Vessel Component of the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan
Action Plan Drivers • Minimize health risk from port operations • Accelerate existing emissions reduction efforts • Set consistent project-specific & source•
specific standards Enable port development
Targeting Transiting and Hotelling Emissions
Pollutant Contribution by Source NOx
DPM Rail Locomotives 6% (111 tons) Heavy-Duty Vehicles 10% (188 tons) Cargo Handling Equipment 14% (259 tons)
Rail Locomotives 13% (4,533 tons)
Ocean-Going Vessel 36% (12,834 tons)
Heavy-Duty Vehicles 26% (9,264 tons)
Ocean-Going Vessel 59% (1,136 tons)
Harbor Craft 13% (4,603 tons)
Cargo Handling Equipment 12% (4,234 tons)
Harbor Craft 11% (218 tons)
SOx Cargo Handling Equipment 1% (55 tons) Harbor Craft 6% (520 tons)
Heavy-Duty Vehicles 1% (120 tons)
Rail Locomotives 2% (133 tons)
Ocean-Going Vessels 90% (8,019 tons)
Port of Los Angeles Baseline 2001 & Port of Long Beach Baseline 2002
Port-Related Contribution to Basin - 2002 DPM Total San Pedro Bay Ports Related 12%
Total Stationary & Area 15%
NOx
Total On-Road 25%
Total San Pedro Bay Ports Related 9%
Total Other Mobile 48%
Total Stationary & Area 8%
Total Other Mobile 27%
SOx Total San Pedro Bay Ports Related 45%
Total Stationary & Area 41%
Total Other Mobile Total On-Road 7% 7%
Total On-Road 56%
SCAQMD Draft 2007 AQMP, Table A-1
Projected Port-Related Contribution 2020 Without CAAP Implementation DPM Basin-Wide NonPort Related Sources 68%
San Pedro Bay Ports 32%
NOx San Pedro Bay Ports 24%
Basin-Wide NonPort Related Sources 76%
SOx Basin-Wide NonPort Related Sources 27%
San Pedro Bay Ports 73% SCAQMD Draft 2007 AQMP, Table A-4
CAAP Control Measures Measure #
Control Measure/Initiative
SPBP-HDV1
Performance Standards for On-Road HDV
SPBP-HDV2
Alternative Fuel Infrastructure for Natural Gas HDV
SPBP-OGV1
OGV Vessel Speed Reduction
SPBP-OGV2
OGV Reduction of At-Berth Emissions
SPBP-OGV3
OGV Auxiliary Eng Fuel Improvement Standards
SPBP-OGV4
OGV Main Eng Fuel Improvement Standards
SPBP-OGV5
OGV Main & Aux Eng Emission Improvements
SPBP-CHE1
Performance Standard for CHE
SPBP-HC1
Performance Standards for HC
SPBP-RL1
PHL Switch Engine Modernization
SPBP-RL2
Existing Class 1 Railroad Operations
SPBP-RL3
New and Redeveloped Rail Yards Technology Advancement Program Infrastructure & Operation Efficiency Improvements Construction Standards
Control Measures Ocean Going Vessels SPBP-OGV1 Vessel Speed Reduction
• • •
100% Compliance All OGV
•
Initially 20 nm (measured from Pt. Fermin), extended to 40 nm in 2008
Implementation: tariff, incentives, & leases Issues:
• •
Coast Guard/Marine Exchange/Radar Determine Benefits & Impacts
Control Measures Ocean Going Vessels SPBP-OGV2 At-Berth Emission Reductions
• • • • • •
100% shore-power:
• • •
Container terminals Cruise ship terminals Selected crude terminals
POLA 15/POLB 10-16 shore-powered berths in five years Standardize shore-power/AMP Use of alternative control technologies Work cooperatively with tenants to accelerate Implementation: leases
Control Measures Ocean Going Vessels SPBP-OGV3 & OGV4 Fuel Standards
•
Use of d0.2% sulfur fuels for auxiliary & main engines
•
• • •
Initially 20 nm (measured from Pt. Fermin), extended to 40 nm in 2008
Work w/fuel providers, shipping lines, & other Ports on supply issues Implementation: leases & tariffs pending legal evaluation Issues:
• •
Fuel availability On-board tankage
Control Measures Ocean Going Vessels SPBP-OGV5 Main & Aux Engine Improvements
•
• •
Emission reduction engine technologies
• • • •
Sea water scrubbers Slide valves SCR Others
Technology Advancement Program Implementation: leases & voluntary
CAAP Implementation Strategies • Lease requirements • Tariff changes • CEQA mitigations • Incentives • Voluntary measures
Sample Lease Language Vessels
•
• •
On and after the effective date of the new lease all vessels calling at the Premises shall use marine distillate fuel with a sulfur content of no more than 0.2% by weight in all vessel internal combustion engines or use exhaust gas treatment technology that provides equivalent emission reductions. Vessels must comply with this requirement when at berth, anchored or transiting within 40 nautical miles, as measured from Pt. Fermin. All vessels calling at the terminal must comply with the Vessel Speed Reduction Program out to 40 nautical miles from Pt.Fermin. Assignee shall require (1) that all Candidate Vessels, as defined below, use shore-side power exclusively when berthed at berths at the Premises equipped for cold-ironing and (2) that Candidate Vessels use berths equipped for cold-ironing unless all such berths are occupied by other Candidate Vessels.
Sample Tariff Language TERM: DOCKAGE REDUCTION INCENTIVE FOR COMPLIANCE WITH THE VOLUNTARY VESSEL SPEED REDUCTION PROGRAM • Any Vessel Operator demonstrating that 90% or more of all its Vessel Trips occur at a Weighted Average Speed of 12 knots or less during calendar year 2006 or calendar year 2007 may deduct 15% from dockage otherwise payable to the Port of Long Beach under this Tariff No. 4 for one year from the date of written notice from the Port that Vessel Operator has qualified for a dockage deduction under this tariff item.
Future Actions, Monitoring, and Reporting • • • • • • • • •
Develop specification information to guide new builds Expand Port-Area Air Monitoring Network Emissions Inventory-Regular updates Monitor Progress on each Clean Air Action Plan measure Annually Report Progress on Clean Air Action Plan Development of Comprehensive lease covenants CEQA documents for specific projects with CAAP measures integrated into project/mitigation measures Technology Evaluations CAAP Revisions
Thank You!
Clean Ships Port of Seattle Perspective Clean Ships: Advanced Technology for Clean Air San Diego - February 7-9, 2007 Wayne Wayne Grotheer Grotheer
Port of Seattle Environmental Framework Port of Seattle
Commission direction
Stewardship
Commitment
Attainment area status Voluntary approach
Importance of Vessel Emissions
Vessel emissions are significant in Puget Sound and other seaport regions worldwide.
The fraction of air pollution from ships in these areas will be greater in the future as landside source emissions are reduced.
Need to work together to advance clean ships options.
Why the Port of Seattle is interested in cleaner ships
Competitive Business Environment Cargo and Cruise business growth Air Toxics, Especially Diesel Particulate NAAQS Attainment Status Environmental Justice Climate Protection Employee Health Conformity Regional Haze Public Support
Puget Sound Region Air Toxics Risk Apportionment
Data Source: Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
Cargo Growth Projections
Puget Sound Maritime Air Emissions Inventory
Activity-based 2005 baseline year
Coordination with BC Completion March 07
Sources include:
Ocean Ocean going going vessels vessels Rail Rail Harbor Harbor craft craft Cargo Cargo handling handling equipment equipment On-road On-road vehicles vehicles Special Special sources sources
Current Cruise Operations Air Pollution Prevention Projects
Home ported vessels: Plug into shore power, or Burn low-sulfur fuel while at
berth
Holland America Sea
Water Scrubbing Pilot Project
Future Cold-Ironing at the Cruise Ship Terminals
Starting in Cruise Season 2007 all home ported vessels will be required to burn lowsulfur fuel or connect to shore power
Enforcement through annual berth and tariff agreements
Other Port-Wide Voluntary Air Initiatives
Cargo terminal air pollution prevention projects
Replacements Replacements and and retrofits retrofits 2006 2006 -- 2007 2007 Low Low and and ultra-low ultra-low sulfur sulfur diesel diesel 2005 2005 -- 2006 2006 Biodiesel Biodiesel blends blends 2005 2005 -- 2006 2006 Electric Electric cranes cranes and and reefers reefers 1985 1985 -- 2007 2007
Terminal efficiency – continuously
Gate Gate improvements improvements Near Near and and on-dock on-dock rail rail
Technology Technology tools tools (RFID/OCR/other) (RFID/OCR/other)
Enhance International Standards
Revise existing classification societies’ Clean Notation designation qualifications to encourage voluntary choice of cleaner options.
Establish international technical shore power standards.
Advocate adoption of US framework for IMO Annex VI implementation, application for a SECA and adoption of cleaner standards into Annex VI in the future, especially addition of PM and GHG provisions.
The Path Forward
Cleaner Cleaner ships ships are are not not optional optional in in the the future. future. Unprecedented Unprecedented number number being being designed designed and and built. built. Encourage Encourage flexible flexible and and cleaner cleaner choices. choices. Some Some vessel vessel owner/operators owner/operators making making big big strides strides Collaboration Collaboration within within our our industry industry vital. vital. Work Work together together to to demonstrate demonstrate promising promising technologies technologies and and share share lessons lessons learned. learned.
Wayne Grotheer, Director Seaport Finance & Asset Mgmt (206) 728-3190 grotheer.w@portseattle.org
Vessel Component of the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan Part II
Implementation Strategies • Lease Requirements • Tariff Changes • California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Mitigations • Incentives • Voluntary Measures
Steps in Project Development
California Environmental Review Process California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
Time
Application for Port Development Public Environmental Review CEQA Environmental Impacts Feasible Mitigations Public Hearing
Project Approval Legal Challenge
Need for Green Ports Health Health & & Environmental Environmental Impacts Impacts ¾ Identified as Air Toxic by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) ¾ SCAQMD’s MATES II Study ¾ CARB Diesel Particulate Matter Exposure Assessment Port of Los Angeles & Port of Long Beach
Standards – Three Levels • San Pedro Bay Standards – Reduce public health risk from port-related toxics – Reduce port “Fair Share” pollutant emissions – Prevent port-related violations of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
• Project Specific Standards – Meet 10 in 1,000,000 excess cancer risk threshold – Implement maximum feasible controls for projects exceeding CEQA thresholds for criteria pollutants
• Source Specific Performance Standards
Relationships of Implementation Strategies
Port Projects Requiring CEQA Evaluations TRAPAC Yang Ming China Shipping Evergreen San Pedro Waterfront
PASHA Ultramar 206-209 YTI APL
Pacific Energy
Container Terminal Mitigation Measures Ocean Going Vessels • Compliance VSRP – 100% in 2008, 40 nm
• AMP – 70% in 2008 – 90% in 2010
• Slide Valves – 70% in 2008 – 100% in 2010
• Main & Auxiliary Engine Fuels – 50% 0.2 in 2008 – 100% 0.2 in 2010
• Equivalent Measures
Container Terminal HRA Results With Mitigation
Without Mitigation
No Project
Typical Contribution of Ship Emissions in HRA Maximum Residential Cancer Risk Emission Source
Unmitigated*
Mitigated*
Ships Transit Maneuvering
8.5%
8.8%
Ships Hoteling
62.1%
9.7%
Tugs
0.9%
1.8%
Terminal Equipment
14.0%
2.2%
Trucks
13.4%
14.8%
Trains
1.1%
61.9%
*Mitigated project less then 10 in 1 million excess cancer burden.
Container Terminal Criteria Pollutants NOx
PM10
SOx
Larger Considertions Int’l Int’l Commerce Commerce Brings Brings Local Local Air Air Pollution Pollution Issues Issues • Ship Trans-Pacific Energy Demand – Shanghai/Los Angeles 45
International
Local
Local
35
Trans Pacific Crossing
Energy Demand (MW)
40
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Berth Berth Menuv Shanghai Shanghai Departure
Energy (MW)
2
2
5
Trans Pacific
Trans Pacific
Trans Pacific
Trans Pacific
Trans Pacific
Trans Pacific
PZ
Menuv Arrival
41
41
41
41
41
41
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4
• Greater Energy Demand = Greater Pollution
Berth - LA Berth - LA 2
2
The Good Old Days!
Thank You!
Liquid Bulk Terminal Mitigation Measures Ocean Going Vessels • Compliance VSRP – 100% Beginning of operation, 40 nm
• AMP or Alternative – 90% reduction – 10% to 70% from 3 to 16 years
• DPM & NOx Control Devices New Builds/Frequent Callers – In Accordance with CAAP
Liquid Bulk Terminal Mitigation Measures Ocean Going Vessels •
•
•
Auxiliary Engine Fuels – 100% inbound 0.2 if on board otherwise 0.5 40 nm – 100% hotelling & outbound 0.2 40 nm – 20-90% 0.2 increasing by year 40 nm Main Engine Fuels – 40 to 90% inbound 0.5 40 nm phased 3 to 20 years – 40 to 90% outbound 0.2 40 nm, increasing by year Equivalent Measures
Clean Ships San Diego; February 2007 Ms Gun Rudeberg Ports of Stockholm
2007-02-12 1 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
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2007-02-12 2 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
Stockholm
Kapellsk채r
2007-02-12 3 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
Stockholm
Kapellsk채r
Nyn채shamn
2007-02-12 4 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
2007-02-12 5 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
2007-02-12 6 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
2007-02-12 7 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
2007-02-12 8 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
2007-02-12 9 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation
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2007-02-12 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation 13
2007-02-12 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation 14
2007-02-12 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation 15
2007-02-12 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation 16
www.stoports.com 2007-02-12 Stockholms Hamnar Presentation 17
Clean Ships: Advanced Technology For Clean Air February 8, 2007
Panel on “Marine Port Air Quality Programs” Bill Nurthen Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Environmental Stewardship Programs Third Largest in US Landlord Port, 3000 Acres, 89 Tenants • Containers, Autos, Bulks, Warehouses
2005: 4.7M TEU, 7% Increase Projected Cargo at 7% Growth Rate • 2010: 6.4M TEU • 2016: 10.0M TEU
Economy: 233K Jobs, $12B Wages, $6B Taxes Triple Bottom Line • Regional Prosperity + Financial Return + Environment and Security 2
Environmental Stewardship Programs Air Quality Harbor Restoration
$60M Environmental Site Acquisition $9M Hudson-Raritan Estuary Restoration Project (HRE) Wetland Creation $31M Contaminant Studies and Reduction Strategies Harbor Roundtable
Beneficial Reuse of Dredge Material Artificial Reefs Shoreline Restoration Brownfields Site Remediation
Portfields Warehouse/DC
Green Port Program EMS, Green Practices Task Force, Tenant Training 3
Air Quality Programs Rail Enhancement: •
$600M infrastructure – 1M Lift Capacity 2009 On Dock Rail Elizabeth, Newark, Staten Island Expanded Support Yard – Accommodate 2 Mile Train Reactivation of Staten Island RR and Arthur Kill Lift Bridge $50M to NY and NJ for Off Port Rail Improvements
Infrastructure for Electric Cranes Marine Tenant Actions • • • • • • •
4
Installed Electric Cranes Reoriented Footprints Installed Electronic Gates Extended Hours Modernized CHE: Over 30% Reduction Across All Pollutants Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel for Non-road Equipment Use of Propane and Electrical Forklifts
Air Quality Programs Pilot Projects • Active DPF Yard Tractors (NYCT) • Kim Hot Start on Switcher (NYCT) • Caterpillar Retrofits (APM/Maher)
Ferry Retrofit and Marine Vessel Engine Replacement • $14M - Over 400 Tons/yr NOx Reduction
Voluntary No Idle Policy Biodiesel Heating Fuel Virtual Container Yard ($100K) Promoting SmartWay Partnership 5
Air Quality Programs Detailed Emissions Inventories • • • • •
Commercial Marine Vessel Emissions Inventory Hotelling Emissions Inventory Analysis of Offset Reduction Measures Cargo Handling Equipment (2002 and 2004 Fleet) Drayage Trucks (Feb 07)
Coalition Building • • •
6
Northeast Diesel Collaborative (USEPA/State Governments) Clean Ports USA (USEPA/AAPA) Diesel Emission Risk Reduction Program (NJ DEP) Funding Partners (NY Power Authority; NJ Board of Public Utilities)
Air Quality Programs New Initiatives Bridgeport/Pt. Jefferson Ferry Engine Replacement • Potential Reduction: 63 Tons/yr NOx, 2.3 Tons/yr PM
Voluntary Vessel Speed Reduction Program •
Potential 200 Tons/yr NOx Reduction
Actions to Advance Air Emission Reductions
Air Credit Banks Tax Incentives/Low Interest Loans/Rebates Regional Collaborative to Modernize Aging Truck Fleet Ratify MARPOL Annex VI – SECA Funds for Development/Evaluation of New Technologies CHE, Vessels, Rail, Trucks
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