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Features
16
8
NEW GRADUATES
EXPLOSION FALLOUT
Advice for new graduates: It’s time to sell yourself. By Matthew Van Deventer
April home explosion puts oil and gas operators on notice: Find, fix all flowlines. By Sharon Dunn
11
LAND ASSESSMENT
In Every Issue
County rules expand notifications when new wells are planned. By Dan Larson
13
PDC ENERGY & NASDAQ
14
PHOTOSTORY
Celebrating 40 years on the NASDAQ. Staff Reports
Making Hole
21
Smart surfaces offer green options for demulsifying produced waters
Confederates attack oilfield By Bruce Wells
By Gary Beers
Permian Basin continues to shine. Staff Reports
ON THE COVER Design by Joshua Aho
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MANAGING EDITOR Sharon Dunn
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CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Gary Beers Dan Larson Matthew Van Deventer Bruce Wells
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EXPLOSION FALLOUT April home explosion puts oil and gas operators on notice: Find, fix all flowlines BY SHARON DUNN • SDUNN@ENERGYPIPELINE.COM In this April 18, 2017, file photo, investigators stand by as debris is removed from a house that was destroyed in a deadly explosion in Firestone, Colo. The home explosion that killed two people was caused by unrefined natural gas that was leaking from a small abandoned pipeline from a nearby well, fire officials said Tuesday, May 2, 2017. (Matthew Jonas /The Daily Times Call via Associated Press)
Oil and gas operators statewide have until the end of June to inspect, document and verify that all flowlines from oil and gas wells within 1,000 feet of an occupied building — whether the wells are abandoned or producing — are sealed and safe. That mandate comes in the wake of fire investigators’ determination that such a line led to an explosion of a Firestone, Colo. home on April 17. Frederick-Firestone Fire Protection District investigators announced in early May that the explosion that killed two men and injured a woman and a child was the result of an abandoned and cut, yet still-connected gas return line from a well that was 178 feet away from the home. “We can say at this point, the following: The origin of the explosion and subsequent fire … was unrefined, non-odorized gas that entered the home due to a cut and abandoned line attached to an oil and gas well” in the vicinity, said Ted Poszywak, fire chief of the Frederick-Firestone Fire Protection District, in a news conference. “That gas came from a severed and uncapped abandoned line that was not disconnected and capped at the wellhead.” The revelation was followed immediately by the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission imposing the new flowline inspection rule on all operators in the state — a move punctuated by Gov. John Hickenlooper. The explosion killed Mark Martinez and his brother-in-law Joey Irwin and severely injured Erin Martinez. The two men were said 8 ENERGY PIPELINE JUNE 2017
to be changing out a water heater at the time of the explosion. Poszywak said, “There is absolutely no evidence to suggest the death of Mark Martinez and Joey Irwin was the result of any criminal or improper activity on their part.” He said even a plumbing expert would not have been able to smell the unrefined gas that was accumulating in the basement. Poszywak said investigators determined the gas was isolated to this home and one next to it, and there was no other leakage from the well, which was shut off the day of the explosion. He said the well in question was intact, and active flowlines going to a different storage tank had no leaks. The question was two abandoned flowlines that led to a different storage tank. One was capped properly; the other wasn’t. The home was built in 2015 by Century Homes and was located within the town of Firestone’s acceptable limits from 150 feet of an existing oil and gas well. In a news conference, COGCC Executive Director Matt Lepore said the distance to the home in this case shouldn’t be the concern. “As far as the greater picture here … I think I would say to you that the flowline was cut relatively closely to this home,” Lepore said. “I think the proximity of the flowline, cut and uncapped in proximity to a home matters more in this case than the fact that a home was constructed 200 feet within a well.” Though the well is owned by Anadarko Petreoleum, it had changed hands a few times over the years prior to Anadarko’s
ownership and a subdivision being built around it. Gerrity Oil and Gas drilled the well in 1993; four years later, it was acquired by Patina Oil and Gas, and in 2001, the company drilled the well into a different formation. Noble Energy acquired the well in 2005 and then traded it with Anadarko in a massive asset swap in 2014, which moved Noble into the north half of Weld County and Anadarko into the lower half. The well was last inspected by a COGCC inspector in August 2014. It is unknown when the flowlines were abandoned, so finding a responsible party is proving a bit more laborious, officials have said. Investigators think it likely was between 1999 and 2002, before increased regulations at the state level. The state’s rules today on abandoning wells require risers — lines protruding from the ground — to be capped at least 3 feet below the surface or where it meets the flowline, Lepore said. “It has to be sealed, drained and cut off,” Lepore told reporters. Operators also must reveal their planned route for flowlines on new wells. The well, officials have said, chiefly produced natural gas. The well had been shut in for the entirety of 2016, and it was not actively producing. Anadarko brought that well back online
“We will take the steps we outline here to absolutely minimize any possibility of this happening, and operators will be hyper-diligent and hypervigilant about this situation going forward.” MATT LEPORE, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE COLORADO OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION Jan. 28 — a move that is not unusual for any operator, Lepore said. Investigators believe the 1-inch line funneled gas into the basement of the home through the sump and some French drains. In the wake of the explosion, Anadarko voluntarily shut in 3,000 wells in the entire basin, promising to inspect and repair any offending equipment. “We will continue to take all necessary and appropriate steps in that regard, and will continue to cooperate fully with all ongoing investigations to ensure we fully understand the basis for the fire district’s conclusions and that no stone is left unturned prior to any final determinations,” said Andarko CEO Al Walker in a new release. Not all oil and gas operators followed Anadarko’s lead, but Great Western shut in 61 wells, and another company, which
Workers dismantle the charred remains of a home at the location where an unrefined petroleum industry gas line leak explosion killed two people inside their home, in Firestone, Colo. Fire officials said that an investigation has revealed that the April 17, 2017 explosion was caused by unrefined natural gas that was leaking from a small abandoned pipeline from a nearby well owned by Anadarko Petroleum. (AP Photo/ Brennan Linsley)
Lepore wouldn’t name, was looking into 250 wells. Anadarko immediately deployed 200 employees to inspect wells, and reported, “We also are taking an extra step to permanently disconnect all underground 1-inch low-pressure supply or “return” lines from every vertical well.” Additionally, they were working to provide neighbors in that subdivision with money to purchase methane detection equipment. The notice to operators, issued by the COGCC, should reveal every flowline within 1,000 feet of an occupied building. They had until the end of May to locate and re-inspect flowlines, providing a complete inventory to the state. According to the order, “any existing flowline or pipeline riser not in use must be clearly marked using fluorescent paint, have all operating valves removed
NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD GETS IN ON INVESTIGATION The National Transportation Safety Board has joined the investigation into the fatal Colorado house explosion blamed on unrefined natural gas flowing from a severed pipeline. The agency got involved because pipelines are considered transportation and because investigators want to look for safety issues that might have consequences elsewhere. Firestone police and the Colorado Bureau of Investigation are also looking into the explosion. — Associated Press JUNE 2017 ENERGY PIPELINE 9
This photo is of the well in question, flowlines from which caused an April 17 house explosion in Firestone, Colo. Both lines were abandoned, but the line on the right, a 1-inch line, was not capped properly, with the valve in the on position. After the explosion, the valve was moved to the off position, as shown here.
and be capped until it can be cut off below grade and sealed.” By June 30, operators must ensure and document that all flowlines from their operations within 1,000 feet of occupied buildings have integrity and sufficiently pass pressure testing. The rule states operators will be required to complete abandonment of any inactive flowlines, regardless of where they are or when they were taken out of service. Reporters asked Lepore what he would say to residents today who are worried about the potential for danger at their homes. “I would say that in our experience, what has taken place here is highly unusual and required a confluence of a number of different events to come to pass,” Lepore answered. “It’s horrible and horrifying, but there are a lot of wells that have been drilled and operated for a very long time in this state, and this is an unprecedented sort of event. “We will take the steps we outline here to see to absolutely minimize any possibility of this happening, and operators will be hyper-diligent and hyper-vigilant about this situation going forward.”
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LAND ASSESSMENT County rules expand notifications when new wells are planned BY DAN LARSON • FOR ENERGY PIPELINE Ann Stephens, of Ascent Geomatics Solutions (left) and Ashley Campbell, of COGA, discussed Weld County’s new location assessment process as required for companies planning new oil and gas wells. Photo by Dan Larson.
Newly enacted Weld County rules that require companies to spell out
plans for new oil and natural gas wells also require the companies to notify owners of nearby buildings located further away than required under state rules. Enacted Feb. 1, the Weld Oil and Gas Location Assessment rules cover all zones in the county and require approval before any work on the site can commence. Following a contentious rulemaking session in 2013 to reset setback distances between well sites and buildings and a months-long hearing process under the Governor’s Oil & Gas Task Force in 2014-15, the Board of Weld County Commissioners ordered a review of the county’s special land use rules for new oil and gas sites.
USE BY SPECIAL REVIEW County zoning rules include a category of land uses that are “more intense or have a greater impact” than are allowed under normal uses consistent for that zone, known as Use By Right. These more intense operations, known as Use by Special Review, require “additional consideration to ensure that they are compatible with existing and planned land uses in that neighborhood.” Such plans must be approved by the commissioners. Initially, the county sought to draft rules that would cover new oil and gas drilling locations under Use by Special Review rules. As they were first considered, the USR rules required additional, separate
documentation from what a company is required to file with the Colorado Oil & Gas Conservation Commission. The process also would have included at least two hearings for every application, one before the planning commission and one before the commissioners. “This would have been a massive process,” said Ashley Campbell, community outreach coordinator at the Colorado Oil & Gas Association. “It would have meant 160 days before the USR could be approved,” she said. “The additional expense would have been an incredible burden on industry and the county without providing any significant improvement in the planning process. As a result, the commission put off a vote on the rules changes for the better part of a year.” Campbell cites a diligent stakeholder process and the hard work of a industry working group last summer to move the county rules on oil and gas drill sites from a USR into a stand-alone review and approval program known as a location assessment process. According to Campbell, members of COGA’s regulatory committee formed a working group made up of representatives from PDC Energy, Noble Energy, Anadarko Petroleum Corp., SRC Energy (formerly Synergy Resources), Bonanza Creek Energy and Bill Barrett Corp., to meet with county officials and develop what became known as the Weld Oil & Gas Location Assessment process. Rules covering WOGLA were approved by the commission in December.
“Industry and county regulators wanted an alternative process that satisfied the commission’s request for land owner input and protections while providing industry with a parallel process to what state permitting requires,” Campbell noted. The county’s location assessment process in many ways mirrors the Colorado Oil & Gas Location Assessment (OGLA) permit. Known as Form 2A, OGLA is one of two permits the operator is required to secure before drilling a well. According to COGCC, Form 2A considers the surface impacts while the traditional drilling permit, known as Form 2, describes what the operator has planned “down-hole.” Further Notice The biggest difference in county and state programs is in notification of nearby surface land owners. Both the state and Weld County require operators provide location drawings, either maps drawn from on-the-ground surveys, GIS images taken from the public domain such as Google Earth or by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), also known as a drone. At a recent industry seminar in Denver, representatives from Ascent Geomatics Solutions, of Denver, demonstrated how drones can provide aerial images that can be incorporated into GIS mapping and satisfy location drawing requirements. “Use of a drone for aerial survey projects allow the operator to capture a much larger area in a shorter time JUNE 2017 ENERGY PIPELINE 11
compared to conventional on-the-ground surveys,” according to Keith Hulen, director of business development for Ascent. The state’s Oil & Gas Land Assessment process includes a requirement that the location drawing show all visible improvements within 500 feet of the proposed well site. For a WOGLA filing,
plans that become contentious will be sent by the planning department to the commissioners for review and a hearing.
THE LIST In creating the WOGLA rules, the commissioners said it was their intent that
landowner, if needed. • Weld County Emergency Action Plan. • Flood Hazard Development Plan, if applicable. • And, an application fee of $500. Decisions on WOGLA applications are to be completed within 45 days, although some initial filings have been approved in less than two weeks, according to Stephens. Processing time may be extended for applications referred to the county commissioners for review. The WOGLA process is aimed primarily at development of oil and gas wellsites. The USR process still applies to requests to develop compressor sites or to lay pipe in the ground, Stephens said.
STRIKING BALANCE
Photos taken by unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, can provide accurate, immediate indications of surface features such as building and roads. Photo of Clear Creek Canyon by Ascent Geomatics Solutions.
the operator’s location drawing must show visible improvements out to 1,000 feet from the site. The operator is then required under WOGLA to send a notice, including the location drawing, to the owners of any building units and to the Weld County Local Government Designee (LGD) and the LGD of any municipality within 1,000 feet of the proposed well site. The Colorado land assessment form requires notification of building unit owners out to 500 feet. Once notified, building unit owners have up to 28 days to respond either to the operator or the county. The Weld Planning Services Department can either approve the WOGLA application or refer it to the Board of County Commissioners for a hearing and review. According to Ann Stephens, regulatory manager at Ascent, the county must respond to requests from land owners within the 28-day comment period. Wellsite 12 ENERGY PIPELINE JUNE 2017
the land assessment process “protect and promote the health, safety, convenience, and general welfare of the present and future residents of Weld County.” An operator’s WOGLA application must include the following: • An application form. • Copy of a surface use agreement (SUA) with the surface owner; if no SUA is in place, a notice of bonding the site under COGCC rules must be included. • Location drawing. • Completed WOGLA questionnaire describing compliance with industry standards and best practices for noise and light reduction, dust control, traffic management, waste disposal, site security and noxious weeds, among other things. • Weld County access permit, if needed. • Identification by county records of building owners within 1,000 feet of the wellsite. • Proof of mineral lease or deed. • Improvements agreement with
Since Weld County is by far the leading oil and gas area in Colorado, a workable process for orderly, responsible well site development was vital, county government leaders have stated. The process must balance industry calls for development and the needs of the community. COGA, the industry trade group, supported development of the WOGLA process through a series of stakeholder meetings last summer, Campbell said. “During the stakeholder process we heard from dozens of surface owners,” she said. “In the past, industry may not have worked as closely with land owners as they could have. Weld’s location assessment rules give the surface owner a voice in the process.” County commissioners have requested an update on WOGLA this summer, six months after the rules went into effect.
Location assessment drawings as required for Weld County drilling applicants can be provided with aerial photos from drones such as this. Photo by Ascent Geomatics Solutions.
PDC ENERGY & NASDAQ Celebrating 40 years on the NASDAQ STAFF REPORTS PDC Energy CEO and President Bart Brookman poses with a plaque given to him for the company’s 40 year anniversary of listing on the NASDAQ stock exchange.
On April 20, PDC Energy CEO and President Bart Brookman helped ring in his company’s 40th year on the NASDAQ stock exchange by sounding the opening bell amid a cheering fan club of company employees and board members. “Ringing the bell today is an exciting way to mark this anniversary as well as acknowledge the vision of the late Jim Ryan, who founded PDC in 1969. I also want to acknowledge all the PDC employees, past and present, who have contributed to PDC’s success. “We are pleased to be in New York this week to update analysts and investors on our incredible story. Our two premiere assets, the core Wattenberg in Colorado and the Delaware Basin in West Texas, bring some of the most capital efficient drilling projects in the country and result in a tremendous growth profile for PDC. These drilling opportunities, when combined with our incredibly strong balance sheet and ample liquidity give us line of sight toward being a top performing mid-cap E&P Company for many years to come.” PDC is the third largest oil and gas operator in Colorado, with 95,500 net acres, 1,800 identified drilling locations,
and 305 million barrels of oil equivalent in proved reserves, according to company documents. In the first quarter of this year, PDC was producing 64,285 Boe/d and spud 29 wells in the Wattenberg,
according to the company’s May update. The company brought on a fourth rig in May and had planned to spud 139 wells under a capital program of $465 million throughout the year, the update said.
PDC Energy President and CEO Bart Brookman rings the opening bell of the NASDAQ stock exchange on April 20 in New York City. Brookman and his team celebrated 40 years on the exchange. Photos for Energy Pipeline/PDC Energy JUNE 2017 ENERGY PIPELINE 13
PERMIAN BASIN CONTINUES TO SHINE This photo comes to Energy Pipeline via Bill Pettitt in Odessa, Texas, where this pump jack is pulling from the Permian Basin. The Permian is gaining steam these days as companies clamor to claim their pieces of what The New York Times in January said is where “the oil is stacked like a layer cake.” Colorado companies such as PDC Energy and Noble Energy and Bayswater Exploration have increasingly put capital in the Permian in the last couple of years, calling it a premier play. Houston-based Anadarko, which has a major hub in Denver and is Colorado’s biggest oil producer, also is beefing up its west Texas drilling in the Delaware Basin, just east of the Permian. Anadarko’s subsidiary Kinder Morgan recently joined with Denver-based DCP Midstream to build a 430-mile natural gas pipeline from the Permian Basin to the Corpus Christi region. Crude oil production in the Permian was expected to increase to an estimated 2.4 million barrels per day in May, based on estimates from the Energy Information Administration’s Drilling Productivity Report. Between January 2016 and March 2017, according to
the EIA, oil production in the Permian Basin increased in all but three months. As of April 21, the number of rigs in the Permian Basin reached 340, or 40 percent of the 857 total oil- and natural gas-directed rigs operating in the United States. The Permian rig count reached as high as 568 in late 2014 before falling to a low of 134 in spring 2016, the EIA reports.
Got a great shot in your oil patch? Send it and information abou the picture to Energy Pipeline magazine Managing Editor Sharon Dunn sdunn@energypipeline.com.
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AIMS CDL CLASSES
CDL classes available at Aims Community College in Greeley BY MATTHEW VAN DEVENTER • FOR ENERGY PIPELINE
For those looking to get a commercial drivers license and
drive the big rigs, they need go no
further than Aims Community College in Greeley, which boasts a 96 percent passagerate and has come into its own over the past couple of years. The school’s program has been around since 2009, when it borrowed training equipment from companies and largely survived off of grants from the Colorado Department of Transportation. That funding ran out in 2015 but the program had grown enough and was able to sustain itself and even leased its own truck and trailer. Over the past six months, it’s seen an even greater resurgence as demand for the class increases and more resources are diverted toward it. In December 2016, Lenard Fulmer was on board to oversee the program and teach in it. Fulmer has 17 years of experience in CDOT compliance and CDL training in the private and public sector. “We’re trying to actually get the training that thes,e drivers need. I’ll be frank, I used to be a port of entry officer so we use to write them tickets,” says Fulmer. “We’re teaching them not to get tickets here.” Since hiring Fulmer, Aims has leased a second truck and trailer for the program. To get into the CDL program, applicants must have a CDOT certified medical card and a CDL training license. It’s a 120-hour class over two and half weeks and can run an applicant $3,500 for the course. It also includes industry-specific training such as mountain courses, load securement and electronic logging. “We could probably graduate them out sooner, but they’re not going to be getting the training that we feel is necessary and the private sector needs to be successful,” Fulmer said of graduation times. Aims also offers Class B licenses for driving vehicles such as dump truck or pump track trucks and light traffic Load licenses for
driving a pickup with a gooseneck attachment. Both courses are 40 hours a week. There’s no shortage of jobs for truckers either. Part of Fulmer’s position is talking with companies and oil and gas companies such as Bison and Select Services about employment opportunities. Sites such as Craigslist and indeed.com have pages of driving jobs. He says entry level trucking positions start at an annual salary of $50,000-$60,000 a year. Drivers with more experience can make upward of $98,000. And for those interested in the program who may not be able to afford it themselves, there are some financial assistance options available. As a part of a partnership with Aims, Employment Service of Weld County has set aside funds to send people through the training program, explains Libby Klingsmith, dean of workforce development for the college. “So there are avenues even within our community for people who are looking to change careers or who perhaps are currently underemployed or looking for training in an area could work with Employment Service of Weld County and get training dollars and then
come right to Lenard’s class and they would pay for that person to get their license,” says Klingsmith. Recover Colorado has money to help companies impacted by the 2013 floods to send employees through the program. As far as the program’s future outlook, Klingsmith says she is looking at how they can “diversify their offering” such as utilizing grants for new equipment and maybe even simulation software. Part of that includes pushing the $1,500 LTL program by finding financial assistance opportunities for applicants. “The CDL can, quite frankly, be pretty expensive for folks. Not everyone can come in and do that $3,500 cost, so thinking about this class, LTL, which is sort of our next growth area at $1,500,” says Klingsmith.“I think what we see is that there is a lot of opportunity to get people trained pretty quickly and out into fields right away,” Klingsmith continued, “Those are the kinds of thingsI think we’re really working on. Our objective right now is to grow and support local industry.”.
AIMS CDL PROGRAM 2017 30 students in Spring 16 of the 30 were enrolled in driver training course and received a 100 percent pass rate 14 of the 30 were test only and received a 65 percent pass rate 2016 69 total 37 of 69 took course with 100 percent pass rate, 32 of 69 took test only and 90 percent pass rate. If you would like to try out Aims Community College’s CDL program, call (970) 339-6554 or write CDLinfo@aims.edu. Online, go to http://www.aims.edu/ced/commercial-driverslicense.php. JUNE 2017 ENERGY PIPELINE 15
ADVICE FOR THE NEW GRADUATES: It’s time to sell yourself
BY MATTHEW VAN DEVENTER • FOR ENERGY PIPELINE
D
espite the recent downturn in
the oil and gas industry, things
may be looking up for Colorado’s 2017 batch of college graduates looking to have a career in the industry, according to many universities along the Front Range. One thing is clear, though: Graduates will need to market themselves. “I was surprised to see how good it was last year. Actually I was shocked to be perfectly honest,” says Will Fleckenstein, an adjunct professor at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden. “There’s a variety of companies that
16 ENERGY PIPELINE JUNE 2017
have been away a while and they’ve come back this year for recruiting and service companies, and operators are ramping up for what they consider the new normal.” Fleckenstein, who teaches drilling, completion and well workovers at Mines, refers to the school’s 2015-16 annual report on graduate placement. One of the report’s first sets of information shows the oil and gas industry absorbing more undergraduates than all the others except construction. Between 2013 and 2016, oil and gas hired more graduates than another industry, on-boarding more than 300
Mines students. Since the U.S. rig count has been steadily increasing, so have other positions such as correctional drillers, cementers, and fracking workers. “You can start to see the rebound and the rig count in Colorado as well, and that’s essentially drawing in the new folks who will be able to participate in that,” continues Fleckenstein. But companies aren’t just looking for anybody. They’re looking for graduates who understand what the industry does from a variety of angles. For example, while a geology degree
is still useful, a graduate is more likely to get a better job that pays more if it’s paired with an engineering degree or even computer science. The oil and gas industry has moved away from analyzing geology to understanding how to source minerals, which is how the shale revolution took off, according to Elizabeth Dahill, the founder of The Dahill Group, a Denver-based oil and gas recruiting agency. For example, gas may come to a well-head from 3 miles away underground in any and all directions. To extract it efficiently and economically it takes mathematical and technical analysis. “My understanding is that it’s going to be tough. It’s a tough time for these graduates, especially for the geologist. ... Technology is what’s driving the industry more than anything else,” explained Dahill. She advises students to get a dual degree, not just a geology or petroleum sciences degree, but something else that will give them a technological edge. Bill Eustes, associate professor in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Colorado School of Mines, encourages his students to go that route as well. “It’s a multi-disciplinary approach to being able to safely and economically produce the resources that we need. So it’s a team effort,” Eustes said. In addition to technical and mathematical skills, oil and gas companies want students to have an understanding of what Eustes calls “soft skills,” or the understanding of and ability to “work within the social license that we have to operate.” In other words, they need to be able to communicate and work with all the different communities involved in oil and gas, such as the media, neighbors to a well, fellow operators, contractors, service companies, and regulators and the policies they create, to name a few. Eustes also teaches his students ethics, because he says, “we have an ethical obligation to protect the general public, and we want to make sure the students recognize that.” Dahill advises graduates not to rely on recruiters. There’s no harm in sending in a resume and keeping in touch. However, recruiters usually represent the client, not the candidate, and their clients are looking for candidates with a minimum of three to five years of experience and advanced knowledge in their field, which includes finance, accounting, operations and human resources. “Most, if not all of us in the recruiting sector are not given the opportunity to work with
recent college graduates,” Dahill said. Pendleton Resources, another recruiting firm in Denver, is in the same position. In fact, the company’s founder, Mark Selleck, who’s been headhunting for more than 30 years, now says recruitment firms that claim to represent the candidate for a fee shouldn’t be trusted at all. Instead, graduates should be marketing themselves. “Here’s my take on the first job: get it yourself. Don’t use a recruiter, it’s the worst thing you can do,” warns Selleck who doesn’t place anybody with fewer than 10 years of experience. Students should get into a company’s data-
“No matter what industry you’re trying to break into, you may not have your dream job right away.” MICHELE MOTLEY, STUDENT AFFAIRS MANAGER, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO’S GLOBAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM base, find out who is doing the hiring, and get connected with them so when the time does come to hire an entry-level candidate, that student is in line even before the position is advertised. The oil and gas industry is boom and bust and so are its jobs. The industry needs people like Selleck when times are tough — another indicator of how the industry is doing. He’s expecting fewer invoices from oil and gas this year compared to previous years because the industry is on the rise and it’s easy to fill empty seats. A company can post a petroleum engineering positions and get 10 responses, no problem. “It’s the feast and famine thing,” explains Selleck. “When it’s hot, and oil goes up to $50, $70 a barrel, everyone’s going to be hiring because they’ve laid off everybody. They’ve got to rehire because they’ve got all this work coming in.” Unfortunately, he warns that no one has an easy ride working in oil and gas because of the ups and downs — it’s just the nature of the
business. Colorado State University has about 58 employers on their jobs list looking to fill entry level positions. They’ve posted jobs ranging from sales to technicians to analysts and quality controllers. “[It’s] across the board for these energy companies; there’s quite a bit of opportunities it seems,” says Katie Lloyd, a spokeswoman for CSU. CSU also has the engineering success Center, which has been busy connecting students to employers looking for engineers and interns. The center also helps student with job-seeking skills. Michele Motley, student affairs manager with the Global Energy management program at the University of Colorado’s Denver campus, warns graduates that getting the perfect job in any sector will take time: “No matter what industry you’re trying to break into, you may not have your dream job right away.” The Global Energy Management program may be one of those next steps for undergraduates with some experience looking for a boost in their credentials. GEM trains its students for upper and middle management positions being vacated by retired baby boomers. The program was launched in 2009 and touts 400 students and alumni on every continent. It offers certifications and Master’s of Science degrees usually to experienced industry professionals, Motley said. At present, 60 percent of students come from the oil and gas industry, the other from renewables and government. “The goal is to education student on the energy industry as a whole,” says Motley. CU as a whole is looking at oil and gas opportunities positively as well. Ken McConnellogue, vice president of communications, says the school’s president, who came out of the geology program, has seen great demand for graduates in oil and gas. However, it’s up to students to market themselves and get themselves in the door. “You’ve got to market yourself. Do the kinds of things in your academic program that are going to steer you in the direction you want to go,” explains McConnellogue. “I’m thinking of internships and fellowships where you have an opportunity to dip your toe in the water of the industry, and get your foot in the door to provide them a little insight into what opportunities are out there.”.
JUNE 2017 ENERGY PIPELINE 17
DATA CENTER
The oil and gas industry is a large part of Colorado’s economy. Below, find statistics on drilling production, well permits and rig counts.
2017 DRILLING PERMITS
RIG COUNT BY STATE
COUNTY
NO. (% OF STATE TOTAL) (70.5%)
Weld 637 (14%)
Garfield 124 State May 12 April Avg.March Avg. Feb. Avg. Colorado 30 29 28 26 Louisiana 62 59 55 52 Oklahoma 119 125 109 102 New Mexico 55 56 47 48 North Dakota 44 43 40 35 Texas 447 425 399 370 California 9 8 7 6 Alaska 7 6 5 9 Ohio 23 22 21 20 Pennsylvania 33 34 32 34 Wyoming 23 19 17 19
(5.2%)
Mesa 47 Rio Blanco 29
(3.2%)
Adams 26
(2.9%)
Jackson 13
(1.4%)
2016 OIL
State: 904 Source: Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission as of April. 1, 2017.
Source: Baker Hughes Rig Count, Feb. 3. Source: Baker Hughes Rig Count, May 12.
2016 GAS PRODUCTION
US RIG COUNT The U.S. rig count peaked at 4,530 in 1981 and previously bottomed at 488 in 1999. Area May 12 April Avg. March Avg. Feb. Avg. U.S. 881 853 789 744 Canada 81 109 253 342 Source: Baker Hughes Rig Count, May 12.
County *YTD‘16 .......................................Production Weld.............................................. 86,163,587 (30%) Garfield......................................90,485,573 (31.4%) La Plata ........................................ 60,573,199 (21%) Las Animas ................................. 14,205,226 (4.9%) Rio Blanco ................................... 11,700,858 (4.1%) Mesa ............................................ 9,671,476 (3.36%) State.......................................................287,952,929
PRODUCTION COUNTY *YTD
‘16 PRODUCTION
Weld 13,086,700 (84%) Rio Blanco 1,003,249 (6.4%) Cheyenne 258,125 (5.6%) Garfield 317,931 (2.0%) Lincoln 170,851 (1.1%) Larimer 143,923 (0.91%) Adams 130,697 (0.83%) Arapahoe 122,314 (0.78%) State 15,650,147 Source: Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission as of May 9.
Source: Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission as of May 9.
COLORADO ACTIVE WELL COUNT
18 ENERGY PIPELINE JUNE 2017
Weld ..........................................................................23,320 Garfield .....................................................................11,250 Yuma ...........................................................................3,877 LaPlata........................................................................3,319 Las Animas .................................................................2,935 Source: Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission as of May 9.
Rio Blanco ...................................................................2,887 Adams ............................................................................957 Boulder...........................................................................310 Larimer...........................................................................273 State .........................................................................54,383
MAKING HOLE Confederates attack oilfield BY BRUCE WELLS • FOR ENERGY PIPELINE
the first petroleum industry speculator,” explained McKain, author of, “Where It All Began - A History of the West Virginia Petroleum Industry.” As early as 1831, natural gas was moved in wooden pipes from wells for use as a heat source by the Kanawha salt manufacturers, McKain wrote. A thriving commercial oil industry grew in Petroleum and California (now ghost towns). But Virginia’s oil industry truly began on May 1, 1860, when John Castelli ‘’Cass’’ Rathbone and John Valleau ‘’Val’’ Rathbone found oil at Burning Springs Run. Using a spring-pole, their well reached 300 feet and produced 100 barrels of oil a day. The Rathbone brothers’ discovery launched a drilling boom – the first to take place outside Pennsylvania. By the “The First Virginia (Rebel) cavalry at halt” from Harper’s Weekly, September end of 1860, the Wirt County 27, 1862, courtesy the Library of Congress. Illustrations for Energy Pipeline by courthouse registered more American Oil and Gas Historical Society. than 600 oil leases. Warehouses appeared along the Little Kanawha River, which reached the Ohio River at Parkersburg. The oil was sold as a thousands of barrels of oil. lubricant for farm machinery and wagon axles. Gen. William “Grumble” Jones led the May 9, “These events truly mark the beginnings of the oil 1863, raid along the banks of the Little Kanawha and gas industry in the United States,” proclaimed River in western Virginia. This surprise attack was McKain, who died in 2014. Wealth created by the the first time an oilfield was specifically targeted, “making it the first of many oilfields destroyed in war,” according to historian David L. McKain. Jones reported his rebel troops left burning oil tanks, a “scene of magnificence that might well carry joy to every patriotic heart.” West Virginia’s petroleum industry revived after the Civil War, “and over the next 50 years the booms spread over almost all the counties of the state,” noted McKain, who founded a petroleum museum in Parkersburg after collecting hundreds of local oilfield artifacts. Almost a century earlier, George Washington had acquired 250 acres in the same Appalachian region because it contained oil and natural gas seeps. In May 1863, Confederate raiders destroyed Burning Springs (at bottom) in what some call the first oilfield “This was in 1771, making the father of our country In spring 1863, a Confederate cavalry regiment attacked the booming oil town of Burning Springs in what would soon be West Virginia. The Rebels destroyed cable-tool derricks, equipment and
BRUCE WELLS, is the founder of American Oil and Gas Historical Society, a 501c3 nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving the history of oil and gas. He is a former energy reporter and editor who lives in Washington, D.C.
attack in warfare.
JUNE 2017 ENERGY PIPELINE 19
region’s oil was key to bringing the Little Kanawha when the waters are statehood for West Virginia during high.” the Civil War. “Many of the founders Today, McKain’s Oil and Gas Museum, and early politicians were oil men – now maintained by volunteers, educates governor, senator and congressman visitors about the West Virginia – who had made their fortunes at exploration and production industry. Burning Springs in 1860 and 1861.” He also built a small museum annex Gen. Jones and his 1,300 at Burning Springs, about 30 miles Confederate troopers attacked southeast of Parkersburg. Burning Springs about one month In addition to Where It All Began, before President Lincoln issued a McKain published “The Civil War and proclamation admitting the state Northwestern Virginia – The Fascinating to the Union on June 20, 1863. Story Of The Economic, Military and “Grumble” Jones justified destruction Political Events In Northwestern Virginia of the oilfield in his report to the During the Tumultuous Times Of The commander of the Army of Northern Civil War.” Burning Springs was listed on Virginia. the National Register of Historic Places in “The wells are owned mainly by 1971. Learn more U.S. petroleum history Southern men, now driven from at www.aoghs.org.. The Burning Springs 1861 discovery well in far western their homes, and their property Virginia produced 100 barrels of oil a day and launched a appropriated either by the Federal “Making Hole” is a term for drilling drilling boom. Government or Northern men,” he coined long before oil or natural gas were reported to Gen. Robert E. Lee, adding: anything more than flammable curiosities. “All the oil, the tanks, barrels, engines for pumping, engineBruce Wells is the founder of American Oil and Gas Historical Society, houses, and wagons – in a word, everything used for raising, holding, a 501C3 nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving the history or sending it off was burned. Men of experience estimated the oil of oil and gas. He is a former energy reporter and editor who lives in destroyed at 150,000 barrels. It will be many months before a large Washington, D.C. supply can be had from this source, as it can only be boated down
20 ENERGY PIPELINE JUNE 2017
TECH TALK
Smart surfaces offer green options for demulsifying produced waters BY GARY BEERS • FOR ENERGY PIPELINE
OIL EMULSIONS
by an external input and, as a result, can separate oil droplets from water. This property of surfaces is called switchable wettability. These surfaces may be flat or three-dimensional, such as membranes. Two examples of surfaces exhibiting switchable wettability are highlighted below.
At a typical tank battery, the liquids pumped up from the formation are processed through a heater-treater to separate most of the oil from the water. The resultant produced water contains some residual oil, including dispersed oil droplets (oil emulsions). These tiny droplets pose a challenge when steps are taken to remove the remaining oil from the produced water, which usually is high in salts (a brine). In 2015, chemical engineers at Shanghai Jiao Tong Current treatment technologies utilize University reported on the fabrication of a stainless polymer/ceramic membranes or electrostatic steel mesh, when coated with a pH-responsive devices to separate the droplets from the water. polymer, retained or released oil when wetted with These approaches have drawbacks such as acidic or neutral water containing an oil emulsion plugging by oil droplets, low flux, fouling, and (Smart Fiber Membrane for pH-Induced Oil/Water decline in efficiency due to surfactant adsorption. Separation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. Also, the high salt content of the produced water causes issues. In short, these technologies are less than successful and have high energy demands (Photoinduced Superwetting Single-walled Carbon Nanotube/ TiO2 Ultrathin Network Films for Ultrafast Separation of Oil-in-Water Emulsions. ACS Nano, Volume 8. No.6: 6344-6352. 2014) Emerging technologies, employing smart surfaces, offer more effective, economical, and green options for separating oil emulsions from salty produced Figure 1. This is the process when a stainless steel mesh is coated with waters. While these options are not a pH-responsive polymer, retained or released oil when wetted with yet commercialized, they offer an acidic or neutral water containing an oil emulsion. attractive foundation for building state-of-the-art approaches in the coming decade. Volume 7. Issue 35: 19643-19650. 2015). The smart fiber membrane is cost-effective and can easily be mass-produced. The following actions are shown on Figure 1: Smart surfaces be can switched from hydrophobic • Action (a) The steel mesh is coated with the (water repelling) to hydrophilic (water attracting) polymer to serve as the prepared membrane.
PH-INDUCED OIL/WATER SEPARATION
For over 50 years, GARY BEERS, has worked in numerous fields of environmental science as a consultant, regulator and educator. This career included senior management position with major consulting, nonprofit and public organizations. He has founded several successful firms to capture emerging resource management markets. One of his latest ventures, EnviroScienceINFO, provides content for public media.
SMART SURFACES
JUNE 2017 ENERGY PIPELINE 21
• Action (b) Oil/water mixture is poured on membrane and water selectively passes through and oil is retained by the membrane.
Figure 2. The yellow dots represent oil droplets and the clear dots represent water droplets. The “t” values indicate lapsed time, in minutes, after surface exposed to visible light.
• Action (c) After membrane is wetted with acidic water, oil/water mixture is poured on the membrane and the reverse separation occurs – that is, only oil passes through the membrane.
Expertise In Permitting Beneficial Uses Of Produced Water
LIGHT-INDUCED OIL/WATER SEPARATION In 2017, material science engineers at MIT reported using visible light to switch the wettability of a coated surface to separate oil and water (Visible Light Guided Manipulation of liquid Wettability on Photorespopnsive Surfaces. Nature Communications Volume 8. Article 14968, 2017; Engineers Manipulate Water Using Only Light. Science Daily. April 2017). The back story of this development reveals scientific ingenuity and helps explain the process. Titanium oxide, an active ingredient in sunscreen, exhibits photoresponsiveness – that is, in the dark or when exposed to visible light it repels water, but when exposed to ultraviolet light it attracts water and becomes wettable. The engineers decided if they could get the compound to respond to visible light then they could switch on and off the compound’s ability to repel or attract water. Consequently, they could take the next step and separate oil from water. They decided to bind titanium oxide to polymer film on a layer of glass and then dip the coated glass into an organic dye. The successful result was a coated surface that would attract or repel water in response to exposure to visible light. The engineers tested the smart surface in the sunlight by applying salty water containing emulsified oil. The concept worked as the water spread out and separated from the oil droplets. A more rigorous test was completed. Under dark conditions, light beam was aimed at the edge of the oil/water mixture. The underlying change in the surface attracted water and the water droplets were driven together until they formed a single film and split off from the oil. This behavior is captured in Figure 2. The yellow dots represent oil droplets and the clear dots represent water droplets. The “t” values indicate lapsed time, in minutes, after surface exposed to visible light. Clearly, the water droplets merged and moved away from the oil droplets. The appearance, after seven minutes, shows the newly formed water mass has moved away from the oil droplets.
GREEN OPTIONS IndustrialWaterPermittingandRecyclingConsultants.com Water is always a RESOURCE
Contact: Gary Beers 303.748.0390 gary1beers@gmail.com
Both options for separating oil from water have a low operating costs and energy demands, while requiring minimal additions of chemicals. Further, both can operate in a self-cleaning mode with the resultant waters containing any contaminants. Patents are obtained or in process and research on larger scale operations are underway.
OIL & GAS INSURANCE A
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JUNE 2017 ENERGY PIPELINE 23
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