GREENFEED
BULLETIN ISSUE 17
GREENFEED® PINEAPPLE GROW SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER PINEAPPLE GROW TRIAL EVALUATION 2017
GREENFEED® PEPPER GROW SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER COMMERCIAL PEPPER PLANTING IN SARAWAK
contents, 2017
As the pioneer in Slow Release Fertilizer within the Southeast Asia Region, Greenfeed Group have relentlessly continues to provide significant improvements into the agricultural industry whether locally or globally. Each of this effort signifies the objectives of Greenfeed Groups through Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer; which is to foster the current practices within this industry such as oil palms towards the advanced precise sustainable agricultural practices. Such as the previous volumes, this series of bulletin will continue to be the channel of education and knowledge sharing to the public in order to increase their awareness in relating topic on the advantages of increase their awareness in relating topic on the
Features
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Greenfeed Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer Evaluation Report in TKPM Lanchang, Pahang Greenfeed Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer Application on Comercial Pepper Planting in Sarawak
advantages of Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer. Thus, within each volume of Greenfeed Bulletin, studies carried out and updated can be seen published for reference to the reader as to what is slow release fertilizer and the benefits that can obtain through this Modern High Efficient Fertilizers.
As such, these Greenfeed Bulletins will be sent to respective clients with the aim to keep them updated with the current
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Physiological Analysis Report for Greenfeed Tomato Plus Slow Release Fertilizer Trial in Cameron Highland, Pahang
progress of Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer and also
Agronomic Report for Oil Palm Within PT Mitra Andalan Sejahtera (MAS) Estate, Pontianak, Indonesia
continues to provide a platform for knowledge sharing
distributed to the public as necessary Grasping the torch to bring changes into auspicious industry, Green feed Groups
between the company and respective clients as well the public. This Greenfeed Bulletin is part of the effort to share and clarify the noteworthy advantages of Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer. Malaysian establishes Greenfeed Groups in Malaysia,, for Malaysian and soaring onto the global scale with
Editor-in-chief Muhamad Nizam Amahd Unonis Technical Research and Development
Editor Muhamad Izzuddin Khairuddin
achievements that will make Malaysia proud. Guided and motivated by the principle of “Passion with Innovation�/ this Greenfeed Bulletin will be achieved by this
Malaysian
company. Striving towards excellence will be experienced for betterment of the future
Technical Research and Development
Shahirulikram Shaharuddin Strategy and Marketing All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, including but not limited to electronic or mechanical photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system or otherwise, without prior agreement and written permission from the publisher. Disclaimer The view or options contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the policy and stand point of Greenfeed Group and Greenfeed Group will not liable or responsible towards any losses experienced by any parties on performance or non-performance based on information in this publication.
Muhamad Nizam Amahd Unonis
Novelty Technological Introduction
Greenfeed are able to introduce a revolutionized achievement that will propagate agriculture into a whole new level. Achieving synergistic equilibrium in organic and inorganic elements, Greenfeed Group is now proud to introduce Greenfeed E-Biotic Technology into the commercial fertilizer industry. E-Biotic consists of improved selected microorganisms that have resounding amending properties that are beneficial to both soil and plant’s growth. Current Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer has been proven effective for commercial planting and with intergration of E-Biotic, fertilizer industry has been brought onto a whole new level.
Greenfeed® Hydrocell H20+ is a hydro format retaining fertilizer that comes with polymeric membrane that is capable of absorbing water, holding it and releases via the methodology of slow release. This product is designed in a special form of high pressed nugget 16g ~18g respectively, the enriched hydrocell within will not only help plant to develop a stronger rooting mass for better nutrient intake. It also have the capacity to retain and stored water in the environment where water is scarce.
Greenfeed® ActiveWeed technological system utilises synergistic platform without causing development impairment to the plant. The acting mechanisms inhibits pre-emerging weed growth within the plant’s vicinity. Hence, planters, farmers, and gardeners will be able to carry out “feed and weed” activity simultaneously without any hassle. Promoting better agronomy efficiency towards greener practice. This is attainable without harming the environment, resulting in a much more sustainable practice.
The principle behind Greenfeed® POLITECH is to introduce alternative attractor that could attract the E. kamerunicus to the oil palms with the intention on further assist pollinating progression. The most suitable candidate for the selection of attractant is Estragole or methyl Chavicol (a natural non-hazardous and environmentally friendly organic compound) which is widely known as main attractant of E. kamerunicus. These incorporation has allow Greenfeed® fertilizer to attract more substantial of E. kamerunicus to the palms for further pollination process.
GREENFEED® PINEAPPLE GROW SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER EVALUATION REPORT IN TKPM LANCHANG, PAHANG (2017) Greenfeed Groups
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A trial was carried out on 14th September 2016 at Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan (TKPM) Lanchang, Pahang consisting of pineapple planting totaling more than 1 acre area that were fertilized with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer. 20 lines of planting area is the fertilizer treatment of Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer and the control area are using subsidized Compound Fertilizer provided by Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). The objective of this vegetative growth evaluation is to observe the efficacy of Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer (12:12:17:2 + TE) in comparison to the current commercial practice. The evaluation is done on 8th March 2017 involved the D-Leaf Length (cm), D-Leaf Width (cm) and Number of Leaves. Based on the statistical results obtained, pineapple planting receiving Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer treatment performed better when compared to Control Plot that is receiving Compound Fertilizer treatment. The scheduled Control Plot fertilizer application is every 3 months, as opposed to Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer that were applied only one time for the whole planting season. The outcome of this study indicates that Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer managed to outperformed its counterparts at this stage (6 months old tree) in term of the vegetative growth development. Continuous monitoring will be done from time to time as the pineapple growth progress. The results and details can be referred to within this paper. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The pineapple is the leading edible member of the family Bromeliaceae which embraces about 2,000 species, mostly epiphytic and many strikingly ornamental. Now known botanically as Ananas comosus Merr. (syns. A. sativus Schult. f., Ananassa sativa Lindl., Bromelia ananas L., B. comosa L.), the fruit has acquired few vernacular names. The pineapple plant is a terrestrial herb 2½ ft. to 5 ft. (0.75-1.5 m) high with a spread of 3 ft. to 4 ft. (0.9-1.2 m); a very short, stout stem and a rosette of waxy, strap-like leaves, long-pointed, 20 inches to 72 inches (50-180cm) long; usually needle tipped and generally bearing sharp, up-curved spines on the margins. The leaves may be all green or variously striped with red, yellow or ivory down the middle or near the margins. At blooming time, the stem elongates and enlarges near the apex and puts forth a head of small purple or red flowers, each accompanied by a single red, yellowish or green bract. The stem continues to grow and acquires at its apex a compact tuft 3
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 12, 2017
short leaves called the "crown" or "top". Occasionally a plant may bear 2 or 3 heads, or as many as 12 fused together, instead of the normal one. As individual fruits develop from the flowers they join together forming a cone shaped, compound, juicy, fleshy fruit to 12 inches (30 cm) or more in height, with the stem serving as the fibrous but fairly succulent core. The tough, waxy rind, made up of hexagonal units, may be dark-green, yellow, orange-yellow or reddish when the fruit is ripe. The flesh ranges from nearly white to yellow. If the flowers are pollinated, small, hard seeds may be present, but generally one finds only traces of undeveloped seeds. Offshoots, called "slips", emerge from the stem around the base of the fruit and shoots grow in the axils of the leaves. Suckers (aerial suckers) are shoots arising from the base of the plant at ground level; those proceeding later from the stolon’s beneath the soil are called basal suckers or "ratoons". The pineapple is a tropical or near tropical plant limited (except in greenhouses) to low elevations between 30°N and 25°S. A temperature range of 18.33°C - 45°C is most favorable, though the plant can tolerate cool nights for short periods. Prolonged cold retards growth, delays maturity and causes the fruit to be more acid. Altitude has an important effect on the flavor of the fruit. Ideally, rainfall would be about 1,143 mm per year, half in the spring and half in the fall; though the pineapple is drought tolerant and will produce fruit under yearly precipitation rates ranging from 650 mm - 3,800 mm, depending on cultivar and location and degree of atmospheric humidity. Nitrogen is essential to the increase of fruit size and total yield. Fertilizer trials indicate that a total of 471.7 kg/ha in 4 equal applications during the first year is beneficial, whereas no advantage is apparent from added Potassium and, Phosphorus. Puerto Rican studies have indicated that maximum yields are achieved by supplying urea of 151 kg/ha. On acid Bayamon sandy clay in Puerto Rico, addition of Magnesium to the fertilizer mix or applying it as a spray (300 lbs magnesium sulfate per acre—327 kg/ha) increased yield by 3 tons/acre (7 tons/ ha). On sloping, stony clay loam high in Potassium, Queensland growers obtained high yields of 'Smooth Cayenne' from side dressings of NPK mixture 5 times a year. On poor soils, Nitrogen and Potassium levels of the plants may become low toward the end of the crop season. This must be anticipated early and suitable adjustment made in the application of nutrients.
Furthermore, pineapple is also considered to be one of the most consumed fruit sources for various countries all around the world. However, the overall development to the planting methodology is yet to be properly developed as mostly relies on the traditional agronomic ways that despite being laborious does not warrant any good or optimum planting results. Henceforth, with technological advancement within Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer’s capacity, a trial has been carried out TKPM Lanchang, Pahang. The trial consisting of pineapple planting totaling more than 1 acre area were fertilized with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer. 10 planting lines divided into 2 segregations receiving two different fertilizer treatments, which were Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer 12:12:17:2 + Trace Element; with recommendations of 1 nugget per application for every stand, while the control area are fertilized with the conventional Compound Fertilizer. The objective of such trial is to study the efficacy of Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer practice that only requires 1 nugget per stand throughout the planting cycle. Based on the outcome of this study, critical limitations posed such as financial resources or even environmental suitability are solved through a simple as well as less laborious planting routine through Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer. During this monitoring period, the analyses carried out were D-Leaf Length (cm), D-Leaf Width (cm) and the Number of Leaves while yield parameters will be taken after harvesting is done. The results can be referred to the later section within this paper. 3.0 METHODOLOGY The analyses carried out during the monitoring period were D-Leaf Length (cm), D-Leaf Width (cm) and Number of Leaves. The average of the three (3) plants were calculated on each of the 10 lines that were fertilized with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer and 10 lines of the Conventional Plot as control. The D-leaf was selected to be measured as the parameter because it is the only leaf that can be consistently identified and, as the youngest almost physiologically mature leaf, it reflects current plant nutrient status with acceptable accuracy (Paull and Rohrbach, 2003). The D-leaf is in most cases is the tallest leaf on the plant.
Figure 1: The D-Leaf of pineapple plant.
Sideris and Krauss (1936) categorized leaves as: 'A', present on the propagule at planting and do not elongate after planting; 'B', present on the propagule at planting and elongate after planting; 'C', leaves that develop after planting and are younger than 'B' leaves but older than 'D' leaves; 'D', a whorl of three leaves, including the tallest on the plant; 'E', a whorl of three leaves younger than the 'D' leaves; and 'F', a whorl of three leaves younger than the 'E' leaves. As the plant grows, leaf classification continuously changes, so that 'F' leaves become 'E' leaves, 'E' leaves become 'D' leaves, and so on.
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 12, 2017
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4.0 RESULT 4.1 Pineaple D-Leaf Lenght (cm) Figure 4.1 indicates the average pineapple D-leaf length (cm) measurement of each line of pineapple planting that has been receiving Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer treatment and Compound Fertilizer. Based on the presented statistic, the overall average D-leaf length (cm) recorded for pineapple applied with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE) is 69.34 cm, while for pineapple applied with the conventional Compound fertilizer is 57.60 cm. Greenfeed treated plant shows D-leaf length reading higher by 20.38% than the conventional Compound fertilizer. 4.2 Pineaple D-Leaf Width (cm) Figure 4.2 indicates the average pineapple D-leaf width (cm) measurement of each line of pineapple planting that has been receiving Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer treatment and Compound Fertilizer. Based on the presented statistic, the overall average D-leaf width (cm) recorded for pineapple applied with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE) is 5.41 cm, while for pineapple applied with the conventional Compound fertilizer is 3.77 cm. Greenfeed treated plant shows D-leaf width reading higher by 43.5% than the conventional Compound fertilizer. 4.3 Pineaple Number of Leaves Figure 4.3 indicates the average pineapple number of leaves count of each line of pineapple planting that has been receiving Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer treatment and Compound Fertilizer. Based on the presented statistic, the overall average number of leaves recorded for pineapple applied with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE) is 36.10, while for pineapple applied with the conventional Compound fertilizer is 29.13. Greenfeed treated plant shows number of leaves count higher 23.93% than the conventional Compound fertilizer. 5.0 DISCUSSION From this visit, the overall observation for the trial plot was in good condition. However, some challenges can be identified within the trial area. At the end of the trial, the overall growth condition of the pineapple was observed to be relatively less prominent compared to pineapple planted in the middle part of the plot. This is due to the high rainfalls received in the region at this time of the year. Water flows from higher area to lower area, which is the end of the trial area causing water table to be higher in that area. High water table ”drown” the plant root resulting inefficient nutrient absorption. Few pineapples are even observed to be dead due to this situation.
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GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
High rainfall and high water table also caused the pineapple plant to be more susceptible to disease such as Heart Rot and Root Rot disease. Heart rot symptoms include soft rotting of the basal white tissues of the youngest leaves at the heart of the apical meristem. Infected leaves may be pulled from the plant readily, and as disease progresses sufficiently, plants die. The pineapple variety planted in this area, which is the MD-2 variety, a hybrid of predominantly ‘Smooth Cayenne’ parentage, exhibits the greatest resistance when environmental conditions favor plant growth, but not when conditions favor the pathogen (Green and Nelson, 2015). Efforts has been done by the management to tackle this problem by continuously digging trenches along the planting lines despite it was washed up by heavy rains received. Based on the measurement taken, the overall average D-leaf length (cm) recorded for pineapple applied with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE) is 69.34 cm, higher by 20.38% than the conventional Compound fertilizer (57.60 cm). For the overall average D-leaf width (cm) recorded for pineapple applied with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE) is 5.41 cm, higher by 43.5% than the conventional Compound fertilizer (3.77 cm). For the last parameter, overall average number of leaves recorded for pineapple applied with Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE) is 36.10, higher by 23.93% than the conventional Compound fertilizer (29.13). 6.0 CONCLUSION The objective of such trial is to study the efficacy of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer product, which was Pineapple Grow fertilizer practice that only requires 1 nugget / tree / application per planting cycle as opposed to commercial planting routine that are more rigorous. As for conclusion, based on the data measurement carried out in Lanchang, Pahang; pineapple receiving Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer (12:12:17:2+TE) performed better than pineapple receiving the Compound fertilizer in the Control Plot, for all the vegetative growth parameter measured during the monitoring period which were the D-leaf Length, D-leaf Width and Number of Leaves. With the utilization of Greenfeed® Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer, pineapple planting efficacy are expected to be improved without compensating the overall yielding. Continuous monitoring will be done from time to time as the pineapple growth progress. 7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Technical Research Development (TRD) Department of Greenfeed Agro Sdn Bhd and Agro Mahligai Sdn Bhd would like to thank the management of TKPM Lanchang, Pahang for their support and cooperation during this visit.
Average D-Leaf Length (cm) of Pineapple Receiving Greenfeed Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer and Compound Fertilizer in the Studied Line 80.00
Length (cm)
70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Greenfeed Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE)
Control (Compound Fertilizer)
Figure 4.1 Average D-leaf length (cm) for pineapple receiving Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer and Compound Fertilizer in Lanchang.
Average D-Leaf Width (cm) of Pineapple Receiving Greenfeed Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer and Compound Fertilizer in the Studied Line 6.00
Width (cm)
5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Greenfeed Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE)
Control (Compound Fertilizer)
Figure 4.2 Average D-leaf width (cm) for pineapple receiving Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer and Compound Fertilizer in Lanchang.
Average Number of Leaves of Pineapple Receiving Greenfeed Pineapple Grow Slow Release Fertilizer and Compound Fertilizer in the Studied Line 45.00
Number of Leaves
40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Greenfeed Pineapple Grow (12:12:17:2+TE)
Control (Compound Fertilizer)
Figure 4.3 Average number of leaves for pineapple receiving Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer and Compound Fertilizer in Lanchang. GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
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8.0 APPENDICES
Plate 8.1 Overall outlook of Greenfeed trial plot 3 months after application
Plate 8.2 Overall outlook of Greenfeed trial plot 6 months after application
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GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
Plate 8.3 Greenfeed technical staff measuring the vegetative growth of the pineapple in Greenfeed plot.
Plate 8.4 Greenfeed technical staff measuring the D-leaf length.
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
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Plate 8.5 Uneven growth of Conventional fertilizer treated plants
Plate 8.6 Comparison between Greenfeed Slow Release fertilizer treated plant (right) and Conventional fertilizer treated plant (left). 9
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
Plate 8.8 Data of the parameters taken during pineapple planting period Treatment
GREENFEED® PINEAPPLE GROW SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER (12:12:17:2+TE)
CONTROL (COMPOUND FERTILIZER)
Line
Average D-Leaf Length (cm)
Average D-Leaf Width (cm)
Average Number of Leave
Line 1
71.77
5.93
37.33
Line 2
63.83
5.63
33.33
Line 3
75.23
5.47
36.67
Line 4
71.53
5.87
42.33
Line 5
78.07
5.70
39.67
Line 6
70.17
5.97
37.33
Line 7
68.33
4.30
33.33
Line 8
60.87
5.07
34.67
Line 9
69.40
5.17
36.67
Line 10
64.17
5.00
29.67
AVERAGE
69.34
5.41
36.10
Line 1
62.10
3.43
29.33
Line 2
58.63
4.17
29.00
Line 3
68.83
4.23
33.67
Line 4
63.90
3.73
27.33
Line 5
57.27
3.87
29.67
Line 6
57.03
4.07
29.33
Line 7
54.13
4.07
27.33
Line 8
53.20
3.20
25.33
Line 9
52.30
3.67
29.33
Line 10
48.60
3.30
31.00
AVERAGE
56.91
3.77
29.13
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
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GREENFEED® PEPPER GROW SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON COMMERCIAL PEPPER PLANTING IN SARAWAK (2016) Greenfeed Groups
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer is yet another novelty product introduced by Greenfeed Group of Companies. Focusing on ensuring product’s performances as well as commercial suitability, a series or monitoring effort was carried out in the year 2016 with the agreement of plantation’s management. The objective of this paper is to provide a brief collective review of the included commercial trial effort carried out in plantation in Sarawak. The analysis included within this paper are Photosynthesis Rate Analysis, Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) Analysis, Critical Nutrient Level Analysis involving Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca). In overall, pepper planting applied with Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer showed better results as compared to its counterparts in most of the aspects included within this paper.
2.0 INTRODUCTION Pepper (Pepper nigrum L.) also known as the King of Spice is one of the oldest and most popular spices in the world. It is a perennial, climbing vine indigenous to the Malabar Coast of India. Today apart from India, pepper is widely cultivated throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and China.
Pepper Production Commodity from 1994 to 2014 500000 450000 400000
Tonnes
350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0
Years Figure 1.1 Pepper production commodities from 1994 to 2014 (Source: FAO Stat)
Vietnam is the largest producer of pepper. It leads the market with close to half the market share. It constitutes an important export commodity for the market and it important to its GDP. Currently, two major exporting countries; Vietnam and India are witnessing an immense competition among their vendors for greater share market. Over the years, Vietnam has begun to export vast volumes of pepper in India. The major importers of pepper include Middle East countries such as UAE and also US.
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GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
Average Pepper Production of World Top 10 Producer 90000 80000 70000
Tonnes
60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0
Figure 1.2 Average pepper production of world Top 10 producer (Source: FAO Stat)
Pepper is consumed worldwide and major destinations for this popular spice include developed nations such as USA and European Union where demand is rising and competition for market share sharpening. Emerging markets in East Asia and Russia also has a big demand for spices, mainly for Pepper. With the trend of deviation from artificial flavoring compounds to natural, with realization of the health hazards of artificial ingredients, demand for natural flavors such as Pepper is increasing steadily..
2.1 CULTIVATING PEPPER Pepper has a vining habit so it grows well in a basket or in a pot with a stake or trellis for support. Attach the stems to the trellis so the plant climbs easily. In its native habit of southern India, pepper is an understory plant that climbs up trees and grows in dappled light. When grown as a houseplant, it needs moderate light in an east or west window and it should be placed directly on the windowsill or close to your light source if grown in a light garden. It does benefit from some direct sunlight but not hot noonday sun. The flowers start growing at the leaf nodes of new growth. The small white flowers form pendulous spikes and then small, round, green peppercorns form in chains, which in time ripen to red. The pepper plant can produce an abundance of fruit in a pot as small as 8-inches. Generally, pepper will be ready for harvesting when one berry cluster shows scarlet red color. Pepper berries will be ready for picking 6 to 7 month after flowering. Spikes can be harvested when almost 90% of berries become matured. Usually hand picking should be carried out. 2.2 UNDERSTANDING PEPPER NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT Pepper is a high nutrient-demanding crop. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) are the macronutrients
needed in the largest amounts followed, in order, by Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca) and Sulphur (S).Fertilizer application and management is crucial to sustain growth and high yield. However, significant nutrient losses by leaching, volatilization, and erosion that is highly dependent on the physical and chemical conditions of the soil and rainfall. To decrease these losses, the root system should be vigorous and the fertilizers applied must be in a consistent and sustainable state. 2.3 GREENFEED® PEPPER GROW SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer is manufactured by Greenfeed Groups; Malaysian born company that has been within the industry for over 30 years. Ever since the introduction of the product during the year 1995, Greenfeed Groups have come up with various products sufficing variousplanting requirements and crops through specific formulations promoting precision agriculture. For Pepper Grow for example, the product formulations are segregated to Pepper Grow (Immature) – 12:16:4:2 + TE for early planting and Pepper Grow (Mature) 13:10:22:2 + TE. Each of these formulations was tailored specifically to cater the different planting needs within different planting stage group. Through usage of Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer, additional source of nutrients are not required GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
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The essential nutrients such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca) and Boron (B), and several other trace elements; are already incorporated within the formulation in a well-balanced manner. Such understanding of the composition is deemed vital for element synergism within the fertilizer. Apart from this, the technological utilization of the altered Activated Zeolite incorporated within the formulation also plays a role in relinquishing the slow nutrient released over time into the soil. Furthermore, apart from realizing the capacity of the fertilizers to be able to maintain such compositions without causing antagonistic effects on the product, the capability to provide a continuous efficient nutrient release over a significant period of time must also be retained. This is the vital characteristic that makes up a consistent slow release fertilizer. Within the market, there is already several claimed slow release fertilizer, which for example utilizes the coating thickness to determine the nutrient release within the soil. Such methodology or concept is not suitable for tropical climates such as Malaysia due to environmental concerns. Normally, for such product, the coating used normally consist of polymer coating or wax coating; which is not suitable for practices as the coating will not be bio-degradable within the soil. In long term run, such practice will pose a disturbance within the soil compositions leading to soil pollution. Another matter is the principle used are normally known as the single gated mechanism which can only be affected once the required controlling condition is met. Hence, does not abide the principle behind slow release fertilizer that releases nutrients slowly over a significant period of time despite of the environmental conditions.
Furthermore, slow release fertilizer such as Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer belongs to the High Efficient Fertilizers that utilizes technological advancements that could not only reduced the number of fertilizing rate and frequency, but also able to retain or improve the plant’s yielding capacity and also the soil conditions. The Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer was able to promote a profound “low input and increased output” concept of practices to the industry and this rely more towards the understanding of the internal interaction of the elements within the formulation and also the external physical parameters relative to the fertilizer. 2.4 APPLYING GREENFEED® PEPPER GROW SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER The Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer is applied through subsoil applications that requires burying of the nuggets within the soil. The placement of the fertilizer was carried out in compliance with the tree root structure, which was estimated to be within 250 mm to 450 mm from the base trunk of mature pepper tree with 100 mm in depth. The application method is illustrated in the Figure 2.4 below. This manner of fertilizer placement bypasses the large amount of nutrient loss, which can exceed more than 50% from surface runoff, sediment movement, competition from weeds and leaching losses. Thus, lower amounts of fertilizers need to be applied using this method. The application rate of Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer can be referred in the Table 2.4 below.
Table 2.4 Greenfeed® Pepper Grow application Rate Fertilizing Time
Product Type
Total Nugget Requirement Per Planting Season
Round/Tree/Year
1 YAP
12:16:4:2+TE
9 x (±16.5g/nugget) per tree
2
2 YAP
12:16:4:2+TE
15 x (±16.5g/nugget) per tree
2
3 YAP and Above
13:10:22:2+TE
18 – 27 x (±16.5g/nugget) per tree
2
± 100mm (Depth)
±250 / ±450
±250 / ±450
STEP 1: Ensuring Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer is apply through Subsoil / Burying technique within the above illustrated area.
± 250 / 450mm
STEP 2: Make a hole about ±250 / ±450 mm away from tree STEP 3: Apply the recommended amount STEP 4: Fill the hole
Figure 2.4 Greenfeed® Pepper Grow application method 13
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
PRINCIPLES OF GREENFEED® PEPPER GROW SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER While the other fertilizers use elements such as inhibitors, which have no retentive power for the nutrients, when they are released. Greenfeed Groups is the first to introduce slow release technology with Zeolite to Malaysia. Greenfeed® as the registered trademark with MYIPO has the advantage of incorporating a chemical bonding element as one of the components, which this chemical bonding element, with a very high Cation Exchange Capacity or “C.E.C” ensures that the nutrients can be retained near the root zone, for absorption, as they are not leached away readily. The presence of both the coating, which controls the slow release of the nutrients and the retention of the nutrients by this chemical bonding element when they are released, makes Greenfeed® a unique fertilizer. The net result from the combination of these two features means that even lesser amounts of fertilizers need to be applied to the tree. The nutrients contained in every Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer such as Pepper Grow are used efficiently, therefore, with very minimal wastage and hence, very low ground water pollution. Greenfeed® is also therefore, an Environment Friendly Fertilizer or what currently known as “Green-Technology”. In fact, the fertilizer was awarded the Environmental Friendliness Management Certification in Korea in 2004 and again in 2006. Furthermore, it is customary for Greenfeed Group to carry out monitoring effort on every introduced product ranges with the objective study as well as further evaluate the performance of Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer for commercial pepper planting. Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer has been tested and proven through various commercial planting crops such as oil palm, rubber, cassava, mango, watermelon, maize, several others; hence, with such effort, the effectiveness of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer for pepper planting can further provide solution in improving planting efficiency. A series of Trial effort has been carried out through out the years and the results will be presented within the later section of this paper for reference. 3.0 METHODOLOGY The experiment was conducted on mature pepper plant aged 5 years old of the Semongok Emas variety. The site was divided into 6 plots and data was taken from 5 plants in each plot. 3 are Greenfeed treated plot while the other 3 is Conventional fertilizer plot making the total of 30 samples. 5 youngest mature leaves are collected from each plant for the analysis to be carried out. The analyses involved were Photosynthesis Rate Analysis (μmol/m2/sec), Chlorophyll Content Analysis (SPAD), and Critical Nutrient Content Analysis involving
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Magnesium (Mg). Leaf sampling was only carried out within 6 months after fertilizer application and the assessment was carried out in accordance to plantations’ allocation. The list of equipment involved for evaluating the physiological aspect growth of these plants can be referred to as follows. 3.1 Photosynthesis Rate (μmol/m2/sec) During the field sampling, an environmental study device named LICOR 6400 Portable Photosynthesis System was used to measure the photosynthesis rate of the plant within the plantation. The gas exchange measurement scientifically is based on the capability of the plant to regulate CO2 gas from the surrounding to use it during the photosynthesis with the support from the sunlight radiation. 3.2 Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) Chlorophyll content is one of the important parts in generating process of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the molecule that absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and water to produce food for plant. In this study, device named SPAD 502 Minolta Chlorophyll Meter has been used to obtain the chlorophyll content value at this area.
LICOR 6400 Portable Photosynthesis System
SPAD 502 Minolta Chlorophyll Meter
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14
4.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 4.1 Photosynthesis Rate Analysis (μmol/m2/sec) Average Photosynthesis Rate For Pepper Planting in Sarawak For The Year 2016 25.00 22.76
22.66 21.63
18.31
18.63
19.35
Optimum Threshold
15.00
10.00
2
Photosynthesis Rate ( mol/m /sec)
20.00
5.00
0.00 Block1
Block2
Block3
Block1
Greenfeed
Block2
Block3
Control
Figure 4.1 Average Photosynthesis Rate of pepper plant in the studied block in plantation in Sarawak Average Photosynthesis Rate for pepper was markedly higher for pepper in all block applied with Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer as compared to Compound Fertilizer. The overall average for blocks treated with Greenfeed is 22.35 μmol/m2/sec, while for the control block is 18.76 μmol/m2/sec. Pepper applied with Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer recorded a higher Photosynthesis Rate (μmol/m2/sec) by 19.1% than the Compound Fertilizer treated pepper plant. Numerous studies have reported that the nutrients availability in soil significantly affects the Photosynthesis Rate and Chlorophyll Content in pepper plant. This suggested that the plants that receive Pepper Grow are higher in Photosynthesis Rate because it is maintained at the highest nutrient availability level. 4.2 Chlorophyll Content Analysis (SPAD) Average Chlorophyll Content For Pepper Planting in Sarawak For The Year 2016 45.0
42.4 40.1
41.3
40.0
36.6 34.7
Chlorophyll Content (SPAD)
35.0
34.5
30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Block1
Block2
Block3
Greenfeed
Block1
Block2
Block3
Control
Figure 4.2 Average Chlorophyll Content of pepper plant in the studied block in plantation in Sarawak
Average Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) for pepper was significantly higher for pepper in all block applied with Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer as compared to Compound Fertilizer. The overall average for blocks treated with Greenfeed is 41.63 SPAD, while for the control block is 35.27 SPAD. Pepper applied with Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer recorded a higher Chlorophyll Content by 18% than the Compound Fertilizer treated pepper plant. Chlorophyll Content is one of the particular significance in precision agriculture s an indicator of photosynthesis activity. Studies have shown that there is a strong linear relationship between nutrient availability and the chlorophyll content. The high photosynthesis rate recorded in Greenfeed Block was mainly due to greater Chlorophyll Content as well as the availability of nutrients to plant. 15
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
4.3 Critical Nutrient Analysis The nutrients involved within Critical Nutrient Analysis carried out were Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca). The presented Critical Nutrient analysis showed higher readings attained by pepper applied with Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer as compared to Compound Fertilizer.
Table 4.3 Average critical nutrient level comparisons between different fertilizer treatments.
Treatment
Greenfeed
Control
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
(N)
(P)
(K)
(Mg)
(Ca)
Block 1
2.51
0.38
2.09
0.37
2.36
Block 2
2.31
0.36
1.76
0.46
2.16
Block 3
2.50
0.29
1.78
0.43
2.26
Block 1
1.82
0.22
1.61
0.29
1.16
Block 2
1.70
0.19
1.44
0.29
1.09
Block 3
1.68
0.16
1.59
0.31
1.06
Block
*Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca) - % on dry matter
Overall, pepper applied with Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer recorded a higher critical nutrient level performance for Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca) at 40.45%, 47.23%, 42.13%, 37.90%, and 49.86% respectively. These results correspond with the physiological analysis result presented in the earlier section of this paper, where higher Photosynthesis Rate and Chlorophyll Content observed in Greenfeed Block directly related to the nutrient availability for plant uptake. 5.0 CONCLUSION As for conclusion, the review indicates that with Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer, overall tree performance physiologically through photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content; and critical nutrient level analysis signified superiority in these aspects as contrast to pepper plant receiving comparing conventional treatment. Furthermore, with in depth analysis is to be carried out with new innovative introduction by Greenfeed Group of Companies. Furthermore, based on the presented review above, Greenfeed® Pepper Grow Slow Release Fertilizer indicated positive plant development with lesser investment required. With beneficial characteristics guaranteed with every Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer products such as Pepper Grow, planters will be able to improve agriculture efficacy with no hassle. Greenfeed Groups will continue its effort in achieving new frontier benefitting the planters through Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer advantageous characteristics.
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6.0 APPENDICES
Appendix 6.1 Greenfeed representative in Sarawak monitoring the pepper plant development
Appendix 6.2 Overall outlook of the pepper plantation in Sarawak
Appendix 6.3 Early fruit set formation of the pepper plant monitored during sampling
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GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS REPORT FOR GREENFEED TOMATO PLUS SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER TRIAL IN CAMEROON HIGHLAND, PAHANG (2017) Greenfeed Groups
1.0 INTRODUCTION Tomato or Solanum Iycopersicum is a red edible fruit that belongs to Solanaceae family. Originated from Central and South America, the tomato plant is currently cultivated all over the world. Tomato can be grown throughout the year under plastic roof and fertigation. The duration of one cycle is about seven months. The tomato seeds take 14 – 19 days time to grow to a suitable size of seedling for planting. The plant starts to bear fruits after 70 – 75 days after planting. The harvesting period of tomato lasts about 3 – 4 month. In this type of farm, constant nursing is essential at every stage, from planting to the last harvest. In the traditional farming system, most of the tomato cultivation is done in the open field once in a year and the duration of the tomato production cycle is about five month. The farmers have to complete harvesting before the wet months, which are in months of October to January. During the wet season, traditional farmers used and increased the amount of pesticides as they are washed off quickly by the rain and also plant easily destroyed by frequent pest infestation. However, in the last eight to ten years, the farmers have observed some irregularities in the pattern of rainfalls and temperature in the area, which make farming and harvesting plant difficult. The overall yield has improved due to the introduction of the improved hybrid varieties, most of which are disease resistant, application of drip irrigation, usage of plastic mulches, and row covers, contact-based pesticide, fungicide, insect repellant and high-density planting. According to Department of Agriculture Malaysia, total planted area for tomato is approximately 2,000 Ha with the annual production of 165,177.00 Mt. The largest planted area for tomato in Malaysia is Cameron Highland located in Pahang with the total planted area of 1,651.0 Ha and the harvested area is 1,647.68 Ha. The production is 143,514.01 Mt per year or 87.10 Mt/Ha with the production value of RM 312,412.97. The objectives of this trial is to study the efficacy of various Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer treatment on tomato plant. Monitoring effort will be done from time to time to assess the performance of tomato plant treated with Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer against tomato receiving conventional liquid fertilizer. 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD The trial will be conducted in one of the tomato farms in Cameron Highland, Pahang Malaysia. 2 rows of 79 polybags are selected as the trial block. Each polybag will be planted with 2 tomato seedlings with the distance of 16 cm. The size of the polybag use is 16 x 16 inch. Planting media used is 100% coco-peat. The trial will have 18 treatments with different Greenfeed® fertilizer combination rate and 1 control
block. The 1st application of Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) Slow Release Fertilizer are done during transplanting while the 2nd application consisting of Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) and Super–K (0:0:54:2 +TE) are done 55 days after the 1st application. The summary of all the treatments involved in this study can be referred by the table below. Treatment
Rep
GF 4+4
5
GF 4+4SK
5
GF 5+4
5
GF 5+4SK
5
GF 6+4
5
GF 6+4SK
5
GF 4+3
5
GF 4+3SK
4
GF 5+3
5
GF 5+3SK
5
GF 6+3
5
GF 6+3SK
5
GF 7+5
4
GF 7+5SK
3
GF 8+5
4
1st application rate
Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 4 nugget/polybag
Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 5 nugget/polybag
Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 6 nugget/polybag
Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 4 nugget/polybag
Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 5 nugget/polybag
Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 6 nugget/polybag
Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 7 nugget/polybag
Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 8 nugget/polybag)
2nd application rate Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 4 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Super K (0:0:54:2 + TE) 4 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 4 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Super K (0:0:54:2 + TE) 4 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 4 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Super K (0:0:54:2 + TE) 4 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 3 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Super K (0:0:54:2 + TE) 3 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 3 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Super K (0:0:54:2 + TE) 3 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 3 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Super K (0:0:54:2 + TE) 3 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 5 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Super K (0:0:54:2 + TE) 5 nugget/polybag Greenfeed® Tomato Plus (12:16:20:2 + TE) 5 nugget/polybag
Physiological parameters monitored are chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate and leaf area index. The readings are taken during the 2nd application. Chlorophyll content are recorded using Minolta SPAD 502 Plus Chlorophyll meter, photosynthesis are taken using LICOR 6400 Portable Photosynthesis System, and leaf area index are taken using LICOR-2000 Leaf Area Index. The reading is evaluated in order to reduce the risk of yield-limiting deficiencies or costly over fertilizing. Yield and harvest parameter will be collected upon harvesting.
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Leaf Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) Minolta SPAD Chlorophyll Meter measures chlorophyll content or “greennessâ€? of the plant. Such equipment also allows real time measurement to be achieved as the data can be obtained immediately. The leaf chlorophyll content is expressed as SPAD values, with a higher value corresponding to higher chlorophyll contents. The recorded average of chlorophyll content during the sampling at Greenfeed trial plot can be referred to Figure 1. The optimum Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) of tomato plant is between the ranges of 55.0 SPAD to 60.0 SPAD. Figure 1 above shows the highest Chlorophyll content was recorded in the treatment GF 10+0, with the reading of 60.03 SPAD, while the lowest Chlorophyll content was recorded in Control treatment with a reading of 55.31 SPAD. 3KRWRV\QWKHVLV 5DWH Č?PRO P VHF
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants to convert light energy and carbon dioxide into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. The photosynthesis rate is affected by few factors such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, water, temperature and also plant nutrients. Plant that received enough nutrients will have better photosynthesis rate than the plant that does not received enough nutrients. The recorded average of photosynthesis rate during the sampling at Greenfeed trial plot can be referred to Figure 2. The optimum Photosynthesis 5DWH RI WRPDWR SODQW LV EHWZHHQ WKH UDQJHV RI Č? PRO P VHF WR Č?PRO P VHF )LJXUH DERYH VKRZV WKH highest Photosynthesis Rate was recorded in the treatment GF ZLWK WKH UHDGLQJ RI Č?PRO P VHF ZKLOH WKH ORZHVW Photosynthesis Rate was recorded in treatment GF 5+4 with a UHDGLQJ RI Č?PRO P VHF 3.3 Leaf Area Index (LAI) The relative leaf area index or plant canopy distribution is measure using LAI-2000 Li-Cor. Leaf area index of plants, consists of photosynthetically active green and senescent leaves. The leaf area index is use to determine the size or the vegetative distribution of the plant. Higher vegetative distribution indicates a healthy plant. The recorded average leaf area index during the sampling at Greenfeed trial plot can be referred to Figure 3. Figure 3 above shows the Leaf Area Index resides between the ranges of 4.61 LAI to 5.88 LAI. The highest Leaf Area Index was recorded in the treatment GF 6+4, while the lowest Chlorophyll content was recorded in treatment GF 9+0. The average LAI for Greenfeed Plot is 5.44 LAI, while the average LAI for the control Plot is 5.40 LAI.
19
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
5.0 CONCLUSION Based on the results presented above, the tomato plant treated with GreenfeedÂŽ Slow Release Fertilizer resides within satisfactory to optimum range in all of the parameters observed such as Chlorophyll Content, Photosynthesis Rate and Leaf Area Index. As for conclusion, the tomato plant treated with GreenfeedÂŽ Slow Release Fertilizer resides within satisfactory to optimum range in all of the parameters observed such as Chlorophyll Content, Photosynthesis Rate and Leaf Area Index. The final parameter, which is yield, will be taken in the upcoming visit to determine the efficacy of GreenfeedÂŽ Slow Release Fertilizer compared to conventional fertilizer in the tomato planting area. Greenfeed Groups will continue its effort in achieving new frontier benefitting the planters through GreenfeedÂŽ Slow Release Fertilizer advantageous characteristics. 6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Greenfeed Groups would like to express our gratitude to the co-operation showed by the farm management during the field visit.
Greenfeed team with the the farm management
Overview of the farm area
Average Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) of Tomato Plant in Cameron Highland, Pahang
Chlorophyll Content (SPAD)
70.00 60.00
57.29
57.77
55.70
55.64
56.53
57.05
56.96
57.10
57.93
60.03 55.31
50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00
Figure 1. Recorded SPAD values for the evaluation of the studied tomato tree in Cameroon Highland
Photosynthesis Rate (μmol/m2/sec )
Average Photosynthesis Rate (μmol/m2/sec) of Tomato Plant in Cameron Highland, Pahang 45.00
39.10
40.00 35.00
33.05 30.35
35.55
35.65
35.00
33.30
35.45
37.93
29.75
29.45
30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
)LJXUH 5HFRUGHG 3KRWRV\QWKHVLV 5DWH ȝPRO P VHF YDOXHV IRU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH VWXGLHG WRPDWR WUHH LQ Cameron Highland
Average Leaf Area Index (LAI) of Tomato Plant in Cameron Highland, Pahang
Leaf Area Index (LAI)
7.00 6.00 5.00
5.88 5.38
5.27
5.74
5.45
5.84
5.79
5.53
5.40 4.61
4.86
4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
)LJXUH 5HFRUGHG /HDI $UHD ,QGH[ /$, YDOXHV IRU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH VWXGLHG WRPDWR WUHH LQ &DPHUQ +LJKODQG GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
20
7.0 APPENDICES
Appendix 7.1 Overall trial area views in Cameron Highland.
Appendix 7.2 Good fruit formation is observed in Greenfeed trial plot
Appendix 7.3 Measuring the plant leaf area index using LAI-estimation of LAI-2000 Li-Cor
Appendix 7.4 Flowering on the top whorl of the tomato plant.
Appendix 7.5 Strong and rigid stem and stalk are observed in Greenfeed trial plot.
21
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
Appendix 7.5 Mesuring the plant photosynthesis rate using a protable gas analyzer LI-6400 Li-Cor.
Appendix 7.6 Measuring the leaf chlorophyll content using SPAD Minolta 502 chlorophyll meter.
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AGRONOMIC REPORT FOR OIL PALM WITHIN PT MITRA ANDALAN SEJAHTERA (MAS) ESTATE, PONTIANAK, INDONESIA Greenfeed Groups 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Field sampling were carried out in PT MAS Estate, Pontianak, Indonesia with the objective to assess the suitability and effectiveness of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer for the application on oil palm trees that are grown commercially. Data collection and foliar sampling in the field was done in PT MAS Estate, Pontianak, Indonesia on 24th August 2017. The samples were taken from five block; three block (Block K31, L33 and L38) which will be applied with Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer (GF Block) and two control block (Block J32 and K33) which will follow the plantation normal fertilizing routine. The analysis involved in these observations includes physiological aspects of the palm trees and foliar analysis of the palm samples. Physiological analysis involved is the analysis of the density of Leaf Chlorophyll Content (SPAD). For foliar analysis, the nutrients content to be analyzed are Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca). Based on the physiological analysis conducted, the leaf Chlorophyll Content for all the blocks is in a satisfactory condition. For the foliar analysis, the nutrients content for each studied block resides within satisfactory to optimum range. There is no severe deficiency of any nutrients that is observed both by the foliar analysis results and visit in the field. The major issue faced by the plantation management is the pest infestation such as termites and bagworms in the area. 2. INTRODUCTION Elaeis guineensis Jacq. which is commonly known as the oil palm is the most important species in the genus Elaeis which belongs to the family Palmae. The second species is Elaeis oleifera (H.B.K) Cortes that is found in South and Central America and is known as the American oil palm. Although significantly lower in oil-to-bunch content than its African counterpart, E. oleifera has a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids and has been used for production of interspecific hybrids with E. guineensis. Fertilizer is one of the main expenditure in oil palm plantation. The true fertilizer recommendation for oil palm is more than just the computation of optimum fertilizer rates. The other major components in the system are fertilizer management, which includes correct timing, placement and methods of fertilizer application and right source of the fertilizer, recommendation of optimum growing conditions for the oil palm to maximize nutrient uptake and monitoring of growth, nutrition and yield target. Therefore the fertilizer recommendations seen on the estates, which often appear to be taken for granted, require a good understanding of the general principles governing the mineral nutrition of oil palm (Corley and Tinker, 2003). Present day planting materials are capable of producing 39 metric tons of FFB per hectare and 8.6 metric tons of palm oil and actual yields from good commercial plantings are about 30 metric tons FFB per hectare with 5.0 to 6.0 metric tons oil. 23
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
One of the possible efforts to further improve the oil palm production is through fertilizer improvements, which can be carried out, in a shorter period as compared to the genetic studies. Once the fertilizing industry has improved dramatically, this can be the catalyst to the genetic improvements of the breeding in the future. Understanding the possibility of this potential parallel concept, fertilizer manufacturer companies such as Greenfeed Groups have been engaging with the effectiveness of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer for over 16 years; through continuous research with the collaboration of established academic institution such as Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Being a Malaysian company with a novelty product such as Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer, Greenfeed Groups and Agro Mahligai is ready to provide agronomic studies and solutions to the clients a part of the effort to monitor the progress of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer within the plantations. Hence within this paper, this continuation effort in ensuring the effectiveness of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer can be referred through comprehensive comparison and analysis in PT MAS Estate. This report was prepared as the pre-application evaluation that is done to assess the initial condition of the palm before the application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer. Another physiological and foliar analysis will be done in six months period as part of the continuation observation within this studied area and the purpose of the analysis carried out on site in PT MAS Estate is to monitor the performance of the oil palms applied with Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer and provide a comparative platform to those applied with Control Fertilizers. 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: LEAF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT (SPAD) Green plants have the ability to absorb blue light wave followed by red light wave and a little yellow in the light spectrum; subsequently reflecting the green light wave and partial green. Therefore, producing green leaves and this reinforces that the leaf greenness is directly proportional to the density of chlorophyll in the leaf surface area. Chlorophyll is an important element in the photosynthesis system. Green pigments are arranged around photosystem in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and will interact with each other to efficiently absorb light waves as well as engage in charge transfer between photosystem for energy formation for the tree growth.Understanding the principles involved in the chlorophyll’s function, Minolta SPAD 502 Chlorophyll Meter is the equipment used to measure the Chlorophyll Content. This equipment encourages non-destructive methodology and is also able to provide instant readings and these readings indicate the leaf chlorophyll content status.
3.3 FOLIAR ANALYSIS Foliar analysis is one of the most important studies in determining the oil palm condition and it serves to assess the nutritional composition of the leaves, where it can provide information on the overall state of the oil palm tree. Furthermore, the fertilizer acts as a support mechanism for additional nutrients to compensate the deficiencies of natural occurring nutrients in the soil. However, the deficiencies of natural occurring nutrients caused by external growth process such as fruits harvesting and fronds pruning should be taken into account, in order to facilitate palms to be in optimal conditions due to achieved nutrient balance status.The study involves selects the corresponding parts of the palm (Frond 17) to be assessed the nutrient level in the sample. The nutrients involves in this study is Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca). Each of the presented results was then referred to the Critical Nutrient Level fir Oil Palm obtained from Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 PHYSIOLOG ICAL ANALYSIS 4.1.1 Leaf Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) Figure 4.1.1 shows the average leaf Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) for each studied block after the application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer. The optimum level for palm was between 65.0 SPAD to 75.0 SPAD. On the second visit, the highest average reading was recorded in Block K31 with the reading of 74.74 SPAD, while the lowest reading was recorded in Block K33 with the reading of 60.34 SPAD. The average reading for Greenfeed Plot increases by 16.3% from the previous visit. While for Control Plot, the average reading increases by only 8.8% from the previous visit. Chlorophyll content reading in all Greenfeed Plot increase to resides above the optimum threshold after 6 month of the application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer.
Average Palm Chlorophyll Content (SPAD Reading) for Each Studied Block in PT MAS Estate 80.0
74.7
68.0 62.0
Chlorophyll Content (SPAD)
72.1
68.9
70.0
59.0
57.6
60.0
64.3
64.1
Optimum Threshold
60.3
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 L33 (Greenfeed)
K33 (Control)
K31 (Greenfeed)
TM3
J32 (Control)
L38 (Greenfeed)
TM2
TM1
Figure 4.1.1 Average palm chlorophyll content (SPAD) for each studied block in PT MAS Estate, Indonesia.
4.1.2 Leaf Area Index (LAI) Figure 4.1.2 shows the average leaf area index (LAI) for each studied block after the application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer. The highest average reading was recorded in Block L33 with the reading of 2.19 LAI, while the lowest reading was recorded in Block K33 with the reading of 1.38 LAI. The average leaf area index reading in Greenfeed Plot is higher by 28.8% compared to the average leaf area index reading in Control Plot.
Average Palm Leaf Area Index (LAI) for Each Studied Block in PT MAS Estate 2.50 2.19
2.00
1.91 1.82 1.68
Leaf Area Index (LAI)
3.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI) Leaf area index (LAI) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies. It is defined as the one-sided green leaf area per unit ground surface area (LAI = leaf area / ground area, m2 / m2). LAI ranges from 0 (bare ground) to over 10 (dense conifer forests). LAI is used to predict photosynthetic primary production, evapotranspiration and as a reference tool for crop growth. As such, LAI plays an essential role in theoretical production ecology.Leaf area meters LAI-2000 provide leaf area measurement or leaf-like object through electronic rectangular approximation. A leaf area meter provides a non-destructive means for agronomist and farmers alike to ascertain plant health, quality and local ecological trends as reflected in the leaf's area, length, average width and maximum width. LAI-2000 calculate leaf area index (LAI) of a plant, tree, or section of forest canopy, as a representation of plant growth and the amount of light energy absorbed by the leaf cover. Both leaf area meters and a plant canopy analyzer calculate area or LAI on-site and display the results on easy-to-use interfaces.
1.50
1.38
1.00
0.50
0.00 L33 (Greenfeed) TM3
K33 (Control)
K31 (Greenfeed)
J32 (Control)
TM2
L38 (Greenfeed) TM1
Figure 4.1.2 Average palm leaf area index(LAI) for each studied block in PT MAS Estate, Indonesia.
4.2 FOLIAR ANALYSIS 4.2.1 Nitrogen (N) Critical Nutrient Content Nitrogen (N) is one of the important nutrients for foliar analysis in oil palm. Nitrogen plays important roles in the plant support system and maintaining the sustainability of the plant. This include the synthesis aspect of proteins or carbohydrates that are useful for the plant and the process that involved in the biochemistry process in order to ensure the growth of the plant is always in its’ optimum level.
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
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Average Palm Nitrogen (N) (% from dry matter) Nutrient Content for Each Studied Block in PT MAS Estate 3.00 2.57
2.76
2.63
2.70 2.47
2.56
2.45
2.48
2.51
2.40
Optimum Threshold
2.00
4.2.3 Potassium (K) Critical Nutrient Content 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 L33 (Greenfeed)
K33 (Control)
K31 (Greenfeed)
TM3
J32 (Control)
L38 (Greenfeed)
TM2
TM1
Figure 4.2.1 Nitrogen (N) nutrient content for palm from each studied plot in PT MAS Estate, Indonesia
The optimum nutrient content of Nitrogen (N) for oil palm is 2.50% of the dry matter. The average reading for Greenfeed Plot increases by 0.1% from the previous visit. While for Control Plot, the average reading decreases by 0.02% from the previous visit. Nitrogen (N) nutrient content in all Greenfeed Plot increase to resides above the optimum threshold after 6 month of the application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer. 4.2.2 Phosphorus (P) Critical Nutrient Content Phosphorus (P) play an important role in ensuring the physical growth of oil palm is not disturbed. Serious Phosphorus (P) deficiencies are rarely occurring in oil palm estate. This is because Phosphorus (P) is naturally available in the soil. However, additional input of Phosphorus (P) is still required as the nutrient is easily bound with the soil particle. Phosphorus (P) deficiency lead to stunted growth, short frond and the palm will show a clear pyramid shape.
Average Palm Phosphorus (P) (% from dry matter) Nutrient Content for Each Studied Block in PT MAS Estate 0.30 0.26 0.24
0.25
% from dry matter
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
Optimum Threshold
0.16 0.14
0.15
0.14 0.12
0.12
0.10
0.05
0.00 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 L33 (Greenfeed) TM3
K33 (Control)
K31 (Greenfeed)
J32 (Control)
TM2
L38 (Greenfeed)
The optimum nutrient content of Phosphorus (P) for matured palm is 0.15% of the dry matter. The average reading for Greenfeed Plot significantly increases by 57.9% from the previous visit. While for Control Plot, the average reading is the same from the previous visit. Phosphorus (P) nutrient
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 9, 2013
Average Palm Potassium (K) (% from dry matter) Nutrient Content for Each Studied Block in PT MAS Estate 1.16
1.20
0.96
1.00 0.84
0.86
0.82
0.86
0.80
Optimum Threshold 0.93
0.88
0.86 0.74
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 L33 (Greenfeed) TM3
K33 (Control)
K31 (Greenfeed) TM2
J32 (Control)
L38 (Greenfeed) TM1
Figure 4.2.3 Potassium (K) nutrient content for palm from each studied plot in PT MAS Estate, Indonesia.
The optimum nutrient content of Potassium (K) for matured palm is 1.00% of the dry matter. From Figure 4.2.3 above, the recorded Potassium (K) nutrient content for the second visit resides within satisfactory range. Most of the studied palm reading shows decrease in Potassium (K) nutrient content. However, this result was expected as peat soil is very deficient in Potassium (K) and the plant is in the early mature stage, so it uses a lot of Potassium (K) for vigorous fruit and brunch production. At the time of this leaf sampling is taken, another round of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer is applied. This can help to restore palm Potassium (K) nutrient content.
TM1
Figure 4.2.2 Phosphorus (P) nutrient content for palm from each studied plot in PT MAS Estate, Indonesia
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Potassium (K) is one of the macronutrient for oil palm. In addition, Potassium (K) is important for the plant growth. Potassium (K) also plays an important role in ensuring the stomata in the palm leave work correctly. Potassium (K) deficiency symptoms are orange spot and the prolong problem will lead to serious leaf necrosis. Potassium affects bunch size, bunch number, and is an important factor in disease resistance. Potassium deficiency is common on peat and sandy soils and is usually the largest single nutritional factor that determines yield.
% from dry matter
% from dry matter
2.50
content in all Greenfeed Plot increase to resides above the optimum threshold after 6 month of the application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer.
4.2.4 Magnesium (Mg) Critical Nutrient Content Magnesium (Mg) is the secondary macronutrient for oil palm. Magnesium (Mg) is the main constituent in chlorophyll and is important for the photosynthesis efficiencies. This nutrient is also important in phosphate metabolism, plant respiration and enzyme activation. Magnesium (Mg) deficiency will lead to yellowing of the lower frond and subsequently necrosis of the older frond.
reading for Greenfeed Plot increases by 0.16% from the previous visit. While for Control Plot, the average readingincreases by only 0.07% from the previous visit. Calcium (Ca) nutrient content in all Greenfeed Plot increase to resides above the optimum threshold after 6 month of the application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer. .
Average Palm Magnesium (Mg) (% from dry matter) Nutrient Content for Each Studied Block in PT MAS Estate 1.00 0.90 0.86
0.90 0.80
% from dry matter
0.80 0.70
0.68
0.68 0.60
0.60
0.56
0.60 0.50
0.50
0.50 0.40 Optimum Threshold
0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 L33 (Greenfeed)
K33 (Control)
K31 (Greenfeed)
TM3
J32 (Control)
L38 (Greenfeed)
TM2
TM1
Figure 4.2.4 Magnesium (Mg) nutrient content for palm from each studied plot in PT MAS Estate, Indonesia.
The optimum nutrient content of Magnesium (Mg) for matured palm is 0.20% of the dry matter. From Figure 4.2.4 above, the presented recorded Magnesium (Mg) nutrient content for all samples resides above the optimum threshold. The average reading for Greenfeed Plot increases by 0.03% from the previous visit. While for Control Plot, the average reading decreases by 0.05% from the previous visit. Magnesium (Mg) nutrient content in all Greenfeed Plot increase after 6 month of the application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer. 4.2.5 CALCIUM (CA) Critical Nutrient Content Calcium (Ca) is an important nutrient for the optimum growth of the palm. This is because Calcium (Ca) plays an important role in the cell wall formation and strengthens the plant cells. It also helps on increasing the oil palm yield by increasing the soil pH.
Average Palm Calcium (Ca) (% from dry matter) Nutrient Content for Each Studied Block in PT MAS Estate 0.80 0.70
0.66
% from dry matter
0.60
0.54
0.64
0.54
0.50
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.42
0.40
Optimum Threshold
0.34 0.30
0.30 0.20 0.10
5.0 CONCLUSION The objective of this study is to provide an accurate assessment of the performance of palm trees which used Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer® against palm receiving the conventional fertilizer. In this studies, physiological analysis such as chlorophyll content was measured. The average chorophyll content of studied palm in Greenfeed Plot are all increases to resides above the optimum threshold after 6 month of application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer. For the leaf area index (LAI), palm in Greenfeed Plot shows better canopy distribution by 28.8% compare to palm in the control plot. From the studied nutrients critical level results, there are no severe deficiency of any nutrients are observed. Generally, most of the nutrients studied increases to reside above the optimum range after 6 month application of Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer, accept for Potassium (K) due to the low Potassium (K) nature in peat soil and the planting age of the palm which is in the early mature stage, where fruit and bunch production is vigorous. By subjectively relating to the function of each nutrients to the wellbeing of the palms, such from a specified part of the previously carried out analysis could lead to and early detection of severe deficiencies. Hence, allowing immediate correction action to be taken. Overall observation shows that the palms was in good condition, however few palms have been infested by pests and we belive PT MAS management team already take an action to solve the problem. In general the overall situation of the plantation is in satisfactory condition and are properly managed. This report is provided as a reference to observe the progress and the performance of the palms after using Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer. Greenfeed Groups and Agro Mahligai will continue its effort in achieving new frontier benefitting the planters through Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer advantageous characteristics.
0.00 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 1 VISIT 2 L33 (Greenfeed) TM3
K33 (Control)
K31 (Greenfeed) TM2
J32 (Control)
L38 (Greenfeed) TM1
Figure 4.2.5 Calcium (Ca) nutrient content for palm from each studied plot in PT MAS Estate, Indonesia.
The optimum nutrient content of Calcium (Ca) for matured palm is 0.30% of the dry matter. From Figure 4.2.4 above, the presented recorded Calcium (Ca) nutrient content for all samples resides above the optimum threshold. The average
6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Technical Research Department (TRD) of Greenfeed Groups and Agro Mahligai would like to thank PT MAS management for their kind hospitality and co-operations during the sampling. We also like to extend our gratitude to all the estate workers for their kind assistances.
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
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Greenfeed technical team measuring the plant canopy area using LAI 2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer
Greenfeed technical team collecting leaf samples for nutrient analysis
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GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
Mr Ricardo, PT MAS estate manager experiencing measuring leaf chlorophyll content using MINOLTA SPAD 502-plus chlorophyll meter.
Greenfeed and Agro Mahligai team with PT MAS management team.
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
28
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