GREENFEED
BULLETIN ISSUE 18
LISA : LOW INPUT SUSTAINABLE URBAN AGRICULTURE Signing Ceremony of The Appointment of Beijing Agro Tech International Co. Ltd As a Sole Distributor of Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer in China
Content s, 2018
As the pioneer in Slow Release Fertilizer within the Southeast Asia Region, Greenfeed Group have relentlessly continues to provide significant improvements into the agricultural industry whether locally or globally. Each of this effort signifies the objectives of Greenfeed Groups through Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer; which is to foster the current practices within this industry such as oil palms towards the advanced precise sustainable agricultural practices. Such as the previous volumes, this series of bulletin will continue to be the channel of education and knowledge sharing to the public in order to increase their awareness in relating topic on the advantages of Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer. Thus, within each volume
Features
of Greenfeed Bulletin, studies carried out and updated can be
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LISA: A Low Input Sustainable Urban Agriculture
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Greenfeed’s Modern Practices are Revolutionising Farming -South China Morning Post
seen published for reference to the reader as to what is slow release fertilizer and the benefits that can obtain through this Modern High Efficient Fertilizers.
As such, these Greenfeed Bulletins will be sent to respective clients with the aim to keep them updated with the current
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Mechanism in Using Commercial High Effecient Zeolite-Based Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizers Signing Ceremony of The Appointment of Beijing Agro Tech International Co. Ltd As a Sole Distributor of Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer in China
progress of Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer and also distributed to the public as necessary Grasping the torch to bring changes into auspicious industry, Green feed Groups continues to provide a platform for knowledge sharing between the company and respective clients as well the public. This Greenfeed Bulletin is part of the effort to share and clarify the noteworthy advantages of Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer. Malaysian establishes Greenfeed Groups in Malaysia, for Malaysian and soaring onto the global scale with achievements that will make Malaysia proud. Guided and
Editor-in-chief Muhamad Nizam Amahd Unonis Technical Research and Development
Editor
motivated by the principle of “Passion with Innovation” this Greenfeed Bulletin will be achieved by this
Malaysian
company. Striving towards excellence will be experienced for betterment of the future
Muhamad Izzuddin Khairuddin Technical Research and Development
Mohamad Badrul Hisyam Mat Lazim Technical Research and Development
Shahirulikram Shaharuddin Strategy and Marketing All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, including but not limited to electronic or mechanical photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system or otherwise, without prior agreement and written permission from the publisher. Disclaimer The view or options contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the policy and stand point of Greenfeed Group and Greenfeed Group will not liable or responsible towards any losses experienced by any parties on performance or non-performance based on information in this publication.
Muhamad Nizam Amahd Unonis
Novelty Technological Introduction
Greenfeed are able to introduce a revolutionized achievement that will propagate agriculture into a whole new level. Achieving synergistic equilibrium in organic and inorganic elements, Greenfeed Group is now proud to introduce Greenfeed E-Biotic Technology into the commercial fertilizer industry. E-Biotic consists of improved selected microorganisms that have resounding amending properties that are beneficial to both soil and plant’s growth. Current Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer has been proven effective for commercial planting and with intergration of E-Biotic, fertilizer industry has been brought onto a whole new level.
Greenfeed® Hydrocell H20+ is a hydro format retaining fertilizer that comes with polymeric membrane that is capable of absorbing water, holding it and releases via the methodology of slow release. This product is designed in a special form of high pressed nugget 16g ~18g respectively, the enriched hydrocell within will not only help plant to develop a stronger rooting mass for better nutrient intake. It also have the capacity to retain and stored water in the environment where water is scarce.
Greenfeed® ActiveWeed technological system utilises synergistic platform without causing development impairment to the plant. The acting mechanisms inhibits pre-emerging weed growth within the plant’s vicinity. Hence, planters, farmers, and gardeners will be able to carry out “feed and weed” activity simultaneously without any hassle. Promoting better agronomy efficiency towards greener practice. This is attainable without harming the environment, resulting in a much more sustainable practice.
The principle behind Greenfeed® POLITECH is to introduce alternative attractor that could attract the E. kamerunicus to the oil palms with the intention on further assist pollinating progression. The most suitable candidate for the selection of attractant is Estragole or methyl Chavicol (a natural non-hazardous and environmentally friendly organic compound) which is widely known as main attractant of E. kamerunicus. These incorporation has allow Greenfeed® fertilizer to attract more substantial of E. kamerunicus to the palms for further pollination process.
LISA: A LOW INPUT SUSTAINABLE URBAN AGRICULTURE MOHD FAUZI RAMLAN* *Professor, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia
1.0 ABSTARCT The global climatic change may also be a concern for many countries in the world. A report from ACOP has indicated that the top ten countries such as China, USA, EU, Russia and Japan have contributed to more than half of the CO2 emission in the world. Efforts to bring the CO2 under control will only be seen over a long period of time. However, it has been forecasted that developing countries will certainly overtaking the developed world for the CO2 emission after 2015. Opening of many new areas for agricultural purposes has contributed to the increase of CO2 for the developing nations. This report covers the low input agriculture activities on several horticultural crops, forest perennials and other fruit crops with special attentions on low input sustainable agriculture. Suggestions on the possible use of slow release fertiliser may result in improving crop ecosystem together with optimum production. In addition, a biological control using other species to act as biological control was also included. The potential of using a slow release fertiliser to establish early growth to horticultural crops has also been included in this lecture series. For some horticultural crops, the issue of food security against development is being discussed. In conclusion, serious considerations should be made on sustainability using a low input and giving maximum output. The food security should be looked from all angles and a holistic approach towards solving this issue should be addressed. Keywords: Urbanization, Slow release fertiliser, sustainability, ecosystem 2.0 INTRODUCTION Rapid urbanization is a most suitable term to describe the vast development of agricultural activities, social, and economy in the world. China, which categorized as one of the big movers in the world that are currently active in progressing urban agriculture. Such an effort would have an impact on social and physical development for China specifically and to the world indirectly. The starting process of the urbanization also gave impact both to agricultural land and the coastal land since it leads to land-conquering and leads to coastal land use change (Olaniyi et al., 2012). As the world population also predicted to be increases up to 9.7 billion in 2050 compared to current population of 7.3 billion (UNDESA, 2015), continual development for food productions against reduction in arable land area is amongst the main issues discussed. With only seven percent of the earth’s arable land, China is currently feeding 22 percent of the world population (2012). As the urbanization opportunity takes place, there were various environmental changes that came along with this positive achievement. The decreases in space for agricultural activities occur from time to time along the urbanization process (Abdullah, 2008; Tan, 2005) brings up the issue of food scarcity. Since urbanization also drives migration due to jobs availability, working demand, and mixed marriage. Systematic land management are therefore important for future agriculture activities to be sustainable. Improved technologies and together with good governmental policies have made China to maintain a high level of self-sufficiency. As urbanisation takes places, lured by better livings in urban, better education and living conditions, maintain food productions in China becomes more challenging. Approaching year 2020, the agriculture sector faced serious challenges against the lack of farming areas, which converted into the urbanized area which originated from agricultural land and converted into sophisticated city (Morris et al., 2016). The availability of land for farming and animal production were decreasing since lots of land was required to be built up with buildings that serves for various purposes such as, industrial factories, housing settlement, and other economic centres such as premises and services centres (Pourebrahim et al., 2011). In order to continue the farming activities, complete utilization of the available land was important, even in the urban area. The utilization of available land despite the urban surrounding was done in order to have continuous supply of food. However, food safety issue may arise due to new environment hazard which is detrimental to the crops. Since the agriculture products such as vegetables and fruits were having high demand in market, the production must be continuous due to increases daily consumption despite the decreases of farm land. For example, in China, beside cereals production; other horticultural such as fruits and vegetables are also on the increasing trend. Crops such peanuts, cabbages, tomatoes, onions, watermelons, mangoes, pears, apples are some of the vegetables and fruits production which productions are on the increased. The urban framing enables the continuous agriculture production for urban community even the minerals content might exceed the permitted level. 3
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2.0 ISSUES IN FOOD PRODUCTION Urbanization affects the original condition of the soil and also the new addition of surrounding environment for the crops. The soil might experience large erosion effect and disturbed soil accumulation, increasing the surface runoffs from the river that later causes urban floods and loss of urban soil (Shi et al., 2016). Generally, plants need water, sunlight, and nutrients for their growth, implying the requirement of water in agriculture (Rashed and Darwesh, 2015) for crops production. In an urbanized area, the clean water supply sources were doubted due to the waste runoffs. Still, the farming process must be continued as no other choices were available. The food safety issue later arises, and arguments on the safety consumption will also be involved and posted as questionable issue. The arguments can only be proven by scientific studies, such as this assessment study that methodologically transfer the data of environmental pollution affected by various sources (heavy metals, organophosphorus pesticides, and others) into readable environmental pollution and health status by simultaneous process of data analysing and treatment (Aven, 2016). Table 1 showed the list of countries that emit the most carbon dioxide in the world. It has been a disturbing scene with China, USA, European Union, India, Russia and Japan was amongst the top countries where carbon dioxide was emitted to the atmosphere. In fact, it has been commented that the top 10 countries where carbon dioxide emission was highest with their contributions were at 67.07%. In the Southeast Asia region, the highest carbon dioxide emitter in the region is Indonesia followed by Thailand and Malaysia. As for Malaysia, human activities contributed the most causal for the emission of carbon dioxide gas. Activities such as burning of old stumps, opening of new areas for agricultural purposes and the release of methane gaseous during the oil and natural gas production made the conditions worsened. Moreover, the use of inorganic fertilizer especially in rice production areas has increased the potential of greenhouse effect. On the other hand, with a conservative effort form the government, the non-government organisations (NGO’s) and the public, Singapore experienced only 32,295 thousand of metric tonnes or 0.11% of the global total gas emission. Such an effort should be applied and enforced in countries of the southeast Asian regions.
Table 1.0 World CO2 emission by the countries as reported by APOC
The use of chemical fertilisers has shown a negative effective to the ecosystem over a long period of time. Under such circumstances that nutrient conservation is an important factor for improving the efficiency of nutrient usage by crops uptake. Under certain conditions, some of the applied fertilizer via surface broadcast be lost due to volatilisation, leaching, surface runoff and soil erosion. In China, over the years most crops were raised with the uses of chemical fertiliser, pesticides and sewage sludge application; this somehow raises our attention. GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 12, 2017
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In volatilisation losses Index, ammonia was reported exceeded 30 percent, this indicated, agricultural chemicals source particularly for ammonia & urea applied in to plantation filed in an uncontrollable and unsuitable manner. Water run-off, the main pathway of nutrient losses for soluble fertilizer, according to Kee et al. studies his finding have indicated about 23~28% surface runoff coherent to the total no. of annual rainfall received. The tendency of nutrient losses in heavy rainfall areas due to runoff is expected to be higher as compared to lower rainfall received area, technically this quite common-sense. However, fertilizer recovery was much lower in a very high annual rainfall or steep and sloppy area, indicated water run-off is a major factor limiting efficient fertilizer nutrient recovery. Taking all possible precautions to limit surface runoff, volatilisation affect nutrient leaching, the subsurface fertilizer technique be beneficial in these situations. The subsurface fertilizer technique for many crops planting which has been reported to produce better growth and yield in many South-East Asia region. Higher yield response and growth performance from subsurface fertilizer technique as compared to surface broadcast in hilly area were reported by many studies in recent years. The effects of climatic change on food crops and other economic value crops such as in plantation (oil palm and rubber) has received a major concern for many governmental organisations worldwide including university researchers (Fetcher, 2009). The rise in CO2 level comes together with the higher temperature would certainly affect the crop performances and the yield. Since many of these crops are categorized under C3 plants where early maturity is to be expected resulting in lower yield. In some studies the reduction in yield is also due to as the photorespiration processes of these plants.
51554
51554
0 1970
2008 Figure 1.0 Historic carbon emissions for China
In addition, there were levels of permitted amount of nutrients and heavy metals intake in daily diet of vegetables, fruits, and others. It is very crucial to study the farming site of either vegetable, fruits, or rice because the content of those nutrients and heavy metals may be higher due to sources of contaminants. If there were less heavy metals contamination, the ingestion of the vegetables may not have adverse effect to health. Food intake and consumption were the intermediate process before it was digested or accumulated (as for heavy metals) in body system. If the heavy metals concentrations were excessive, it may affect health. As in vegetables, the final products were the result from various uses of fertilizers and irrigated with various water sources. 3.0 CONVENTIONAL AGAINST SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Agriculture plays important roles in supplying food sources by various sectors such as fisheries, livestock, and crops such as rice (Sattaka et al., 2017), vegetables (Yok et al., 2016), and fruits in order to prevent serious food scarcity problems in the future. By focusing on crops, the relationship between the soil availability and environment status need to be considered for the continuous production of high quality crops. Traditionally, crop productions area only meets for self-sufficient while maintaining the ecosystem. It was later in maximum land utilisations had change the landscape into a monoculture and profit oriented. Such changes in priorities have made sustainability no longer a consideration. The conventional crop production has always been profit over managing a sustainable ecosystem. Inputs such as chemical fertilisers and pesticides have been some major contributors in conventional agriculture. 5
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A sustainable agriculture has been introduced to balance the conventional ecosystem. Such an effort would involve factors such as economic sustainability, environment ecosystem and social ecosystem. These three factors are inter-related. A more balance and holistic approach aim for future generation has been addressed. Effort such as slow release fertilisers, compost, biological control of pest and diseases have made crop productions more beneficial. However, mitigations or interventions through sustainable ecosystem will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest. It has been suggested that the need for collective actions with all parties including individuals, policy makers and enforcements. Some adaptation actions, on the other hand, have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals, regions, or countries that undertake them, at least in the short term. Still nevertheless, financing such adaptive activities remains a subjective issue, particularly the knowledge of good practices shall be share and perhaps endorsed, technically for initial initiative. Most countries are parties abide to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system. Table 3 bellow showed the gas exchange capacities for some crops. Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change, but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments. Monitoring the distribution of growth pattern or plant partitioning over time would indicate the significant stage for vegetative, reproductive and maturity and senescence. For example, a typical growth of bell pepper plant is indicated there was a distinct change in terms of dry weight distribution over vegetative, reproduction and senescence. Since by definition partitioning is involve in the redistribution assimilates throughout plant growth. It is therefore important for any crop to establish early root formation especially for anchorage and nutrient absorption. Hence, slow release fertilizer is much needed especially in the areas where carbon sequestration and direct air capture is much need. A general observation based on our studies and feedbacks from our users, the application of Greenfeed-“大力丸 ®” has resulted in a higher biomass and fruit weight in several fruits such as grapes, apple, pear, watermelons, melons and also witnesses in the difference of vegetable produce yield sizes. At such it is clearly indicated that the use of high efficient like slow release fertilizer not only produced higher yields or higher crop growth but also the chain effort of lesser nutrients wastage, lower input, sustainable plant able area recovery are witnesses hereon. Hence, in the context of carbon sequestration, Greenfeed-“大力丸®” produces a higher carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere as compared to the traditional ways of applying fertiliser.
Figures 2.0 Applications of a slow release fertiliser for sustainability resembling of “大力丸®” commercial application in China farms.
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Table 3. The gas exchange capacity for some perennials species and oil palm crops.
Crops
Photosynthesis capacity
References
2
(umol/m /s) Oil palm Durian
20 -24 6-14
Mangosteen Hopea odorata Acacia mangium Syzygium campanulatum
Corley & Tinker (2003) Ramlan et al (1996) Ramlan et al (1992);
3
(Adiwirman et al, 2001)
8-11 10-14
Ahmad Azaruddin (2007) Sapari Mat (2008)
2-4
Ahmad Nazaruddin (2006)
Our studies have also indicated that the distribution of dry weight is due to the demand sink tissues. These sink tissues are found in regions where rapid growth and metabolism in plants. Similarly, as the photosynthesis is regulated by the demand sink activity of the plants, the rate is slower when leaves are younger and all the pigments are fully developed. It is not until fully expanded source leaves where the photosynthesis is produced at maximum. In another mitigation effort, renewable energy accounts for almost half of new electricity capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall. Public policy and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. As of 2011, 118 countries have targets for their own renewable energy futures, and have enacted wide-ranging public policies to promote renewable energy. The incentive to use 100% renewable energy has been created by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. Jacobson has said that producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs. According to a 2011 projection by the (IEA) International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Critics of the "100% renewable energy" approach where there are some concerned about the variable output of solar and wind power and a lack of infrastructure. Since it has a part of the governmental policy for beautifications, the floriculture and ornamental industry has received some special attentions. In the production of Syzygium , the industry has been trying to formulate nutrient formulation aimed for highlands and lowlands. A similar study was done in the production of bell pepper in lowland areas. In-depth analyses on plant partitioning and yield components can also be considered.
Figure 4.0 Comparison of plant treated with Conventional fertilizer (left) and 大力丸® (right)
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4.0 DISCUSSION The health risk assessment approach contributes to the society by addressing the solution for food security and food scarcity issue. Referring to the food security issue, Health Risk Assessment study (HRA) was one of the scientific approaches that can be applied on various types of food source such as meat, vegetables, rice, and fruits. It was advantageous to society since some of them considered as the most ingested food in Asia such as rice, the staple food of Asian and also vegetables. The study also provides information on the heavy metals transfer via the biomarkers such as blood, toenails, and hair. The interpretation will show the information on soil pollution and health adverse effect. The transfer of heavy metals to human body was mainly by food ingestion (including water intake). The safety of drinking water once reviewed by Razak et al. (2015) by analysing the toenails and hair and showing safe consumption of the drinking water of Malaysia since the results show lower heavy metals concentration compared to the permissible limit. It was therefore important to clear all the arguments and conflicting ideas of different issues. Other than that, the continuous food supply will no longer become rising issues for the urbanized countries if the crops planted were proven to be safely eaten by the locals and foreign. The most important was that, the safety consumption will not be achieved in all different urban areas since each area consists of different surroundings and sources of pollution. The study should be done differently for each area of urban farming, in order to strictly study the risk assessment of that specific urban farming area. In terms of food safety, Health Risk Assessment (HRA) does have important roles for the nation achievement in terms of food security and food supply. The significance of this assessment was it helps the farmers and leaders to scientifically prove the safety of food consumption that ensures safe flows in food network. The relation between urbanization, agriculture, and food safety can be briefly studied and observed with the combination of scientific studies and assessments. Urban agriculture, a solution to the less soil for agriculture was now widely studied and one of a key point for a future agricultural improvement in worldwide. The vertical farming activities lowered the dependence of agriculturist toward soil that decreases over time. Other than vertical farming, there was also presence of farms in the city, where the crops plantation were done in urban environment surrounded by either housing settlements, factories, or others. This solution need to be considered in order to improve the crop production and also national food security problems. Regardless on how the crops being grown, the product must be safe to be consumed so that no effect on health due to contaminated food intake occurs. In urban agriculture, specifically the farm in urban areas might cause adverse effect to health due to possible contaminated water or soil due to urbanization and development activities waste around the area that flows in the soil that ended up in the crops, which later consumed by the local people (Zhang, 2016). Related to this food security concern, the available study of Health Risk Assessment (HRA) was very important in this sector so that the food security confirmation can be made. In the other hand, the result of the research might also help in enhancing the local urban agriculture, and more products can be produced in that certain studied areas
Figure 5.0 One of planting concept for urban agriculture practices.
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Greenfeed’s modern practices are revolutionising farming SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST Published : Wednesday, 27 Dec 2017
Greenfeed is a lone voice in advocating reduced fertiliser use in commercial farming, but its proposition is backed by decades of research and development Sustainable farming begins in the soil, and advanced materials such as slow-release fertiliser are helping maintain ecological balance across Southeast Asia. “We have successful results around the world showing that fertiliser applied once or twice is enough to sustain desired
SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST crop yields,” says Tan Yu Wea, managing director of Greenfeed Malaysia, manufacturer of palletised slow-release Published : Wednesday, 27 Dec 2017, 9.04am fertiliser that is revolutionising farming in the region.
Greenfeed is an advocate for reduced fertiliser use in commercial farming. It is a lone voice in the industry, but its proposition is backed by decades of research and development. Driven by a passion for innovation, the company has developed some 500 formulations to respond to different dynamics such as dry soil, pollination in mature farmlands, ancient or irrigation farming methods and diverse soil types across Southeast Asia. To gain headway in transforming agricultural practices, Greenfeed reaches out to farmers in their own language. “We invest not only in the product itself, but also in technology to make it convenient for farmers to learn by themselves. We have a mobile application and video tutorials in localised languages that show them how it’s done,” Tan says. Greenfeed welcomes collaborations with research institutes and other industry players such as technology developers on, for instance, the application of sensors and automation in farm production. It is particularly keen on deepening partnerships in Mainland China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Myanmar and the South Pacific over the next five years. “We need to find a better approach to solve pollution problems. Everyone can see that the environment has changed drastically. Why has it changed so much? Perhaps conventional practices are a little off,” Tan says. Developing state-of-the-art technology to promote soil and plant sustainability is Greenfeed’s contribution to the ecological imperative. Reducing fertiliser use directly impacts carbon mitigation. It also radically changes the future trajectory of commercial farming. “Quality is better than quantity. That is fundamental,” Tan says 9
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
MECHANISM IN USING COMMERCIAL HIGH EFFECIENT ZEOLITE-BASE GREENFEED SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZERS Ng Chang Chai, Muhamad Nizam Amahd Unonis, Muhamad Izzuddin Khairuddin, Mohamad Badrul Hisyam, Shahirulikram Shaharuddin, Tan Yu Wea Technical and Research Department, Greenfeed Agro Sdn Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ABSTRACT Fertilizer issues such as overuse, leaching and soil degradation are becoming severe worldwide plantation areas. To secure current food production, prevention measures on these issues are relatively limited on agricultural production areas. Slow release fertilizer is prevailing over past years due to its significant effects on prevention of fertilizer leaching and less harm to soil and underground water. We presented here the mechanisms of a novel zeolite-based slow release fertilizer including its properties as reserviors of nutrients, pH balancer and also water retainer in soil. By providing sufficeint nutrients to soil, this fertilizer has commercially proven to give better growing environment to grower as well as labor saving and cost saving. Keywords : Ion Gradient, Slow Release Fertilizer, Soil, Zeolite
2.0 INTRODUCTION To meet the requirements on food demands, elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium in fertilizer are essential elements for living crops. Global consumption on fertilizer is steadily increasing in response to the growing population and this has led to overuse of fertilizers in many areas [1]. Leaching of nitrate can happen through inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilizers and become a major cause of soil acidification, degradation and underground water pollution [2-3]. The need to seek high efficient utility rate commercial fertilizer is very much stronger over years. So far, the appearance of controlled release fertilizer, or the so-called time-release fertilizer has improved the nutrients use efficiency [4], however, these resin-coated or polymer-coated fertilizer may cause some other environmental issue due to the resin waste remained after nutrients released and also, temperature-regulated characteristic of these fertilizers is always restriction factor to its release. Zeolite is a group of highly crystalline hydrated aluminosilicate minerals with porous structure with diameters of pore between 0.3-1 nm [6-7]. It is widely used as molecular sieve materials that can absorb ions based on their sizes [7-8]. This enables zeolite to retain cation elements such as NH4+, K+, Ca2+ and so on [7]. The release of adsorbed cations on the surface zeolites due to ionic gradient in soil ensures its slow-release characteristics [9-11]. The use of zeolite-based fertilizer have been reported in crops such as paddy and banana [12-13]. Commercial zeolite-regulated slow release fertilizer presented by Greenfeed Agro company in Malaysia has made significant progress over years in global market. GreenfeedŽ slow release fertilizer (GSRF), a compressed and pelletized nuggets form in averagely 16g per piece, has the absorptive mechanism that plays definitive role to the nutrient release and availability for plant’s utility (Figure 1). This specialty compound fertilizer is zeolite integrated to prevent nutrient losses, regulate cations exchange capacity (CEC) in soil and also preservation of water [10, 11, 14]. Moreover, zeolite is also help to improve pH level, while the slight-alkaline nature of Greenfeed slow release fertilizer that derived from the liming material contained within have the ability to optimize the soil pH around the applied area. We summarized here the mechanism may involve on the performance of this high efficient slow release fertilizer
Figure 1 : Greenfeed Slow Release Fertilizer Perspective, Side and Front view
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3.0 RESERVOIR AND RELEASE OF ELEMENTS BY IONIC GRADIENT Zeolite is natural occurring mineral known as a suite of porous, fine-grained minerals commonly found in certain near surface, sediment rocks, having special physical and chemical properties that could make them valuable for agricultural practices [10-11]. Some of the characteristics of zeolites that potentially make them desirable for improving the properties of soils are a large internal porosity that results in water retention, a uniform particle-size distribution that allows them to be easily incorporated, and high cation-exchange capacity that retains nutrients [15]. Abdi [16] reported that zeolite capabilities on the improvement of soil physical environment particularly in sandy and clay poor soil. This report also stated that the application of zeolite increased the available nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium of the soil. Other study also proves that by using zeolite as soil amendment will improve the soil cation exchange capacity as stated by DeSutter and Pierzynski [17]. Zeolite also has a positive influence on nitrate leaching, nitrogen use efficiency and yield of crop [18]. The benefits of slow release fertilizer are not just limited to nitrogen alone. It also applies to other nutrient as well. As an example, Bley et al. [19] also proved the positive impact of potassium (K) slow release fertilizer. The activated zeolite included within GSRF’s formulation provides the lasting nutrient reservoirs through the adhesive characteristic that zeolite has; resulting in longer period of nutrient availability for the plant’s uptake. The nutrient release is carried out according to the ionic gradient difference between the fertilizer and the soil. This will ensure that the nutrient released is being carried out synergistically to the soil environment surrounding the fertilizer, which is relatively affected by the root’s absorption rate. Such process promotes the efficient nutrient release into the soil and based on the plant demand. The breakdown of GSRF in soil is summarized into three directive processes, which are rehydration, reactivation and equivalence control. The rehydration process is the movement of soil moisture to the surface of the fertilizer. After the hydration process taken, nutrients are reactivated and turn into ionic form and ready to be released from the zeolite carrier. The third equivalence process occurs based on the ionic gradient within the fertilizer and the soil. The nutrients are released via transfusion based on the differences in the ionic gradient between the fertilizer and the soil. Hence, resulting in a controlled and efficient nutrient releasing mechanisms that defines this high efficient fertilizer. Its performance on crops such as banana and paddy were reported by Ng et al. In banana applied GSRF, the foliar content of macro-elements nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium in Greenfeed® group was 12.5%, 10% and 34.8%, respectively, higher than the conventional compound fertilizers and photosynthesis rate was found 10.5% - 32% higher [12]. Paddy yield was found increased from 6100 kg/ha to 8000 kg/ha, with 33% increment [13].
Figure 2 : Nutrient movement acoording to ionic gradient
Figure 3 : Simple representative diagrams of the nutrient release mechanism for Greenfeed® Slow Release Fertilizer
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4.0 pH BALANCER Leaching of nitrogen in the nitrate form is a very important factor in soil acidity. Nitrate is a major nutrient for plant growth however, wastage of fertilizer from this processes are tremendous [20]. When there are more nitrates than the plant can use, the nitrate is at risk of leaching below the plants roots and into the ground water system. Every nitrogen element that cannot be absorbed by the plant will potentially leach and bring down the soil pH [21]. Leaching of nitrate can happen through inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilizers and intensive production of crops that required heavy applications of nitrogen fertilizers are examples of practices that may increase the risk of nitrate leaching. Hence, proper fertilizer selection and proper practice are crucial for minimize this issue. Leaching losses is high in poor soil with low clay content. Table 1 below shows the summary of the nitrogen fertilizer loss in different type of soil presented by Foong [22]. Table 1 : Percentage of nitrogen leaching in different type of soil
Soil Group 1 2 3 4 5
Soil Situation clayey > 8% slope sandy > 8% slope clayey > 8% slope sandy > 8% slope Peat
Leaching losses % nutrient lost in fertilizer 10 43 10 43 56
Balance % nutrient available to oil palm 50 29 60 38 29
Numerous studies have shown that the application of slow release fertilizer can significantly reduce the amount of nutrient leaching. Nitrogen is one of the nutrients that are most prone to leaching. Nitrogen leaching into groundwater poses serious environmental hazards that result from the lack of oxygen available to organisms [23]. Zareabyaneh & Bayatvarkeshi [20] shows that the application of slow release fertilizer reduces the nitrate leaching improve nitrogen use efficiency and increase yield production. Slow release fertilizers reduce nitrate leaching up to 35.75% and increase plant available nitrogen in the soil during growing season [20]. Uptake and assimilation of NH4+ is a proton generating process and usually leads to a decrease in the external pH and in the contents of carboxylates in the roots, whereas NO3- uptake and assimilation is a proton-consuming process and usually leads to an increase in external pH and in the contents of carboxylates in the roots [24]. Hence, the cytoplasmic pH must be maintained in a fairly constant at or near neutral pH, in order not to disrupt the cellular processes which are sensitive to pH [25-26]. Many research and studies has indicated the use of zeolite can improve pH level of acid soils, thus reducing the need for applications of lime. Apart from that, GSRF has a slight-alkaline characteristic that derived from the liming material contained within that have the ability to improve the soil pH around the applied area. Figure 2 demonstrates the effect of using GSRF on soil pH over a period of 9 years. The soil pH was gradually improved (internal study not published). Problem like soil hardening also much altered. The lower salt accumulation in the subsurface soil or root zone may offer a reduced salt stress on plants. Thus, an application of zeolite may filter harmful salts from the root zone, thereby creating a favorable environment for plant growth and soil ecosystem.
Figure 2 : Average soil pH in six different plot that using GreenfeedÂŽ Slow Release Fertilizer over a period of 9 years GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
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5.0 H2O RETAINER Climate change especially rainfall becoming variable in worldwide regions and extreme weather is expected to increase abiotic and biotic stress on plants [27]. Soil moisture determines nutrients availability for plant uptake including ion transport, nutrient supply and uptake by plants are influenced by water content of a soil [28]. These mechanisms supply a significant proportion of nutrients that are present at high concentrations in soil solution or are almost exclusive in the solution phase in order for the nutrients to be taken up by the plant [29-30]. Zeolites have been proposed to improve the water holding capacity and drainage control [31-33], eventually prevention on nutrient leaching. Figure 3 shows that for every gram of zeolite added to a kilogram of soil, there is a significant 0.12% increase in the plant available water [34]. Integrated zeolite inside GreenfeedÂŽ Slow Release Fertilizer has the ability to retain moisture is another positive aspect to be use as a soil amendment. Zeolites can hold up to 60% of their weight in water due to the high porosity of their crystalline structure [9-11]. Zeolite acts as a non-form changing, permanent water reservoir, which provides prolonged moisture during dry periods as well as promoting rapid re-wetting and improved lateral spread in the root zone during irrigation. This in turn reduces the quantities of water needed for irrigation [9-11].
Figure 3 : Plant available water as effected by different rates of zeolites
6.0 CONCLUSION Commercial slow release fertilizer from GreenfeedÂŽ have demonstrated various advantages over past decades in many crops. The mechanisms involved in the product action can be summarized into characteristics as ion-gradient reservoir, pH balancer and water retainer. During nutrient release, it is released base on ionic gradient difference between the fertilizer and the soil. This will ensure that the nutrient released is being carried out synergistically to the soil environment. GSRF has a slight-alkaline characteristic that derived from the liming material contained within that have the ability to improve the soil pH around the applied area. By using of GSRF, soil pH was gradually improved. Application of GFSF may filter harmful salts from the root zone, thereby creating a favorable environment for plant growth and soil ecosystem. Zeolites integrated GSRF has the ability to retain moisture is another positive aspect to be use as a soil amendment. With these mentioned mechanisms occurred during its application, we hope this may interpret clearly for its further promotion and popularization in other regions.
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REFERENCES [1] Huang, J., Xu, C.C., Ridoutt, B.G., Wang, X.C. and Ren, P.A. (2017) Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses and Eutrophication Potential Associated With Fertilizer Application to Cropland in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 159, 171-179. [2] Zhang, B.G., L. Q., Cao, J., Zhang, C.Y., Song, Z., Zhang, F.S. and Chen, X.P. (2017) Reducing Nitrogen Leaching in a Subtropical Vegetable System. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 241, 133-141. [3] Hegedus, M., Toth-Bodrogi, E., Nemeth, S., Somlai, J. and Kovacs, T. (2017) Radiological investigation of phosphate fertilizers: Leaching studies Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 173 (2017) 34e43 [4] Yang, X.D., Jiang, R.F., Lin, Y.Z., Li, Y.T., Li, J. and Zhao, B.Q. (2017) Nitrogen release characteristics of polyethylene-coated controlled-release fertilizers and their dependence on membrane pore structure. Available online 29 July 2017 In Press, Corrected Proof https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2017.05.002 [5] Chowdhury, S., Khan, N., Kim, G.H., Harris, J., Longhurst, P. and Bolan, N.S. (2016) Zeolite for Stripping from Farm Effluents. In: Prasad, M. N. V. and Shih K., Eds., Environmental Materials and Waste, Academic Press, 569–589 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803837-6.00022-6 [6] Peres-Caballero, R., Gil, J. and Gondalez, J.L. (2008) The Effect of Adding Zeolite to Soils in Order to Improve the N-K Nutrition of Olive Trees. American Journal Agriculture Biological Science, 2, 321–324. [7] Inglezakis, V.J., Loizidou, M.D. and Grigoropoulou, H.P. (2002) Equilibrium and Kinetic Ion Exchange Studies of Pb2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ on Natural Clinoptilolite. Water Research, 36, 2784-2792. [8] Gruener, J.E., Ming, D.W., Henderson, K.E. and Galindo, C. (2003) Common Ion Effects in Zeoponic Substrates: Wheat Plant Growth Experiment. Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 61, 223-230. [9] Latifah, O., Ahmed, O.H. and Majid N.M.A. (2017) Enhancing Nitrogen Availability from Urea Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite. Geoderma, 306, 152-159. [10] Ramesh, K. and Reddy, D.D. (2011) Zeolites and Their Potential Uses in Agriculture. In: Advances in Agronomy, vol, 113, [11] Tsintskaladze, G., Eprikashvili, L., Mumladze, N. Gabunia, V., Sharashenidze, T., Zautashvili, M., Kordzakhia, T. and Shatakishvili, T. (2017) Nitrogenous Zeolite Nanomaterial and The Possibility of Its Application in Agriculture, Annals of Agrarian Science, 15, 365-369. [12] Ng, C.C., Wu, S.J., Asyraf, M. and Tan, Y.W. (2016) Effects of Novel Slow Release Fertilizer on Banana Foliar Nutrients, Photosynthetic Rate, Chlorophyll Content, Yield and Fruit Quality. Hans Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6, 49-56. [13] Ng, C.C., Wu, S.J., Asyraf, M., Khairuddin, M.I. and Tan, Y.W. (2016) Effects of Novel Zeolite Fertilizer on the Harvesting Quality and Yield of Paddy. Hans Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 6, 79-86. [14] Lateef, A., Nazir, R., Jamil, N., Alam, S., Shah, R., Khan, M.N. and Saleem, M. (2016) Synthesis and characterization of zeolite based nanoecomposite: An Environment Friendly Slow Release Fertilizer. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 232,174-183. [15] Ok, C.H., Anderson, S.H. and Ervin, E.H. (2003) Amendments and Construction Systems for Improving the Performance of Sand-based Putting Greens. Agronomy Journal, 95, 1583-1590. [16] Abdi, G.H., Khui, M.K. and Eshghi, S. (2006) Effects on Natural Zeolite on Growth and Flowering on Strawberry. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 1, 384-389. [17] DeSutter, T.M. and Pierzynski, G.M. (2005) Evaluation of Soils for Use as Liner Materials: A Soil Chemistry Approach. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 951-962. [18] Aghaalikhani, M., Gholamhoseini, M., Dolatabadian, A., Khodaei-Joghan, A. and Sadat, A.K. (2012) Zeolite Influences on Nitrate Leaching, Nitrogen-use Efficiency, Yield and Yield Components of Canola in Sandy Soil. Achieve in Agronomy Soil Science, 58, 1146-1169. [19] Bley, H., Gianello, C., Santos, L.S. and Selau, L.P.R (2017) Nutrient Release, Plant Nutrition, and Potassium Leaching from Polymer-coated Fertilizer. Revista Brasileira de CiĂŞncia do Solo 41, Viçosa Epub Mar 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20160142 [20] Zareabyaneh, H., and Bayatvarkeshi, M. (2015) Effects of Slow-release Fertilizer on Nitrate Leaching, its Distribution in Soil Profile, N-use Efficiency, and Yield in Potato Crop. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 3385-3393. [21] Raven JA, Smith FA. 1976. Nitrogen assimilation and transport in vascular land plants in relation to intracellular pH regulation. New Phytologist 76, 415Âą431. [22] Foong, S.F. (1993) Potential Yield of Irrigated Oil Palm. Indian Oil Palm Journal, 3, 8-20. [23] Kim, Y.S., Reid, F., Hansen, A. and Zhang, Q. (2000) On-field crop stress detection system using multi-spectral imaging sensor. Agricultural Biosystems Engineering, 1, 88–94. [24] Brix, H., Dyhr-Jensen, K. and Lorenzen, B. (2002) Root-zone Acidity and Nitrogen Source affects Typha latifolia L. Growth and Uptake Kinetics of Ammonium and Nitrate. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 2441-2450. [25] Raven, J.A. (1986) Biochemical Disposal of Excess H+ in Growing Plants? New Phytologist, 104, 175-206. > @ .RĂ&#x;FĂ•Â? V. (1997) Screening of the effect of several cations forms extracts of synthetic zeolite 4A. Vod. Hospod., 47, 213-215. [27] IPCC, 2013. Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [28] Bardgett, R.D. and Wardle, D.A. (2010) Aboveground-belowground Linkages: Biotic Interactions. In: Ecosystem Processes, and Global Change. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [29] Brockett, B.F.T., Prescott, S.J. and Grayston, S.J. (2012) Soil moisture is the major factor influencing microbial community structure and enzyme activities across seven biogeoclimatic zones in western Canada. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 44, 9-20. [30] Meisnera, A., De Deyn, G.B., de Boerb, W. and van der Putten, W.H. (2013) Soil Biotic Legacy Effects of Extreme Weather Events Influence Plant Invasiveness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 9835-9838. [31] Huang, Z.T. and Petrovic, A.M. (1994) Clinoptilolite zeolite influence on nitrate leaching and nitrogen use efficiency in simulated sand based golf greens. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 1190-1194. [32] He, X.B. and Huang, Z.B. (2001) Zeolite application for enhancing water infiltration and retention in loess soil. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 34, 45-52. [33] Bigelow, C.A., Bowman, D.C. and Cassel, D.K. (2004) Physical properties of three sand size classes amended with inorganic materials or sphagnum peat moss for putting green rootzones. Crop Sciences, 44, 900-907. [34] Makungwe, M. (2014). Evaluation of the potential of zeolite as a soil conditioner for two Zambian soil. Master thesis. The University of Zambia. GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
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SIGNING CEREMONY OF THE APPOINTMENT OF BEIJING AGRO TECH INTERNATIONAL CO.LTD AS A SOLE DISTRIBUTOR OF GREENFEED SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER On 17th October 2017, delegacies from Beijing Agro Tech International Co. Ltd (Fertigreen) has come and visited Greenfeed Agro Sdn. Bhd. (Greenfeed) manufacturing facility located in Shah Alam. The purpose of this visit by Fertigreen is to understand how Greenfeed operates and control the quality of each product manufactured to be distribute in China. The first thing that was done as soon as Fertigreen delegates arrived was a photography session between the two companies. Greenfeed Managing Director, Mr. Tan Yu Wea then delivers a welcoming speech for the delegates, followed by a short briefing session about the tentative of the tour by Greenfeed Technical Director, Dr. Ng Chang Chai.
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The tour started at the warehouse and the production site. New technologies that are equipped in the production machine to make the manufacturing process more efficient are shown to the delegates in this site. The tour is then continued in the Quality Control site. Here, the delegates were explained about the strict Quality Control routine that is done on a daily basis at Greenfeed. The delegates were also explained about the method and advance equipment used to conduct the fertilizer test aspect such as nutrient content test, nutrient dissolution test and fertilizer hardness test. Other than that, the Quality Control department also explained about the research and development that they have conducted in order to improve the fertilizer performance. The last area to be visited around the manufacturing facility is to the Technical Research and Development (TRD) and Marketing department, where various instruments that are used during field studies is demonstrated.
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After the manufacturing facility tour, it is time for the main agenda of the visit, the signing ceremony of the appointment of Beijing Agro Tech International Co. Ltd as the sole distributor of GreenfeedÂŽ Slow Release Fertilizer product in China. After the representative and witness of both company signed the agreement, Greenfeed then unveil the booth set up for the upcoming CAC 2018, a prestigious exhibition and event for the agriculture and fertilizer industry around the world, which will take place in Shanghai, China. After the lunch break, discussion sessions between Greenfeed and Fertigreen are held to clarify every question and suggestion to achieve the end result desired for both parties. After all is done in the manufacturing facility, the next destination is to Greenfeed Research and Development Plantation located in Mantin, Negeri Sembilan. Here, the delegates are brought to see various types of fruit trees on the estate and are given the opportunity to eat various types of local fruit. Hopefully, with the appointment of Fertigreen as a sole distributor of GreenfeedÂŽ Slow Release Fertilizer in China will be fruitful for both company in the future.
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“Passion with Innovation�
R E S E A R C H
&
D E V E L O P M E N T
Greenfeed offers an entire suite of analytical testing. We are dedicated to toward providing accurate, unbiased analysis of current products. The Lab provides easy-to-understand reports for concerning irrigation water, leaves, soil, and plant tissue. Greenfeed Professional Lab is staffed by expert technical advisors and talented in-house personnel to make up the manpower component of the company known to be the industry's most successful slow release fertilizers company. These individuals represent a wide array of scientific disciplines, including Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Agronomy, Plant Pathology, Microbiology, and Mechanical engineering.
M A N U F A C T U R I N G Our commitment is towards producing reliable and consistent slow release fertilizer products. Our products are formulated under the most stringent quality standard in ensuring the nutrient/active ingredient; product stability; efficiency and ease of application. Slow release fertilizers are engineered to provide a specific release characteristic that has been proven through laboratory trials, field trials and customer experiences. Our Slow Release Fertilizer was tailored with formulation to suite the crops growth and climatic situation.
Intellectual Property
the Ministry of Trade of
Intellectual Property
Trade and Industry
Development Authority
Corporation of Malaysia
the Republic of Indonesia
Office of Singapore
Pioneer Status
Manufacturing License: A 015437
Industry Design No: MY07-00700-0101
NPB No.: 103-124-131208
Manufacturing
PI20044120 / PI20061653 / PI20061654 /
SNI No.: 02-2803-2000
Slow Release Fertilizer
PI20061655 / PI2011005234 / PI2011005235
Ministry of International
29
Malaysia Investment
MS ISO/IEC 17025
10th Global Super Excellent Brand
Malaysia Power Brand Awards 2014
TESTING
Award 2014 ~ 2015
Established Brand Awards
SAMM NO. 694
GREENFEED BULLETIN ISSUE 17, 2017
PCT/SG2006/000106 KR/10-2008-7029052 INDO/w00200803828
Korean Intellectual Property Office
Komite Akreditasi Nasional
Patent Registration Number
No. Akreditasi: 320/LS-PRO/SNI/2013
GREENFEED 2013 GREENFEED BULLETIN BULLETIN ISSUE ISSUE 9, 17, 2017
10-120381, 40-0695064, 40-0695065
18 21 27
9th China International Fertilizer Show
19th China International Agrochemical & Crop Protection t ti E Exhibition hibiti Shanghai New International Expo Center, Shanghai, CHINA
7th - 9th March 2018
For over the years we pledge to bring significant innovations and advancement to provide positive impact to the agriculture industry.
Greenfeed Agro Sdn. Bhd. Lot 56-57 Jalan Sepintas 26/13 Hicom Damansara Estate, 40400 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia. www.greenfeed.com.my
With passion to strive towards sustainable and modern agriculture, we committed to share the knowledge and technology that we have achieved. Hence participation in CAC 2018 is part of our sincere effort for the third consecutive year. We will be at Booth N5A05 in this prestigious event.