifices are the burnt offering, the meal offering, the peace offering, the sin offering, and the trespass offering.
The Burnt Offering (Lev 1:3-13; 6:8-13; 9:11-14; 12:6-8) In the first chapter the full procedure of sacrifice is described. Regarding the Burnt offering, everything is consumed by the fire – it marks a complete exhaustion of wrath and an end of sin, all come to an end in death. Everything goes back to God, it was voluntary, a male animal sacrificed to God to make propitiation for the people’s sins against the Lord. To propitiate for sin in general, a means of approach by unholy people to God who is holy. Only the blood is spared from the flames. The offerings were close to hand, taken from their own flocks and herds and thy were also voluntary. The offeror came to the door of the tabernacle and immediately faced the altar, he came to sacrifice in order to worship God. The offeror puts his hand firmly on the head of the victim, thus identifying himself with the offering which is accepted by God as an atonement for his sin, the offeror may also be involved in the killing of the animal, “Then he shall put his hand on the head of the burnt offering, and it will be accepted on his behalf to make atonement for him. He shall kill the bull before the Lord; and the priests, Aaron’s sons, shall bring the blood and sprinkle the blood all around on the altar that is by the door of the tabernacle of meeting” (1:4-5). The animal is then prepared for sacrifice,
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“And he shall skin the burnt offering and cut it into its pieces. The sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire on the altar and lay the wood in order on the fire. Then the priests, Aaron’s sons, shall lay the parts, the head, and the fat in order on the wood that is on the fire upon the altar; but he shall wash its entrails and its legs with water. And the priest shall burn all on the altar as a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, a sweet aroma to the Lord” (vv6-9). The first thing to be done to the sacrificial victim was to skin it and then the animal is butchered according to a prescribed procedure. To tear off the skin is to remove the animals protective covering and exposes the carcase to the knife, when the animal is cut into pieces its body is totally dismembered and then it its parts are placed, in order, on the burning fire of the altar and consumed. The wood had already been laid in order on the altar and then lighted in order to consume the sacrifice. The “offering made by fire,” a sacrifice on which the fire feeds, is “a sweet savour to the Lord.” I think the spiritual meaning of the skinning of the animal is like the stripping of the soul from its pretence, its dependence on its own righteousness which leads to the exposure of the body of sin in all its vileness. I do believe on the other hand that the whole process of sacrificing the sacrificial animal to the laying each part on the burning fire of the altar is a picture of the sufferings of Jesus to gain salvation for us. The laying out of the wood in preparation for the sacrifice speaks of the fact that God prepare a body for Him with sacrifice in mind and this is exactly according to the typology of Hebrews.
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The Meat/Meal/Grain Offering (Lev 2:1-16; 6:14-23; 7:9-14) “When anyone offers a grain offering to the Lord, his offering shall be of fine flour. And he shall pour oil on it, and put frankincense on it” (2:10). “I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that you present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service” (Rom.12:1). “Indeed, I have all and abound. I am full, having received from Epaphroditus the things sent from you, a sweet-smelling aroma, an acceptable sacrifice, well pleasing to Go” (Phil.4:18). A clear distinction is made between blood sacrifices and those without blood (Dan.9:27; 1Sam.3:14; Ps.40:6). The Israelites offered meal (cereals) offerings in addition to animal sacrifices, they accompanied animal sacrifices. The blood sacrifice/burnt offering brought full acceptance to the offeror and now he comes to offer up his soul and all that he possesses to the Lord who has redeemed him. Flour, bread, or grain made with olive oil, salt, and no leaven. It was a voluntary offering and signifies thanksgiving for first fruits. The purpose of the meal offering was to create in the worshipper a life that is dedicated to generosity and giving. The blood offering must precede the meal offering – Cain brought an offering of first fruits which might have been acceptable as a meal offering but was unacceptable in the place of the blood sacrifice. Boaz the go-el redeemer purchased Ruth before he claimed the land and the inheritance. The meal offering was presented daily with the morning and the evening sacrifice. Of course, it represents Jesus Christ in His continual New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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obedience to Father and in His sufferings – soul and body in terms of His human nature. It also represents us also in a similar fashion (Rom.12:1). The meal offering was made of fine flour, the fine wheat of Palestine and cleansed by passing through the grinding mill and then the sieve, it would have been white as snow. This is man’s offering, pure having been cleansed in the blood of Christ’s sacrifice. Oil (representing the Holy Spirit) was poured on the fine flour to cause it to cohere and frankincense (the beauty of Christ’s nature) was added and the whole was brought to the altar and part (representing the whole) was burned upon the altar, it was the burning which brought out the rich fragrance, “He shall bring it to Aaron’s sons, the priests, one of whom shall take from it his handful of fine flour and oil with all the frankincense. And the priest shall burn it as a memorial on the altar, an offering made by fire, a sweet aroma to the Lord” (2:2). The remnant of the offering was Aaron and his sons to eat, “The rest of the grain offering shall be Aaron’s and his sons’. It is most holy of the offerings to the Lord made by fire” (v3). We are able to bring to the Lord, an acceptable offering having been cleansed by Hs blood. It seems to me that this offering represents two vital truths, the first one follows logically from the first offering – Christ offered Himself on our behalf as an offering and benefitting from that we now bring ourselves as an offering to God. The second interpretation sees both offerings as applying to Christ’s death, the second one focusing on His humanity as part of Jesus’ suffering to gain New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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salvation. Of course, leaven was forbidden (v11), because leaven speaks of corruption and is the very opposite of salt which removes corruption and also preserves from corruption (v13). Salt was used in every offering. The first fruits of the harvest (ears of corn) can be used as a meal offering. The best ears of corn are plucked while they are green instead of being left to ripen in the field and they are dried by the fire – “it an offering made by fire to the Lord” (v16). Jesus’ life was taken before it had time to ripen and dried out in the fire of the cross. The smoke and the fragrance ascend to heaven. In 1Sam.1:24; Hannah offers 3 bullocks, (one for each of them) followed by the ephah of flour – the meal offering, and the wine was for the drink offering which was not celebrated until Israel reached the Promised Land (Nu.15:9; Ps.116:13).
The Peace Offering (Lev 3:1-17; 7:15-21, 28-34) “When his offering is a sacrifice of a peace offering, if he offers it of the herd, whether male or female, he shall offer it without blemish before the Lord” (3:1). We have already noticed the progression from the burnt offering to the meal offering and it is continued with the peace offering. Amos recognised this order, “Though you offer Me burnt offerings and your grain offerings, I will not accept them, nor, will I regard your fattened peace offerings” (Amos 5:22). New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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The justified person (burnt offering) who is devoted to the Lord (meal offering) engages in acts of praise, fellowship and sacrifices of thanksgiving (peace offering). The peace offering was a meal that was shared between the priests, and the people of Israel. It was a fellowship offering. The worshipper was to bring a male or female ox, a sheep, or a goat. The sacrificial offering was similar to the burnt offering up to the point of the actual burning when the animal’s blood was poured around the edges of the altar. The fat and entrails were burned, and the remainder was eaten by the priests and (if it was a freewill offering) by the worshippers themselves. The fact that some of the offering was eaten shows that Christ’s offering conveys a blessing to the offeror. The peace offering was offered by the priest at the season of first fruits. The animal had to be without blemish as it represented Jesus and so also the church is to be blameless, “without spot or wrinkle.” The offeror placed his hand firmly on the head of the animal. The animal was killed, skinned and all its parts removed and burnt by themselves, “Then he shall offer from the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire to the Lord. The fat that covers the entrails and all the fat that is on the entrails, the two kidneys and the fat that is on them by the flanks, and the fatty lobe attached to the liver above the kidneys, he shall remove” (Lev.3:3-4; see also vv14-16). Parts of the animal are removed (as above) and burned on the fire, the richest parts of the animal are removed from deep inside the animal (3:9-10), the breast was for Aaron and his sons to eat (7:30-34). We bring the deepest riches of our heart in worship to God. When Jesus
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was sacrificed on the cross, He offered His deepest soul to God which was tried in the fire of the cross. This offering symbolizes fellowship with God. (1) Signifies thankfulness for a specific blessing; (2) offers a ritual expression of a vow; and (3) symbolizes general thankfulness (to be brought to one of three required religious services). This sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving was most of the time a voluntary act. (It was required to make offerings while making a vow of one’s life to God and thanking Him with praise while freewill offerings were voluntary). Fellowship with God; a communion meal. An offering made for unexpected blessing or deliverance already granted. Jacob and Laban offered a peace offering when they made their treaty (Genesis 31:43). This was not a happy meal!
The Sin Offering (Lev 4:1-35; 5:1-13; 6:24–30; 8:1-17; 9:1-11; 12:6–8) “Speak to the children of Israel, saying: “If a person sins unintentionally against any of the commandments of the Lord in anything which ought not to be done, and does any of them, if the anointed priest sins, bringing guilt on the people, then let him offer to the LORD for his sin which he has sinned a young bull without blemish as a sin offering” (Lev.4:2-3). “My little children, these things I write to you, so that you may not sin. And if anyone sins, we have an Advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous. And He Himself is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the whole world” (1Jn.2:1-2). New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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Note how the LORD is speaking to His children here and note the progress of the truth of salvation as we have proceeded through the offerings all to the end that, “we sin not.” Now we see sin is dealt with to the uttermost. This offering was mandatory and was offered by one who had sinned unintentionally or was for some reason were unclean. The purpose of the offering was in order to regain purification, to atone for specific transgressions committed where no restitution was possible, “Who can understand his errors? Cleanse me from secret faults” (Ps.19:12). These were not sins of omission, they were acts committed by a person who did not suppose at the time that his deliberate action was sin due to spiritual ignorance and blindness, but the LORD/Jehovah has instituted a sacrifice for those who have thus sinned. The sin offering made reparation (paid the debt in full) for the worshipper’s unintentional sins, weaknesses, failures, and uncleanness before the Lord. Unintentional sins could happen at any time and therefore the priests worked closely as mediators with God and His people. They were there to instruct the people as they sought the Lord. In case any sins were not brought before the Lord there were offerings for the nation and for the high priest which covered them all in a collective way. On the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) the high priest sprinkled blood on the mercy seat for his own sins and the sins of the nation. In this case, it is the high priest who has sinned, only he was anointed. He may have sinned in the course of executing his ministry in the tabernacle and thus brought sin upon the people, “causing the people to sin.” The continuing personal holiness of the high priest is provided
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for in this sacrifice of atonement by the imputation of sin to another in the form of a costly bullock, “Then the anointed priest shall take some of the bull’s blood and bring it to the tabernacle of meeting. The priest shall dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before the Lord, in front of the veil of the sanctuary” (4:5-6). The “seven times” intimates a perfect and complete action in dealing with sin. The blood is to be displayed before the vail, possibly sprinkled on the vail. The sprinkling of Christ’s blood would eventually rend the vail giving access to God’s presence, through the blood drenched flesh of Jesus, through His torn body sin is finally destroyed. The high priest now approached the altar of incense, “And the priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before the Lord, which is in the tabernacle of meeting; and he shall pour the remaining blood of the bull at the base of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the tabernacle of meeting” (4:7). The alar had four horns, one on each corner and they were each shaped like a pyramid, they are first seen on the brazen altar at the entry to the tabernacle and they prevented large animals from slipping off the altar, we read, “Bind the sacrifice with cords to the horns of the altar” (Ps.118:27). Jesus similarly was bound to the cross with nails. Coals from off the altar were taken to the altar of incense to enable the incense to burn and produce its aroma. The sprinkling of blood on the 4 horns of the altar links the altar with the sacrifice of Jesus, pointing to the fragrance of His sacrifice before God. The horns symbolise the strength and power of God and the incense the praise of
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His people rising to God, praising Him for His strong and complete victory over sin’s guilt and stain. The high priest now returns from out of the holy place to the brazen altar of sacrifice and there he pours out all the remaining blood at the foot of the altar. Thus, we see the tabernacle vail and the two altars bear testimony to a full atonement having been made for all sins.
The Guilt/Trespass Offering (Lev 5:14-6:7; 7:1–8; 14:12–18) “Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: “If a person commits a trespass, and sins unintentionally in regard to the holy things of the Lord, then he shall bring to the Lord as his trespass offering a ram without blemish from the flocks, with your valuation in shekels of silver according to the shekel of the sanctuary, as a trespass offering. And he shall make restitution for the harm that he has done in regard to the holy thing and shall add onefifth to it and give it to the priest. So, the priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering, and it shall be forgiven him” (5:14-16). The trespass offering was similar to that of the sin offering but the main difference was that the trespass offering was an offering of money for sins of ignorance connected with fraud or debt. To atone for specific transgressions where restitution was possible, damages computed at six-fifths payable in advance. Legal satisfaction. The fraud was towards God in respect to worship and fraud against man in terms of wrongdoing by the trespasser regarding the commandments of God’s law.
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The sacrifice is mandatory, the trespasser has to choose the best ram from his flock and the priest will estimate its value as to whether it is sufficient for the offering. The offering was always a ram, reminding us of Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac. The blood was always put on the sides of the altar and not on the horns of the altar. The lesson of the trespass offering is that atonement must consist of total restitution/reparation – restoring all that was lost. There must also be a making up of the wrong done by the person suffering loss, as a recompense for the evil. In His atonement God must get back all that was lost through disobedience to His law and the honour of His law must be vindicated. This required that Christ fulfil every jot and tittle of the law and that by His active obedience He fulfilled the law and by His passive obedience, - His sufferings, He paid the price in full for man’s trespasses. “If a person sins and commits any of these things which are forbidden to be done by the commandments of the Lord, though he does not know it, yet he is guilty and shall bear his iniquity” (5:17). This verse is proof of the awful sins which are committed through ignorance, yet that person is guilty. This can apply to the performance of the duties of the priests which robs God, although ignorant there is a price which has to be paid and atonement has to be paid. The sinner is accountable to God and atonement must be paid for sin.
The First Occasion of Sacrifice in The Tabernacle (Lev 9)
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This day is of great importance in the nation of Israel, it is an initiation into the procedure of sacrificing which is instructive for both the priests and the people (Lev.ch.9) and this first occasion of sacrifice will be sanctified, just as the completion of the tabernacle was sanctified by the manifestation of the LORD’S glory. On that first day when the tabernacle was completed the LORD came to dwell among His people, which was marked by His continued presence in the sanctuary. This important day when the LORD comes to sacrifice takes place on the 8 th day which is the day after the Sabbath, the day when Jesus rose again (v1). God is initiating sacrifices, but He is anticipating the day of His resurrection when sacrifices will be no more, made void by the one unique sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Later we will see how God’s calendar of resurrection, post-resurrection appearances, the ascension, the disciples 10-day prayer meeting and the descent of the Spirit is written into the sacrificial system (Lev.23:15-16). All Israel participates in this day of united public sacrifice - priests, elders and “all the congregation stand before the LORD” (v5) and multiple sacrifices take place – sin offering, burnt offering, peace offering and meal offering (vv2-4). From today right through until the destruction of Jerusalem in A D 70, sacrifices will be an essential part of Jewish practise (the Israelites will later be reduced to Judah and right at the end of their history the Jews faith is known as Judaism. The last offering on this day of multiple sacrifices is “the wave offering before the LORD” by Aaron (v21). To accomplish this offering required raised hands to wave the shoulder and the chest/breast of the bullock before the LORD. The raising of the hands cannot be done apart from the raising of the heart in praise and thankfulness to God for the unspeakable gift of His Son, who is raised on high every-time we remember Him in the Breaking of Bread. Having accomplished his New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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offering of sacrifices under the watchful eye of Moses, he comes out to the assembled people and with raised hands he blesses all the congregation, “And Moses and Aaron went into the tabernacle of meeting and came out and blessed the people. Then the glory of the Lord appeared to all the people, and fire came out from before the Lord and consumed the burnt offering and the fat on the altar. When all the people saw it, they shouted and fell on their faces” (Lev.9:23-24).
Discussion Sacrifice may be viewed historically in the history of Israel and Judah up to the time of Jesus and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the date of the Jewish feast of Pentecost. I personally love this kind of study, but it is beyond the scope of this survey of the Bible. Having established Israel’s institutions there was nothing more obnoxious to God than people who continued to do the rituals, sacrifice animals and yet their hearts were far from God and they were engaging in idolatry, this matter was the focus of the prophets. For You do not desire sacrifice, or else I would give it; You do not delight in burnt offering. The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit, A broken and a contrite heart— These, O God, You will not despise. Do good in Your good pleasure to Zion; Build the walls of Jerusalem. New Life Radio – Talk No 18
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Then You shall be pleased with the sacrifices of righteousness, With burnt offering and whole burnt offering; Then they shall offer bulls on Your altar” (Ps.51:16-19). “I desire mercy, not sacrifice” (Hosea 6:6). “…and when ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you; yea, when you make many prayers, I will not hear; your hands are full of blood” (Isaiah 1:15-16). “I hate, I despise your feasts, and I will take no delight in your solemn assemblies. Yea, though you offer me burnt-offerings and your meal offerings, I will not accept them neither will I regard the peace-offerings of your fat beasts. Take thou away from me the noise of thy song; and let Me not hear the melody of thy psalteries. But let justice well up as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream” (Amos 5:21-4). “To do charity and justice is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice” (Prov. 21: 3). “Sacrifice and offering You did not desire, but You have prepared a body for Me. In burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin You had no pleasure. Then I said, ‘Behold, I have come— In the volume of the book it is written of Me—To do Your will, O God’ (Psalm 40:6-8; Hebrews 10:5).
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