2018 Cotton Yearbook

Volume 39 No.6 — $20

COTTON YEARBOOK

2018

Improve your pest management today

THE ZAPPA TRAP A light trapping system to aid pest monitoring and management.

What does it do?

Developed by Dr Robert Mensah - Senior Principal Research Scientist, Biopesticides & IPM, NSW DPI; and Alison Young - Technical Officer, Biopesticides & IPM, NSW DPI; in association with Cotton Growers Services.

The “Zappa” trap uses a specific light wavelength which is highly attractive to Green Mirids (Creontiades dilutus) and Green Vegetable Bugs (Nezara viridula), while not attracting beneficials.

These pests are highly mobile, and their flight phenology is difficult to understand.

This effective monitoring tool is able determine insect arrival and their numbers as soon as they appear. This allows us to predict peak activity of these pests within a crop, enabling effective control measures to be applied in a timely fashion.

Pests monitored include helicoverpa moths, green mirids and green vegetable bugs and many more.

Order yours today from your local CGS! “Strategically positioned around the cotton field we were able to detect building numbers of mirids prior to reaching the infield threshold. We could then use this to aid in making spraying decisions.”

Pat McGuinness – Riverina Agronomic Management Services.

“The use of the “Zappa” trap could help gain a better understanding of pest behaviour which in turn could lead to optimal timing of control measures. This would help reduce the reliance on chemical control measures which may reduce the potential flaring of end of season pests, such as whitefly.”

Dr R. Mensah

Tel. (02) 6795 3100

fax. (02) 6795 3183

email. info@cgs.com.au

web. www.cgs.com.au

52 Boolcarrol Rd, Wee Waa, NSW, 2388

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 SECTION 1

SECTION 8

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OVERVIEW 5

DEVELOPING WORKFORCE CAPACITY 121

6 Pushing the yield boundary 6 Cotton production estimates 2017–18 8 A season of success 14 ‘Are you bogged mate?’ – Building fences for rural men’s mental health 18 CSD opens world leading seed processing plant 20 Fashionable cotton tour 22 2018 cotton awards winners 25 2018 Cotton Conference wrapup

122 Who will run the farm?

128 The Cotton Classroom 129 Catching up with the Cotton Production Course

THE FUTURE

27

28 The future of cotton technology in Australia 34 Expanding cotton into northern Australia 35 GM cotton: Past, present and future

SPRAY APPLICATION

THE INDUSTRY IN FIGURES

37

An up-to-date look at the cotton industry in tables and figures.

143

Published by The Australian Cottongrower PO BOX 766, TOOWOOMBA. 4350.

Phone: (07) 4659 3555 Fax: (07) 4638 4520 Email: cotton@greenmountpress.com.au www.cottongrower.com.au

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SECTION 4

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

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AREA ROUND-UP

45 50 56 66 72 78

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

144 Coarse spray guide to reduce spray drift 147 Spray workshops highlight ongoing drift problems 150 Minimise spray drift – good farmers manage it!

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Macquarie Valley Namoi Valley Border Rivers St George–Dirranbandi Central Highlands

RESEARCH & EXTENSION

WATER MATTERS

81

82 New regulator set to work closely with industry 86 Using blockchain technology for transparent water trading 88 Irrigation modernisation a boost for communities 90 Efficient irrigation doesn’t undermine river flow 92 Cotton water storage snapshot

162 164 166 167 168 169

PRODUCTION MANAGER Mick Allan

161

ADVERTISING ENQUIRIES Michael Cook 07 4659 3555

Bruce Finney leaves CRDC Industry farewells one of its finest researchers Vale Dr Stephen Allen New CottonInfo officers CottonInfo: Meet our team CRDC list of current projects

ACCOUNTS Deb Meddleton Contents of advertisements are the responsibility of the advertisers.

All statements and opinions expressed in the COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 are published after due consideration of information gained from sources believed to be authentic. No portion may be reproduced without permission from the publisher.

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PROCESSING & MARKETING

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177

178 Up-to-date marketing information including Processing, Marketing, Merchants and Classing Organisations

95

96 Acres of Opportunity 98 Forward selling adding certainty to growing cotton 100 Varieties helping make cotton viable at Forbes 102 Cotton and rice working well together for Griffith enterprise 104 Successful first try at cotton for Emerald grower 106 Pushing cotton into new areas – Successful cotton at Dunedoo

SECTION 7

COPYRIGHT 2017.

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INDUSTRY ORGANISATIONS

MAIN COVER PHOTO: Cotton Australia Click 2.0 photo competition entry by Marty Jelinek from Gurley, northern NSW.

199

200 Major industry organisations; Associated industry bodies; and, Regional cotton grower associations

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110 Cotton and technology – the next geneeration 114 Battery storage feasibility 116 Australia’s biggest solar pumping system

ASSOCIATE EDITOR Lloyd O’Connell

SECTION 13

SECTION 6

INNOVATION & NEW TECHNOLOGY

MANAGING EDITOR David Dowling

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NEW GROWER SNAPSHOT

153

154 Keeping insect pests lower for longer: Benefits of native vegetation 158 Managing unsprayed pigeon pea refuges

SECTION 12

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SECTION 3

Southern NSW Bourke Gwydir Valley Darling Downs Dawson–Callide

131

132 Cotton growers share their cover cropping strategies 138 Finding the balance in farming systems 142 Maintaining important habitat features

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46 53 62 69 75

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SUSTAINABLE COTTON FARMING

SECTION 2

SECTION 9

109

SUPPLIERS’ DIRECTORY

211

Our diamond photo is of southern NSW agronomist, Dean Andrighetto. Dean has been part of the rapid increase in cotton production in southern NSW spurred along by attractive prices and pricing options. See article page 98.

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 1

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Pushing the yield boundary................................................. 6 Cotton production estimates 2017–18................................ 6 A season of success............................................................ 8 ‘Are you bogged mate?’ – Building fences for rural men’s mental health............................................................... 14 CSD opens world leading seed processing plant............... 18 Fashionable cotton tour.................................................... 20 Year 12 dress teaches about cotton.................................. 20 2018 cotton awards winners............................................. 22 2018 Cotton Conference wrapup...................................... 25

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OVERVIEW

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Pushing the yield boundary

I

f there was any remaining doubt, the 2017-18 season confirmed it: The centre of gravity of the cotton industry has swung convincingly to the south. Over 1.1 million bales were produced from Hillston south – or about 25 per cent of a massive crop of 4.6 to 4.7 million bales.

The national crop was close to a record, but production records were shattered in the Lachlan-Murrumbidgee-Murray, the Macquarie and in the Namoi. And it was all about yield, not hectares planted, as we rebounded from the lowest yields in 20 years in 2016-17 to our second highest average yield. There were some remarkable yield stories, not least in the Macquarie Valley where we have estimated an average yield if 13.6 bales per hectare (other estimates are even higher).

For the dinosaurs among us who still like to think in the ‘old scale,’ that is a valley average of about 5.5 bales per acre. There were some fields estimated at up to 17.5 bales per hectare

(7.1 bales per acre). That is close to what the theoretical maximum cotton yield was estimated by scientists just a few years ago. Any bets on who will grow the first crop of 20 bales per hectare (8.09 bales per acre)?

The yields came because seasonal conditions were good and in contrast to the previous nightmare season. There was no wet, cold winter and spring to disrupt ground preparation and planting. There was a reduced number of cold shock days, especially in southern areas.

And we had a January-February flowering period which was not as brutally hot as 2016-17.

After such a buoyant season it was probably not surprising that the 2018 Cotton Conference would draw a great deal of attention. But the attendance of around 2500 people was quite staggering. The smoothness of the operation was a great credit to the organising committee and the quality of the presentations is an indication of the depth of knowledge, talent and enterprise surrounding the industry.

AUSTRALIAN COTTON PRODUCTION ESTIMATES 2017–18 Irrigated Hectares

Dryland

Yield bales/ha

Bales

Hectares4

Yield bales/ha

Total Bales

Hectares

Bales

Queensland Emerald1 Biloela/Theodore Darling Downs St George

16,625 4,490 29,660 12,400

10.3 9.7 11.1 10.6

172,000 43,500 330,000 131,440

5,800 2,500 23,500 300

2.6 2.5 3.2 1.7

15,000 6,300 74,250 500

22,425 6,990 53,160 12,700

187,000 49,800 404,250 131,940

2,950

12.5

36,900

2,325

1.3

2,950

5,275

39,850

375

7.7

2,900

3,850

1.9

7,500

4,225

10,400

66,500

10.8

716,740

38,275

2.8

106,500

104,775

823,240

Macintyre2 Gwydir Upper Namoi Lower Namoi3 Macquarie Bourke

58,680 47,500 18,100 44,300 36,000 4,000

11.2 12.2 12.0 12.5 13.6 11.6

657,000 579,500 217,200 553,750 489,600 46,200

11,600 18,000 19,500 18,500 1750

1.8 2.1 3.2 2.3 2.4

20,880 37,800 62,400 42,550 4,130

70,280 65,500 37,600 62,800 37,750 4,000

677,880 617,300 279,600 596,300 493,730 46,200

Lachlan

18,430

11.4

210,000

18,430

210,000

77,800 304,810 371,310

11.8 12.0 11.8

918,000 3,671,250 4,387,990

77,890 374,250 479,025

918,180 3,839,190 4,662,430

Dirranbandi Other (Ord & Nth Qld) Total NSW

Murrumbidgee/Murray Total Aust. total

90

2.0

180

69,440 107,715

2.4 2.5

167,940 274,440

Overall average lint yield: 9.73 bales/ha (2210 kg/ha).

1 Includes Mackenzie and Belyando. 2 About 40% of Macintyre cotton is grown in Queensland. Includes Mungindi. 3 Includes Walgett.

4 Planted area is in field hectares, not green hectares.

Acknowledgement: Drawn largely from estimates supplied by Cotton Compass.

6 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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A season of success

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By Adam Kay – CEO, Cotton Australia

T

he 2017-18 season was one filled with success for growers and Cotton Australia.

Our growers enjoyed very high yields with 4.6 million bales produced nationally, and over 90 per cent of the crop making or exceeding the base grade for quality.

Cotton Australia made significant gains this year, particularly in its policy and advocacy work.

These gains came at a time when our industry was placed under significant pressure around social licence and community reputation.

Water policy has been a particularly hardfought arena this year, with significant threats to our industry’s social licence and also to our access to water, with an aggressive campaign to dismantle the Murray-Darling Basin Plan.

While the fight has been hard, our efforts in conjunction with those of our allies have been able to fend off the worst of it, so far. There is still much work to do, but Cotton Australia will continue to fight hard for the rights of growers and irrigating farmers, and for our industry.

Our Cotton to Market program continues to kick goals, raising the profile of our industry and encouraging customers to preference our fibre.

Following feedback from growers, Cotton Australia has devoted more resources to workforce training and capacity building, and I am pleased to report these enhanced efforts are beginning to bear fruit.

Our team has also worked hard to grow engagement with myBMP, the program that

Adam Kay – CEO, Cotton Australia.

assists on-farm efficiency while protecting our social licence.

Our communications efforts have also grown in the past year, contributing to our advocacy success, raising the profile of the industry, and engaging educators and students – the next generation of farmers, farm workers, researchers, consultants and other industry participants.

Cotton Australia and the Australian Cotton Shippers Association convened the hugely successful Australian Cotton Conference in August 2018 on the Gold Coast. The event was our biggest ever, with 2460 delegates attending, 150 speakers and panellists, 28 sponsors, 110 exhibitors and 12 start-ups. Our industry also gathered and celebrated its success via the Australian Cotton Industry Awards.

Cotton Australia has the responsibility to guide advice on the direction of research via the Cotton Research and Development Corporation.

Our growers engaged on the issue via many local research priority workshops, as did the Cotton Grower Association representatives at our general meetings. Without the feedback gathered at forums such as these, our RD&E program would not be able to achieve the success it does.

Agriculture Minister David Littleproud with Cotton Autsralia’s Simon Corish.

8 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

With drought gripping many cotton growing valleys, at this stage we’re expecting at least half the area of cotton grown compared to the previous season. Access to water will be heavily restricted, and our growers will have to make

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tough decisions around their operations. While it may be a difficult time at the moment, our industry is forward-thinking, strong, resilient, innovative and advanced. The rains will return, and when they do, I’m confident the Australian cotton industry will bounce back stronger than ever.

Research direction and stewardship For the 2017-18 research funding round, the Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) invested $22.05 million in RD&E, including approximately 330 projects in collaboration with more than 120 research partners.

Cotton Australia continued its efforts ahead of the 2018-19 funding round to ensure grower priorities are reflected in the CRDC’s research investments under each of the five research and direction themes: farmers, industry, customers, people and performance.

The Cotton Australia-facilitated Transgenic and Insect Management Strategies (TIMS) Committee continued its work to develop, review and oversee the Australian cotton industry’s Insect, herbicide and Bt resistance Management Strategies this year. The major work of the TIMS Committee focused on: • Working with CGAs to address emerging resistance risks for silverleaf whitefly (SLW); • Monitoring insecticide resistance, responding to emerging issues and placing new products in the Insecticide Resistance Management Strategy to proactively manage potential resistance issues; • Refining the Bollgard 3 Resistance

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Management Plan in response to new scientific evidence and practical constraints on cotton farms;

• Developing a new framework to regulate herbicides, particularly glyphosate, to address emerging herbicide resistance issues; and, • Assuring availability of pesticides, fungicides and herbicides where growers are limited by treatment options.

Mining and CSG Feedback from representatives this year was overwhelmingly supportive of Cotton Australia’s current mining and gas policy, which focusses on: • Advocating for no negative impacts on land and water resources; • Ensuring decisions and approvals are made based on the best available scientific knowledge; and, • Ensuring growers’ rights are respected during land access negotiations, with fair compensation in recognition of development impacts.

Queensland The GasFields Commission has been revamped and an ombudsman developed to resolve land access conflict. The Land Access Ombudsman is now in operation and is run by the Queensland Government.

New South Wales Compensation caps have been established and the NSW Gas Plan has largely been finalised. But the mining and CSG industry is still in a state of flux, as changes to planning processes, regulations, compliance and reporting procedures evolve.

In July, cotton growers on the Liverpool Plains expressed frustration and dismay at the announcement by the NSW Government regarding the Shenhua Watermark exploration licence. The NSW Minister for Resources had announced an agreement with Shenhua that would result in just over 51 per cent of the company’s exploration licence handed back.

The Government had determined ‘there should be no mining on the fertile black soils of the Liverpool Plains’, and future mining activity would be restricted to ridge lands. The Government also said future mining operations must abide by ‘strict water management conditions’.

The Cotton Australia delegation at a Better Cotton Initiative event in Hong Kong in 2018.

10 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

While the announcement provides greater protection for agricultural land, the reality is that a reduction in the exploration area for the mine will make no difference to the water impacts imposed by the mine.

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Cotton Australia will continue to monitor the mine’s exploration process and liaise with local growers as it develops.

Essential services for growers Transport Every year, Cotton Australia liaises with federal and state regulatory authorities to overcome transport issues, particularly regarding the use and movement of heavy machinery at busy times during the season.

This year, Cotton Australia worked with the Queensland and NSW Governments and the National Heavy Vehicle Regulator on the national harmonisation of the rules for the movement of agricultural machinery.

Cotton Australia is pushing to extend a favourable zoning to capture most cottongrowing regions in southern Queensland, and is also working with the Toowoomba and Western Downs Regional Councils to trial overdimensional agricultural machinery movement on local government roads on a three-year permit. There may be scope to extend this to other councils.

CottonSafe: Practical resources for work health and safety Cotton Australia again delivered its annual CottonSafe campaign this year as part of its efforts to improve safety on cotton farms.

Cotton Australia’s resources are linked to the industry’s myBMP program.

Farm hygiene The Come Clean – Go Clean program continued to help enable higher yields by preventing the spread of pests and diseases between fields, farms and regions. The campaign distributed information about the

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major principles of Come Clean – Go Clean, which include:

• Inspecting machinery including pickers, boll buggies, module builders, mulchers, laser buckets, cultivators, chain beds and headers for contamination; and, • Communicating the need for farm hygiene to staff, contractors and others.

Look up and live Over the past year, Cotton Australia liaised with energy companies in Queensland and NSW to help deliver critical ‘look up and live’ safety resources. The campaign urges cotton growers, farm staff, contractors and visitors operating near overhead powerlines, particularly during the busy harvest period, to consider their safety.

Resources provided to growers included fact sheets, posters, brochures and videos.

Communications In the past 12 months, Cotton Australia’s Communications Team has focused on providing support to the Policy and Advocacy Team as it tackles the significant social licence issues facing our industry.

Despite facing an oftentimes hostile media, Cotton Australia has maintained net positive media coverage in the past year, tracking more than 700 stories across print and broadcast media.

Importantly, engagement via our social media channels continues to grow. Cotton Australia’s Facebook page now has more than 5600 followers, an increase of 22 per cent over the year. Cotton Australia’s Twitter following is at just under 5000, an increase of 17 per cent over the period. Influence on social media channels is important, as this is where the battle for public opinion can often be won, or lost. Cotton Australia takes its message to stakeholders including the public, politicians, regulators and industry via platforms including Facebook, Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn and Youtube.

Cotton Australia also connects directly with growers and others in the industry via the organisation’s fortnightly Cotton Matters e-newsletter, in addition to other e-news bulletins and monthly editions of myBMP Matters. These communications are widely read by industry.

Cotton Australia’s website is another valuable tool to communicate our message, with page views now exceeding 60,000 per month.

Cotton Australia hosted a Teach the Teacher event in Griffith.

12 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

I look forward to meeting you at a Cotton Australia event soon, and while challenges loom for the year ahead, on behalf of the Cotton Australia team, I wish you all the best for the coming season.

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‘Are you bogged mate?’

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Building fences for rural men’s mental health

By Mary O’Brien

T

he response to my recent article ‘Are you bogged mate?’ (see The Australian Cottongrower February–March 2018) has been overwhelming and extremely humbling. I have received emails, messages, and phone calls from all over Australia and around the world. I have had conversations with country blokes that were so powerful they will stay with me forever.

All I can say is thank you. Thank you for reaching out, thank you for opening up even if it was just a tiny bit, thank you for sharing your story, thank you for trusting me with your deepest secrets, and most of all, thank you for just being blokes.

Recently I looked at my website statistics for the two weeks after posting that article. In those two weeks, almost 21,000 people from 80 different countries had visited the site with over 18,000 of them being from Australia. In addition to the online version, the article was reprinted in multiple agricultural publications where countless more people read it. It turns out people have a much greater interest in rural men’s mental health than my spray drift workshops and I’m very happy about that.

The response was so great that ignoring it was not an option, so with the support of several awesome people, the ‘Are you bogged mate?’ program has been created to tackle the issue of rural men’s mental health. Stuart

Armitage, the President of Queensland Farmers Federation, has been the main driver behind this and without his passion, unending support, and access to people of influence, this movement would be lost.

Now the main question I get is ‘what is the ‘Are you bogged mate?’ program going to do?’

You may have noticed I am an analogy fan, so here is another one to explain the program.

I want to build fences Most country people have built a fence of some sort, and whether it is to keep in guinea pigs or Brahman bulls, the fundamentals are the same. The first question should be ‘do we need the fence?’. If the answer is ‘yes’ then the next logical question is ‘where do we build it?’.

Closely followed by ‘what do we need to build the fence?’.

Some of the materials we need are posts, gates, wire, netting, latches, tie wire, concrete… the usual suspects. We might need different types of posts such as strainer posts, gateposts, steel posts, and maybe we need rails and stays. To build a fence we also need tools and equipment such as pliers, strainers, a dolly bar (post driver), or a tractor mounted hydraulic post driver (especially on hard gibber ridges!).

Maybe we need a bulldozer to clear the line for the fence. It is also fairly handy if you have some skills and knowledge about fencing. It is not impossible to build a fence without skills and knowledge but in my experience, it does make things a hell of a lot easier. You can build a fence by yourself but it will be slower and you will have to do a lot of extra legwork so having a team makes things much quicker.

Another important factor is money. We need this to buy the materials and equipment and maybe the skills and knowledge to build the fence. There is a lot that goes into building a fence and it can be harder and slower if one person has to do all of it.

Fences can lead us back to safety, back home.

14 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

My question to you is ‘what part of the fence are you?’ Given the response to the ‘Are you bogged mate?’ article I think we can safely say there is certainly a need for this fence but where

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do we build it? Are you a rural community or group holding an event that ‘Are you bogged mate?’ could be part of as either a speaking role or just having a presence? Are you a post in the fence? Are you a mental health organisation that can be a strainer post or has skills, knowledge, and tools? Can you be another sort of post in the fence or the wire that connects the posts? A single post alone does not make a good fence. We need lots of posts and wire to connect together.

Maybe you are a gate that opens up to other people, places, resources, skills, or support.

What about tools and equipment? Are you able to supply some key tools to build the fence? You might have skills and knowledge about fencing that could be helpful, or maybe you are none of those things – you don’t know where to build a fence, you don’t have any tools, skills or knowledge but you still think it is a great idea to build this fence.

Can you contribute money and investment to help build the fence or do you have connections to organisations that can? The more people we get to contribute to this fence the faster, stronger, and longer we can build it.

There are already organisations that provide counselling services, resources, brochures, training, and information on mental health.

That is not what ‘Are you bogged mate?’ wants to do. What I see as a major gap is how this information is communicated to rural men, so this program aims to bridge that gap, break down the stigma, communicate with country blokes in their language, and be the conduit between them and getting help.

One of the key messages from mental health experts is that we need to stay connected especially when we are struggling. We want

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‘Are you bogged mate?’ to help with that connection.

On the website we have listed the four fence posts of the program which are: 1. Engaging directly with rural men – letting country blokes know that they matter by speaking their language and meeting them in their comfort zone.

2. Changing the landscape – breaking down the stigma around mental health and bringing this crucial topic into the spotlight. We do this through spreading awareness, as well as straight-talking speaking engagements and education events that challenge, enlighten and empower.

3. B ridging the gap – connecting rural men to the resources available, supporting and directing them to the right places while bringing the conversation to rural communities.

4. Being a voice for rural men – speaking up for those who often won’t, we want to light the path to understanding and be a strong advocate for all.

Why do I want to build fences? Aren’t fences considered a barrier? That depends on your perspective and your upbringing.

As a child growing up in the bush, I spent as much time as I could out in the scrub.

My younger sister and I would wander miles from home and usually our plan was to get far enough away from the house that we couldn’t hear mum calling us for School Of The Air, which was easy to do on 127,000 acres.

Sometimes we did get a bit lost or disorientated if we were busy chasing rabbits or lizards or searching for just the right stick to build a cubby house. Luckily, I have a good sense of direction, I would get my bearings again, and we would find our way home.

Dad always told me that if we got lost, just walk in a straight line until you hit a fence, then follow it, never go through it, just stick to the fence. Eventually you will come to a gate and wait there for help. So to me, a fence is a good thing, it is the way home, back to safety.

No matter how good our sense of direction is, we can all get a bit disorientated sometimes and we might need to find that fence back to safety.

I want the ‘Are you bogged mate?’ program to be that fence for rural men right across Australia. I want to build fences. Let’s bring them back to safety.

Join our fence line Mary O’Brien at the launch of “Are you bogged mate?”.

16 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

areyouboggedmate.com.au Twitter: @RUboggedmate Instagram: @areyouboggedmate Facebook: Are you bogged mate? #areyouboggedmate

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Axles kits for a range of tractors Picker axles for 3-4m 3m, 4m and custom conversions Wheel spacers and accessories

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CSD opens world leading seed processing plant

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OTTON Seed Distributors (CSD) has officially opened their new cotton seed processing facilities at ‘Shenstone’, near Wee Waa, signalling an exciting future for the Australian cotton industry.

The new facilities include a cotton seed processing plant fitted with world leading delinting and treating technology, a laboratory, administration complex and expanded seed storage facilities.

CSD Chair, James Kahl said that while CSD’s previous equipment had adequately met the needs of the Australian industry for the last 30 years, changes in technologies and crop management practices demanded a much more responsive, efficient processing plant.

“These expanded facilities will enable CSD to supply cotton planting seed for up to one million hectares of dryland and irrigated cotton in any one season.

“CSD’s strategic plan of helping growers to deliver an additional two bales per hectare by 2020 has required significant investment in innovation and infrastructure,” said James.

Equipment was sourced from Europe and the USA, as well as locally in Australia, including from Wee Waa. “The total expenditure of the redevelopment project is approximately $90 million, a significant economic boost to the Wee Waa community,

David Thodey, Frank Hadley, Peter Graham, John Grellman and James Kahl at the opening.

18 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Keynote speaker, CSIRO Chairman David Thodey sets the scene for the opening.

as well as being the Narrabri shire’s largest ever non-mining development” said James.

Almost 400 guests, including CSD members and staff, industry supporters and strategic partners, gathered at ‘Shenstone’ to celebrate the opening and tour the new facilities.

CSIRO Chairman David Thodey officially opened the facilities, praising the partnership between CSD and CSIRO which has seen 47 years of collaboration and 113 cotton varieties released to market.

“Combining CSIRO’s breeding expertise with CSD’s market access, we have achieved so much more for the industry than either of us could have alone.

“For example, through this partnership, CSD was the first company in the world to release Bollgard 3, giving farmers unprecedented freedom to choose when and how much cotton they plant,” said David.

This partnership was formalised in 2007, through the Cotton Breeding Australia (CBA) joint venture – a targeted research fund which has since invested $110 million towards the research and breeding of future cotton varieties for Australian growers.

In an exciting announcement, David Thodey revealed the joint decision by CSD and CSIRO for the extension of the CBA partnership until June 2029.

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Email: info@innovate-ag.com.au Web: www.innovate-ag.com.au COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 19

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Fashionable cotton tour

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eading Australian fashion and textile industry representatives toured Narrabri’s cotton industry in April on Cotton Australia’s annual farm tour. But in an added twist for this year’s event, they were joined by a visiting group of cotton growers from Pakistan and India.

The Pakistani delegation toured farms, cotton gins, research facilities and cotton processing plants in northern NSW and southern Queensland.

“We have been proud to host the Pakistani and Indian growers on their tour so they can see Australia’s advanced and sustainable cotton growing practices and cutting-edge production facilities,” says Cotton Australia CEO, Adam Kay. “Their tour was made possible via a partnership with the Australian Government and the Better Cotton Initiative (BCI). BCI is a global organisation working towards making Better Cotton a sustainable mainstream commodity.”

The annual farm tour allows those outside the industry to see first-hand how cotton is grown and processed, and why Australian cotton is considered the most sustainable in the world.

Participants toured Auscott’s Narrabri farm and gin before moving on to the Australian Cotton Research Institute (ACRI) in Narrabri, where they heard presentations by world-leading cotton scientists.

“For many fashion industry participants on the tour, it was their first opportunity to see how cotton fibre is grown and processed,” Adam says. “They really appreciated being able to see the source of the fibre that goes into the high-quality garments and homewares they ultimately produce.”

Some of the biggest names in fashion attended the tour, including representatives from Country Road Group, Hanes, Jeanswest, RM Williams, Sportscraft and Baptist World Aid.

International visitors and fashion identities at Auscott Narrabri.

20 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Year 12 dress teaches about cotton

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year 12 student from northern NSW is furthering cotton education through a dress she designed and made for her Higher School Certificate (HSC).

Year 12 student Issy Gourley designed a dress made of cotton from different stages of its production.

Issy Gourley grew up on a cotton farm at Narrabri, but attends boarding school in Sydney.

She wanted her major year 12 Design and Technology project to educate the public about cotton, so she designed and produced a dress made of the fibre from different stages of its production.

The project features a necklace of cotton bolls, a top section made of raw cotton, a midriff made of ginned, carded and combed cotton, and a bottom produced of cotton fabric.

Issy said the project had taken most of this year to pull together.

“I’ve always loved sewing, and when I got to year 12, I wanted to make a dress,” she said.

“I realised I could do something about cotton, because we live on a cotton farm, and not many people at school know about cotton.”

The bolls and raw cotton came from her family’s Narrabri farm, the ginned cotton came from Queensland Cotton’s gin, and the spun fabric from CSIRO’s Geelong mill.

Issy Gourley with her “educational” cotton dress.

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safety

This cotton harvest, be aware of overhead powerlines Essential Energy wants you to stay safe on the LAND this harvest season: L ook up and live. Identify and mark powerlines at ground level. We can help with overhead network maps and powerline markers.

Always be aware of the location and current condition of poles and wires.

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Plan for a safe harvest season with free resources, tools, machinery signage and network maps. Visit us at essentialenergy.com.au/safety or call 13 23 91

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2018 cotton awards winners

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team of researchers from the University of Southern Queensland has been named the Cotton Seed Distributors Researchers of the Year at the 2018 Australian Cotton Industry Awards.

Cotton Australia CEO Adam Kay says each of the award recipients excelled in their field.

“The one thing all the recipients have in common is that they are constantly testing the boundaries of what can be achieved in their respective fields,” Adam says.

“Whether it’s making improvements to

Monsanto’s Tony May with the Monsanto Grower of the Year – Brett Corish from Goondiwindi, Federal Agricultural Minister David Littleproud and Cotton Australia’s Hamish McIntyre.

The AgriRisk High Achiever of the Year winner – Bernie Bierhoff, Farm Manager at Avondale Ag, Rowena, NSW with Deidre McCallum (AgriRisk) and Hamish McIntyre.

22 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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sustainability and water efficiency on farm, delivering crucial new research to farmers, making outstanding contributions to industry or leading the next generation of cotton growers – they’re all making significant advancements.”

The 2018 Australian Cotton Industry Awards recipients are:

Monsanto Grower of the Year Brett Corish, Corish Management Pty Ltd, ‘Mundine’ Goondiwindi Brett Corish is an innovative cotton grower who is committed to farming for the future.

Since taking charge of ‘Mundine’ Brett has implemented changes to improve water efficiency and yields. He is inventive in his approach to overcoming challenges on farm and his extensive involvement in research trials and industry bodies enables him to remain at the forefront of new technologies. From water boards to coach of the junior rugby team, Brett’s community involvement is extensive. His community work has also included time with the Cotton Growers’ Association, field day committees and Border Rivers Food and Fibre.

AgriRisk High Achiever of the Year Bernie Bierhoff for Avondale Ag, ‘Avondale’ Rowena, NSW Bernie Bierhoff has shown a strong commitment to progressive farming strategies, conserving water and supporting the local community. After more than 16 years in the position as farm manager, he has left an indelible mark on the family-owned business by achieving significant improvements in crop and soil management. Having more irrigable land than water available has lead Bernie to improve water efficiency over the years. He has developed a system that is beneficial for both the property and the environment.

Bernie responds to the challenges of managing such a vast area of land by maintaining flexibility in his approach. His tireless contribution to the wider industry has helped inform his holistic farming approach.

Bernie is actively involved in his local community, contributing to fundraising efforts for the local school and also working closely with the Walgett Cotton Growers’ Association.

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ADAMA Chris Lehmann Trust Young Cotton Achiever of the Year William Back, Auscott Ltd, Narrabri

William is an experienced agronomist who has recently taken on the role of manager of Auscott Ltd Narrabri’s significant farming operation. He is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the 9000-hectare cotton farm,

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enjoying the support of Auscott to pursue his desire to be at the forefront of cotton development. William has been involved in on-farm programs that are making important contributions to the constant improvement and management of cotton, such as running trials in cooperation with other researchers and organisations.

Cotton Seed Distributors Researcher of the Year Joseph Foley, Alison McCarthy and Malcolm Gillies, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba

The ADAMA Chris Lehmann Trust Young Cotton Achiever of the Year – William Back (centre) from Auscott Ltd, Narrabri.

Dr Joseph Foley, Dr Alison McCarthy and Dr Malcolm Gillies make up the University of Southern Queensland’s National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture smart automated irrigation team. The team’s most recent work has drawn upon many technological developments in irrigation management, measurement and control for application in cotton irrigation systems. The team has brought engineering expertise and knowledge to the cotton industry in a number of areas, such as in-field irrigation and water management skills, as well as software and instrumentation development for irrigation improvement.

IPF Service to Industry Award David Montgomery, Moree

CSD’s Phil Steel, David Littleproud (Minister for Agriculture and Water Resources) Dr Malcolm Gillies, Dr Alison McCarthy, Dr Joseph Foley and Hamish McIntyre.

Trent Cosh and Peter Corish with the IPF Service to Industry Award recipient – David Montgomery, Moree.

24 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

David Montgomery has provided exceptional service and shown significant commitment to the Australian Cotton Industry for decades.

He has grown cotton successfully across four different cotton regions – Emerald, Darling Downs, Gwydir and Murrumbidgee – over a period of over 30 years. David was also instrumental in establishing the Dunavant ginning and marketing business in Australia, of which he was the CEO for many years. In this role, he implemented marketing options such as forward contracts, which are all standard practice today.

David’s involvement in cotton industry bodies has been extensive and includes Chairman of the Australian Cotton Shippers Association, Cotton Australia Director, Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Australian Cotton Industry Council (ACIC), and CEO of Dunavant Australia, subsidiary of the world’s (then) largest cotton trading company. David’s contribution is driven by a desire to achieve the greater good and he has dedicated over 50 years to the agricultural industry and over 30 years to the Australian cotton industry. The cotton industry in Australia has been significantly and positively advanced through David’s involvement at all levels.

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2018 Cotton Conference wrap-up

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HE 19th Australian Cotton Conference kicked off on Tuesday, August 7 at the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre with more than 2500 people registering for the biennial event.

Now in it’s 38th year of operation, the renowned event played host to cotton growers and industry representatives from across Queensland and NSW over three massive days, concluding with the Australian Cotton Industry Awards gala dinner on August 9.

A joint initiative of Cotton Australia and the Australian Cotton Shippers Association and boasting nearly 30 major sponsors, the Australian Cotton Conference is one of the largest single-industry events to be held in the state.

Cotton Australia CEO Adam Kay said it was a pleasure to host such an event which saw more than 580 cotton growers through the doors over three days.

“The conference was a big success and our biggest to-date, with 2460 delegates attending, 28 sponsors and 110 exhibitors,” Adam said.

“We had 150 informative speakers and panellists share their perspectives on topics ranging from innovation on-farm to building strong relationships with fashion brands, to how we can continue to tackle important issues such as spray drift and water efficiency.

“The conference also successfully raised about $50,000 for our chosen charity, OzHarvest, which will go towards feeding Australians in need.”

Farms of the Future set to enhance productivity and sustainability More than 200 people packed into the first

Narrabri agronomist Robert Eveleigh had ideas about management in our modern climate.

session of the day on Tuesday to hear from industry professionals, inventors and investors about the potential to increase the use of farming technology.

Andrew Bate, SwarmFarm Robotics, spoke about introducing new and improved methods to cotton growers, his investment in SwarmFarm Robotics and his commitment to creating simple robotic farm technology which every farmer can use and maintain, without relying on expensive components. The aim is to enable the effective use of robotics to engage young farmers and keep young people on the land.

The Climate Question This session heard from Narrabri agronomist Robert Eveleigh, along with other specialists, about his ideas regarding the management of our modern climate.

Rebecca Darbyshire, NSW Department of Primary Industries spoke about the value cotton growers can and should place on climate forecasts in order to manage their crops.

Ben Henley, University of Melbourne spoke about interdecadal climate variability and climate change, while David Ricardo focused on climatic extremes in the lower Namoi.

Jon Welsh from CottonInfo looked at which climate models to use?

Pitch from the Paddock lets newcomers loose

Andrew Bate, SwarmFarm Robotics.

One of the most exciting sessions saw panellists Liz Alexander, Cotton Research and Development Corporation, Allen Haroutonian, X-lab, Fleur Anderson, Cotton Australia, and influential advisor from Network Ten’s Shark Tank Steve Baxter, Queensland Chief Entrepreneur, hear from 12 inventors about COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 25

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their new products and services aimed at cotton growers. The session left many on the edge of their seat as Steve put the inventors to the greatest test of all, justifying their product to a room of their peers and potential investors.

Of note were several data-based products which overlapped the use of thermal, satellite and drone imaging to determine yield and improve farm management strategies such as water and fertiliser use.

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Plenary sessions look to supply chain and the global market Key partners of the global cotton supply chain, including global brands Country Road Group, Kmart and domestic retailer Target Australia, along with representatives from Better Cotton Initiative (BCI), joined forces with growers and Cotton Australia to discuss the Australian cotton industry’s sustainability.

Brooke Summers from Cotton Australia provided an introduction to the Cotton to Market program, which promotes and encourages responsible and sustainable production locally and around the world.

New products and ideas for the farms of tomorrow Supported by Orica, this session saw a wide variety of new products and ideas presented to attendees, speed-dating style. From phone applications to growth stimulators and sustainable cotton farming methods.

Soils and nutrition take the spotlight Precision agriculture and soil nutrition were at the top of the line-up for the Wednesday afternoon session with speakers focusing on increasing profitability and connectivity on-farm.

Nick Gillingham, NG Agronomic Consultancy and Sundown Pastoral Co looked at the many

Winning photo: Simon McCutcheon (centre) with his sons Jesse 16 and Eli 13 – from Barooga Downs, Trangie.

26 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

The Pitch from the Paddock panel with Steve Baxter.

ways and opportunities for cotton growers to create a competitive advantage using connectivity.

Closing session The closing session asked industry professionals to push their boundaries.

Presented by ANZ, the ‘From the fields to the future’ closing session heard from ANZ Banking Services Business Domain Lead Nigel Dobson regarding emerging technologies in cotton and guest motivational speaker Rachael Robertson who was the second female to lead the Australian expedition to Davis Station, Antarctica.

Wrapping up the massive three-day event were The Betoota Advocate’s co-editors Clancy Overell and Errol Parker who treated the crowd to an irreverent overview of the Australian cotton industry.

Click 2.0 photo competition winners announced Cotton Australian’s Click 2.0 photography and video competition prize recipients were announced during the final session of the Australian Cotton Conference.

Camera equipment vouchers valued at $8000 were supplied by digiDIRECT as prizes.

The winners were: • Overall first place winner: Mandy McCutcheon, Trangie, NSW. • Overall runner-up: Cameron Stewart, Wee Waa, NSW. Category winners: • Aussie Cotton People: Mandy McCutcheon, Trangie, NSW. • Aussie Cotton Landscapes: Cameron Stewart, Wee Waa, NSW. • People’s choice: Bill Back, Narrabri, NSW.

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The future of cotton technology in Australia ���������������������28 Expanding cotton into northern Australia �������������������������34 GM cotton: Past, present and future ���������������������������������35

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The future of cotton technology in Australia

By Luis A. Burzio, Bayer Crop Science

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uch like the improvements in cell phone technology allowed me to take and post a selfie at the 2018 Australian Cotton Conference from the stage, innovations in agricultural technology have helped Australian cotton farmers become the most efficient cotton producers in the world.

Part of that technology has been the introduction of biotechnology traits to combat insect and weed pests. These innovations have enabled farmers to overcome challenges in their fields, optimising opportunities to deliver their best harvest every growing season. This has been Bayer Crop Science’s history in Australia and will continue to be part of the future commitment to deliver innovation that supports the Australian cotton farmer.

Every year, farmers make more than 40 decisions aimed at maximising their yields and getting the most out of the inputs they dedicate

to their farms. In a broad sense, farmers would like to always ensure fertile and healthy plants that grow well in their regions, while having the ability to control both weeds and insects to protect yield.

Research at Bayer Crop Sciences is focused on integrated farming systems that combine plant breeding, biotechnology, crop protection, ag biologicals and data science to help farmers make the right decisions. Australian cotton has its own unique challenges in terms of pests and weeds and the technology developed at Bayer has helped farmers make those decisions and solve those challenges.

Historically, Bayer has developed technology that has been adopted by and benefited Australian cotton farmers. From a biotechnology point of view, involvement in the Australian cotton industry started with Ingard cotton in 1996, which contained a single trait to protect against

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FIGURE 1: History and possible future of cotton biotechnology introduction in Australia. Future products are under development/evaluation for Australia and pending regulatory approvals.

lepidopteran pests and was first planted on only eight per cent of the cotton acres (Figure 1).

Four years later, the first-generation Roundup Ready cotton product was introduced that along with Roundup herbicides provided superior weed control within the cotton crop. These products were followed by an improved secondgeneration of both lepidopteran and weed control products – Bollgard II and Roundup Ready Flex.

Most recently, in 2016, Australian cotton

FIGURE 2: Improved weed control from the Roundup Ready Xtend Crop system in XtendFlex cotton.

farmers were the first in the world to benefit from the insect protection provided from Bollgard 3, Bayer’s latest generation of lepidopteran protection technology which incorporates a new mode of action against Helicoverpa spp. to maintain the efficacy and increase the durability of the trait while resulting in less restrictive planting windows and reduced refuge in Australia. It has been impressive and rewarding to see the fast and broad adoption of this product, planted on more than 95 per cent of the cotton acres in 2017.

Future introductions Roundup Ready The near future will see the introduction of the new Roundup Ready Xtend Crop system to Australian cotton growers. In terms of weed control, the Roundup Ready Xtend crop system will offer flexibility and help growers manage glyphosate resistant and other difficult to control weeds in their cotton crop (Figure 2).

Trait-wise it is the addition of the first triplestacked herbicide tolerant technology in cotton to the existing Bollgard 3 insect protection technology and it was developed to be tolerant to over-the-top applications of glyphosate, dicamba and glufosinate herbicides.

Images are from Monsanto field trials carried out in 2014 in Houston county, AL, US.

FIGURE 3: Field protection against thrips damage provided by mirid and thrips control traited cotton.

This system will provide effective, broad spectrum weed control and flexibility, continuing to provide farmers the ability to utilise reduced tillage practices on-farm. The combination of the best traits and chemistries will provide Australian farmers added choice and flexibility in their overall weed management systems in cotton.

Mirids and thrips The next insect protected cotton product being evaluated for the Australian market is aimed at protecting cotton against damage from mirids and thrips. In the US, under current agronomic practices, lygus and thrips are currently the most damaging insects in cotton, requiring increased sprays and costing farmers the most in terms of productivity.

Images are from Bayer field trials carried out in 2018 in Kununurra, Western Australia.

30 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

This biotech product has demonstrated highlevel field efficacy against lygus and thrips in US field trials and is currently in the regulatory

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process for cultivation approvals in the US and approvals from key import countries (FSANZ recently approved the event for food and feed import). Work has also started in Australia for cultivation submissions and early data suggests that the trait demonstrates efficacy, protecting cotton against early damage from thrips in the field (Figure 3).

This product has the potential to be the first to extend the spectrum of insect control in cotton beyond lepidopterans, potentially reducing insecticide use and protecting yield, which has positive implications for cotton

FIGURE 4: Fourth generation insect-protected (top panels) and herbicide-tolerant (bottom panel) cotton products.

Images are from Monsanto field trials carried out in 2017 in Scott, MS, US for Bollgard4 and in Hornersville, MO, US for the herbicide-tolerant traits.

32 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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growers and the environmental sustainability of their operations.

Next generation products Further into the future is the next generation of Bollgard and herbicide tolerant cotton (Figure 4).

The fourth-generation of Bollgard cotton, Bollgard 4 is being developed to offer farmers season-long protection and increased durability against key lepidopteran insect pests of cotton.

It is being designed to enhance earlier Bollgard products to provide multiple modes of action against tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, fall armyworm and pink bollworm.

This product targets these significant cotton pests with multiple proteins, further enhancing efficacy and durability with a diversity of insecticidal proteins. This product is designed to continue the success of these beneficial insectprotection traits.

The fourth-generation of herbicide tolerant cotton is being developed to be tolerant to multiple herbicides to manage herbicide resistance and control tough to control weeds including broadleaf and grasses. Herbicides for use over-the-top will continue to include glyphosate, dicamba, glufosinate and will add an additional mode of action, currently in development, to provide new crop protection options in cotton. Both products will likely be stacked and may also include the mirid and thrips cotton trait.

So Bayer Crop Science will continue to use science for a better life by shaping agriculture to benefit farmers, consumers and our planet.

The company is at the forefront of innovation in agriculture and will continue to invest in innovations that enable growers to costeffectively increase productivity and provide farmers with the best possible solutions to address their challenges.

Find out more at Bayer.com

We haven’t mastered this yet, but we can certainly help you turn water into more cotton!

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Expanding cotton into northern Australia

T

here’s growing optimism in the agricultural sector that the cotton industry will expand into northern Australia.

At the Northern Australia Food Futures Conference in Darwin recently, cotton and how the industry could grow was a hot topic of discussion.

This season, 350 hectares of cotton was grown at Kununurra in north-east Western Australia. That crop was trucked to Dalby in Queensland for ginning.

There’s hope that if all goes well, the amount of cotton grown in the region could eventually expand to thousands of hectares.

At the conference, Cotton Australia CEO Adam Kay spoke to ABC Radio’s Northern Territory Country Hour and said there is genuine enthusiasm for cotton in northern Australia.

“If you want to upscale and start growing big areas, you’ve got to have demand. To have demand, you’ve got to be growing a commodity that’s in demand globally, and that’s what you’ve got with cotton,” he said.

Inspecting a cotton crop in the Ord. 34 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

“We need farmers that are willing to invest their dollars to make this happen. Governments can only do so much in setting the policy parameters and the framework, and then you just need private enterprise to come in and take over.

“We hope that over the years, the research we’ve done up here in the north has shown them that you can grow the crop, and so now it’s just up to them to make the investments.”

Adam told ABC Radio the process of expanding the cotton industry into northern Australia had to be done properly and should not be rushed.

“To get the first commercial scale in WA is quite exciting, and then I think it will spread to other areas in the north,” he said.

“We’ve got smart farmers in this country who have got a land asset and a water asset, and they’re just trying to combine those to make the best possible return. When we go to scale, sometimes that best return comes from cotton.”

“If we’re going to do this, we’ve got to do it right.”

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GM cotton: Past, present and future

By Sander van der Krol, Wageningen University, Netherlands

G

enetic modification (GM) of plants is about the manipulation of a single or just a few genes, rather than randomly mixing all the genes of two cultivars, as is the case with conventional breeding. GM of plants started with the discovery that the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens can genetically reprogram plant cells to produce specific sugars for the bacterium by injecting a ‘sugar’ gene into plant cells.

Scientists have modified this natural form of GM by replacing the ‘sugar’ gene with our own gene of interest. For the rest it is just letting A.tumefaciens do its job of inserting the new gene and regrow a plant from the modified plant cell. During my own thesis research I used a trick by flipping the gene for petunia flower color before inserting it back into the plant (an anti-sense gene).

This antisense gene interacts with the normal gene for color, blocking its activity. As a consequence petunia flowers became white instead of purple. This trick became very useful to study what a gene is actually doing. Indeed, antisense or RNAi technology as it is called now, is now routinely used to study gene function.

The most recent addition to the tools of GM is also derived from bacteria. It turns out that bacteria can protect themselves against viral infection by rewriting the code of virus genes.

Again scientists have hijacked this system and now use it to rewrite the code of plant genes.

Only just a year ago it was demonstrated that this also works in cotton.

The three different GM technologies (adding, blocking and rewriting a gene)

are very important to figure out how genes work together. But scientists are still in the beginning of identifying genes to manipulate for agricultural applications.

Cotton has a complicated genome with duplications and about 32,000 genes per genome. Measuring where a gene is active can help point to relevant genes. For instance, the specific light receptor-gene PHYA is active in developing cotton fibre cells. Blocking its function with an antisense gene resulted in better cotton fibres, showing that PHYA is important for fibres. But we do not yet understand how blocking PHYA is doing this.

At present, only a handful of the thousands of genes of cotton have been tested for their effect on cotton traits. Moreover, multiple genes regulate most traits and scientists are just

Manipulation of two genes enabled a four-fold increase in flower size in Arabidopsis.

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 35

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beginning with multiple-gene manipulations.

For instance, we identified two genes that have a small effect on flower size, but manipulation of the two genes together (one overexpression and the other knock down) resulted in four-fold bigger flowers in our model plant Arabidopsis. Similar manipulation can now be tested in cotton to see if this also results in bigger flowers. But it is not sure whether such manipulations affect fibre quality or other important cotton traits. That is still a matter of trial and error.

Accumulated mutations Every time DNA (the stuff genes are made off) duplicates, small writing mistakes are made. It is estimated that in every individual of a new generation of the feared pest, the cotton bollworm, 600 new mutations have accumulated. Some of these mutations may lead to changes in proteins (the product of most genes).

Cotton has been made resistant against cotton bollworm through GM with the BT gene, but the continuously changing DNA of this pest may soon lead to a mutation which confers resistance against BT. Accumulating mutations that confer resistance against three different BT genes is less likely. So cotton with multiple BT genes is now used. Even so, resistance will develop over time.

We now know that it is important to allow the sensitive cotton bollworm to survive in so called refuge areas, close to where BT cotton is cultivated. When the resistant pest mates with the sensitive pest, the offspring will be sensitive to the BT toxin and resistant pests taking over the entire population may be prevented.

Also, because cotton with BT genes requires reduced use of pesticides, other minor pest may become new major pests. So BT cotton is not a silver bullet, but only one tool, next to sound cultivation practices, to find sustainable solutions for pest control.

We tend to think that nature is static, but the fact that resistance against BT cotton can emerge in just a few years illustrates how dynamic genes in nature really are. The

36 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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possibilities of the genetic code of genes are unimaginably large.

To illustrate this point: for an average size protein (the product of genes) the genetic code offers so many variants that it would take several times the age of the universe to make all possible proteins. This means that life on earth has not existed long enough for nature to explore and use all the different coding options.

So in every new generation of both plants and pests, new proteins arise that have never existed before.

Most of these new proteins will have no or a negative impact on the organism, but sometimes a new protein variant can give a new functionality that is beneficial to the plant or the pest. The forces of natural selection will than favor the propagation of such new beneficial gene in the population. For plants we have been selecting novel gene variants over centuries to improve crops in our agricultural breeding practices.

This was all done with no or little understanding on how genes function. But now we start to develop an unprecedented insight into how genes work, also in cotton, becoming more efficient in selecting beneficial gene variants. Even better, we now do not have to wait anymore for random mutations to produce a new beneficial gene variant. Through GM technologies we can now directly design such gene variants to improve cotton traits.

Our own research has shown that GM of a single gene in plants results in multiple unexpected changes. But we have also shown that such unexpected changes are minute compared to the very large unexpected changes introduced by conventional breeding.

Caution in the application of new varieties applies both to GM plants and to new varieties obtained through breeding. While we have no problem accepting new varieties obtained through breeding, we still tend to be much more cautious about GM cotton. The question is whether we can afford to ignore the potential good of GM crops. We are all facing the consequences of a changing climate, as Australia has experienced this winter with record droughts.

Development of new cotton variants that can be cultivated under these challenging conditions will need multifaceted approaches, with the potential of rapid implementation.

Here we can be optimistic about the possibilities of GM, provided we implement with a continuous awareness and monitoring of potential of ecological consequences of our agricultural practices.

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(PHOTO: David Petrikas)

Australian cotton production ������������������������38 Australian cotton area ����������������������������������38 NSW and Queensland area ���������������������������38 Value of production and exports �������������������39 Australian yields over time ����������������������������39 State area and production ����������������������������39 World cotton supply and use ������������������������40 Major cotton producers ���������������������������������40 World’s highest average yields ����������������������41

Price movement over time ����������������������������41 Stocks to use ratio and price �������������������������42 New York cotton futures �������������������������������42 World cotton (textile) consumption and market share ��������������������������������������43 Cotton’s market share by region �������������������43 Australian exports ����������������������������������������44 Australian exports by destination �����������������44 Major cotton exporters ��������������������������������44

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AUSTRALIAN PRODUCTION

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Australian cotton production

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NSW & Qld area (‘000 ha)

2017/18

2016/17

2015/16

2014/15

2013/14

2012/13

2011/12

2010/11

2009/10

2008/09

2007/08

2006/07

2005/06

2004/05

2003/04

2002/03

Australian cotton area

NSW Qld

88

76

2009–10

124

85

2010–11

348 243

2011–12

358 241

2012–13

284 159

2013-14

256 136

2014-15

124

73

2015-16

163 107

2016-17

370 187

2017-18*

346 139

SOURCE: ABARES

ABOVE: The impressive production came from a reduced planted area.

38 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

2017/18

2008–09

2016/17

21

2015/16

35

41

2014/15

109

2007–08

2013/14

2006–07

2012/13

214 121

2011/12

2005–06

2010/11

163 158

2009/10

2004–05

2008/09

101

2007/08

59

97

2006/07

165

2003–04

2005/06

2002–03

2004/05

328 199 290 119

2003/04

2000–01 2001–02

2002/03

313 151

2001/02

382 180

1999–00

1998–99

*Provisional

SOURCE: ABARE

Year

2001/02

NOTE: All cotton bales in this section have been converted to Australian standard 227 kg bales.

SOURCE: ABARE and ACG Est.

RIGHT: 2017-18 produced one of the biggest ever Australian crops.

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Value of production and exports ($million)

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LEFT: Good prices have ensured value of production was close to a record.

Australian yields over time

2018/19*

2017/18

2016/17

2015/16

2014/15

2013/14

2012/13

2011/12

2010/11

2009/10

2008/09

2007/08

2006/07

2005/06

2004/05

SOURCE: ABARE *Forecast

!

State comparison

AREA

PRODUCTION

2017/18

2016/17

2015/16

2014/15

2013/14

2012/13

2011/12

2010/11

2009/10

2008/09

2007/08

2006/07

2005/06

2004/05

2003/04

2002/03

2001/02

2000/01

1999/00

1998/99

SOURCE: ICAC

NSW Qld.

ABOVE: Yields bounced back in 2017-18 in a favourable season.

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 39

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WORLD PRODUCTION World cotton supply and use

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2017-18

2016-17

2015-16

2014-15

2013-14

2012-13

2011-12

2010-11

2009-10

2008-09

2007-08

SOURCE: ICAC

2006-07

Major cotton producers

!" $!$ ! #

RIGHT: The production surge has been led by India, China and the US.

SOURCE: ICAC

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18

!" $!$

" &

& #$

$ $ $ #

#$

%#$"

40 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

!% $" # ! #

RIGHT: World production has increased dramatically

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World’s highest average yields

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LEFT: Australian yields are again the highest in the world.

!

SOURCE: ICAC.

(Only countries producing over 200,000 bales.)

COTTON AND FUTURES PRICES Price movement over time

SOURCE: ABARE (*Forecast)

2018/19*

2017/18

2016/17

2015/16

2014/15

2013/14

2012/13

2011/12

2010/11

2009/10

2008/09

2007/08

2006/07

2005/06

2004/05

2003/04

2002/03

2001/02

NOTE: The Cotlook “A� index is an annual average figure.

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 41

LEFT: Both international and Australian cotton prices have continued to climb.

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SOURCE: ABARE *Forecast

%! $ &$ # % !

2018/19*

2017/18

2016/17

2015/16

2014/15

2013/14

2012/13

2011/12

2009/10

2008/09

2007/08

2005/06

2006/07

!# $%! $ %! &$ # % !

RIGHT: The stocks to use ratio has continued to decline.

!% !! ' "!&

Stocks to use ratio and price

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!% !! '

New York cotton futures: life of May contract

*% & # # +

42 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

%&

&

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$)

%

'

(

(!

(#

+

%&

&

#

$)

'

%

(

(!

(#

SOURCE: ICAC

RIGHT: The May 2019 Futures Contract reached historically high levels.

%$(# "$#' !+ ) &

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CONSUMPTION AND MARKET SHARE

SECTION 3 THE INDUSTRY IN FIGURES

World cotton (textile) consumption and market share

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LEFT: Per capita cotton consumption seems to be continuing a slow recovery.

SOURCE: ICAC

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Cotton’s market share by region

$$ # # " $ '$ " $

LEFT: Cotton’s market share has remained very stable for a few years.

#$ " %" !

#$ " %" !

"$ "

#

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

SOURCE: ICAC

& ! % $" #

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 43

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EXPORTS AND IMPORTS

Australian exports — 2017-18

(# "

! *'

# ! '

% #

#

# $# '

#

$&

)& *

( &

SOURCE: ABARE NOTE: Numbers in brackets are thousands of 227 kg bales

! #

ABOVE: Vietnam and Bangladesh now dominate our cotton exports.

BELOW: There have been a major shift in our export destinations.

BOTTOM: The US still dominate the export market.

Australian cotton exports — by destination (‘000 bales)

&

SOURCE: ABS

'" !

"

"

$ "

#%

" &

"

(&

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Major cotton exporters — 2017-18 (million bales) ,)$ . #"$"*+ ' & )((' (+ -(") ,)$& '"*+ ' '"' ) ,)$"' *( %" / $"*+ ' ,*+) %" ) /"% ' " '"+ + + *

"%%"(' % * $

SOURCE: ICAC

44 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

45

4

Border Rivers �������������������������������� 66 Darling Downs ������������������������������ 69 St George–Dirranbandi ����������������� 72 Dawson–Callide ���������������������������� 75 Central Highlands ������������������������� 78

S E C T I O N

Southern NSW ������������������������������� 46 Macquarie Valley ��������������������������� 50 Bourke ������������������������������������������� 53 Namoi Valley ��������������������������������� 56 Gwydir Valley �������������������������������� 62

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Lachlan, Murrumbidgee and Murray

This section brought to you in association with

By Jorian Millyard Crop area The 2017-18 cotton crop was up again on the previous year for Southern NSW with 90,010 hectares being sown (an increase of around 31,796 hectares).

The breakup of the area was: • Lachlan – 18,351, slightly up from last season.

Growing conditions

Southern NSW: Area and production

!

PLEASE NOTE‌

Ave Day Degrees*

#

$

Days

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Cold shock

27

20

8

Hot shock

1

0

8

"

!"

$ " # " $ "

Total Day Degrees: 2640 (+366); Total rain: 201mm (-51)

!

The 2017-18 season got off to a good start with some warm temperatures in late September, early October. This was followed by a cool change in later October early November which brought heavy rainfall to the Griffith area.

This resulted in some big losses in final plant numbers due to heavy infestation of black root rot.

By December the temperatures started to warm up which helped the crop make up for the cool snap during November. Crops started flowering by Christmas which was about two weeks earlier than the previous season.

Once again there was a mix of row spacing,

Hay 2017-18 seasonal climate

• Murrumbidgee – 67,220, up by about 60 per cent over last season. • Murray – 4439 hectares, this area continues to grow.

Once again southern NSW continues to grow, with the area planted increasing the season by about 55 per cent over last year with the biggest growth still coming from the Murrumbidgee area. The southern valleys made up over 20 per cent of the Australian crop.

$ " #

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

5

1

1

6

18

86 (-4)

8

19

9

3

3

51 (+22)

*Average day degrees from 1957 to 2017. Source: CSIRO.

46 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Total

This section contains a seasonal climate graph for each production area which compares day degrees, rainfall, hot days and cold shocks with the long term calculated average. It is important to note that the long term average figures used here relate to the 1957 to 2017 period, and will differ from the Bureau of Meteorology’s long term average information which generally goes back further (particularly for rainfall).

The information used for these graphs was generated using data provided through the SILO project, a business unit of the Bureau of Meteorology, and made available through funding from CRDC.   Further information regarding these organisations can be found at: • CSIRO at www.csiro.au; • CottAssist at www.cottassist.com.au; • The SILO project at www.bom.gov.au/silo; and, • The Cotton Research and Development Corporation at www.crdc.com.au.

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with 40 inch, 36 inch and 30 inch rows, with an increase in 30 inch especially towards the Murray area. But picking delays occurred due to the lack of pickers set up for the narrow row spacing.

Hormone drift caused a fair amount of damage in the south this year, especially around Swan Hill and along the Murray system. This was not only on cotton – all summer agricultural crops such as onions, grapes and organic crops were affected.

Early season: The season started off quite well with a warm start which got planting underway for some growers by mid-September.

The cold snap in November, with some heavy rainfalls, delayed some crops as they struggled to overcome seedling disease. December also saw some cloudy days which reduced the crops’ solar radiation uptake.

Mid season: Early fruit set was lower than the previous year and there was good early fruit retention. Flowering was two weeks earlier than the previous year.

Heat units, solar radiation and evapotranspiration through the flowering period tracked along the average for the south.

Late season: Crops during February experienced an increase in heat and also an increase in evapotranspiration. Days over 35°C were well up on the average as were days over 40°C. This put a lot of pressure on getting the last irrigation right so as to not affect boll fill.

There was some cavitation and pollen blasting but not as much as the previous year. Fibre quality was good, with only a little discounting occurring due to the high temperatures.

Rainfall was about average for the whole season this year. Some areas were up due to a big downpour in November.

Rainfall for the period of October to December was above average, but January to April was very dry.

Water use With a dry warm start to this season only seven per cent of the crops were pre-irrigated and planted into moisture, while about eight per cent were pre-irrigated and flushed. The balance, 85 per cent were dry sown this year and watered up.

Most of the crops in the south were siphon irrigated (57 per cent), with 31 per cent being grown on bankless systems. Only six per cent were irrigated with overhead irrigation and five per cent were irrigated with pipes through the bank. Only about one per cent of the cropping area was grown under drip.

Crops used an average of 10 ML per hectare

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Southern NSW

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP This section brought to you in association with

MAP LEGEND

of irrigation water and produced an average of 1.46 bales per ML. The water use this year was slightly above the previous season, mainly because of the warm finish and growers trying to fill late season bolls.

Insects Early soil insect pressure was low this year.

Most growers are using either in-furrow sprays or granular protection.

Thrip numbers were high early in the seedling phase. As planting insecticide residuals ran out, many crops were sprayed to minimise early fruit retention loss or any reduction in leaf surface area.

Mirid pressure was high again this year with crops being invaded during flowering through to early boll fill. Early control worked well, but as the canopy thickened up control became harder.

Some crops were reported to be sprayed twice to control mirids, with an average of a least one spray across most crops.

Heliothis pressure was low with the exception of some early high egg lays. This resulted in the odd crop being sprayed for eggs. Overall heliothis didn’t pose any issues this year.

Silverleaf whitefly was not a problem this year. There were some concerns due to the lateness of the crop and also that the late heat had the potential to build numbers. Some crops did receive a spray as a preventative measure.

In most cases silverleaf whitefly didn’t reach thresholds.

Mite pressure was low apart from a couple of crops with the odd hot spots. The hot spots were controlled by using variable rate spray technology.

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 47

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SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP This section brought to you in association with

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Disease This season Alternaria was evident at the seedling stage, appearing in fresh country as well as back to back. Some growers chose to spray while others waited for the heat to kick in and the crop grew away from it. Late in the season the disease appeared again. This time more growers chose to spray before canopy closure, so to not impact on boll fill.

Black root rot and Rhizoctonia were once again seen in back to back country. Growers are desperate to try anything to get these diseases under control due to the cool start generally seen in the south. If they don’t control these diseases they can be robbed of season length which can’t be made up like it can in the northern valleys.

Fusarium levels were once again low this year.

Rotations and variety selection helped reduce the incidence of this disease, as well as the come clean go clean message.

Verticillium wilt is one disease not generally seen in the south. This year it was not found in the disease survey but was reported in a few sites outside the survey points.

Weeds There is a high reliance on Roundup Ready cotton in the south. Some growers are starting to use other pre and post emergent weed control programs to combat resistance or to minimise the potential for it to develop.

This season fleabane and sowthistle were not as bad as previously seen. Growers are

48 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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getting onto the control earlier and also bringing cultivation into the mix.

Hormone drift was once again very high especially in the crops along the Murray River and around Swan hill. There is still a lot of complacency around the use of these products. Some organic crops lost their status due to a residual level being detected in the produce. Most of the drift came from two spray events about two weeks after big rainfall events. Some crops were totally wiped out while others lost anything from five to nine bales per hectare. The crops on the narrow row spacing were able to recover just slightly better than the wider row spacing, but generally if you were hit, you received some form of loss.

Defoliation and picking Defoliation in the south went well this year due to the warm finish, with picking taking place towards the end of April. There were still some growers chasing late bolls through to May. This season it was common to see two to three defoliation passes, which is one down on past seasons.

No issues with micronaire were seen this year across most crops. There were a couple that had high micronaire as a result of low retentions and/or moisture stress during the late part of boll fill.

Colour was good this year and most crops were either 11 or 21. Only very late crops saw the colour fall into the discount range (41+) Early picked crops had yields of around 14 bales per hectare, with the average for the south this year around 12. The range was between 9 to 16.2 bales per hectare, with many in the 13 to 14 bales per hectare range. There were some crops which were not harvested or only yielded about six bales per hectare as a result of hormone damage.

Ginning started in mid-May, with some fast throughput due to good quality dry cotton.

Quality was excellent with a high number of growers being paid premiums for their crop.

Overall the 2017-18 season was a good one for southern NSW. We saw some good yields for some first time growers. Next season is shaping up to be another good year for the south. But even with strong cotton prices, a high water price has seen some growers trade water rather than grow a crop, even though growing a cotton crop can give growers a better return than trading the water.

We are still seeing new growers enter the market, with the interest still growing along the Murray River. This year we will not see as much back to back country planted compared to the past two seasons.

For 51 years, Cotton Seed Distributors (CSD Ltd.) has provided the Australian cotton industry with the best seed, germplasm, treatments and biotechnology traits to deliver world leading yield and quality.

Founded in Wee Waa in 1967, CSD was formed through the vision of Australia’s foundation cotton growers and remains committed to the success of today’s cotton industry.

Proudly industry owned and grower focussed for 51 years.

Contact your local CSD Agronomist today to discuss your growing options Sam Lee

Jorian Millyard

James Quinn

 Extension & Development Manager  Queensland  0427 437 236  saml@csd.net.au

 Extension & Development Manager  New South Wales  0428 950 009  jmillyard@csd.net.au

 Marketing, Extension & Development Lead  0428 950 028  jquinn@csd.net.au

Chris Teague

Craig McDonald

Jacob Booby

 Border Rivers & Balonne  0428 950 021  cteague@csd.net.au

 Central New South Wales  0484 513 566  cmcdonald@csd.net.au

 Northern New South Wales  0428 950 054  jbooby@csd.net.au

Chris Barry

Bob Ford

Lucy Burrows

 Darling Downs & Central Queensland  0491 212 705  cbarry@csd.net.au

 Namoi Valley & Walgett  0428 950 015  bford@csd.net.au

 Central & Southern New South Wales  0428 950 033  lburrows@csd.net.au

Larissa Holland

Alice Devlin

 Queensland  0428 950 003  lholland@csd.net.au

 Gwydir Valley  0418 818 142  adevlin@csd.net.au

 www.csd.net.au  /CottonSeedDistributors  @csd_cotton

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Macquarie Valley

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP

By Amanda Thomas

This section brought to you in association with

Early season Cotton planting in the Macquarie began in late September with warm conditions and patchy rain, with most of the 37,000 hectares planted to Sicot746B3F and Sicot 748B3F. By November, day degree accumulation was below average while rainfall and insect pressure were varied. Some crops received rain in October around planting time and upstream (north of Warren) got some more rain around the time of first irrigation.

If we focus on the middle of the valley (Trangie) it was the difference in the number of cold shock days that seemed to have the biggest impact compared to the previous season. In 2016-17 we had 31 cold shock days (October– March) and last season it was just 16. The rainfall received was mostly effective, but it was well below average with some areas getting very little in-crop rainfall.

Macquarie Valley cotton area

Mid season There were several fields/farms affected (yield limiting) by off target spray drift in late December and early January. This was despite a cross industry targeted approach to give farmers access to more information and tools that could improve spray conditions and reduce the drift.

Day degree averages remained above average throughout mid-season though night

Warren 2017-18 seasonal climate

Late season

Ave Day Degrees*

$

&

#'

"

"

%

$%

' % & #" %#! ' %

" !!

Total Day Degrees: 2971 (+455); Total rain: 217 mm (-125)

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Days

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Total

Cold shock

24

9

5

1

0

0

1

6

46 (-21)

Hot shock

2

0

2

14

19

14

7

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58 (+26)

*Average day degrees from 1957 to 2017. Source: CSIRO.

50 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

temperatures were cooler, benefiting plant physiology and allowing most crops to make up for some of the spray drift damage and any early mirid pressure. Weather conditions were excellent during peak boll fill periods and this became evident when we put the pickers into the fields.

By February, early crops had finished and were being defoliated and silverleaf whitefly generally appeared to be under control, whether chemistry had been applied or not, indicating good insecticide and beneficial management.

Crops defoliated well and reports from the gins indicated excellent quality of picked cotton, with high yields likely a reflection of good management and less cold shocks during the season.

Once again, a mild March gave us time to finish off the later crops and mature the top fruit. Picking conditions were ideal across the valley and for the most part it went without hitch. The gins were filling early and running smoothly.

Insects The north of the region did experience early Helicoverpa egg lays and pheromone traps

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the district, but some problem fields are seeing a multi tactic approach with the use of some preemergent and some selective herbicides being introduced to control weeds such as fleabane.

This section brought to you in association with

“What a year� is how it will be remembered in this valley. The 2016-17 season had been tough and in many cases the hard work was not reflected in the overall yield that we attained.

We all had that in mind as we embarked on the 2017-18 season and budgets were adjusted accordingly.

When looking at a climate analysis of the two seasons, it was the difference in the cold shock days and night temperatures that produced the improved yields this season. In terms of day degrees, we still ended up in the same place Macquarie Valley: Area and production

Disease

The early season disease surveys conducted

by NSW DPI and CottonInfo showed that black root rot (BRR) was present on all fields that were surveyed across the valley. While the incidence was high, the severity was low compared to other seasons, so the plants had a greater ability to recover.

Rhizoctonia was also ubiquitous, but once again the severity was lower than previous years. After a cooler period in February we did see symptoms of Verticillium and Fusarium wilt show up in some fields that had pretty heavy boll loads. Stem cuts and lab tests confirmed that it was Fusarium wilt and Verticillium (both defoliating and non defoliating strains).

Alternaria was also common in up to 15 per cent of crops.

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Nutrition was pretty straight forward this season, with most growers choosing to do a combination of upfront and in-crop applications via spreading or water run urea (a dry winter and summer did not impact these plans).

Nitrogen budgets were close to the mark this season as most growers got close to the target yields that they had in the fertiliser budget. The average amount of nitrogen was reported to be around 280–340 kg, which included some back to back fields.

Weeds

Deep ripping demo at ‘Agriland’ hosted by Jim Bible.

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 51

Nutrition

Weed control programs worked well this year.

There were not a lot of escapes. Growers were getting on top of weeds early. There is still a high reliance on just Roundup Ready herbicide in

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP

Final yield and quality

showed that 75 per cent of moths captured were H. punctigera. Thrips were encountered across the region as insects gradually increased, likely aided by the increase in weeds after some patchy rain.

Insect pressure was down from the previous year, though mirids were reported to impact crops across the whole valley from early to late squaring. But retention generally remained high as crops continued to put on squares.

Helicoverpa caused patchy damage in some locations while low levels of mites and SLW were seen in the earlier crops. Beneficial numbers – thrips, lacewings, wasps, spiders, red and blue beetles and coccinellids – were relatively high and kept these pests in check in many cases.

Consultants reported that the SLW population did drop off significantly in February. We saw the odd populations of green vegetable bug (GVB) along some of the river country which did need controlling later in the season in some cases.

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but it was how we accumulated them that converted to yield at the end of the day.

This has been a record-breaking season for our valley. The conservative estimates of the average yield is around 14 bales per hectare.

Mike Shields at Auscott said quality has been excellent overall. He commented that colour would be 93 per cent 21 or better, micronaire was excellent with the lower Macquarie averaging in the higher bracket (4.6 to 4.9), and the upper Macquarie around Narromine etc in the 3.8 to 4.5 range.

These sentiments were also shared by Jacinta Condon, Marketing Services Officer Qld Cotton, who had a very positive report “What a high we have just come off. High price, high quality and high yields,” she said.

“The average yield is around 13.8 bales per hectare. Quality was excellent this year – no complaints in the export market. Perfect colour

D I S T R I B U T O R S

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and long staple. Best the Macquarie has ever grown looking back on historical data.”

Kylie Edwards is the Area Manager for the Macquarie, Lachlan and Murrumbidgee valleys for Namoi Cotton Co-Operative Ltd. She commented that yields have been phenomenal.

“The valley average for our clients is close 14 bales per hectare which has been the highest of all the cotton valleys in Australia this year. Yields above 17 bales per hectare were not uncommon and overall farm averages in some cases were above 16 bales per hectare. It set the bar high and proves we have the ability to achieve high yields when the environment goes with us.”

Highlights The main highlight was to have a decent production area that yielded a phenomenal amount of great quality cotton. This breathes life back into the small and robust communities in the valley who were suffering through one of the worst droughts on record.

The MCGA field days were well attended and although the weather was not great on the Warren leg we were able to jump into the cars and have a ‘two way’ tour around ‘Mumblebone East’ (Gus and Sophie O’Brien) and ‘Wingfield’ (Glen and Narelle Whittaker) who were the 2017 growers of the year. The Narromine day was a great success – we were able to see some deep ripping at ‘Agriland’, cotton grown under lateral moves at the iconic Trangie Research Station then back to an old fashioned machinery demo at ‘Westwood’ hosted by Neil Mill of AFF developments.

The valley formed the SOS (stop off target spray drift) committee and hosted many info sessions and major field days and workshops that provided expert information on how to ‘keep the spray heading down.’ This was a cross industry approach and involved all farmers and agronomists working to stop off-target drift.

CSD held some great CMT (cotton management tours) in Warren and Narromine as well as information/field days in the newer growing regions such as Forbes, Geurie and Dunedoo.

Prospects for the 2018-19 season

Narromine 2018 MCGA field day machinery on display.

52 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

We have a projected figure of about 18,000 hectares going in for the 2018-19 season. It has been a slightly cooler start, but its looking like heating up in the coming weeks. Rainfall was patchy and varied as it came in a wave of storm activity across the region. Spirits are high off the back of the record breaking season which we hope to exceed in the future. I can’t wait to do the next update and spill the details of the grower of the year awards – “its going to be a cracker.”

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Bourke

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP

By Craig McDonald Insect pressure could be described as having been light with only secondary pests needing to be controlled.

The 2018-19 season does not look promising for the Bourke area as there is no water available at this stage. Fingers are crossed for substantial rain in the upstream catchments to help with greatly improved river flows and increased irrigated opportunities downstream.

Bourke 2017-18 seasonal climate

Ave Day Degrees*

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15

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*Average day degrees from 1957 to 2017. Source: CSIRO.

Bourke: Area and production

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 53

B

ourke again experienced a hot summer with a very long and dry end to the cotton season. Planting commenced in late September 2017 and crops got established well helped by 166 mm of rain from October to December 2017. Day degrees again topped 3000. Cold shock days were down on last year and hot days above 40°C were less than last year but were still well above average. Night temperatures above 25°C were also down on last season which helped the crops recover somewhat from high day temperatures.

The area planted was down on last year to only a few thousand hectares purely due to lower water availability. Crops that had enough water to finish them off yielded quite well and fibre quality was generally base or above.

There were 10 plus irrigations on most fields as there was little if any rain during the key cotton growing period.

Crop development was good with counts of over 150 bolls per metre being achieved. Lint weights per boll were slightly down on average for the main monitored variety. A long end to the season helped the crops finish off and the colour and grades were good in ginned bales.

Unfortunately some crops did not have enough water to go right through and were finished off early with the yield impact dependent on how many irrigations they received.

This section brought to you in association with

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ADVERT

MANAGING HELICOVERPA

C

ontrolling Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera in pre-podding chickpeas is often considered unwarranted due to the plant’s ability to compensate for Helicoverpa damage and the low likelihood of incurring yield or quality losses during vegetative and early flowering stages.

The economic threshold calculator developed by Queensland DAFF is based on this principle, with an emphasis on controlling the most damaging larval stages between pod set and maturity.

However, strategic use of nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) such as Vivus Max during chickpea flowering has been used for many years by many growers to manage Helicoverpa leading into the critical podding stage.

Using Vivus Max early shows significant value in certain crops (such as soybeans) when used during flowering against prethreshold populations of Helicoverpa. This technique relies on larvae dying from NPV infection and releasing huge amounts of the virus. In this way a single, low rate Vivus Max application can be used to “inoculate the crop” with NPV, and establish a natural virus infection cycle for many weeks or months.

AgBiTech, in collaboration with consultants and growers throughout the northern grain belt, undertook a trial program over several seasons to evaluate the early (pre-podding, subthreshold) use of Vivus Max in chickpeas. The key questions to answer about this use pattern were: 1. Can it provide useful suppression of Helicoverpa during pod-fill?

2. Does the suppression delay the onset of economic threshold populations of Helicoverpa?

3. Is this sufficient to delay the need for threshold applications of insecticides or reduce the likelihood of needing a cleanup spray close to harvest?

4. Can early NPV reduce the level of pod damage compared to a conventional management strategy (i.e. threshold application of insecticides)?

5. Does a half rate of Vivus Max (75 mL/ha) provide an effective “inoculation dose”?

Trial Program Large-scale trials were conducted from Quirindi, NSW to Emerald, Qld using commercial / grower spray equipment.

The trials were laid out in single fields that were initially split into two. One half was managed using the normal commercial insecticide regime and the other half was treated with a prethreshold application of Vivus Max. Each section was managed individually, and in some cases each section was further split as the season progressed to allow for different treatment regimes.

Damage Reduction The key benefit of using NPV early is that the presence of the virus minimises the number of larvae that develop beyond 3rd instar and into the most damaging stages. This greatly reduces the “sub-threshold” damage that occurs prior to the application of a knockdown insecticide, and will also minimise damage from larvae that may survive an insecticide spray.

This graph shows that under high insect pressure, a single application of Vivus Max (applied two weeks before the crop reached economic threshold, when it was sprayed with Steward) provided greater damage reduction than the threshold spray of Steward. This

TORIAL

A IN CHICKPEAS WITH NPV exceptional level of performance from NPV is not usual, but shows that when applied early and under good conditions, Vivus Max can be very effective in chickpeas. The combination of the early Vivus Max with a threshold Steward spray was the best performing treatment and provided over 60% damage reduction compared to Steward alone.

Delayed/Fewer Insecticides It is often reported that early applications of Vivus Max

in chickpeas delays larval numbers reaching economic threshold. Results from the trial program confirmed this effect in the majority of situations – an example can be seen in the graph [below] where threshold levels were delayed by 10 days due to the use of Vivus Max. In addition, the number of 4th and 5th instar larvae remained low in the Vivus Max treated area. Depending on the season, delaying the first chemical insecticide can have the effect of eliminating the need for a “clean-up” spray close to harvest.

Why Vivus Max instead of Synthetic Pyrethroids?

Under sub-threshold conditions, application of synthetic pyrethroids (SP’s) for Helicoverpa control will have limited

NPV infected larva in chickpeas to no economic benefit. SP’s usually offer good control of eggs and larvae that are present, but have short residual control. NPV inoculation using Vivus Max will provide ongoing suppression of Helicoverpa for many weeks, with no disruption to beneficial species that may be present (such as ants and spiders).

The Recommendation The trial program showed that early applications of Vivus

Max at low rates gave a consistent economic benefit to chickpea farmers under both low and high pressure scenarios.

AgBiTech’s recommendation is as follows: l Use Vivus Max at the registered rate of 75mL/ ha (with or without Optimol); l Apply after larvae first appear and before the presence of pods – larvae must be present to get the “NPV inoculation” benefit; and, l If possible, time applications to be applied in mixture with other pesticides – Vivus Max is highly compatible in mixture.

For further information contact AgBiTech on 1800 242 519 or visit www.agbitech.com

Always read the product label prior to using Vivus Max Vivus and Optimol are Trademarks of AgBiTech Pty Ltd

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By Bob Ford

This section brought to you in association with

T

he 2017-18 season in the Namoi was a strange one that overall delivered good results if you could keep the water up to the plant. For the second year running there was very little summer rainfall and dryland growers and pivot irrigation growers suffered because of this. Major spray drift events impacted on crop growth through December and January and crop maturity was delayed and there was some yield loss. Irrigators who kept the plant out of stress

Narrabri West 2017-18 seasonal climate

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SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP

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for the majority of the time developed a strong robust crop with good fruit retention due to low insect pressure for most of the season.

There was good water allocation this season following on from the filling of the major dams in the 2016 winter. A total of 90,261 hectares was grown across the Upper (32,253 hectares) and Lower Namoi out to Walgett (58,000 hectares). The dryland area was down on the previous record crop due to dry weather through the previous summer and winter.

Irrigated yields were above average in the lower Namoi, averaging 14 bales per hectare with some reports of 17 bales per hectare fields. The upper Namoi yields were also good, dependent on plant stress, but averaged 13 bales per hectare.

Dryland yields suffered across the Namoi with the better yields coming from crops planted after November utilising rainfall in late February.

Dryland yields in the lower Namoi averaged 2.3 bales per hectare while in the upper Namoi they were better, but down on average at 3.2 bales per hectare.

& $ % "!

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Nov

Dec

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Feb

Mar

Apr

Total

Cold shock

22

7

5

0

0

0

0

3

37 (-19)

Hot shock

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1

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17

21

12

8

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59 (+29)

*Average day degrees from 1957 to 2017. Source: CSIRO.

Namoi Valley: Area and production

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56 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Rob Eveleigh who retired from CSD but is still farming at Gurley.

Why cotton is the crop to pick

Better Gross Margins

Simplified Weed & Pest Control

Greater Flexibility

Less Risk

Marketing Opportunities

Consistently higher gross margins

Biotechnology in cotton means less insecticides

Greater flexibility in planting windows allows optimum planting schedules

Advances in breeding and biotech have reduced risk

Forwarding options and the small size of the domestic market

More and more Australian growers are discovering the benefits of including cotton in their crop rotations. If you’ve been thinking about joining them, the Acres of Opportunity website is a great place to start.

www.acresofopportunity.com.au Monsanto Australia Pty Ltd. ABN 86 006 725 560. 12th Floor, 600 St Kilda Road, Melbourne VIC 3004. Postal Address: PO Box 6051, St Kilda Road Central, VIC 8008, Australia. Phone: 61 3 9522 7122. au.smarterfarming.info Cotton Seed Distributors Ltd (CSD). ABN 84 000 568 730. ‘Shenstone’, 2952 Culgoora Road, Wee Waa, NSW 2388.

Postal Address: PO Box 117, Wee Waa, NSW 2388, Australia. Phone: 61 2 6795 0000. Fax: 61 2 6795 4966. www.csd.net.au

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SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP This section brought to you in association with

MAP LEGEND

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Planting – early season Soil conditions were generally good on long fallows but a bit rough on back to back country as the dry winter left crop residues and some large clods that did not break down before planting. Soil and ambient temperature was ideal as of September 20 with 34°C days up until October 5 when it turned cool for 10 to 15 days causing slow plant growth and poor seedling vigour and there was one per cent replant.

Establishment across the Namoi was helped by 30 mm of rain in October which virtually brought every seedling up, which in some circumstances was not ideal as growers were allowing for some plant death due to the cool weather.

Thrip pressure was high this season, as there very few green crops in October and November for the pests to feed on.

Due to a dry winter most fertiliser was applied up front with topping up when required throughout the season.

Upper Namoi Valley

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Temperatures started to rise through November leading into December with good plant growth through this period.

Mid season Leading into flowering there were very few insects causing damage, but a number of spray drift events close to Christmas caused significant damage to crops across the Namoi, particularly at Walgett, where some crops were written off, mainly because there was not water and time to finish them. Some crops that were impacted were grown out and given more water and ended up with some very good yields, but lint quality wasn’t ideal.

Temperatures soared through January, and with little rainfall, dryland crops shut down and cut out early. Some dryland crops flowered for only 16 days. Irrigation was stressed particularly with overhead irrigation trying to get around fields in a timely manner. For crops that were watered well, mainly on furrow, good growth and fruit retentions lead to high boll numbers in February above 160 bolls to the metre.

Late season For many of the Namoi crops, water use was very high, with many growers using over 10 megalitres per hectare in furrow irrigation and seven megalitres per hectare in overhead irrigation systems. The upper Namoi at Breeza that usually uses two irrigations and around three megalitres used five megalitres due to the dry start and hot season.

For those growers who had water, the seasonal conditions were ideal in March and April with warm conditions finishing off bolls at the top of the plant leading to better yields.

Defoliation was a lot better than the previous season with two defoliants being applied on a majority of the crops. Some dryland crops required three defoliants and even then some crops refused to drop leaf.

Picking

Lower Namoi Valley

58 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Picking commenced in late March in the lower Namoi and Walgett and noticeably yields were very good – around the 13 bales per hectare mark. They only improved into April with many crops hitting 14–15 bales per hectare across the lower Namoi. The upper Namoi started in midApril and, dependent on stress applied to these cross due to watering constraints, yields were reasonably good around 12 bales per hectare with some crops at Boggabri yielding 14 bales per hectare.

Crops that ran short of water were generally two bales per hectare down on fully irrigated.

There was some good skip row irrigated crops

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that yielded seven to eight bales per hectare with five to six megalitres per hectare in the lower Namoi.

Many of the dryland crops were grown out or had a second coming with rainfall falling in late February which helped fill some top bolls, but unfortunately the damage had already been done in most of these crops and yields varied widely but were below average around two bales per hectare. Planting date was the leading factor in dryland for improved yield, with

D I S T R I B U T O R S

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November planted crops generally having the better dryland yields.

The quality in irrigated crops was mostly outstanding with around 90 per cent of the crop having grades of 31-3 or better and with good strength and micronaire. There was some slightly higher micronaire on irrigated crops that were grown out in the lower Namoi.

Dryland quality was very poor overall, attracting penalties for length down to 33s but averaged 35s. Strength was also down below 28 grams/tex in October planted dryland crops.

There were penalties for both low and high micronaire – just a poor dryland year all round.

Insects There was very little insect pressure throughout the season apart from the heavy thrip pressure early and some mirid and whitefly sprays through the season. Growers generally put on two insect sprays for the season and very little spraying was done on dryland due to the state of the crop.

Disease

A good roll-up for the Bellata field day held in February.

There was some seedling disease early in the season with the cool weather that existed in mid-October, but warm weather in November helped with these issues.

Verticillium wilt in the lower Namoi came in late, but due to the crop fruiting so early on nodes 5–6, the crop had matured relatively early and the Verticillium wilt didn’t impact on yield.

It was a different case in the upper Namoi with the disease effecting late maturing crops. Due to the warm season, the Verticillium wilt didn’t really get the chance to bare its ‘teeth’ across the Namoi valleys.

Next season It is not looking good next season for cotton hectares. Keepit Dam is at 10 per cent and Split Rock Dam is at 13 per cent. There is some carryover but very few releases are planned for the season. The region needs a major rainfall event to refill soil profiles and the major dams.

As a consequence, the irrigation country across the Namoi and Walgett will be around 25,000 hectares and a majority will be grown by bore water.

The dryland cotton scenario is bad with very little rainfall falling in winter or spring. There will be no early planting and there will need to be a four inch fall for growers to contemplate planting.

There are a number of growers on long fallow from the 2016 winter drenching who will need less rainfall (30–40 mm) to plant, but even these fallows are drying back by the day.

60 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Gwydir Valley

By Alice Devlin

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was left to fallow. In the end, just over 48,000 hectares of irrigated and almost 15,000 hectares of dryland cotton was planted in the Gwydir.

By early January, the irrigators were sitting in a comfortable position with crop architecture looking nice. First fruiting branches were at the 5th or 6th node and low insect pressure through the start of the season saw retentions high around 80 to 90 per cent. After flowering around Christmas time at 6 or 7 NAWF, a hot, dry January tightened irrigation intervals but generally boll load was strong leading into cut out. Some mirid activity built over Christmas and New Year, but beneficial numbers were high and some growers avoided having to spray at all to this point. After a strong start for the dryland crop, a lack of rain and high temperatures into the New Year shortened flowering periods and let to early cut out.

Warm temperatures and above average day degrees through February and March provided good conditions through boll fill. A second heat wave hit in February resulting in some lost fruit on crops with very high fruit loads.

Intermittent storms and cloudy weather also put pressure on the plant to hold at some very impressive yield potentials, though the rain was

eaving the ghosts of 2016-17 cotton season behind, and following a very dry winter in 2017, good rainfall in October set the Gwydir Valley up for an optimistic start to the season. Most irrigators were able to plant into moisture, taking some pressure off their water budgets but posing a few challenges in planting into what were just one month earlier very dry hills.

The outlook for dryland growers was also improved, but with profiles needing a lot of rain to fill them, much of the western country

The Gwydir Valley cotton area

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Gwydir Valley: Area and production

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62 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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warmly received as irrigators were nervous about finishing their crops on limited water.

Area Wide Management groups continued through this period, with silver leaf whitefly front of mind for careful management.

Consistent mirid numbers through flowering had been well managed with only limited yield impacts, and whitefly numbers also remained low. Exceptionally high thrip infestations hampered crops and agronomists alike, but their actual impact on yield was up for debate.

Heading into defoliation, boll loads were commonly 160 to 180 bolls per metre, and apart from two gaps due to heat waves, retentions were generally high and second and third position fruit was abundant. Dry, sunny and

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP This section brought to you in association with

Moree 2017-18 seasonal climate

Ave Day Degrees*

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#

$

"

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$ " # " $ "

Total Day Degrees: 3085 (+380); Total rain: 420 mm (-29)

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warm days through April and May made for a seamless defoliation of two or three passes and clean cotton.

At the end of the season, irrigated yields averaged around 12 to 13 bales per hectare, with a notable few over the 15 bales per hectare mark. Quality was very good, with the only issues being isolated incidents of high micronaire.

In dryland cotton, planting date had a major influence on results. The early cotton that cut out early in January didn’t yield much over two bales per hectare, whereas later crops that benefited from the late February rainfall were markedly better – many over three and four bales per hectare.

Quality in dryland was a similar scenario, with the presence of some high micronaire, but length and strength were a little better than expected. Variety trial results saw Sicot 748B3F shine through in irrigated this season. The indeterminant nature of this variety gives it an advantage in tougher seasons, where it seems to have held on to fruit a little better through any heatwaves of January and February.

$ " #

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21

2

3

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14

23

11

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64 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Border Rivers

By Chris Teague

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he 2017-18 cotton season started with plenty of optimism particularly after putting the extreme season of 2016-17 behind. The long range forecast indicated a cooler and wetter summer ahead, many irrigators had access to on farm water accumulated late in the previous summer and upstream storages were around 87 per cent of capacity.

Wet weather did eventuate through October and November which saw sporadic planting opportunities between events and allowed for some upside in dryland plantings. From this point the tap effectively turned off until late February. Climatic conditions contributed to a season that proved to have its fair share of challenges resulting in high variability in yields with a range of 9.5 to 14 bales per hectare from irrigated crops and around one to three bales per hectare for dryland.

Growing season Early and late planted crops got away well, but crops planted in the more traditional window went through some fluctuations in

Boll rot in lower canopy.

66 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

The Border Rivers cotton area

weather which slowed their development.

Dryland crops were still touch and go, but storm events in mid to late November did see plantings increase.

Early insect pressure was generally light, but there were some reports of consistent Helicoverpa pressure to the west. December offered good growing conditions which allowed some of the slower crops a chance to catch up, with the early crop powering along. By now it was becoming apparent that the cooler, wetter summer that had been forecast was unlikely to eventuate as temperatures increased through mid-December into January and no significant rain was seen. Irrigated crops were performing well under the clear skies with crops generally setting up well and retentions were high.

Hot and dry conditions persisted through January into February – a critical period for most crops that were at the flowering and boll filling stage. Through this period high temperatures, dry air and some warm nights persisted with many crops starting to feel the pinch with some shedding and cavitation evident, although fortunately not to the extent observed the previous season. Given the conditions, crops were mostly on a 6–10 day irrigation schedule and it was becoming apparent that some water budgets needed to be reassessed. Needless to say, dryland crops through this period did it tough with little to no effective rainfall.

Insect pressure was light with a range of zero to two sucking pest sprays reported which was a stark contrast to the previous season.

Silverleaf whitefly (SLW) were observed at low levels from late December. Even though insect pressure was generally light, there was definitely a heightened awareness of IPM with good attendance observed at a number of Area Wide

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Defoliation and picking

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP

Conditions proved ideal for defoliation with temperatures perfect for dropping leaf and in many cases crops were finished and ready to be defoliated. This season saw mixed feedback on defoliation with some jobs working well with excellent results in two passes, yet others maintained a three pass strategy.

The ideal conditions persisted through much of the picking of the main crop, allowing long hours in the field which saw picking wrap up relatively quickly. Conditions ultimately did start to turn and defoliation and picking slowed for the later crops.

This section brought to you in association with

Goondiwindi 2017-18 seasonal climate

Ave Day Degrees*

!

#

$

"

!"

$ " # " $ "

Total Day Degrees: 3090 (+307); Total rain: 334 mm (-120)

$ " #

Days

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

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Cold shock

17

2

2

1

0

0

0

7

29 (-11)

Hot shock

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1

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14

26

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61 (+34)

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Macintyre Valley: Area and production

!

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 67

Management (AWM) meetings throughout the season.

These meetings were facilitated by CottonInfo with general discussion on a range of topics with good consultation on SLW management which proactively contributed to setting a voluntary 30-day spray window for Pyriproxyfen application commencing from January 20 to February 20 for the Macintyre. Mungindi nominated a slightly earlier period with the original window from January 15 to February 15 which was then amended to January 28 to February 28 following TIMS Committee approval.

The other main topic of discussion at AWM meetings and generally was damage caused by phenoxy drift. Damage at various levels was observed from late November with observations continuing well through January. Reports ranged from slight (some with consecutive events) to some very severe instances of drift damage.

The test will be this summer as the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) has issued changes to the 2,4–D label.

A new permit now applies to all 2,4–D products and is targeted at eliminating these incidents of drift.

Scattered rain events occurred through late February and storms through early March delivered mixed totals ranging from 10 to 100 mm.

The storm rains had a mixed impact on dryland crops. It was too late for many to significantly improve yield potential but allowed existing bolls to fill under less stressful conditions. Later planted dryland crops did benefit from these falls, as a mild and dry autumn persisted and allowed these crops to mature in good conditions.

The storm events mentioned had a downside for many irrigated crops with an increased incidence of boll rot and tight lock observed after these events.

With the wet weather came drops in temperatures which did see the incidence of Verticillium wilt and Fusarium wilt increase, particularly in areas with a known history of these diseases Once the weather cleared, the run to the finish for the season was ideal for finishing crops and for defoliation with an above average mild and dry finish. Irrigations ranged from 7–12 depending upon soil type and availability.

Growth regulation or Pix requirements were reduced because of higher retentions, with some crops receiving a dose at flowering and most receiving a cut out application.

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Yields and quality

Field days and events

A wide range of yields were observed from 9.5 to 14 bales per hectare for irrigated crops and generally one to three bales per hectare for dryland. A trend seen last season and repeated again was that later planted crops tended to have the highest average yields. General feedback via ginning organisations suggests that the majority of cotton presented relatively dry and clean and that turnouts were high. Quality in general was excellent with good colour. A small percentage of high mic was evident as well as some short staple in some dryland crops.

CottonInfo’s research tour focusing on ‘optimising irrigation and nitrogen’ was held at ‘Mundine’ in February. This tour allowed growers to hear from leading researchers with the discussion focusing on using benchmarking to quantify irrigation losses on farm; understanding nitrogen loss pathways; determining how irrigation management influences losses in crop N uptake; and, maximising irrigation system performance.

The Macintyre Valley Cotton Field Day Committee (MVCFDC) held a well attended field day on Wednesday, March 14, hosted by Tom and Charm Arnott at ‘Fairfield’, Boggabilla.

A farm and agronomic season overview was followed by three concurrent sessions covering principles of defoliation, SLW management, drift and camera spraying technology, managing subsoil constraints, LoRaWAN technology and industry updates from Cotton Seed Distributors, Monsanto and Cotton Australia.

The MVCFDC organised another successful Annual Charity Golf Day on July 27. Major sponsor was B&W Rural and 120 golfers had a great day with money raised contributing to the Goondiwindi State High School Bursary.

Tom and Charm Arnott from ‘Fairfield’.

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The Australian Cotton Conference drew to a close on August 9 with the Cotton Industry Awards Night which saw Brett Corish and his team at ‘Mundine” take out the 2018 Monsanto Grower of the Year award.

The 2018 Macintyre Valley Cotton Awards dinner was held on August 24, and was a credit to the MVCFDC for a well organised and wellattended evening with over 200 in attendance.

The night was also a celebration of the 40th anniversary of cotton growing in the Macintyre valley. Farm of the year was awarded to Tom and Charm Arnott at ‘Fairfield’, Boggabilla. A full list of award winners is listed in the October– November 2018 district report in The Australian Cottongrower magazine.

The Mungindi Cotton Growers Association Charity Golf Day was held at ‘Royal Mungindi’ on August 31 and although dust storms and 50km/hr winds offered some challenging conditions, a great crowd rolled up. Fundraising and donations for the day raised $14,000 which goes back into the Mungindi community. A real credit to the organisers!

2018-19 season We are currently looking at a drier scenario this season with irrigated crop areas looking well down on last season. Across the valley, western areas did receive several good, but isolated falls in late August.

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Darling Downs

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP

By Sam Lee, CSD

This section brought to you in association with

T

he 2017-18 cotton season on the Darling Downs was again one of extremes. Areas were down from the previous season, with just under 30,000 hectares of irrigated cotton planted while the dryland area was just over half of last year’s total, with around 30,000 paddock hectares planted. Although there was some reprieve from the relentless heat of the previous record year, hot and dry conditions still dominated the weather pattern.

of watering up. But most crops established well under the circumstances despite the cool change.

In general, emergence was quite good right across

Darling Downs cotton area MAP LEGEND

Establishment and growing conditions

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While August and September were very dry leading up to planting, some reasonable rain fell in early to mid October, with decent falls over consecutive weekends allowing many growers to plant on moisture during late October and early November.

The weather, which had been warming up quite nicely until the end of October, took a dive with the minimum temps falling to single figures over a few days while many growers were in the middle

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 69

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the Downs, with very even Dalby 2017-18 seasonal climate stands established in most Total Day Degrees: 2734 (+167); Total rain: 450 mm (-47) cases.

The tap seemed to turn

off following the October

rainfall, which was not

such an issue for irrigation

scheduling, but far from

ideal in dryland situations,

where the moisture was Ave Day Degrees*

quickly disappearing

as the weather turned

warm. No worthwhile rain

would be seen again until ! # $ " !"

December, but that came in large downpours which

$ " # were largely ineffective and quickly ran off. These Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Days Total storms were also quite wild 1 8 1 0 0 0 8 36 (-8) Cold shock 18 and for the second time in 2 0 0 4 7 8 0 0 21 (+8) Hot shock as many seasons, severe *Average day degrees from 1957 to 2017. Source: CSIRO. hailstorms wreaked havoc across parts of the Downs, For the majority of early planted dryland crops, damaging crops and destroying infrastructure. this rain was too little, too late and the crops The new year brought warm weather and dry suffered accordingly. But it was quite a boost for conditions. There were changes which brought some late dryland crops and also saved many hopes of rain but aside from a couple of heavy irrigators who were looking at the possibility of falls in February, there was little rain to speak of. being one water short in some paddocks. Overall

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SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP

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the Downs received very close to its average annual rainfall this season, but unfortunately this fell in single events, rather than being spread out across the season.

Insects, disease and weeds

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70 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Fortunately, pest pressure was quite low this season in comparison to last season’s craziness, particularly with early season pests. There was a reprieve this season from the relentless waves of mirids that came through last season, seemingly every time the wind changed.

There were some insect sprays early season and more applications throughout the season to keep pest numbers down, but overall the pest pressure was quite low and spray numbers were minimal in most cases. In terms of disease, Fusarium was not a huge problem and although the areas and severity of Fusarium seem to become less each season, the weather conditions these past two seasons have not really been conducive to outbreaks.

ENQ030_ENERGYQ_Cotton PRESS_186x125mm_FA.indd 1

D I S T R I B U T O R S

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yielding in excess of 16 bales per hectare. Crops performed quite well when they had full water.

The majority of the cotton ginned this season on the Downs was also very good in terms of quality and classing results.

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP This section brought to you in association with

The coming season With very little winter crop having been planted, large areas of fallow and the price of cotton still remaining at $600 a bale or above, there is the opportunity for a big plant on the Downs if there is significant rainfall.

Darling Downs: Area and production

!

Dryland cotton was a very mixed bag this season, with the early crops that received little to no rain suffering under the conditions and producing at the lower end, around one to two bales per hectare. Those dryland crops that were later or for which the February rainfall was effective were much more productive, with average yields of five to six bales per hectare and others upwards of this towards eight bales per hectare. There was even a new record set for dryland cotton in the CSD trials program, with a grower near Clifton producing over 11 bales per hectare.

Overall, irrigated yield results on the Downs were very good for the 2017-18 season, with average yields between 11–15 bales per hectare and some of these best crops in the area

S E E D

Yield and production

C O T T O N

The disease surveys this year showed low levels of Rhizoctonia and Pythium. But black root rot was quite significant and seems to be showing up more regularly across the Downs.

Weeds were controlled quite well in Roundup Ready crops, but the need to diversify the use of chemistry is becoming more evident as weeds such as fleabane and feathertop become more prolific and resistance is beginning to show in more species.

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 71

22/10/18 11:16 am

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This section brought to you in association with

A

lthough not as tough as the previous cotton season, the 2017-18 season was not much easier. The previous year we had had a wet September whereas this season we ended up with a wet October.

This, combined with predictions from the BOM that we were in for a wet summer with above average falls in November and December, gave everyone a much needed boost especially after such a tough, dry winter.

MAP LEGEND

St George 2017-18 seasonal climate

Ave Day Degrees*

#

$

"

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$ " # " $ "

Total Day Degrees: 3270 (+242); Total rain: 343 mm (-54)

!

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Total

Cold shock

19

0

2

0

0

0

0

4

25 (-7)

Hot shock

3

1

0

17

26

10

6

0

63 (+21)

*Average day degrees from 1957 to 2017. Source: CSIRO.

St George – Dirranbandi: Area and production

!

72 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Rainfall of 90–120 mm in October allowed growers to plant into moisture, though most had pre-irrigated back to back fields and were just about to start planting when the rain hit. This in turn meant that most fields were not planted until October or early November. Fields that had been planted in the last week of September or first week of October certainly benefited

St George – Dirranbandi area

Unfortunately it was not to be and the spring and summer once again reverted to dry and hot weather patterns for the remainder of the year.

Due to this heat, crops required 9–11 in crop irrigations and water became short with fields being dropped out in late December or early January. A small flow in late February which didn’t quite fill Beardmore or allow for any flood harvesting did mean that some of these dropped out fields were restarted.

Once again the continued heat and stretched irrigations took their toll on the yields of crops with the St George district averaging 10–11 bales per hectare. Dirranbandi had very little cotton planted but yielded much better with farms averaging 12–13 bales per hectare. The lack of water at the end of the season and higher early fruit retention due to lower early insect pressure resulted in quite a few farms also suffering discounts for high micronaire.

The late planted fields or restarted fields which benefited from a very hot and dry March, April and May actually went on to yield quite well.

This combined with a bale price of $650 per bale made the gamble worthwhile.

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from a ‘soft’ month with cooler temperatures and generally ended the season with two less irrigations.

Due to the extremely dry winter, fields were generally in a poor condition going into October with high levels of cotton trash and quite cloddy seed beds. This was despite most fields having been worked and cultipacked numerous times before planting. So the October rain certainly helped with the seed bed, though the high levels of trash did result in lower plant stands with most back to back fields averaging eight to nine plants per metre compared to an average of 11 in fallow fields. Even with the tough start there was very little replanting required.

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Early season Due to the three weeks of continued rain during October there was a wide range of planting dates with the first fields in the area being planted in late September with the majority of fields being planted from October 25 through to November 15. A few late fields were planted at the end of November and early December due to a very small inflow of 10,000 megs in the first week of November. In a ‘normal’ season, planting usually starts around October 5 and is finished by October 25.

This year we had very little heliothis or mirid pressure until mid-January. The lack of insects resulted in very high fruit retention with first position fruit retention numbers consistently hovering around 85–90 per cent. The high retention combined with hot, dry weather in November and December meant that crops were easily stressed and required vigilant monitoring for irrigations. During December, crops threatened to cut out early if irrigations were at all stretched or late. This put water budgets under extreme pressure with a number of growers deciding to drop out certain fields to ensure enough water for the remaining fields.

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 73

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Mid-season Although the BOM had forecasted above average rain for December and January this didn’t eventuate. Heat waves during the first three weeks of January, with temperatures averaging between 38°C and 42˚C, combined with a lack of rain meant that crops were certainly suffering heat stress. Fortunately, unlike the previous season, minimum temperatures were usually down to 24˚C in January which resulted in much less cavitation of fruit during this important part of the growing season.

Insect pressure remained low during December and January with most farms only requiring one insecticide for mirids and one for whitefly. Farms on the edge or outside of the irrigation area generally didn’t require any spraying for whitefly this year which was a huge bonus.

Late season The heat continued during early February and it looked as though a number of farms would be one or two irrigations short. But rain during midFebruary delivered 60–90 mm, helping to finish off fields. Similar rainfall in the catchment saw a small flow into Beardmore Dam during the first 10 days of March which also helped to finish crops. This flow then saw a few of the early dropped out fields restarted and they produced good yields at high prices.

Due to the very hot, dry finish, defoliation this year was excellent especially when compared to the previous season which had quite vegetative crops due to high insect pressure and cavitation and higher levels of honeydew impeding the defoliants. Crops that were defoliated in March only required two applications while fields defoliated in April often required a third spray.

Insects Mirids and whitefly were in much lower numbers compared to 2016-17 with the majority

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of fields only requiring one mirid application and some farms an application for whitefly. The Bollgard 3 contained Heliothis extremely well and due to the reduced spraying, growers that had mealybug blow outs in the previous year had few to none show up this year.

A new pest that has become quite prevalent during the past two seasons has been strawberry spider mite. While the area has had two spotted mite for the past 30 years, strawberry spider mite has certainly made its presence felt.

Although the strawberry spider mite spreads quickly across a field (sometimes within a week), there has been very little need for control due to a huge increase of thrips at this time of season.

Current work by researchers aims to have some guidelines and thresholds established by the end of the 2018-19 cotton season.

Yields and quality Considering the combination of higher fruit retention and cooler night temperatures, it was hoped that yields may be better than the previous year. Unfortunately this is not how it panned out. Where the previous year fully irrigated fields had averaged 11.2 bales per hectare, this year farm averages tended to be between 10–11 bales per hectare. A hundred kilometres to the south at Dirranbandi and Mungindi which actually had more hot shock days, farms averaged 12.5–13.5 bales per hectare.

But quality in general terms was quite pleasing with plenty of fields averaging 21-11s and due to the easier defoliation leaf was much less of a problem compared to the previous year.

With a total lack of rain from March on, grades were good. Even late fields picked at the end of June were fortunate enough to be picked before we received 35 mm of rain and had good quality.

The season ahead Without decent rain in the catchment it looks as though the area will be limited to approximately 8000 hectares. Of this Dirranbandi is looking at around 250 hectares, Thallon at approximately 2000 hectares and the remaining 5700 at St George with 90 per cent of this being in the irrigation area.

On the upside the only way these figures can go is up! Should we receive more rain during the next six weeks we will see an increase in plantings especially considering the current cotton price remains around $600 per bale.

On the upside we surely can’t get much drier and must be on the cusp of some decent seasons ahead! If not then there may be a mass exodus of people up to the Ord.

74 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Dawson–Callide

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP

By Simon Struss

This section brought to you in association with

T

he area planted in the Dawson and Callide valleys was 5000 hectares of irrigated cotton, up from 3500 hectares last season, and 2500 hectares of dryland which included 1500 hectares at Duaringa station. There were 130 hectares of conventional cotton grown.

The usual varieties featured with 746 the dominant variety closely followed by 714, and then 748.

Growing conditions The early crops planted at the start of August enjoyed a near perfect season with resultant high yields of good quality cotton. Rain fell in August and October but then remained dry until January. This January rain just caught the tail end of the early planted crops and caused boll rots and quality downgrades.

Excessive heat (40°C+) in early February followed by heavy rain in the last two weeks of the month caused massive fruit shed and boll rot depending on the age of the crop. No fields were spared. As a result of this fruit shed/ rot, the majority of the crops were grown on. These were picked in May and June.

Insects Heliothis were very quiet all season with only three sprays required for the conventional fields.

But the usual array of bugs (green mirid, rutherglen bug, thrip, broadmite, green stink bug, green vegetable bug, pale cotton stainer and harlequin bug) all made their presence felt during the season.

Whitefly and mealybug, although present didn’t require treating.

There is no doubt the frequency of bug invasion and their resultant damage is increasing from season to season.

Of all the insect pests encountered, the western flower thrip is the least understood and possibly the most damaging. Their ability to trigger square shedding when plants are at the 10 to 12 node stage, and later in the season when huge numbers infest flowers and cause significant leaf distortion, is a major concern.

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 75

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Diseases Early season damping off diseases were present but proved of little hindrance.

Fusarium wilt is still observable where it was identified years ago, but has not spread largely due to our high F ranked varieties.

Boll rots due to untimely rains at boll opening continue to be the nightmare of cotton growers.

Alternaria was observed and played its part in the boll rot saga.

This section brought to you in association with

Theodore 2017-18 seasonal climate

Ave Day Degrees*

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Total Day Degrees: 3163 (+132); Total rain: 585 mm (+42)

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*Average day degrees from 1957 to 2017. Source: CSIRO.

Dawson – Callide: Area and production

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76 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Weeds

The lack of effective chemistry makes the problem more challenging.

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OTT Roundup Ready sprays continue to be the backbone of weed control programs, but this landscape is changing. More residual treatments both pre-plant and in crop are occurring. This trend will increase as more weeds increase their tolerance to glyphosate.

Yield and quality The Moura gin processed 50,000 bales, giving an average yield of 8.5 bales per hectare for the irrigation and 2.6 bales per hectare for the dryland. Turnout averaged 42 per cent for the season. This ranged from 45 per cent for the early crop down to 38 per cent for the later crop.

The vast majority was base grade and above with eight per cent suffering strength issues.

746 was the culprit with low strength.

Prospects for 2018-19 As I pen these words of wisdom (mid October) central Queensland has just received widespread rain over the whole area this past week. Most areas recorded 70+ mm. This in all likelihood will spark further plantings now that an increase in water allocations will prevail.

Dryland plantings are now a real prospect.

Given the availability of fallowed country (as a result of a small winter crop) and with a price hovering above $600 per bale, this may well be the year for dryland cotton.

Two factors have emerged this season. Firstly, there has been a shift away from October plantings due to their vulnerability to heat and humidity and rain at crucial times in January/ February. Secondly, 714 has displaced 746 as the favoured variety due to its superior performance in the past two seasons. 746 still struggles to endure the heat and humidity that is synonymous with central Queensland summers.

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By Sharna Holman

This section brought to you in association with

I

t was another long and opportunistic season for cotton growers in the Central Highlands region, with cotton being planted from August 1 up until late December, which also saw an extended period of picking from January to July. This season, the first cotton crops in Emerald were being picked on January 16, which was hailed as the earliest commercial irrigatedcotton harvest in decades.

Approximately 16,600 hectares of irrigated cotton and 6000 hectares of dryland cotton were planted in the Central Highlands during the 2017-18 season. A larger proportion of the crop was planted before October, but growers did utilise the full window with some growers planting chickpeas before planting a late cotton crop. The good growing conditions and low insect populations for early planted crops saw high retentions and for a couple of growers the highest farm average yields ever.

The extended window, which provides additional time for rainfall, and the current price of cotton, have led to cotton now being strongly considered as a crop rotation choice by many dryland growers in the Central Queensland region, and we saw several new dryland growers during the past season.

Further dryland cotton meetings were held

Emerald 2017-18 seasonal climate

Ave Day Degrees*

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Total Day Degrees: 3472 (+187); Total rain: 530 mm (+35)

"

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Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

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6

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6 (-6)

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in the northern area of the Central Queensland region in an effort to share more information about the cotton industry and provide updates on cotton varieties and the Bollgard 3 Resistance Management Plan for growers who are exploring cotton as a potential rotation crop.

Growing conditions Many growers took advantage of the early planting option, with warm weather and a few cold shock days. The majority of the crops had good establishment, but some fields did require replanting due to site specific problems.

After a relatively dry winter and early spring, the Central Highlands received quite significant rainfall in October with some areas receiving up to 213 m of rainfall for the month. This rainfall helped some growers to save at least one irrigation on their crops, while other growers took the opportunity to plant dryland cotton crops. The wet October did create more challenging weed and volunteer cotton control issues for growers compared to previously drier seasons.

Good weather for these early planted cotton crops and low insect populations saw many growers enter the boll opening period with cautious optimism. Whereas cotton crops planted in the latter half of the window, for the most part, struggled to hold onto fruit after being exposed to more variable weather conditions.

These crops were exposed to extreme heat with multiple heat shock days and high humidity levels, then followed by some wet and cloudy conditions resulting in significant boll losses for some crops during the February – March period.

Falls of up to 170mm were received in February which saved an irrigation for some and caused problems for others. Following this rainfall the region stayed dry through until picking of the later sown crops.

Pests and disease Insect activity was variable between farms and throughout the season. Early crops this year largely escaped mirids and Helicoverpa which was a contrast to the previous season. Mites, jassids and silverleaf whitefly were also noted in crops around the region but at levels that were not concerning.

From January onwards, insect populations became more extremely variable around the

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thrips and/or mirids, whereas others reported continuing low insect numbers. Mealybugs were again present in the region, but in low numbers, reiterating the importance of farm hygiene and ensuring the control of weeds and cotton volunteers which can act as a green bridge between seasons.

On the disease front, growers are increasingly utilising seed treatments as an additional management tactic for preventing and

SECTION 4 AREA ROUND-UP This section brought to you in association with

Emerald: Area and production

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 79

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region and on farms reflecting respective crop stages and proximity to crops being defoliated and picked. In this time period, some growers and agronomists needed to treat fields for

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managing seedling diseases when planting early.

The rainfall and weather in February did favour an increase in boll rots and tight lock in some later sown crops depending on crop stage, but overall the region as a whole had low levels of boll rots this season.

One negative for the season comes in the detection of reniform nematode on four farms, expanding the pest’s reach in the Central Queensland region. This new detection highlights the importance of good biosecurity, ensuring all machinery, vehicles and equipment

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are cleaned down appropriately when coming on and off farm.

Yield and fibre Pickers made their way out of the sheds in mid-January, with picking starting on January 16 which is the earliest picking of a commercial irrigated cotton crop in decades, and pickers were seen around the region until July. There was a wide spread of yields, reflecting the different planting dates and growing conditions that crops had experienced.

The valley average for irrigated cotton was 10.3 bales per hectare and 2.3 bales per hectare for dryland cotton and with another year of great fibre quality. The better yields were derived from either early planted crops with averages between 11–14 bales per hectare, with these yields being assisted by good turnouts from 41–46 per cent depending on variety, or crops that were in the position to be grown on.

Annual grower awards

Central Highlands Cotton Growers and Irrigators Association and Dawson Valley Cotton Growers Association presidents Aaron Kiely and Simon Green organised and hosted the CQ Irrigation Big Day Out which saw attendees visit three different properties in the Central Highlands region looking at different irrigation systems including bankless and pipes through the bank.

Cameron Geddes accepting the 2018 Irrigated Yield Award on behalf of CT Farming with Sponsor Cotton Grower Services’ Michael Smith and CHCG&IA Aaron Kiely.

80 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

To celebrate the end of a great season the Central Highlands Cotton Growers and Irrigators Association Annual Awards Dinner was on 31 August in Emerald. Over 240 guests from around the Central Highlands region celebrated and showcased the region’s cotton industry with a touch of spring. It was a fantastic night to celebrate the work of local growers over the past season, with the results from the awards reflecting the high quality and yields coming from the Central Highlands region.

The Iain Mackay Memorial 2018 Non-Grower Service to Industry Award was awarded to Susan Maas for her key contributions to the cotton industry in the Central Highlands and the Dawson Valley regions since commencing work as an Extension Officer with AgriScience Queensland in 2004.

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New regulator set to work closely with industry �������������������� 82 Using blockchain technology for transparent water trading �� 86 Irrigation modernisation a boost for communities ����������������� 88 Efficient irrigation doesn’t undermine river flow �������������������� 90 Cotton water storage snapshot ���������������������������������������������� 92

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New regulator set to work closely with industry

By Grant Barnes, NSW Natural Resources Access Regulator (NRAR)

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he Natural Resources Access Regulator (NRAR) was created as part of a fair and transparent new system for managing water. We are determined to work closely with water users.

The NRAR is to be more than just a ‘water cop on the beat’ – we are a partner, working to protect the long-term interests of all water users, local communities, indigenous people, environmental water holders and industry water users.

I want the NSW cotton industry to thrive well into the future. That can only happen if we maintain public confidence in the way the industry manages water.

The Matthews Investigation showed the need for systemic change across the Basin. The NSW Government moved quickly to introduce the Water Reform Action Plan, the most significant reform since the original legislation was passed 17 years ago. It created a robust foundation for water metering and a single point of information on water entitlements, water licenses and water works approvals.

Communities across NSW said they want a system of compliance that is fair, transparent and enforceable. The government created NRAR, with riding orders to become the lead water regulator in Australia.

NRAR and the cotton industry The interaction between NRAR and the cotton industry is crucial. Travelling across the state and speaking to growers in Walgett and Bourke has illuminated the issues and constraints the industry works under.

Australia is the third largest exporter of cotton globally. Good access to water has allowed cotton to become a national industry worth $1.8 billion, two-thirds of which is grown in NSW. Securing access to water is critical to maintaining and building on that base.

NRAR NRAR now has more than 100 employees with teams across the state, and we are busy recruiting more. Our compliance officers already have their boots on the ground, meeting water stakeholders and spreading the message on compliance.

A big part of their job is working with

Grant Barnes is the Chief Regulatory Officer of NSW’s Natural Resources Access Regulator, NRAR. Prior to his appointment in April, he was on the executive team at Auckland Council, the largest council in Australasia with a $3 billion annual budget.

Grant was General Manager of Licensing & Regulatory Compliance, responsible for all aspects of building and resource management compliance, environmental health, animal management and alcohol licensing.

82 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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farmers and other licence holders to ensure they are aware of their obligations. As voluntary compliance grows, so too will public confidence in our water management system. This is vital to protect the long term interests of the industry.

With our culture of utmost transparency, we publish on-line the actions of our governors, our policies and procedures, our engagement with stakeholders and our compliance activities. The public can effectively watch ‘over our shoulder’ as we go about our business to enforce the rules fairly and without favour.

We have taken enforcement actions where necessary and commenced prosecutions in cases of alleged breaches, most recently around Moree, Walgett, Mallawa, and Corowa.

It’s the nature of reviews by independent bodies to draw attention to cases of noncompliance. In my experience, the vast majority of irrigators and farmers are doing the right thing. I don’t want the public to form the false impression that a tiny proportion of water users is in any way representative, so I will continue to emphasise that most irrigators are using their fair share of water.

As a regulator working in partnership with our stakeholders, our focus will be to: • Re-establish a physical compliance presence

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– ‘boots on the ground’. We’re recruiting to more than double our capacity to investigate and enforce regulations; • Require the highest of ethical standards of our people; accountability, integrity, service and trust; • Re-state what is required to be a professional regulator; that is to be outcomes-focused and intelligence-led; and, • To resolutely commit to act in the public interest at all times.

NRAR on the ground An effective and efficient regulatory system is best determined by a robust, fair and ethical compliance agency. A visible, independent, professional and properly-resourced NRAR affirms the social licence of lawful operators. By having a visible presence on the ground with clear rules, fairly and consistently applied, NRAR actively endorses proper use of water.

My job has been made easier by the initial support of Cotton Australia and its members.

Through my tour of regional NSW I have consistently heard that the great majority of water users are honest operators who appreciate the need for rules and want them fairly applied.

That is NRAR’s commitment to you.

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Using blockchain technology for transparent water trading

By Lucas Cullen, Civic Ledger

T

he water market in Australia is mature, and has been characterised by incremental refinement largely through successive waves of government regulation. But with multiple jurisdictions having responsibility for water resources management, the result is a water market that is complicated and opaque for most non-technical users.

According to the Murray-Darling Basin Authority (MDBA), an efficient water market is the most effective way to share the resource.

But because of the nature of the Basin, its stakeholders and its custodians (the States), the MDB water market is administratively complicated.

This complexity tends to dissuade small irrigators from participating in the market and has created opportunity for water brokers, and other intermediaries in the water market. It is a widely acknowledged goal in the MDBA to have more individual irrigators participate more effectively in the market without undermining the way the basin is managed and water is moved around when it is available.

Civic Ledger’s research highlighted several critical barriers to water market participation including: • Complexity of the water trading process; and, • Lack of price and volume transparency in some ‘closed’ water systems (e.g.

Murrumbidgee system).

Further, intermediaries appear to hold privileged, valuable contextual information that might impede some irrigators from trading.

Transparency and reliability of water market information is a key impediment to confidence in, and participation by irrigators in the water market.

Water Ledger is a blockchain platform which

86 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

tokenises a physical asset (megalitres of water).

Smart contracts enable the trading of water allocations based on complex business rules and state based water registries which are updated in real time.

Water Ledger could support a solution to a ‘perfect market’ for irrigators, which in economics and general equilibrium theory is defined by several conditions, collectively called ‘perfect competition’.

Rather than seeking greater transparency through modifying or adding regulation or simply making more information available, Civic Ledger is building a trading platform (Water Ledger) to introduce transparency through the application of disruptive blockchain technology.

Water Ledger aims to increase the transparency and reliability of water markets, increase participation by irrigators and increase the overall allocative efficiency of the water resource: • All trades will be captured and published in near real time and trend information will be accrued and published; • Most business and trading rules can be built into the system, reducing uncertainty for participants. Changes to business rules and water trading rules would be immediately transparent to all users; • There would be a high degree of trust based on the security of the blockchain stack; • Trades will be relatively inexpensive and trade information will be provided free of charge; • Trading will be highly simplified by selecting a small number of key parameters; and, • Trades will be simultaneously published to state registers.

For more information contact lucas@bitcoinbrisbane.com.au

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Irrigation modernisation boost for communities

By Meg Strang for NSW DPI Sustaining the Basin Irrigated Farm Modernisation program

S

mall town contractors and local workers are sharing in the benefits of the Sustaining the Basin Irrigated Farm Modernisation (STBIFM) program, now in its final year, creating a win for agriculture, the environment, and small town economies in northern NSW. Since 2012 the STBIFM program, funded by the Australian Government and implemented by the NSW Department of Primary Industries, has invested $79 million to improve infrastructure on irrigation farms in the Northern Murray Darling Basin. Irrigator partners have invested another $23 million in STBIFM projects.

Funding from the final round of STBIFM has enabled the Schwager family to renovate their storage dam, and repair pipes, gates and other critical infrastructure on their property Fernleigh at Wee Waa. “That repair work was long overdue,” said Richard Schwager, “and by raising the height of our dam walls we can now store water at greater depth, with no increase in the surface area, substantially reducing the percentage of water lost through evaporation.

“We’ve also been able to laser level three of our smaller fields to prevent ponding. That’s going to translate into reduced yield losses and more efficient use of our available water.

“We employ one permanent farm hand on Fernleigh, and we regularly use local contractors,

Employees Connor Stanfield (left) and Jason Manning, with David Johnson (centre) in the Crockweld workshop.

88 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

while my wife works as a teacher at the local high school to supplement our farm income,” said Richard.

“The help we’re getting from STBIFM will make a significant difference to the long term sustainability of our business, and that’s going to make the transfer to the next generation a much more viable proposition for our family,” said Richard.

The STBIFM program is not only helping to secure the future for family farmers like the Schwagers, it’s also given a significant boost to businesses in town like Crockweld, a steel fabrication and welding business run by David ‘Crocket’ Johnson.

David began training as a welder when he was 16. He’s also spent time working as a farm hand.

His firsthand knowledge of farming combined with years of experience in engineering, has honed his expertise in designing equipment to meet the needs of local irrigators.

“We do get the occasional project outside of agriculture, but farmers are a lot more inclined to use local contractors and their support is hugely important for a business like ours,” said David.

Crockweld was established in 2012, the same year the STBIFM project began offering funding to farmers to support greater water use efficiency.

“STBIFM grants have certainly spurred on the amount of work available for small players like us in country towns.”

Businesses like Crockweld not only provide an important service for the farm sector, they also play a critical role in providing employment for skilled workers in small towns like Wee Waa. “When we benefit from these sorts of projects, we then try to spend our money locally as well. I use local suppliers in Wee Waa whenever I can to contribute to the local economy, and the farmers generally operate in the same way,” said David.

The Australian Government is providing more than $13 billion for implementation of the Murray-Darling Basin Plan and associated activities, with the vast majority (more than $8 billion) being made available for modernising infrastructure and water efficiency improvements. The Sustaining the Basin Irrigated Farm Modernisation Program is funded from this initiative and implemented by the NSW Department of Primary Industries – Agriculture (DPI).

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Efficient irrigation doesn’t undermine river flows

A

n expert independent review has found that the effectiveness of environmental water recovery is not being undermined by changes to the volume of water returning to the rivers after it has been used by farmers.

Head of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority’s (MDBA) Science and Knowledge Division, Colin Mues, said the review was commissioned to improve the evidence base and knowledge of return flows after some stakeholders expressed concerns.

“Much of our work is highly technical and we have always been committed to testing it and improving on it. This means we can all have confidence that the Basin Plan is on track and will deliver a sustainable future for the environment and the communities and industries that rely on it,” Colin said.

“This review looked specifically at how irrigation efficiency projects and growth in groundwater use might affect future river flows.

“Australian Government investment in more efficient irrigation has saved, on average, around 1180 gigalitres (GL) per year with two-thirds of that returned to the environment.

“The review found that more efficient irrigation could potentially reduce river flows by around 120 GL per year, though this is likely to take many years, decades or even centuries to happen. The long delay is because most of this impact would be caused by reductions in groundwater return flows which can take a very long time to change.

“The Murray–Darling Basin Plan is a world first policy that has been designed to be adapted as we go. We will need to closely monitor river flows and the outcomes for the environment to make sure we deliver the results we want to see from the Basin Plan,” Colin said.

Colin Mues.

“Analysing groundwater impacts is complex because the degree of connection between an aquifer and nearby rivers can vary widely.

Groundwater response times can also vary from years to many decades depending on topography and proximity to the rivers.

“Growth in groundwater use, even under optimistic growth scenarios, was found to pose a relatively low risk to the environmental outcomes for the basin’s rivers, streams and floodplains.

“Steady two per cent growth in groundwater use over the next 40 years was estimated to only reduce river flows by about 170 GL a year.

“This might seem to be a large volume of water, but it’s uncertain whether groundwater use will grow that much, and even if it does then the changes will take many years or decades to happen. This gives the MDBA the time to monitor and respond.

“The review also took into account the work done to control salinity that dated back to before 2009, and which saw a substantial drop in surface water return flows and consequent improvements to water quality from that time.

“This review is not the end of the process – it is the business of the MDBA to continually incorporate new science into the management of the Basin through the Basin Plan.

“Commissioning and publicly releasing this review is also a demonstration of the MDBA’s long standing commitment to openness and transparency.”

To view the report visit the MDBA website.

90 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Cotton water storage snapshot

A

s the drought intensified during 2018, the water held in storage of our main irrigation dams reduced by almost 50 per cent since the same time in 2017 and irrigation allocations have been slashed.

Murrumbidgee

Lachlan Valley

2017–18

2016–17

2016–17

Capacity (ML)

2017–18

Wyangala Dam

Volume % Sep 30 (ML) full

1,217,035

649,360

53%

Capacity (ML) Burrinjuck Dam

Volume % full Sep 30 (ML)

1,023,036

Full capacity (ML)

Current (ML) (Sep 30, 2018)

1,288,867 80,163 104,127

Glenlyon Dam Pindari Dam Copeton Dam Split Rock Dam Keepit Dam Burrendong Dam Windamere Dam Wyangala Dam Burrinjuck Dam Hume

TOTAL

428,840

42%

% full 2018

% full 2017

229,424 36,588 7,879

18 46 8

36 59 15

250,885 311,920 1,342,908 394,241 418,936 1,156,255 366,989 1,217,035 1,023,036 3,036,393

109,747 158,016 299,846 53,351 44,142 302,743 146,789 649,360 428,840 1,543,078

44 51 22 14 11 26 40 53 42 51

72 97 51 30 64 76 48 85 60 91

10,991,755

4,009,803

36.5

68.5

Queensland Fairbairn Dam Beardmore Dam Leslie Dam

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New South Wales

Wyangala Dam Macquarie Valley

SECTION 5 WATER MATTERS

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2016–17

2017–18

Capacity (ML) Burrendong Windamere

Volume % full Sep 30 (ML)

1,156,255 366,989

302,743

26%

146,789

40%

Hume Dam

Keepit Dam

2016–17

2017–18

Capacity (ML) Hume Dam

92 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

3,036,393

Volume % full Sep 30 (ML) 1,543,078

51%

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2016–17

2017–18

Keepit Dam Split Rock Dam

Capacity Volume (ML) Sep 30 (ML)

% full

418,936 394,241

44,142

11%

53,351

14%

Capacity (ML)

2016–17

2016–17

2017–18

2017–18

Capacity (ML)

Capacity (ML)

Volume Sep 30 (ML)

% full

1,342,908

299,846

22%

Copeton Dam

8%

Balonne River – Beardmore

Copeton Dam

7,879

Volume % Sep 30 (ML) full

104,127

Leslie Dam

Gwydir Valley – Copeton

This section brought to you in association with

2016–17

2017-18

•

Darling Downs – Leslie

Beardmore

80,163

Volume % full Sep 30 (ML) 36,588

46%

Emerald – Fairbairn

2016–17

2017–18

Border Rivers

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Namoi Valley

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Fairbairn Dam

Capacity (ML)

Volume Sep 30 (ML)

% full

1,288,867

229,424

18%

2016–17

2017–18

Capacity (ML) Glenlyon Dam Pindari Dam

250,885 311,920

Volume % full Sep 30 (ML) 109,747

44%

158,016

51%

Pindari Dam COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 – 93

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Acres of Opportunity ���������������������������������������������������������96 Forward selling adding certainty to growing cotton ����������98 Varieties helping make cotton viable at Forbes ���������������100 Cotton and rice working well together for Griffith enterprise �������������������������������������������������������������������102 Successful first try at cotton for Emerald grower............ 104 Pushing cotton into new areas........................................ 106 Successful cotton at Dunedoo......................................... 106 Cotton now an option at Deniliquin................................ 108 Better utilisation of moisture at Boomi........................... 108

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Acres of Opportunity

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cres of Opportunity (AOO), a collaboration between Cotton Seed Distributors (CSD) and Bayer, is a consolidated source of up-to-date information and advice on both irrigated and dryland cotton farming in Australia.

The AOO website www.acresofopportunity. com.au provides an ideal starting point for new and returning cotton growers. The website shows the key steps for successfully growing a dryland and/or irrigated cotton crop, as well as where to find more information and who to contact for help. It also includes resources from multiple sources and key players in the cotton industry (such as CSD, Bayer, Cotton Research and Development Corporation, CottonInfo and Cotton Australia) and aims to promote and support the areas where each organisation can assist growers.

By providing this invaluable resource for new and potential growers, AOO aims to support

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industry expansion in both traditional and new cotton-growing regions.

Key resources on the website include: • Dryland and irrigated production guides.

• Dryland cotton and sorghum gross margin calculator.

• CSD variety performance comparison tool.

• CSD cotton planting rate calculator.

• Bollgard3 refuge calculator.

• FAQs on dryland cotton.

• Cotton stories – testimonials from new cotton growers about their experiences in the industry.

• Events and information on demonstration and trial sites near you.

• Contact information for free support from CSD and Bayer.

Check out www.acresofopportunity.com.au for more, or follow us at @acres_of_opp on Twitter.

CSD and Bayer joined forces to launch “Acres of Opportunity.”

96 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Roundup Ready is a registered trademark of Monsanto Technologies LLC, used under license by Monsanto Australia Pty Ltd. Roundup Ready PLUS is a trademark of Monsanto Technologies LLC, used under license by Monsanto Australia Pty Ltd. Participating products must be purchased from an authorised retailer and applied between 1 August 2018 and 31 April 2019. Growers must hold a 2018/19 Technology User Agreement (TUA) to participate in the program. Rebates will not be paid for product use at rates higher than approved label rates. Always read and follow directions for use on herbicide labels. For full terms and conditions, consult the 2018/19 Technology User Agreement (TUA). Program subject to change.

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Forward-selling adding certainty to growing cotton

T

he ability to forward-sell cotton throughout the season has assisted growers in southern New South Wales to switch to the crop as a viable summer option.

Agronomist Dean Andrighetto of Yenda Producers in Griffith, said the hectares of cotton in the region had increased in recent years.

“One of the main drivers for switching to cotton, or partly to cotton, has been price.

The ability to forward-sell really has a big advantage,” he said.

“Being able to forward-sell really hedges your risk. There was a bit of uncertainty with some other crops which led us to go partly into cotton this season. The expansion of the gins in the area has also given people more confidence to jump into cotton.”

Dean said cotton had been a mainstream crop in the area for around a decade but its popularity has increased rapidly in recent years.

“In the past three to four years it has really jumped away. That’s been driven by yields and good prices.

Agronomist Dean Andrighetto has seen a rapid increase in cotton grown in the southern NSW region.

98 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

“Yield is king and with cotton it’s no different. It is all about timing and good management and the rest is up to the weather.

Try to do everything right and pay attention to detail.”

He said there was a lot of advice and information available to growers thinking about moving into cotton.

“For anyone looking to grow cotton, preparation is key. You have to do your research, talk to your neighbours, talk to people that have grown it for a few years. They’ll know what works well and what doesn’t work well.

“Everything has to be spot on with cotton, with your hills or beds and planting. Timing is probably most important and getting the right advice from your agronomist, your consultants.

“You need to give cotton more attention than many other crops but if you are going to put the crop in you’ve got to be prepared to follow through with it.”

Cotton is grown in conjunction with rice on the Andrighetto family farm just outside Griffith and was planted on September 29 last season.

A starter fertiliser was used and nitrogen needs determined from soil tests after the previous rice or winter crops.

“Irrigation-wise, we are using moisture probes to time waterings right,” Dean said. “This is heavy ground so it can hang on a fair bit, so the probes really help us know what we need to do.”

He said the water use of cotton would be a little less than rice but it was important to look at irrigation as a whole system.

“It is not uncommon to have rice and cotton on the same farm. On this farm, for instance, we can drain the cotton water into the rice so we are saving, effectively double saving, on the water.”

Irrigation layouts play a major role in being able to switch from one crop to the other.

“Bankless channel layouts are the most flexible. You can really grow whatever you want, depending on the conditions at the time and prices, your attitude to your risk and water availability.”

He said while cotton is more expensive to grow than rice, the rewards are also there.

“There is a potential upside in cotton, probably more upside than any other crop.”

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$

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n o i l l i 1 m ers in 2018

w o r r g e o t ov d i a p e to b

This year, Bayer has supported the cotton industry through over $1 million in Better Farming Grants, paid directly to growers. The program recognises efficient and sustainable farming practices through Cotton Australia’s best management practice program, myBMP. There are two Bayer Better Farming Grants for cotton growers:

myBMP Certification Grants

myBMP Bale Grants

$2000 to growers who conduct an on-farm audit and achieve myBMP certification on or before December 31, 2018 as the final step in the certification process.

$1 per bale for cotton lint that is produced from myBMP certified farms and where the grower has opted in to the myBMP Bale grant program via Cotton Australia.

For more information on Bayer Better Farming Grants, visit au.smarterfarming.info For more information on myBMP and to download the myBMP Bale Grants opt-in form, visit cottonaustralia.com.au/cotton-growers/mybmp COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 99

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Cotton rejuvenating southern NSW towns

T

he increase in cotton hectares in the Deniliquin region of southern New South Wales is helping rejuvenate the area.

Grower Greg Sandford, who runs a mixed cropping enterprise east of Deniliquin, said it was important they looked at different crops and cotton was an excellent option.

“I went for a drive early last summer up to Coleambally with the agronomist. There is so much cropping and the area is alive,” Greg said.

He said that over many years a lot of irrigation water had disappeared from the Deniliquin area and there was a need to produce more with less.

“You’ve got to start looking at alternative

Greg Sandford of Deniliquin, NSW, said cotton has a chance to reinvigorate southern NSW. 100 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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crops on which you can make a decent return.

“We trying to make do with a lot less water so everything now is coming back to returns per megalitre,” he said. “I used to grow rice but the returns just weren’t there.

“I am laying my country out so it is versatile and I can grow whatever crop I like.” For Greg, part of that was installing four pivot irrigators.

“You need a system where you can move in and out of crops to whatever is profitable at the time.”

Greg said this season he made a decision to put in cotton. After initially looking at 20 hectares, he increased the area to 270 hectares because of the attractive prices on offer.

“I was probably pretty lucky because I’ve picked a fairly good summer to grow it,” he said.

Preparation was a key to moving to cotton and started with tests conducted by a soil scientist from Adelaide.

“We dug pits and checked our soils out properly,” Greg said.

“It was a bit daunting at the start, trying to learn all about it. You are learning all of your machinery needs, your layouts and the agronomy. I was lucky in that I got onto a really good consultant who’s helped me right from day one with everything.”

He said the main difference between cotton and rice was a seven-day watering cycle.

“With rice you set it up and as long as your levels are right it doesn’t matter too much. But with cotton there is a lot more work on the irrigation side of things.”

One major advantage of cotton was the ability to forward-sell the crop and know exactly what you are going to get per bale at the end of the season.

“You can do your budgets,” Greg said.

“You know the average yield, the costs and the returns.” He said that one problem with rice is the lack of certainty about returns.

Greg said the Bollgard 3 and Roundup Ready Flex technology that has been introduced to the cotton industry has been impressive.

“In the old days cotton didn’t have a good image when the plane was going over it 18 times every year for insects. That’s all gone now and Roundup keeps the crops and other areas clean as well.”

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Cotton and rice working well together for Griffith enterprise

T

he success of cotton last season for traditional rice grower Chris Morshead of Widgelli outside Griffith has meant it will become a major part of the enterprise in the future.

Chris said he had been drawn to cotton because of the price and the technology available with the crop.

“At the time of the decision making for this year’s summer crop, the cotton price was pretty good. It was worth us having a go.” Chris said.

He said they had been farming on the flat and getting good results with other crops so it was an interesting challenge to switch to row cropping.

Chris Morshead, of Widgelli, NSW, said cotton and rice will benefit each other in a rotation on his property.

102 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

“It hasn’t been too difficult. There is a recipe to it and I think you follow the recipe and do things on time. Being pedantic is an important thing but we treat all of our crops in a pedantic fashion. The only thing that is a bit different to this is the watering regime.

“We were watering on a 10-12 day rotation depending on what was happening. And we were getting across the cotton in four days so it wasn’t as onerous a task as I thought it was going to be.

“Water management is something you just cannot get wrong because it will cost you yield.”

Going forward the plan is to split the irrigated country equally between cotton and rice with both crops providing benefits to each other.

“They are both crops that you need to do properly for a start and they can work quite happily in unison,” Chris said. “I don’t think there needs to be a fight between the two commodities. I prefer to use them in a rotation as beneficial for each other and there’s no reason that can’t work successfully.

“We were interested in using the Roundup Ready herbicide package in a rotation with rice, to take the pressure off both production systems. We are hoping that two years of Roundup applications will knock down our barnyard grass pressure and mean that our rice production will have a lot less sprays than we normally use.”

Chris said a key was investing time and money in land formation to ensure any crop could be planted to any paddock going forward.

“It gives us ultimate flexibility in terms of layout,” he said. “You could come back here next year and this could be wheat, it could be rice, it could be whatever you want.”

He said there was also good advice available from other farmers and agronomists on how to grow cotton successfully.

“I’m glad I’ve grown it. I’ve enjoyed the challenge and I’ve enjoyed the interaction with other growers. There’s been no shortage of assistance from anybody that I’ve rung or wanted to talk to. They’re all very open and I’ve really appreciated that.”

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Successful first try at cotton for Emerald grower

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first try at dryland cotton has proved successful for Central Queensland grower, Warrick Stent-Smith, on the ‘Roper View’ property, situated 25 kilometres north-east of Emerald.

Warrick said the property generally grew wheat, sorghum, chickpeas and mung beans but last season they decided to put in some dryland cotton.

“We started thinking about cotton seriously when we had an early spring rain. We had a full profile come November. Sorghum, at that stage, wasn’t worth a lot of money. We could have left it fallow but that’s no fun if it keeps raining. So we decided to go with cotton.”

Plenty of upside He said the upside of cotton was a major reason why they went to the crop.

“A lot of your costs come at the end of the crop so if you don’t get any more rain after planting, it is not a huge cost.

“There’s a massive upside compared to sorghum even with a really good crop and good prices. If you get good prices and yield with cotton, it really makes it worth having a go.”

Warrick said he asked a lot of questions of local dealers and friends who had grown cotton.

“I used to think that cotton was a complicated crop. It was always the irrigators’

Warrick Stent-Smith of Emerald, Queensland, successfully grew dryland cotton last season.

104 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

crop and we never really went near it.”

Warrick said after growing it the first year, he found cotton to be a relatively easy crop to manage.

“There are a few things you have to do right.

Firstly, it’s critical to have a good agronomist and good advice on hand in the way of local suppliers and farmers. Secondly, seeding rates and precision planting is critical to success.

Thirdly, you need to spray at the right time. The rest of it is pretty straightforward. You just need to contract pick and hope the price is good.”

The cotton was planted into an area that had grown chickpeas immediately before.

Warrick said, “I think one of the great advantages of cotton is you can keep a paddock clean with the in-crop sprays (of Roundup).

We’ve had a fair bit of in-crop rain so it’s is a great way to keep the paddock clean.

“The paddock used to have a real problem with summer grasses but it’s been kept under control this summer because we hit it prior to planting and then with three in-crop sprays.”

In contrast, some other country on the property coming out of chickpeas had multiple fallow herbicide applications across the summer.

“On those paddocks I am up to six sprays because of the wet season.”

Warrick said the benefits of Bollgard 3 had made it more attractive for dryland growers.

“I think one of the big keys is the extension of the planting window. If you get a full profile in November, you’ve still got to the end of December to plant, so it is a good option.

“Generally we get our rain in January, February and even into March so you are more likely to grow a successful cotton crop in those wetter months.”

The cotton was planted in a double-skip formation with one-metre centres with two rows in and two rows out.

Warrick said the season was generally favourable with over 100 mm of in-crop rainfall.

He said the end-point royalty scheme from Monsanto also helped dryland growers manage their risk.

“This has made it attractive for dryland growers to plant. There is also an incentive (from CSD) that you can get the seed back if you have a complete failure.”

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Pushing cotton into new areas

Successful cotton at Dunedoo

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lternative weed control options and the lure of greater profits are pushing cotton into different areas through central New South Wales.

Cotton consultant, Brett Cumberland, of Delta Agribusiness at Trangie, said one of the crops he looked after last season was located at Geurie, 35 kilometres east of Dubbo, on a property that had never grown Brett Cumberland. the crop before.

The cotton was grown by Rob, Cathy and Cheryl German on a property that had traditionally grown grain crops.

“I’m looking after the crop just to get them into the cotton industry,” he said. “I’ve had experience managing farms and agronomy for a while so I’ve just been able to help them with land prep and fertiliser and obviously with the growing of the crop. It’s been a success to date.”

He said the area had been a corn/sorghum rotation and cotton was a breakaway from those types of crops.

“There has been a build-up of problematic grasses over the years so that was one reason and the other reason was profitability,” he said.

“There are certainly good opportunities there with cotton when it is done right.”

Brett said he had been talking with the growers since the previous corn crop was harvested.

“They’re experienced row croppers. They’re experienced in watering as well so it wasn’t a huge leap into another industry. We changed planting configurations a little bit. We’ve gone out wider than they traditionally do with corn from 30 to 40 inch but really, other than that, it hasn’t been a huge jump.”

He said the water use through the season had been a little less than previous corn crops and there was also very little difference with nutrition.

“Other growers have been watching the crop over the fence since it started and I think everyone is fairly upbeat about it.”

106 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

first try at cotton last season on the ‘Talbragar Park’ property at Dunedoo in central western New South Wales came after years of research and preparation.

James Frampton said when they purchased the property seven years ago, their Quirindi agronomist flagged that it could grow cotton.

“We put in a weather station about three years ago and researched if we had enough growing James Frampton. hours to physically grow the crop in this new environment,” James said.

He said the switch to cotton was made, in part, because of the good prices on offer, but also to bring another crop into the rotation.

“We’ve grown a lot of sorghum and grass weeds were a real issue. We were running into problems with herbicide resistance with the grasses so we had to make a real change and cotton was the obvious choice.”

Three applications of Roundup Ready with PLANTSHIELD were applied in-crop and did an excellent job of controlling a range of weeds including liverseed and barnyard grass.

Cotton was planted under a pivot alongside a ryegrass pivot that fed fat lambs over the summer.

James said, “There’s been no issue fitting cotton into the very diverse operation on our farm.”

He said preparation was king along with following their agronomist’s advice closely throughout the season.

“I had very little experience with cotton before planting it. But coming into the industry now with Bollgard 3, insect control has been an easy job. We only had two sprays early on for mirids.

“On the whole, growing cotton has been really enjoyable because it’s a crop where you can come and see something change every day. You can see a new node or see the bolls are forming or cracking. It’s definitely a very interesting crop to grow.”

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Cotton now Better an option at utilisation of Deniliquin moisture at Boomi

G

roundwork in the lead-up to last summer and good prices have made cotton a viable option for Lachlan Danckert at Deniliquin in southern New South Wales.

Lachlan first grew cotton last season on a recently bought block that had previously grown rice.

“When I purchased this property, it was the intention to set it up for cotton,” he said. “The Lachlan Danckert. framework was here so we’ve effectively changed a rice farm to a cotton farm.”

Having previously worked in areas such as Coleambally, Lachlan found the technological improvements in the industry to be a major driver.

“From what I hear and what I’ve read about, the change has been phenomenal,” he said.

“Having insect resistance and Roundup Ready is fantastic. It has really helped the viability of the crop.”

The current prices and the ability to forwardsell have also been major drivers in switching to the crop.

“I’m really keen to expand in the next couple of years. At the moment I am planning on growing from 100 to 300 hectares next season.”

Picking the crop was initially a concern but a number of contractors from further north were available to harvest the southern crop.

The months leading up to planting were spent re-shaping channels and changing the grade of the field from a flat to a roof-top.

Lachlan runs an earthworks business, so was intent on preparing the irrigation system for efficient watering.

“You can work pretty hard to get water on but it’s also about designing the system to get water away quickly too.

“Cotton loves to have water on and off very quickly. It just doesn’t like to have wet feet for too long.”

108 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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otton has become a major summer crop in recent years on the Moloney’s property at Boomi due to the way it utilises moisture.

Ben Moloney, who farms at “Waverley” north of Moree, said their main summer crop had always been sorghum, but in the past two years they also planted cotton.

Ben Moloney.

“We quite like cotton because the water use pattern is different to sorghum and it is a good broadleaf break for grass weed control.”

He said traditionally the major rainfall months in the area were January and February so a later planted or longer season crop, such as cotton, could benefit from those events.

“It will take advantage of that moisture more so than a September-planted sorghum. And it’s a plant that can handle heat.

Ben said they received advice from a private consultant in Goondiwindi and, with good rain in October, planted the cotton early the following month.

“They guided me through exactly what you have to do but I find it is quite an easy crop to manage. With Bollgard 3, insect pressure is not there like it used to be. The staple length of the cotton is a lot better than it used to be too which makes it better for dryland.”

The cotton was planted in a three-metre double-skip configuration at 12 seeds per metre and established at seven plants per metre.

Both years of cotton on the property have been challenging but the crop has shown an ability to survive through the tough conditions.

“It certainly has more upside than sorghum, but the costs are higher too,” Ben said. “I think it is going to become more common in the black, heavy country that can hold water. It just can handle the heat so it doesn’t have that “cooking in the boot” scenario you would have with sorghum in some heat blasts.”

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Cotton and technology – the next generation ����������������110 Battery storage feasibility �����������������������������������������������114 Australia’s biggest solar pumping system �����������������������118

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Cotton and technology – the next generation

By Nigel Dobson – Banking Services Lead, ANZ

P

redicting the impact of technology is notoriously difficult and the pace of adoption is often underestimated.

There are many recent examples where the exponential growth of technology innovations was completely unforeseen. In 1980, AT&T famously engaged McKinsey & Company to Nigel Dobson. forecast mobile phone penetration in the US by 2000 – the prediction of 900,000 subscribers was less than one per cent of the actual figure, 109 million.

Technology adoption is typically non-linear and uptake follows an ‘S-curve’. A minority of citizens will embrace an innovation but wider adoption is slow until a tipping point is reached that rapidly leads to mass market adoption.

Notably, the S-Curves for recent technology innovations are accelerating and the time taken to reach a critical mass of users is sharply decreasing. For example, in the US it estimated that radio reached 50 million listeners in 38 years, television in 13 years and the computer

FIGURE 1: Adoption of new techmology follows an S-curve

tablet reached this level of user adoption in two years.

A key driver of S-Curve acceleration is the declining cost of technology components, ensuring that wider adoption becomes economically viable. It is anticipated that the cost of an electric vehicle with a 200 km range will fall below the cost of a comparable internal combustion engine vehicle by 2025. On the farm, we can already observe that Internet of Things (IoT) devices, or sensors, are becoming increasingly affordable. In 2004, the average cost of IoT sensors was US$1.30 but this is forecasted to fall to US$0.38 by 2020.

Key drivers In addition to the significant impact that biotech has had on the cotton industry, agrifocused start-ups received US$437 million in venture capital funding in 2017. Agtech innovations are already helping farmers to better understand inputs, improve efficiency and manage operations more effectively.

By 2030, we can expect to see a proliferation of IoT devices on the farm. These smart devices will be continuously communicating in realtime – both locally through mesh networks and remotely via 5G networks to access cloud based services. The increased power usage that these devices will require will be met by cheap renewable energy sources and improved battery storage capabilities.

The confluence of these factors – IoT devices everywhere, ubiquitous connectivity, an abundant energy supply and reliable energy storage – has the potential to enable breakthrough innovation in agriculture.

Consumers will demand full traceability of products We are already seeing promising developments through the application of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to establish and track the provenance of goods in grain and livestock value chains. In the future, we can foresee that consumers will expect to know the origin of the products they purchase with complete certainty and will pay a premium for sustainably and ethically produced goods.

Emerging techniques such as DNA tagging of 110 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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cotton, supported by end-to-end supply chain tracking with data written to permissioned distributed ledgers will create tamper resistant product traceability records. Savvy consumers will be able to scan smart products and know that what they are buying is an authentically Australian, high quality product that was grown in a low pesticide, efficient water usage environment with labour being paid a fair wage.

Advanced machine learning (ML) algorithms will analyse these datasets and predict yield output with high degrees of accuracy. The improved confidence in expected outcomes will create opportunities to manage price volatility and offer tailored, real-time financing propositions based on a specific risk profile.

Data will enable real-time financing and working capital

The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation will redefine the workplace of the future across all sectors. We can expect that many downstream jobs in the agricultural value chain, which rely on low wage repetitive tasks, will be performed by machines in the future. The lower operating costs associated with increased automation has the potential to bring elements of the supply chain onshore as technical sophistication and capability becomes a more important factor than wage arbitrage.

Furthermore, empowered consumers and innovative manufacturing techniques will reshape product design, creation and distribution processes.

The basic personalisation we see today will evolve into customer led product design in an ‘on-demand’ manufacturing environment.

Research conducted by the Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) and Queensland University of Technology (QUT) indicates that it could be feasible to leverage additive manufacturing (3D-printing) technology using cotton-derived materials to shape the apparel of the future.

The factories of the future may well be fully automated with manufacturing and distribution operating triggered by bespoke, consumer initiated designs with last mile delivery completed by drone directly to your door.

The use of data to measure performance and improve outcomes on the farm is not a new concept, but by 2030 this will increasingly be done at scale and enriched with other data sources to manage risk more effectively for all parties in the value chain.

The data generated at farm level by drone based field monitoring, IoT sensors in soil and fleets of autonomous vehicles will be supplemented by macro level data such as weather forecasts, commodities market data and economic data.

FIGURE 2: Cost of EV with 320 km range Assumptions: • 4 miles/kwh • 50kwh batteries • 16% yearly battery cost improvement • EV Cost = 3 x battery Source: Clean disruption, Tony Seba

Cost efficiencies will bring the supply chain onshore

FIGURE 3: Data will enable real-time financing and working capital

112 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Battery storage feasibility

By Ben Kolle, GEM Energy Australia

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ith rising electricity prices and the declining cost of both batteries and Solar PV, it is now possible to generate some real savings from this combination of technologies. To install a system that delivers genuine savings, we need to understand the household or business electricity consumption pattern and match this with the right balance of battery size and solar PV system.

Getting the right ”fit” delivers the financial benefits consumers and businesses seek.

With a variety of battery technologies available, we need to first consider what we want the battery to deliver. If we want to achieve peak demand savings, then we need a battery technology which will discharge and charge very quickly. If we are after load shifting (charged using excess solar PV and discharged at night)

then a battery technology which delivers a long life span gives the best financial return.

Smart battery storage can be operated in different operating modes to achieve savings as well as additional income. The main applications are: • Peak shaving: Discharge at times of peak demand to reduce expensive demand charges and so trim the highest fee on most commercial electricity accounts.

• Demand response: Discharge or charge in response to signals from the utility, and basically become a part of the region’s network, for which the electricity provider pays the owner.

• Load shifting: Charge during the day from excess energy (e.g. solar PV) and discharge

FIGURE 1: Example of a load profile which is viable

FIGURE 2: Example of a load profile which is NOT viable

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at night to offset the overall energy demand, and especially evening peak rates.

• Emergency backup: Power facility when the grid goes down to limit the downtime of the facility. Sometimes just for limited circuits, not the whole home.

• Ancillary services: Provide discharge or charge to stabilise the grid with signal from the grid operator. The electricity provider pays the owner for this access.

Depending on the operating modes, energy consumption on site can be offset directly and income can be achieved by selling excess energy back to the grid during times of high demand.

Peak demand management – with solar For an electricity consumer with high peak demand charges, there are two approaches to managing peak demand/bill management with solar and battery storage.

Traditional approach • This is achieved through the installation of solar PV and battery storage.

• During the day, solar PV supplies the load directly.

• Excess solar PV charges the battery.

• The battery is programmed to peak hours as a

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priority and off-peak hours second, to deliver the best savings.

Tariff optimisation and reclassification Installation of solar PV and battery storage may reduce demand enough to achieve either:

SECTION 7 INNOVATION & NEW TECHNOLOGY

• Reclassify site from large customer to small customer (demand tariff to regulated tariffs); or,

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• Optimise current tariffs to a higher demand charge and lower access charge (ie: EDMTT1 to EDSTT1/Ergon network medium demand to small demand).

Put simply, the solar generation and smart battery system is used to shape the consumption from the grid to save much more than a traditional solar system could deliver.

TABLE 1: Attributes of different battery types Attribute Battery life (cycles) Dc round trip efficiency Depth of discharge (DOD) Temperature effect Charge current Discharge current Thermal stability Energy density

Lithium-ion

Lead acid

Flow

4,000 – 8,000

2,000 – 4,500

10,000

~90%

~70%

~65%–~75%

80–95%

50–60%

100%

<45 C

<27 C

<50 C

Limited

Severely limited

Limited

1.6 Hours

10–20 hours

2–10 hours

High risk

Minimal

Minimal

High risk

Medium

Low

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www.environdata.com.au COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 115

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To gain the best return on investment, it is important to identify the right energy load profile. A case where battery storage is viable can be identified by the following points: • The site operates at least five days a week.

• The base load is less than 30 per cent of peak demand (so that cutting the peak delivers savings).

• Peak demand charge fees exceeds $30 per kW (a rule of thumb).

• Tariff optimisation and tariff reclassification

Tesla’s big battery in South Australia.

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is an option (the solar system can be large enough to cut the consumption from large to small business rates.

Where battery storage is not viable A load profile which is not viable can be identified by the following points: • The site operates at four days a week only.

• The load factor is below 0.8 (peak demand is only slightly higher than average base load).

• Limited period of operating overnight.

• No extended periods of constant high load.

When a battery system is implemented at a viable load profile we can achieve a positive return on investment within six to seven years while maintaining a minimum overall warranty on the equipment of 10 years and an expected minimum service life time of 10–15 years. Such a solution can be fully financed and still cashflow positive from day one. A conservative locked in business investment.

At one site in Bundaberg where 200 kW of Solar PV and 250 kWh of battery storage was installed, we reduced the daily consumption from 1031 to 149 kWh and the site was moved from a large commercial tariff to a small commercial tariff to capture significant additional savings and eliminate peak demand charges.

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CERTIFICATION PROGRAM Get recognised for your skills and knowledge and be provided with a point of difference CERTIFIED IRRIGATION DESIGNER CERTIFIED IRRIGATION PROFESSIONAL CERTIFIED METER INSTALLER & VALIDATOR For more information & view upcoming training courses visit www.irrigation.org.au or contact us on 1300 949 891 | info@irrigation.org.au 116 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Australia’s biggest solar pumping system

F

ree energy from the sun is the latest weapon in the fight against droughts impacting farms in New South Wales.

John Elder’s cotton farm near Narromine is home to Australia’s newest renewable energy power station, and biggest solar pumping system.

The 500kW solar pumping system at Waverleigh, 35 kilometres south-west of Narromine, was installed by Australian company ReAqua, and comprises 1500 solar panels arranged over an area of one hectare.

The system is an accredited power station under the Federal Government’s Large-scale

AT A GLANCE… • Biggest solar diesel pumping system in Australia.

• Renewable energy/solar power to build drought resilience.

• Accredited power station on family farm.

• Reduced carbon footprint.

• Improved farm viability, lower energy costs.

John Elder in front of the solar array.

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• Science and emerging technology merging with agriculture to make it smarter, cleaner and greener.

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www. islex.com.au/smart-syphon 118 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Introducing FluroSense. Cotton crop health monitoring and decision support software that helps you maximise yield and optimise input costs.

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Visit www.flurosat.com or email us at hello@flurosat.com

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Renewable Energy Target (LRET), administered by the Clean Energy Regulator.

Under the LRET scheme, the farm earns Large-scale Generation Certificates (LGCs) for power it generates. These are estimated at $120,000 over the next five years.

The system is expected to reduce diesel consumption used for irrigating the farm by about 50 per cent each year and reduce 500 tonnes of carbon entering the atmosphere annually.

The solar pumping system was partially funded by a loan from the NSW Rural Assistance Authority’s Farm Innovation Fund. It will also host a solar forecasting technology trial by CSIRO. Waverleigh produces over 550 hectares of groundwater-irrigated cotton annually, along with over 1000 hectares of dryland wheat and other winter crops – which failed this year due to the drought.

John Elder expects the system will pay for itself in five years based on diesel savings alone.

The sale of LGCs further contributes to the bottom line.

“Integrating solar power reduces our on-going operating costs, setting us up for challenging years ahead,” says John. “Diesel is the highest cost on our farm, and has been a real constraint on growth, and a factor in our vulnerability to drought. The partial switch to solar powered pumping is a game-changer for us.”

“Incorporating solar power will also reduce our carbon dioxide emissions by about 500 tonnes each year, and we’re very proud of that.”

ReAqua Managing Director Ben Lee says that solar pumping systems are still a new technology

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in Australian agriculture, so the potential upside is huge.

“Early adopters have found it to be a critical factor in building drought resilience and overall farm viability,” he says.

“We’ve seen significant growth in numbers of enquiries from farmers wanting to reduce their energy costs. This 500 kW solar pumping system is an iconic proof of concept for large-scale solar installations on farms.”

MORE DETAILS ReAqua ReAqua is a wholly-owned Australian company providing solar pumping solutions throughout Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. It specialises in agricultural, commercial and industrial solar pumping systems via a dealer network of over 200 accredited local dealers.

Large-scale renewable energy target The Large-scale Renewable Energy Target (LRET) incentivises the development of renewable energy power stations in Australia through a regulated market for the creation and sale of large-scale generation certificates (LGCs).

Power stations accredited in the LRET are able to create LGCs for electricity generated from that power station’s renewable energy sources. LGCs can then be sold to entities with liabilities under the LRET (mainly electricity retailers) to meet their compliance obligations.

Liable entities are required to buy LGCs from the market and surrender these certificates to the Clean Energy Regulator on an annual basis. The number of LGCs required to be submitted by liable entities is set each year through the renewable power percentage​.

LGCs can also be sold to companies and individuals looking to voluntarily offset their energy use and emissions.

The accreditation of power stations and creation of LGCs continues under the LRET until 2030.

Farm innovation fund

An aerial view of the array.

120 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

A package to assist primary producers identify and address risks to their farming enterprise, improve permanent farm infrastructure and ensure long-term productivity and sustainable land use, aiding in meeting changes to seasonal conditions.

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Who will run the farm? ���������������������������������������������������122 The Cotton Classroom �����������������������������������������������������128 Catching up with the Cotton Production Course �������������129

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Who will help run the farm?

By: Daniel Kahl, Nuffield Scholar, Wee Waa

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hroughout the Nuffield Scholarship, what I have found is that the ‘missing middle’ in agricultural labour forces is not a trend unique to my family’s operation, the cotton industry or Australian agriculture in general.

As on-farm roles become more multi-faceted and require a higher skill set, it is the middle management role that is most difficult to fill.

The future of work will be in ‘thinking jobs’.

Moving forward, in a world heavily influenced by data, automation and technology and less by manpower, participants in the agricultural workforce will need core skills in STEM (science, technology, engineering, maths) subjects and the ability to problem solve and adapt.

It is a common challenge to source appropriately trained and skilled personnel

for our farms. Short term, seasonal fixes are commonly used but the time and financial cost of this ongoing induction and training causes a further strain on farming businesses and limits the opportunity for longer term prospects to begin moving up through the ranks. The growing disconnect between urban and rural also impacts on people’s perceptions of farming and on the potential career prospects someone with an interest in agriculture might place on the industry.

So in an attempt to address this issue, the objective of my Nuffield research was to research programs, methods or strategies used to attract, up skill and to an extent, retain, participants to the agricultural workforce in order to develop a pathway to both attract and develop candidates towards a career in farm management.

Start them young

Daniel Kahl (left) meeting with Bert Diddens at Citaverde College in the Netherlands.

122 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

A recent Urban Youth Research survey conducted by Rabobank found that 77 per cent of city based teenagers in Australia knew little to nothing about farming and food production while 17 per cent had never set foot on a farm.

A NFF survey suggested that 83 per cent of Australians felt that agriculture and farming has little or no relevance to their lives. This proves an urgent need for agriculture to be promoted nationally as an exciting, hi-tech industry vital to Australia’s economic future, to reverse the misconception that it is a dull, outdated sector of the past.

During my time in the US, many universities that we visited had programs encouraging kids to participate in Ag. Of course nationally, the US has the 4-H program. These programs ensure that young people are able to develop a more realistic understanding of agriculture. Mary Willis at Fresno State University explained that by demonstrating the variety of roles in agriculture and how the role of farmer has changed, young people can look at agriculture as an industry that is more than just sows, cows and ploughs.

Also in California I spent time with Elizabeth Giannini from the PLANT Foundation. Their Farm Academy Live virtual classrooms meet the curriculum requirements and use agriculture as the vehicle through which teachers can deliver STEM modules of Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths. By teaching STEM through agricultural examples, the program creates a link between the science and

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technology of agriculture with the science and technology of everyday life.

Agriculture as a whole needs to consider the potential for programs such as PLANT’s virtual classrooms to influence how schools deliver their curriculum and advocate for the adoption of such programs in Australia’s education systems.

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Set them on a path The next step is to give those children who have been attracted or engaged by agriculture a head start and to set them on a path to their farm management.

In Holland, Bert Diddens from Citaverde College explained how the Dutch education system allows for students to progress from agricultural high schools into the Beroeps Begeleidende Leerweg (BBL) program, an agricultural apprenticeship combining work with an employer with time spent at a college.

Since 2014 in North West New South Wales a similar program called Agribusiness Careers and Professions (or AGCAP) has been providing students with the opportunity to undertake a school based traineeship. AGCAP allows students to remain in school through the final two years of their education while spending one day a week working on site with a local employer. By the end of the program, students have completed their Higher School Certificate, done 800 hours of paid work and met the requirements for a Certificate II in Agriculture.

Importantly, what a program like AGCAP does is capture those individuals who have the ability and the intelligence to be managers in ‘thinking jobs’ but who may not be academically inclined and don’t thrive in a schooling environment.

Instead of dropping out of school, individuals can continue seeking training opportunities, building their skill base and seeking to progress themselves. By getting a head start on their

Meeting with Dr Willem Hoffman of Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

career pathway, young people can begin working towards management roles within the industry. By having a program like AGCAP or BBL supported and tied to local employers, it shows students that there is a career path to follow; from their schooling, to a traineeship to a full time job with the scope to progress further.

In research completed in 2017, Associate Professor Bernice Kotey analysed the skills profile and labour structures on Australian cotton farms. She found that there were three main levels that employees fit into; • Farm hands, • Farm supervisors; and, • Farm managers.

Her findings suggested necessary qualifications for the middle management role, or farm supervisor, was a Year 12 level of schooling and a Certificate IV level of qualification. By implementing traineeships such as AGCAP, these potential future farm managers can be entering the workforce already on a pathway towards management rather than one as a career farm hand or labourer and given the head start they need to build a better career in agriculture.

Tie knowledge to experience

A Farm Academy Live virtual class provided through PLANT Foundation’s work in California.

124 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

A number of universities in Australia recognise the benefits that vocational courses provide and allow students to receive credits towards a university degree. For a future farm manager, it provides the ability to build further on-farm experience following their traineeship

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while undertaking a further qualification. A specific example of this is the Bachelor of Agricultural Production and Management at the University of New England (UNE). By completing a Diploma of Agriculture through Tocal, it is possible for one third of the required units to be completed towards the degree.

Cotton Australia has implemented the Cotton Gap program to link high school leavers wishing to spend a gap year working on farm with growers willing to take on a young person for year. By continuing the path from a school based traineeship and the Cert III qualification into a Cotton Gap, or other Gap year arrangement, it is possible for individuals to continuing building experience and relevant skills as well as gaining further education by undertaking a Diploma while they work.

Globally, agricultural colleges and universities are recognising the importance of their students gaining applied knowledge and graduating with a skill set and knowledge base that is relevant to the workplace. I visited Elsenberg College in South Africa, Harper Adams University in the UK and Aeres Hogeschool in the Netherlands. All of these institutions recognise the need to have ‘paddock ready’ graduates with experience to go with their newly minted knowledge and include internship or industry placements as part of their courses.

Bring learning to the farm Finally, the modern farm needs to be able to access specialised training on farm for its future managers. Dr Willem Hoffman from Stellenbosch University in South Africa pointed out that there is often not the time and it does not justify the investment for managers to take on study of

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an entire degree or course but they do require these specific skills to meet the increasingly multi-faceted requirements of their roles. He added that programs need to be accessible for farm businesses of all sizes. It is the capacity of the entire workforce that requires building and that will involve enterprises of all sizes.

It is worth considering again the skills profiles put together by Assoc. Prof. Bernice Kotey.

The reality is that potential candidates for farm management positions may often not have the incentive or motivation to undertake the level of study to achieve the required skill level.

Farm businesses also need training to be more specialised and tailored to their business, rather than requiring completion of units unrelated to their operation, if they are to encourage employees to undertake such training.

Study in other industries and academic fields often provides certification recognising knowledge gained on the way to a higher level of qualification. An Associate Diploma, placed between Certificate IV and Diploma level studies, has the potential to provide both farm businesses and employees with the skills necessary to progress to management while ensuring the study undertaken is relevant to the business; it takes advantage of existing short courses in our industry; is an achievable amount of study; and, is readily accessible for businesses and managers alike.

Importantly, rather than watering down or diminishing the value of the Diploma or higher qualifications, the Associate Diploma also has the potential to act as a gateway to continued study and converting the Associate Diploma to a full Diploma.

Wrap up It is important that the agricultural industry and more specifically the farming sector work collaboratively to address the issue of the missing middle within the available farm workforce. In order to do so, the development of a career pathway starting from a school age is vital to attract people to a career in farm management.

Globally, the programs exist to help address the issue of the missing middle. What is required is for those programs to be adapted, supported, implemented and linked together to create a clear pathway for the next generation of farm managers, from school to a rewarding career in farm management.

Daniel speaking to a class of students at Aeres Hogeschool about how to create pathways for people like them into agriculture.

126 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

For those wanting to know about my findings, my Nuffield Report and Presentation will be available at www.nuffield. com.au . My thanks to Nuffield Australia, the Cotton Research and Development Corporation and Cotton Australia for supporting a scholarship each year and our team at home who supported me through the scholarship.

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The Cotton Classroom

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n the past year, more than 195,000 unique visitors each month accessed the Cotton Classroom section on Cotton Australia’s website, an increase of nine per cent on the previous period and an indicator of the success of the organisation’s efforts to reach students and teachers.

Cotton Australia’s regional managers in each cotton-growing valley work directly with primary and secondary schools and communities, organising farm tours for students and teachers, attending school events, supporting teachers with education resources, and participating in careers events.

Cotton Australia continued to work closely with organisations such as the Primary Industries Education Foundation Australia (PIEFA) in the past year, producing new resources and optimising the reach of our educational materials. Cotton-specific units of work – covering science, geography and mathematics – were published by PIEFA in the past year in collaboration with Cotton Australia. These resources were accessed more than 25,000 times between May 2017 and April 2018.

Scholarships help build capacity In 2017, Cotton Australia sponsored five undergraduate university students studying agriculture-related courses. The scholarships were enabled by the Cotton Catchments Communities Co-operative Research Centre’s Legacy Fund. The final year scholarship program project is an important part of the education process as it is designed to support students to achieve outstanding results. The cotton industry

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has benefited considerably from technology, research, products and ideas developed as part of these final-year projects.

Cotton Australia also provided scholarships to 18 university students and eight teachers to attend the 2018 Australian Cotton Conference.

The recipients attended the presentations and networked with industry personnel to learn more about Australian cotton and the industry’s leading role in water efficiency, pesticide reduction and sustainability.

One of the more prestigious scholarships on offer is the Nuffield Scholarship, which supports participants to travel overseas, experience and learn in different environments, and then report back to industry on issues with direct relevance to the Australian farming experience.

In September 2017 Luke McKay from Kununurra, Western Australia received a Nuffield Scholarship. Supported by Cotton Australia and Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC), Luke is farm manager at Kimberley Agricultural Investment (KAI), where he oversees all KAI’s cropping throughout the Ord River valley. His scholarship research will focus on issues relevant to tropical cotton-growing systems.

In September 2018, Cotton Australia’s Central Highlands regional manager, Renee Anderson, and Queensland grower Tamara Uebergang were announced as Nuffield scholarship recipients for the next year. Renee’s scholarship is jointly supported by Cotton Australia and CRDC. Her research will focus on highlighting better management practices that improve the social, environmental and economic sustainability of agriculture, and clearly communicate positive farming practices to consumers and drive broader community support for the industry.

Tamara, a grower from Miles in Queensland, will investigate alternative fuel sources and energy solutions for Australia’s agricultural sector.

Teach the Teacher events continue to be hugely successful

Renee Anderson and Tamara Uebergang.

128 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

In most cotton-growing valleys this year, Cotton Australia coordinated with local Cotton Grower Associations to run ‘Teach The Teacher’ events, which engaged directly with educators so they could pass on knowledge to their students and gain an affinity for our industry.

One of the biggest events to be run in the past year was in Moura in Central Queensland where more than 30 teachers and staff from local schools attended.

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Catching up with the Cotton Production Course

By Oliver Knox and Brendan Griffith – University of New England

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he 2017-18 year has seen some changes in the way the University of New England (UNE) run, CRDC funded Cotton Production Course has been delivered. The biggest behind the scenes change has been a slight shift in delivery with Oliver Knox taking on more teaching and administration so Brendan Griffiths could ease up a bit and devote more time to his farm and other ventures. We have also had to accommodate changing some of the delivery so that it is more in line with most of UNE’s course delivery, something we

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had avoided for the past 25 years, but we are making it work and student feedback remains favourable.

There have been a few other changes over the year. We welcomed back Sydney University students to our Cotton Production (Cott300/400/500 units) internal student study tour in February (see photo). This swelled our internal numbers considerable for a few days in Goondiwindi, but was great preparation for the 53 students that we had enrolled in the unit in the first trimester of the year.

UNE and Sydney students getting ready for a gin tour at Namoi Cotton, Goondiwindi, being guided by former student Jess Struach (not pictured).

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www.une.edu.au or www.crdc.com.au Brendan Griffiths – griff@griffithsagriculture.com – 0427 715 990 COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 129

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Numbers in the other units (Cotton in the environment, Cotton Farming Systems and Cotton Protection) have remained similar to recent years (16, 5 and 13, respectively) with this year starting with five graduates completing all four units in 2017 with another four to complete this semester in 2018. As always we wish them well and hope that they’ll take what they have learned at UNE out to the industry where we’ll be expecting big things from them all. After all, as Brendan was quick to point out, four of the five ADAMA Chris Lehmann Trust Young Cotton Achiever of the Year nominees, including the

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recipient, William Back, were former Cotton Course graduates. We would like to extend our congratulations to all the nominees and thank them for setting such an amazing example of what is possible to the current course cohort.

As for this cohort, well they have continued to enjoy exposure to some of the best people the industry has to offer from consulting, farming and research as well as Brendan and Oliver. We’ve had them join in the #soilyourundies experience, learn some sweep netting and beat sheet sampling with the entomologists at ACRI, get some of the best insights into how cotton fits in its environment and potentially become some of the best communicators we’ve ever made.

So as always, if you have been thinking about how you can advance your understanding of aspects of the cotton crop or are perhaps just seeking some further recognition of your skills then why not give some thought to signing up for the Cotton Production course? If you are not sure or want to talk about aspects of how you might do this then please give either Brendan or Oliver a shout.

E: oknox@une.edu.au 02 67732946.

Students at UNE on the Cotton Production Unit also found time to soil their undies in the name of science and soil health. So Oliver took their pants to the cotton conference. (PHOTO: Mel Jenson).

Mel Jenson gives useful advice on how to interact with the media and produce extension material to the Cotton Farming Systems students in Goondiwindi. They thought it was, ‘excellent’.

130 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Deanne Stanfield puts sweep net training into effect at ACRI. Look at that smile! She can’t wait to be doing this in cotton.

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Cotton growers share their cover cropping strategies �����132 Finding the balance in farming systems ��������������������������138 Management of river red gums for multiple benefits ������142

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SUSTAINABLE COTTON FARMING

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Cotton growers share their cover cropping strategies

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over cropping is the process of growing a crop during a fallow period, creating ground cover that helps increase water infiltration, slow evaporation, improve soil carbon and soil mineral nitrogen, and protect the top soil.

The CottonInfo REOs recently went on farm with cotton growers across their valleys to investigate how they include cover crops in their farming systems, and the benefits they get from doing so.

Gwydir Grower

Paul Slack, Slack Holdings Total hectares: 4860 ha.

Cropping Cotton:1620 ha dryland. Other cropping area: area 1620 ha fallow, 1620 ha wheat.

Soil type Grey clay and self-mulching black vertosols

Paul Slack has been growing cotton for 34 years at ‘Belvedere’ Gurley in the Gwydir Valley.

Paul believes having cover on the ground in the form of a cover crop (be it dead or alive) helps to trap moisture and hold the ground together to stop surface erosion. His farming system involves cover cropping, particularly to improve his soil moisture.

Each year, Paul rotates the cropping area on

Paul Slack.

132 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

his farm, growing one third of the farm in a summer crop, one third of the farm in a winter crop, and one third of the farm in a fallow or double crop. In summer, he grows cotton and corn, in winter, wheat, with chickpeas as a double crop.

“Moisture is king, and our best cover crop is straw,” said Paul. “Ideally, we’d have mulched straw on top, but we don’t due to our slope: it would simply wash off.

“We need a standing, well-anchored cover, be it straw or the remnants of a previous crop.

“Our winter wheat crop is the most crucial part of our system – providing a cover crop for the cotton and the corn.

“Cotton and corn are our pillar crops, so we need to trap the moisture to get the cotton through, and the wheat stubble does that.

“We use our chick peas as our double crop in the wheat and we take them through to seed to give us cover during the growing period. Once harvested though, the cover isn’t as good as the wheat.

“Obviously you need a decent wheat crop to get a good body of straw, and you need moisture to do that. So, we use wheat as our cover crop of choice, as we can yield something out of it, and use it as a cover.” Even in years when the wheat doesn’t yield well, he sees cover cropping as a cost-effective method to trap moisture and build the moisture profile of his soil.

“There is a bit of expenditure to run a planter over it and plant seed, but if it builds the moisture profile, then it is certainly a cheap alternative to doing nothing.

“In a dry year like this, it can mean the difference between having a crop or not,” Paul said.

In addition to moisture management, Paul believes cover cropping has other benefits, such as helping with disease management and weed control.

“I went away from growing wheat and barley as a double crop as we were experiencing so much crown rot. Since moving from wheat and barley to chickpeas, our crown rot levels have dropped right off. I’ve trialled millet as a cover crop also, and if you have a good stand, it will outcompete a lot of the weeds.” Paul’s advice to other growers considering cover cropping is

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to do a small on-farm trial first, and to consider the results of local trials, such as the Dryland Cotton Research Association (DCRA)/Kaylex trial underway at ‘Bellevue’ Moree and the Plant Breeding Institute.

“Field peas have shown strong results in that trial, despite having a pretty limited market if you wish to take them through to grain. I’d be interested in trialling them on my farm, based on the results of that trial,” Paul said.

“I hosted the DCRA/Kaylex trial on my farm last season – it compares a range of options: bare fallow, wheat stubble, chickpeas etc, and shows you what’s working.

“It would be interesting to increase the size of the trial areas and even look at mixes, like they do in England with multi-species cover crops, such as canola and vetches together as a fumigant to lower disease levels. There’s certainly still a lot we can learn.”

Macquarie Grower Cropping area Soil type

Alex Ballhausen Total hectares: 1800 ha. Cotton: 150 ha.

Other cropping area: 1650 ha.

Red Loam

Alex Ballhausen has been growing cotton at Narromine in the Macquarie Valley for seven years.

Cover cropping for Alex involves planting cotton into a sacrificed cereal crop, and is a critical part of his farming system, as his soils are prone to crusting and shedding water. Alex believes cover crops have many benefits on his farm: • Allowing even infiltration of water; • Adding to general soil health; • Reducing the effect of wind and sandblasting of young plants; and, • Reducing evaporation.

Alex grows cotton/wheat and cotton/wheat/ sweetcorn rotations. He has an overhead irrigation system, and finds that his cover crops assist in breaking up the energy of the droplet from the sprinklers, and reducing the lateral movement of the water on the soil’s surface.

“Given my soil type it is essential to have adequate ground cover, or a cover crop to plant into,” said Alex.

“Last year, with the dry winter, my cover crops were inadequate – despite some irrigation to encourage growth. Spot yields in my fields varied by up to five bales per hectare where water was running to and away from high and low areas. This year, I will definitely allocate more time, energy and water to ensuring the 134 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Alex Ballhausen.

cover crops are adequate to maximise the returns from the cotton.” Alex is conscious of balancing the need for a healthy cover crop with the need for sunlight for the emerging seedlings.

“I don’t want the cover crop to get too high, as the interception of sunlight can be detrimental to the soil temperature needed for emergence and seedling growth. This was the case for me in 2016, as it was too wet to terminate the cover crops at the optimal time.

“As my soils aren’t prone to waterlogging, the thicker the cover crop the better – as long as it doesn’t get higher than 300mm.

“In a perfect world, it would be great to have good cover crop cover until row closure. Lighter cover crops have been ok, but the benefit disappears too early as the stubble breaks down.” Through his nitrogen application, Alex has found that there may be a nutrient tie up from the cover crop.

“We only apply deep-banded starter preplant, then spread urea in crop. This season we spread all our nitrogen before December 25, and results were pleasing, whereas in previous seasons the last application was spread around January 5, which we now feel is too late as tie up was delaying availability to the crop.”

Alex is interested in investigating this potential tie up further to understand the impact and the nutrients affected, through strip trials of different rates of nitrogen, and different timing of applications. He’s also interested in understanding more about the ideal quantity of cover cropping.

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MacIntyre Grower Cropping area Soil type

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Andrew Newell ‘Korolea’ Boggabilla Total hectares: 1750 ha Cotton: 1000 ha irrigated Black self-mulching

Andrew Newell’s family has been growing cotton at ‘Korolea’ and ‘Royston’ Boggabilla for 39 years.

Andrew sees cover cropping as an important part of the farming system, due to the benefits it provides in collecting moisture, controlling weeds, creating organic matter and encouraging microorganisms to improve soil health.

“Cover cropping for us is a green manure, where you are turning the crop back into the soil rather than growing it for harvest. Nature always keeps the ground covered, so we are learning from nature and controlling what we grow to ultimately increase our yield through improvements to our soil and our crop’s root system,” said Andrew.

Andrew’s approach is to grow vetch as a cover crop, which he sows when it rains straight after a cotton crop.

“For the past three years, we have put vetch in most fields that aren’t back to back, in the hope that the nitrogen fixing properties of vetch will help. We were hoping to do a vetch and barley blend this year but we haven’t had the moisture to plant. We have also used chickpeas and barley in the past, but ended up taking them through to harvest, while our normal approach is to terminate the crop prior to seeding, generally around November.

“We use offsets to work it in, then that field goes back into cotton the following year in October. This allows us enough time to do our ground prep work for the following season.

“This rotation saves us from having nothing

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on the ground from May to the following October. We plant the cover crop up the rows – Bollgard 3 has meant that we can leave the hills there and have the offsets at a slight angle when we work the cover crop back in.” Andrew is already seeing short term benefits, and is planning on making cover cropping a long-term strategy.

“We have already seen the soil soften – we are seeing worms in the paddock and the soil is more friable.

It looks healthy, feels healthy, and the machines go through it much easier. It’s still too early for us to see a yield improvement, but the benefits to the soil are so obvious that it can only be better for the crop,” he said.

Timing is a key challenge for Andrew, both in terms of planting the cover crop, and controlling weeds.

“We need to be ready to plant our cover crop if and when moisture becomes available, which can be a challenge from a timing perspective,” he said. “The timing of spraying weeds is also really important. We have learnt that it’s good to pre-spray before planting vetch, while a light Roundup over the vetch not only controls turnip weeds, but also slows the vetch down and delays flowering.” As an irrigated grower, Andrew has learnt from the knowledge and experience of dryland growers.

“We have generally learnt from looking and observing; there is a huge amount of organic matter on the farm next door to our property in Brazil and we can see the difference that makes.

As irrigators, we can definitely learn from what some of the dryland growers are doing: they have such knowledge about conserving and working with moisture.” Andrew is particularly interested in learning more about the impact of cover cropping on the moisture profile – the benefit to the soil’s water holding capacity and water use efficiency, and whether the cover crop is allowing him to stretch his irrigations out longer, or is making it easier for water to infiltrate to get a bigger profile.

“My burning question around cover cropping is the impact on yield. This is a long-term approach for us, but I’m interested to know the time period in which we might start seeing the impact of cover cropping on yield. I’m also curious as to whether we could build a machine to plant our cover crop on either side of the cotton plant line on the hill, so that we have stubble to protect cotton seedlings: that could really help with our establishment.”

Andrew Newell participating in CottonInfo’s soil health campaign.

136 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

For more cover cropping case studies, go to the CottonInfo web site: https://www.cottoninfo.com.au/cover-cropping-case-studies

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Finding the balance in farming systems

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ew farming systems research on the Darling Downs is working towards finding the impact of cropping rotations, intensity and nutrient strategies on productivity and sustainability.

Dr Lindsay Bell, Principal Research Scientist with CSIRO Agriculture and Food, presented some of the preliminary data from the GRDCfunded project at Incitec Pivot Fertilisers’ Agronomy Community forum earlier this year in Brisbane.

“Farmers have a whole range of levers at their disposal to influence how efficiently the system can convert rainfall into product and dollars,” said Lindsay.

“This research is looking at some of the key levers, their impacts on water use efficiency and measurable soil properties like nutrient levels.”

The project is comparing 38 different farming systems, with variations in cropping intensity,

crop choice, nutrient application strategies and other interventions such as the use of cover crops or manure.

Lindsay emphasised that the site at Pampas, east of Toowoomba, was very fertile at establishment, with high soil phosphorus and potassium levels.

Based on the data collected in the first three and a half years, he shared five key insights around crop nutrition with the Agronomy Community.

“We are seeing big differences in the nutrient cycling between different crops in terms of the amounts being accumulated in fallow and the timing of that nitrogen availability,” he said.

Soil tests were taken in April and September 2016 to track soil nitrogen accumulation following wheat, faba beans, chickpeas, field peas and canola grown in 2015.

Soil nitrogen accumulation was much higher after canola and legumes than after wheat.

The soil rapidly offered up 84 kg per hectare of nitrogen after canola, while only 21 kg per hectare of nitrogen showed up in the fallow after wheat, in tests taken in April 2016.

By September, the fallow nitrogen accumulation was still significantly higher where field peas and canola had been grown, with 130 kg per hectare of nitrogen accumulated.

In other crops, faba beans and chickpeas had accumulated approximately 90 kg per hectare of nitrogen and the fallow following wheat accumulated 60 kg per hectare of nitrogen.

“This understanding is helpful if you’re designing a system that can capture the nitrogen from crops with a higher rate of nitrogen cycling,” he said.

But it wasn’t all good news from legume crops, with the pulses in the system utilising soil nitrogen before fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

“The nitrogen exported in grain from legumes exceeds that of wheat,” said Lindsay.

Dr Lindsay Bell, Principal Research Scientist with CSIRO Agriculture and Food, at the GRDC-funded farming systems research project on the Darling Downs. He shared five key nutrient stories from the farming systems site with agronomists at Incitec Pivot Fertilisers’ Agronomy Community forum in Brisbane.

138 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

“Any additional nitrogen fixed is often being exported from the system so that we achieved a similar negative nitrogen balance after the pulses to cereal dominated rotations.

“Based on our data, I wouldn’t be banking on any huge nutritional benefit from nitrogen fixation from grain legumes in terms of the longterm system nutrient balance.”

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He added that legumes were also likely to be exporting more of other nutrients than expected.

“Grain testing has shown the legumes are removing a lot of phosphorus and potassium,” he said.

For example, in faba beans, 10 kilograms of potassium was removed in every tonne of beans at harvest, which was three times that of wheat.

Phosphorus was removed at nearly twice the rate of wheat.

“Quantifying the nutrients removed with the harvest can greatly inform future decision making in terms of replenishing those nutrients,” said Lindsay.

“The removal rates recorded in legumes in this research are higher than the regional rules of thumb, which goes to show the value of knowing how much is being removed from different paddocks, different crops and in different years.”

He encouraged growers to use grain testing to close the loop on nutrient budgeting.

Incitec Pivot Fertilisers’ sub-tropical farming systems agronomist, Bede O’Mara, has also seen high potassium removal from chickpeas when grain testing his field trials.

“The grain test results showed that one tonne

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140 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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of chickpeas removed 10.7 kg of potassium – nearly three times more than one tonne of wheat at 3.7 kg,” Bede said.

“This will add up for growers if they regularly include chickpeas in the rotation, particularly if they grow it with other higher potassium removal crops such as cotton and high yielding summer grains like sorghum or corn.”

The Nutrient Advantage laboratory offers grain testing along with soil and plant tissue testing to provide answers to growers and their advisers.

The farming systems research is also comparing higher intensity farming systems (e.g. five crops in three years) with lower intensity farming systems (e.g. three crops in three years).

“We’ve added more nitrogen into the high intensity systems, but we haven’t produced a lot more grain in total than the lower intensity ones,” Lindsay said.

“Yields are higher in the lower intensity systems, because there’s more stored water available for the crops and more nitrogen accumulating in the fallows.”

Final insight His final insight came from a comparison of two fertilisation strategies, one designed to support a 90th percentile yield and the other a 50th percentile yield.

“In those systems with a higher fertiliser strategy, we’ve essentially balanced removal with supply so far, but we haven’t seen much in the way of a yield response,” he said.

“We are seeing some of the additional nitrogen supplied recovered in subsequent fallows and by future crops, so we can expect to get at least some of that extra nitrogen back.

But it may take longer than 12 months.”

He said the farming systems project is showing the value of maintaining a consistent approach which balances nutrition across the whole rotation.

Lindsay sees similarities with Incitec Pivot Fertilisers’ long-term nutrition research at Colonsay, where nitrogen and phosphorus applied to each crop at 80 kg per hectare and 10 kg per hectare respectively is keeping the system in nutrient balance after 33 years.

Bede said although some individual crops removed more than these rates, the overall system was balanced in the long term at these levels.

“The economic analysis from Colonsay suggests that the best long-term returns are achieved by using nitrogen and phosphorus together, but they are only positive when nitrogen is optimised at 80 or 120 kg per hectare,” he said.

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Management of river red gums for multiple benefits

By Stacey Vogel, CRDC

D

r Rhiannon Smith has been conducting research, supported by CRDC and Northwest Local Land Services into the management of riparian zones on cotton farms to improve health and encourage recruitment of the iconic river red gums that flank many of our river systems in cotton growing regions.

Over the years, Rhiannon’s research has highlighted the value of river red gum forests for carbon sequestration, erosion mitigation and biodiversity conservation on cotton farms, as well as providing habitat for natural pest control agents such as insectivorous birds and microbats.

Rhiannon’s current research has illustrated the variety and complexity of factors contributing to dieback of river red gums in cotton-growing catchments in northern NSW. During the early days of this project, a major dieback event occurred in the upper Namoi catchment that was driven by an outbreak of three different species of sap-sucking insects known as psyllids.

Following defoliation by these insects, dry conditions have further hampered tree recovery.

In other areas, spray drift during a particularly difficult defoliation year contributed to tree dieback, and cockatoos took advantage of the more open canopy conditions and removed further leaf material. Rhiannon’s research results have been compiled into a CottonInfo “Dieback identification and management guide” available at https://www.cottoninfo.com.au/publications/ tree-dieback-guide Glasshouse investigations conducted during the project show the impact of river red gum dieback on the production of not only lower quantities of seed, but also lower quality seed in terms of germination rates, time to germination and seedling vigour. Low quality seed is a likely factor influencing low recruitment rates of river red gums at sites experiencing dieback. In these instances, it may be necessary to under-plant dead and dying trees with tubestock to restore the tree canopy and restore ecosystem functions.

Rhiannon’s research has also illustrated the impact of lippia on the growth and establishment of river red gum seedlings, with low densities of lippia (only 10 per cent cover) lowering seedling growth rates and survival.

Interestingly, the dominant mechanism for competition between lippia and river red gum seedlings appears to be related to the impact of the lippia on the soil environment (soil chemistry or biology) rather than competition for water.

Further research into the mechanisms employed by lippia that impact seedling survival and growth are currently under investigation.

The results of Rhiannon’s research indicate that natural regeneration of river red gums at dieback-affected sites may require management interventions to remove lippia and introduce high-quality seed (or seedlings) into the site.

Rhiannon is currently comparing a range of planting methods and supplements to achieve successful tree establishment.

Propagation (top) and establishment (below) trials of river red gum regeneration.

142 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Rhiannon’s future research will investigate cost-effective methods of tree planting, including the use of drones and commercially available seeders commonly used on cotton farms, to improve biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

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(PHOTO: GRDC)

Coarse spray guide to reduce spray drift �������������������������144 Spray workshops highlight ongoing drift problems ���������147 Minimise spray drift – good farmers manage it! �������������150

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Coarse spray guide to reduce spray drift

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rain growers and spray operators can now access a practical guide explaining how to maintain efficacy when using coarser spray qualities in line with new restrictions to the use of 2,4–D. The guide has been developed by the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) to assist industry understand the on-farm implications of the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) decision to suspend the labels of all products containing the active ingredient 2,4–D from October 4, replacing them with a permit.

The action by the APMVA was taken in response to widespread damage over several years to sensitive crops, such as grapes, horticultural crops, summer pulses and cotton.

The APMVA permit will stay in place until the finalisation of the 2,4–D review. Public consultation on the review is expected to start later this year.

Under the permit there are changes to the ‘directions for use’ for 2,4–D including: changes to application technique, spray quality, timing and the observance of mandatory no-spray buffer zones, as well as increased requirements for detailed record keeping.

Industry spray specialist Bill Gordon, who

The GRDC has developed a drift reduction guide for spray operators explaining how new restrictions to the use of 2,4–D will impact on-farm applications. (PHOTO: GRDC) 144 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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has done extensive work on best practice application, has helped develop the latest GRDC guide to 2,4–D use, for those working in the paddock.

Bill said it was important to understand the new changes were primarily targeted at drift mitigation and did not restrict any other aspects of the current approved use patterns as detailed in the new permit (replacing the original product labels).

He said the key changes for using 2,4–D under the permit include: • Applicators must now use at least a Very Coarse (VC) spray quality; • When using a boom sprayer, boom heights must be 0.5 metres (or lower) above the target canopy; and, • Downwind buffers now apply (typically less than 50 metres, subject to rate and product being applied) between application sites, downwind sensitive crops and environmentally sensitive aquatic areas.

Bill said the new permit also included an advisory statement for 2,4–D use in cereals, fallow and pasture from October 1 to April 15.

These statements advise operators to use an Extremely Coarse (XC) or Ultra Coarse (UC) spray quality and to take steps to mitigate the risk of spray drift such as adopting increased water rates and slower application speeds.

“Additional record keeping is also required under these changes, so operators now need to update spray records, with greater detail, within 24 hours of application and to keep these records for a minimum of two years,” he said.

“The permit also includes clearer instructions to help identify temperature inversions to reduce off-target spray risk.

“I would advise operators to watch for weather changes and stop spraying immediately if a surface temperature inversion develops or conditions become unsuitable for any other reason.”

Bill said the changes would mean many spray operators would have to buy additional sets of nozzles to meet the new requirements for VC, XC or UC spray quality.

“In practical terms, many low-pressure air induction nozzles, such as the Teejet AIXR or Hardi Minidrift, are not able to produce VC, XC or UC droplets at useful pressures in the nozzle

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sizes most commonly used, which range from 02 (yellow), 025 (lilac) and 03 (blue),” he said.

“Therefore, many spray operators will need to change to high pressure air induction nozzles, such as the Hardi Injet, Teejet TTI or TTI-60, or the Agrotop TD-XL-D. “Operators are encouraged to contact their suppliers well before starting spray activities to secure the supply of their nozzle requirements.

“These nozzles should be operated at pressures above 4 bar (ideally 5-6 bar), so their use may require increasing application volumes.”

If spray operators are using Pulse Width Modulation Systems, Bill said there were several options to ensure they were meeting the new permit requirements.

“Very coarse spray qualities can be achieved on Pulse Width Modulation systems using Wilger MR-04 or SR-06 nozzles at pressures below 2.4 Bar. Other nozzle sizes may be appropriate if using the Wilger DR nozzle types,” he said.

“To obtain XC or coarser spray qualities, operators should check with their suppliers on

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the availability of newer nozzle models that are suitable for this purpose.”

Bill said operators would also need to consider adjusting application volumes when using coarser spray qualities.

“When increasing the droplet size, it is important to consider increasing the total application volume to maintain coverage and efficacy,” he said.

“In low stubble environments a minimum of 70 litres per hectare has be shown to provide acceptable efficacy when using XC spray qualities. In heavier stubbles this may need to be increased to 80L/ha or more.”

Bill said there were additional state and territory restrictions which spray operators and growers must adhere to which may include restricted areas and times of use. Operators are advised to check with their relevant state authority for details.

More information is available from the new GRDC Fact Sheet ‘Maintaining efficacy with larger drops’ at https://bit. ly/2IT3lND. For more information about best practice spray application go to https://grdc.com.au/spray-drift

THE NUFARM “SPRAY CLOCK”

24 HOUR RISK PROFILE FOR SUMMER SPRAYING IDDAY M

Windspeeds must be above 4 km/h and less than 15-20 km/h (refer to label) blowing away from sensitive areas Medium spray quality: Delta T: 2-10 Coarse spray quality: Delta T: 2-12 To start spraying, the sun should be about 20 degrees above the horizon, and wind speed and direction consistent for 30-40 minutes 20°

Be aware of higher evaporation risk and thermal activity after midday.

Monitor plant stress.

Prepare to STOP all spraying if windspeeds start to drop

Windspeed should be above 4-5 km/h after Sunrise to start spraying

S

The safest option is not to spray during this period.

*EXTREME CAUTION REQUIRED High inversion risk Dangerous air movement

CAUTION REQUIRED Surface Inversion onset likely.

Wind must be above 11-12 km/h

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M

ID

NIGH

Later in the evening air movement can become too unpredictable for safe spraying.

Often by 10-11 pm it has become unsafe.

ALWAYS FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS 146 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Often spraying into the early evening is possible in summer when air movement has continued to mix the air and prevent a surface temperature inversion forming.

N SET

Plan NOT TO SPRAY during this period

T

Spraying can only occur if the operator can be certain that a surface temperature inversion is not present.

Monitor conditions closely Consider using larger spray quality, higher water rates and managing evaporation with suitable adjuvants (ie. Collide, Activator)

( Likely to be the best conditions for spraying

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UNRIS

Pay very close attention to changes in wind speed and wind direction through out the evening.

Only use XC or UC spray quality, reduce spraying speed and boom height to minimise risk of droplets remaining airborne.

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Spray workshops highlight ongoing drift problems

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ontinued reports of spray drift damage across the eastern and southern states have highlighted a lack of awareness of spray drift causes and potential impacts, with damage extending beyond broadacre farming into horticultural crops.

Spray drift expert and former pesticide inspector, Mary O’Brien, was the guest speaker at a recent series of five chemical application workshops in the Swan Hill district sponsored by FMC and hosted by the region’s chemical resellers, including Landmark, Elders, Ruralco BR&C, Swan Hill Stockfeeds, Cropsmart and North west Ag Services as well as local consultants Croprite and GroundedAg. The days were led by Swan Hill Chemicals, Agrivision, and Rice Growers.

Almost 250 local broadacre farmers, rice growers, horticultural growers, viticulturalists, contract sprayers, independent agronomists, chemical retail agronomists and store managers attended the workshops at Tooleybuc, Swan Hill, Tullakool, Ultima and Boort.

While a major focus of the workshops was the risk presented by 2,4–D spraying and the effect that recently announced APVMA regulations will have on its usage, it was clear that spray drift is an issue of much greater significance than just the impact it has on cotton.

Stewart Rendell, from Swan Hill Chemicals, was very pleased with the attendance at the events and said the spray application workshops supported his vision for an area wide approach to the spray drift problem.

“Cotton grown in the southern cropping regions has simply acted as a ‘canary in the coalmine’. Being so sensitive to 2,4–D it has shown what has been going on historically with chemical drift of every sort on a range of crops,” Stewart said.

Although the spray application workshops were very well received, Mary said the reports of drift damage to a range of crops indicated that the hazards posed by inversion conditions and spraying at night were still clearly not well understood.

“If growers and contractors are spraying glyphosate and 2,4–D at night they’re part of the problem when they need to be part of the solution,” Mary said.

Mary’s warning comes amid moves from

authorities to impose heavier restrictions on 2,4–D and possibly other chemicals as the spray drift problem has continued unabated over recent years.

SECTION 10 SPRAY APPLICATION This section brought to you in association with

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 147

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“We can’t afford to stuff up any more as the regulator may come down even harder on the industry and we will lose these weed management tools if we don’t use them properly.”

This was especially critical in mixed cropping regions where horticultural crops like tomatoes and capsicums and tree and vine crops including nuts, grapes and stonefruit are being impacted by chemical spraying on broadacre crops tens of kilometres away.

One local stonefruit grower at one of the meetings told of an experience that cost him significantly when a fungicide, commonly sprayed in the district, ended up being detected in his stonefruit produce.

Meanwhile a grape grower at Tooleybuc told the group that he suffers drift damage to his vines every year, while a tomato grower at Boort described last growing season as a “disaster” as he continuously battled wet weather conditions and several spray drift events on his crop.

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Mary said the problem was especially confusing in the NSW and Victorian border region as the Victorian side was a Restricted Chemical Zone which placed restrictions on chemical use, when the same restrictions did not apply across the border – which may be literally just across the river.

“Unfortunately people are still not understanding inversions and the risks associated with spraying at night. They must get the message that spraying in these conditions is not safe, regardless of wind speed,” Mary said.

Spray oils and adjuvants specialist, Dr David Johnson from FMC, which sponsored the workshops, said growers needed to take heed of atmospheric conditions and at all times take additional precautions such as using a proven drift mitigating adjuvant such as Dead Sure which had been extensively trialled in Australia and specifically registered for managing drift.

“While Dead Sure does not replace the need to adopt responsible spray practices, when used in the right conditions with ultra coarse TeeJet TTI nozzles, Dead Sure reduces the proportion of driftable fines by as much as a further 70 per cent which provides an added level of ‘insurance’ when spraying near susceptible crops.

“We have had growers in mixed farming districts like the Darling Downs and Liverpool Plains where cotton, corn, lucerne and other crops are grown side by side getting little or no damage to adjacent crops when applying glyphosate and 2,4–D mixes in the right spraying conditions with a TTI and adding Dead Sure to the tank mix.”

A spray demonstration at Bort.

The addition of Dead Sure to the tank mix has also resulted in better results and faster burndown, while counteracting the fining up of the spray quality which increased rates of glyphosate can do.

Dead Sure has also proven effective in helping control resistant weeds in ‘double knock’ trials involving glyphosate and paraquat sprayed near maturing cotton crops in ideal conditions.

Another of the meeting hosts, Kent Wooding of Agrivision, said with industry starting to not only recognise, but actually starting to own the spray drift problem, momentum is building to change spraying practices. Best practice chemical spray application is coming to the forefront with nozzle selection, boom setup, spray mix consideration and weather conditions being key.”

More information on spray application workshops is available by contacting Mary O’Brien on 0427 35 88 06 or Email: mary.more@bigpond.com.

Spray workshop Tullakool.

148 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Dead Sure is available from most Rural Resellers.

Contact FMC on 1800 901 939 for stockists’ details.

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Minimise spray drift – good farmers manage it!

By John Single, Narratigah, Coonamble

T

he recent publicity surrounding herbicide damage to cotton crops is just the tip of the iceberg. Phenoxy damage to cotton is dramatic in that it is highly visible and can be hugely detrimental to yield. So cotton receives the publicity, and unfortunately in the eyes of some, cotton growers are seen as the bad guys as they restrict the use of herbicides in cotton growing areas.

What rubbish! We all have a very clear obligation to contain all pesticides to their intended target, legally, morally and most importantly – environmentally.

All too frequently we are seeing herbicide damage to all types of crops and from the various chemical groups – not as obvious as cotton – but it is occurring. We see it in leaf discolouration, irregular plant growth, reduced or a loss of tillers and in worst instances, plant death. How often do we drive through cropping areas and witness the obvious damage to the trees, or drift on to pasture country.

In isolated instances traces of paraquat have been detected in grain. That is frightening. And what is that distortion in my garden plant and why did that garden plant die?

As one of a number of growers who helped develop our current zero till cropping systems in the 1980s and then proudly promoted “maximum sustainable economic yield” through zero till in the early 1990s, it is way past time to speak out about pesticide damage that is occurring in this great industry of ours.

We own the problem – we should fix it!

John Single is calling for proactive change to counter increasing spray drift issues. Industry selfregulation is needed.

150 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

We own the industry, we are causing the problem and we must fix it.

If we choose to do nothing, there is no doubt that in time the problem will be fixed for us.

Look at what is happening on the regulation front in other countries, particularly in the European Union and North America. In some cases farmers wanting to apply a pesticide to a field need to have that field inspected by an agronomist, the agronomist approves, or not, the pesticide application, the agronomist certifies that the farmer can purchase enough pesticide to apply to that field (and only that field), then the farmer can purchase that pesticide after demonstrating that they are qualified to apply it.

There is no debating that the current situation is unacceptable – it simply must change. The choices are simple, do nothing and watch government cover the agricultural industry with red tape, and/or have certain pesticides banned because of irresponsible use – or we self-regulate.

Self regulation could take many forms, with education being the obvious starting point. But let’s make certain that the information we put out there is complete.

Drift occurs in many different situations and it all needs to be contained.

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Inversion layer drift is the killer

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extend spray hours past Delta-T of 8 in order to apply to small actively growing weeds – again SECTION 10 But the primary focus is inversion layer drift. reducing the need to spray at night.

The industry has itself to blame for SPRAY There is good information about how to inadvertently promoting night and early morning APPLICATION contain drift – but the age old industry problem spraying, when inversion conditions are most is how to beat that information into growers’ This section brought to likely to exist. you in association with heads.

This has occurred through the promotion of Habits are hard to break, particularly when Delta-T conditions under which to operate – dollars are involved. Chemical card training ideally of no more than a Delta-T 8 – which in should be ramped up to include detailed the summer months principally occurs at night information on drift control and APVMA needs and early morning. This has promoted better to look at labelling to include very prominent herbicide efficacy. inversion layer restrictions. A minimum of a Unfortunately, no-one said where to measure three km per hour wind does not mean that Delta-T. As a result we generally rely on various there is not an inversion layer. weather stations that record well above ground If your crops suffer drift from neighbours, let level. them know – they may not realise that they or their But it is at ground level in the spraying operators have caused a problem. environment that we should be most interested.

The industry used to have the slogan: Frequently Delta-T is less at lower heights, “Conservation farming, good farmers manage so spraying can continue further into the day it.” reducing the need to apply at night.

It could now be: “Minimise drift, good Weed stress and size have a huge effect on farmers manage it.” herbicide efficacy, and small rapidly growing Let’s hope that we don’t instead resort to “it’s weeds are far easier to control than large Name: FLAME_SYN4464 Cotton 4 x Half Page Adverts VOLIAM cool to dob inLuigiaPagnozzi drifter” and need to bring in FLEXI stressed weeds.

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COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 151

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SPRAY CONSULTANT COMMENTS… Mary O’Brien is a spray application consultant based in southern Qld where a wide mix of side-by-side summer and winter crops has made her an experienced authority on spray drift. Mary has been involved in countless field days, seminars and on-farm demonstration sites focusing on safe and effective use of farm pesticides.

We asked Mary to comment on John Single’s whole of industry ‘wake-up’ call when it comes to spray drift (see previous page).

Mary O’Brien.

John is making some very good and valid points, particularly in his call for all crop production sectors to take ownership of the spray drift issue. If there is not a united and effective management approach to stop spray drift damage, pesticide products will be lost with a huge impact on our ability to manage resistance.

Spray drift minimisation should be uniting the crop production sectors, not dividing them.

We often have an unhealthy obsession with Delta-T that in practice, pushes people to spray at night. To flesh out John’s comments on Delta-T a bit more, it is widely accepted that a reading of 2 to 8 is in the go range. But unfortunately, many operators don’t know that this is for a ‘fine’ spray quality.

For fallow sprays where Group I products are used, ‘coarse’ spray quality is the minimum legal requirement.

So when using larger droplets we can push that Delta-T out to about 12, or in some instances 14, thereby providing more opportunity for less risky daytime spraying. We refer to Group I chemicals because of their notoriety in summer crop drift issues. But we need to be equally diligent across all chemical groups throughout the year.

There is a great ‘Spray Clock’ recently released

by Nufarm, and developed by my spray application consultant colleague Bill Gordon. The Spray Clock is a very good summation of when and when not to spray.

Bill has always recommended measuring Delta-T both in the air and also at the plant target height. If there is good soil moisture and the plants have not shut down and are transpiring well, the Delta-T will be a better guide if measured at the target plant.

Delta-T should be used as a guide only – it is not the bible as many treat it.

information on to operators who, in turn, are willing to take it on board.

There are instructions on the chemical label stating ‘do not apply during surface temperature inversions’. The problem is that very few operators can tell when there is an inversion.

John rightly makes the point that temperature inversions can still be in place even when there is a wind above 3 km per hour. I have seen many situations where temperature inversions are in place in spite of wind blowing well above 3 km per hour. It is very dangerous to assume a low inversion risk even if there is a 3 to 15 km per hour wind.

We need to also keep in mind that inversions are not just a summer spraying issue. Inversion events in winter can often persist for longer (ie. start earlier in the afternoon and won’t break until later the next morning).

Industry-wide responsibility I often hear farmers and operators blaming the particular chemical, the chemical company, the APVMA or the consultant when spray drift occurs. The best response to this is by way of an analogy: If I buy a V8 Commodore and I get a speeding ticket, is that Holden’s fault or mine? I have bought a product that is capable of doing 5 km hour or up to 260 km per hour.

How I use my bought product is my problem.

To apply the analogy, if I buy a Group I herbicide I need to know the capabilities of the chemical and how it is formulated before I can ‘drive’ it safely.

This season we have seen broadscale drift damage to cotton and other summer crops. While there are some products marketed as low volatile esters, they are still a lot more volatile than the amine formulations.

The issue with low volatile ester formulations is that it doesn’t matter how good the conditions are when it is applied, it can volatilise and move off target up to 72 hours after the application – and with the soil temperatures we get in summer, that is a very real problem. When it vaporises into gas form, it can then move during the day or during inversions. That’s why these LVE ester products are just not suitable to use in summer.

It is in the best interests of farmers and operators and the industry as a whole to act pro-actively and do the right thing.

The bottom line is that every single factor that impacts on drift is within the control of the operator – formulation, nozzles, timing, speed, boom height and tank mix.

Chemical labels and temperature inversions John is also suggesting beefing up the industry chemical card training as well as drum labelling, particularly with respect to spray drift – and I couldn’t agree more – but we need more focus on technical issues such as temperature inversion identification.

The trainers must also be up to speed on what causes drift and importantly, what the best drift minimisation strategies are across the full range of local environmental conditions.

The trainers must then have the skills to pass this 152 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

This smoke test shows air movement during surface temperature inversions.

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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

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Keeping insect pests lower for longer: Benefits of native vegetation ������������������������������������������������������������������154 Managing unsprayed pigeon pea refuges �����������������������158

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Keeping insect pests lower for longer: Benefits of native vegetation

By Cate Paul, CSIRO

AT A GLANCE… Native vegetation adjacent to cotton fields can: • Increase pest predation by insect predators within cotton fields. Although the application of insecticides can reduce the benefit.

• Compensate for damage to crop by insect pests such as thrips, jassids and mirids.

Other studies show that this can be due to native vegetation enhancing pollination ecosystem services.

• Reduce and delay mirid colonisation and thereby reduce risk and number of insecticide sprays in cotton fields, increasing the time for beneficials to have an impact on pests.

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here is a range of ecosystem service benefits that flow from maintaining on-farm natural assets. Previous research has focused on the relationship of semi-natural vegetation providing individual ecosystem services – for example, biological control or pollination.

But there is little evidence to show the measurable effects of native vegetation on insect pest suppression in cotton production at a landscape scale or the mechanisms underpinning any effect. By comparing insect pest suppression in relation to the crop and the proportion of native vegetation at larger scales, we researched how native vegetation links to on-farm insect pest management. For example, we asked could native vegetation help to increase biological

Vesna Gagic.

control and keep insect pests in cotton “lower for longer”?

The three-year research project led by Vesna Gagic included: • Sampling cotton crops and adjacent areas of native vegetation for beneficial and pest insects; • Using digital cameras in experiments to record and then quantify Helicoverpa spp. egg predation by ground and canopy dwelling beneficial insects (predators) both day and night in cotton and native vegetation; • Conducting glass house and field exclusion experiments to measure the interactions between pollination with and without pest

Yield loss from pests is lower when cotton is cross-pollinated.

154 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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FIGURE 1: Effects of habitat type (semi-natural habitat, crop with margin and crop without margin) and strata (Canopy vs. Ground) on egg predation in the a) sprayed and b) unsprayed fields

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control and their combined impact on cotton yield; and, • Analysing crop-scouting data for five seasons from multiple cotton fields on the Darling Downs and calculating proportions of land use up to two km around these fields. Over 36400 observations, by field and date, were analysed to determine the relationship between land use, management activities and insect pest populations.

Sampling insects using pitfall and pan traps showed that there was a large variety of beneficial insects sampled from both cotton and semi-native vegetation areas that are likely

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156 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

to contribute to biological control of a variety of cotton pests. However, identifying insects from the video images of experiments showed the dominant beneficial insects responsible for Helicoverpa spp. egg predation are ants.

Interestingly, nocturnal ground-dwelling predators such as crickets and earwigs also contribute to egg predation. Predation of eggs was higher in unsprayed cotton crops adjacent to semi-natural vegetation compared to fields without semi-natural vegetation. It was evident that the application of insecticides (results from sprayed crops) reduces the benefit of adjacent semi-natural habitat for beneficial insects responsible for egg predation.

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Positive pollination

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Pollination is not essential for cotton yield.

But experiments to quantify interactions between the ecosystem services of predation and pollination showed that pollination can reduce yield loss due to insect pest damageand so provide a level of “insurance.” That is when biocontrol is low (i.e. pest numbers are high) pollination can contribute to yield and reduce boll loss caused by mirids and other pests.

Relationships between land use (specifically the proportion of semi-natural vegetation), insect pests and management using insecticides at different spatial scales were identified by analysing land-use information and scouting data. Results showed that the probability of mirids being present in cotton is likely to be less and remain so for longer in fields where there is 20 per cent or more semi-natural habitat at a 3 km radius.

Spraying reduced the probability of mirids in a crop. But the likelihood of mirids increasing after spraying insecticide is greater where there is less native vegetation. There is also a relationship between the size of the cotton field and proportion of native vegetation and probability of mirids. For example, the time between sprays increases with increasing native vegetation in

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small fields. Similarly, the likelihood of mirids being present in cotton increases as field size increases but where there is also less native vegetation.

These results begin to highlight and quantify the important interactions between ecosystem services and areas of semi-native vegetation in relation to crop production activities such as insecticide application, for managing insect pests and yield.

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For beneficials to move across the landscape, it is ideal to have areas of native vegetation linked to each other. (PHOTO: G. Roth)

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Managing unsprayed pigeon pea refuges

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By Sally Ceeney, CottonInfo

E

stablishing and growing an attractive refuge is a mandatory component in the Resistance Management Plan (RMP) for Bollgard 3. The purpose of a refuge is to generate significant numbers of Helicoverpa moths which have not been exposed to selection pressure from any of the Bt proteins.

Attractive, fully irrigated, unsprayed flowering pigeon pea will, on average, produce twice as many moths as the same area of unsprayed cotton. As well as producing high numbers of moths, it is also crucial that the timing of production of moths from refuges matches that of Bollgard 3 cotton crops. A well-watered refuge with adequate nitrogen is most likely to sustain larvae through to pupation and consequently produce the most moths. This is the key to delaying Bt resistance.

The following information is intended to assist growers to establish and maintain effective pigeon pea refuges. Growers should refer to the RMP for guidance on mandatory refuge requirements.

Ideally, refuges should be sown in a field area adjacent to the Bollgard 3 cotton crop. Be mindful to ensure sufficient separation to avoid the drift of herbicides or insecticides applied to the cotton or other crops onto the refuge area.

As with many other legumes, pigeon pea can have allelopathic effects on subsequent crops which should be taken into account when making field selections.

Field selection

Nitrogen fixation by legumes such as pigeon pea is optimal in soils with very low residual soil N. The use of peat based group J inoculation formulations on seed just prior to planting will help to ensure effective rootzone colonisation by active strains of rhizobium bacteria. Effective nodulation of the root system can reduce crop susceptibility to water logging. To ensure efficacy of inoculant, follow all label requirements and directions regarding storage, handling and application.

Over a period of 20 years the continual recycling and saving of seed from undamaged refuges has caused an evolutionary shift towards pigeon peas that flower much later or at times not at all. This problem has been redressed with the release of Sunrise – a new variety of pigeon peas. Sunrise exhibits excellent vigour under furrow irrigation across a range of soil types, and commences flowering by early January or typically within 75 days of sowing. Sunrise is strongly indeterminate and has the ability to repeat flower, particularly after insect attack.

Sunrise seed production is being undertaken annually by Associated Grains to ensure that the planting seed that is available to industry has excellent germination characteristics and

Pigeon pea can be grown on many soil types but can be susceptible to waterlogging, therefore select fields that have good postirrigation/rainfall drainage. Avoid fields that were sown to cotton during the previous season as this will reduce the likelihood of volunteer and ratoon cotton occurring in refuges. The presence of Bollgard 3 cotton in refuge areas diminishes the resistance mitigation potential of a refuge.

Similarly, selecting fields with a low weed seed bank also enables easier management of weeds that can compete with pigeon peas and reduce refuge effectiveness.

Larvae in pigeon pea refuge. (Photo: Johnelle Rogan) 158 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Crop establishment Timing Similar to mung and soybeans, a minimum soil temperature of 17°C and rising is optimal for pigeon pea establishment. In most cotton production regions these conditions occur during October-November. Under the RMP, pigeon pea should be sown within the two week period prior to planting Bollgard 3, or if not possible, completed within 3 weeks of the first day of sowing Bollgard 3 for irrigated crops.

Sowing and inoculation

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remains true to type to preserve the heritage of this variety for years to come. Sowing rates for Sunrise typically fall within the range of 25-40 kg/ha being guided by germination statistics and field conditions at the time of planting. Growers concerned about crop residues should consider using planting rates at the higher end of the recommended range as this will result in plants with thinner stalks, which makes later crop destruction much easier.

Pigeon peas row spacing should match that of the corresponding Bt cotton crop.

Comparisons between Sunrise pigeon peas and the original pea cultivar type Quest (under commercial conditions at a range of sites over several seasons) have demonstrated that Sunrise flowers much longer than the original determinate Quest, and on average generates 2-3 times more pupae per hectare of refuge.

Seed bed preparation and planting Ensure that the seedbed has good tilth to maximise seedling emergence and establishment. Seed should not be sown deeper than five cm. Leveling of any seed trenches created during planting is important, particularly when residual herbicides have been used and/ or the field is to be watered up. The use of press wheels with light pressure has been shown to improve emergence.

Pre-irrigation Pre-irrigation and planting into moisture is generally recommended over watering up. Some growers choose to water up the refuge with the rest of the field, then replant into this moisture if a replant is required.

Crop nutrition Pigeon pea requires inoculation with Group J inoculant. Nodulation will be limited in high nitrogen soils. A well-grown crop of pigeon pea can add up to 38 kg/ha of nitrogen. Pigeon pea is much more sensitive to phosphorus deficiency than cotton. In soils with long cropping histories where soil P may be depleted, pigeon pea is likely to respond to addition of phosphorus and zinc. Like cotton, pigeon pea is highly arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) dependent and in long fallow situations, it may even be more responsive to P and Zn.

Weed management Pigeon pea are poor competitors with weeds during establishment particularly when planted under cool conditions.

As well as herbicides, inter-row cultivation can be a useful tactic. However, cultivation can inadvertently kill (the Bt-susceptible) Helicoverpa 160 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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pupae present in the soil at the time. For this reason, it is a requirement that once Bt cotton begins to flower, the corresponding refuge should not be cultivated. The presence of volunteers/ratoon Bollgard 3 cotton in any refuge will diminish the value of the refuge and must be removed as soon as possible.

Irrigation Pigeon pea can be very sensitive to waterlogging on heavier soil types. Selecting a site with good drainage, avoiding irrigation prior to heavy rainfall predictions and only watering every second row can be useful strategies for reducing the risk of water logging. In principle, growers should use the same best management tactics on pigeon pea as those being used for their cotton crops, e.g. getting water on and off the field in a timely and effective manner.

Being a drought tolerant plant, pigeon pea generally has a lower water requirement than cotton. However, it is important to ensure crops do not become moisture stressed as this reduces attractiveness and truncates the flowering period. Sunrise is an indeterminate variety, and in some circumstances irrigating too frequently can prolong the vegetative growth stage, delaying the onset of flowering.

A good rule of thumb is to plant Sunrise on a full profile of moisture and then apply the first in crop irrigation as the plants begin to show flower bud development. Sunrise should be exhibiting signs of budding by the time it reaches 50-70 cm in height. After the initiation of buds Sunrise can be irrigated on a similar schedule to adjacent cotton which will prolong flowering and ensure rapid regrowth after insect attack.

Destruction and harvest of pigeon pea refuge crops Harvest or destruction of a pigeon pea refuge should only be carried out after the corresponding Bollgard 3 cotton crop has been fully picked. In NSW and Southern Qld, soil disturbance should only occur after Bollgard 3 cotton fields have been pupae busted (to ensure maximum emergence of pupae from refuges).

In Central Queensland, soil disturbance of refuge crops can only occur two weeks after the final defoliation of the Bollgard 3 cotton.

Growers in Central Queensland using pigeon pea for trap crop purposes should refer to the late summer pigeon pea trap crop requirements of the RMP for full details.

Originally published in the Cotton Pest management Guide, 2018. See www.cottoninfo.com.au Note – No crop product or crop residue is to be fed to livestock.

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Bruce Finney leaves CRDC �����������������������������������������������162 Industry farewells one of its finest researchers ���������������164 Vale Dr Stephen Allen �����������������������������������������������������166 New CottonInfo officers ��������������������������������������������������167 CRDC Grassroots Grants �������������������������������������������������167 CottonInfo: Meet our team ���������������������������������������������168 CRDC list of current projects �������������������������������������������169

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Bruce Finney leaves CRDC

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fter 14 years at the helm of the Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC), Executive Director Bruce Finney has announced that he will be stepping down from his position in January 2019.

CRDC Chair Richard Haire praised Bruce’s contribution to CRDC and the Australian cotton industry during his tenure at CRDC. “Bruce has made an enormous contribution to CRDC and the wider cotton industry over his time here, and his prior career in agronomy, management and corporate agriculture, and we thank him for his leadership and dedication.

“Bruce has worked closely with myself and my predecessors during this time to lead Australian cotton RD&E, making it the world-leader that it is today. Bruce has been instrumental in driving outcomes for the industry through close collaboration with our industry partners, through such initiatives as Vision 2029, the Cotton Innovation Network, and the Australian Cotton Industry Forum.

“On behalf of the CRDC Board and staff, I

Bruce Finney.

extend my thanks to Bruce, and wish him all the best in his future endeavours.”

Bruce will be relocating in January 2019 to commence a new role leading business development and innovation with NSW DPI in Orange.

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An industry grounded in innovation and efficiency.

Matt McVeigh Dalby, QLD

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Industry farewells one of its finest researchers

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HE Australian cotton industry owes a huge debt to many dedicated researchers who, over the past 50 years, have helped take Australian growers to the top of the international cotton production tree. The quality of the research has helped keep Australian farmers in business when faced with challenges such as droughts, foods and plagues of resistant insects.

Some of those researchers are relatively unknown, working away in labs and undertaking some fairly monotonous tasks – planning, planting and picking trials, then analysing results and writing reports. Others have achieved almost legendary status in the industry, not only for their research efforts, but their ability to communicate with growers and consultants to maximise the value of their efforts.

Unfortunately, one of the best of this latter group has decided to call it quits at the ripe old age of 59. As one CRDC Board member put it, “when Lewis Wilson put up a research proposal, there was no need for discussion – it was just approved.”

Lewis decided to exit quietly at the end of April, but his colleagues had other ideas. They managed to keep a testimonial dinner with over 100 guests secret, which is no mean feat in a small town like Narrabri. Either Lewis is a very good actor or he was genuinely surprised by the attention. Apart from those present, there were

Lewis Wilson checking the progress of a trial.

164 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

plenty of written and video testimonials from colleagues and friends from around Australia.

The genuine respect and admiration for Lewis was evident from the team at the Australian Cotton Research Institute, his various PhD students and all parts of the industry.

His co-workers, led by Simone Heimoana, put together a comprehensive “This is your life” styled show. Lewis has been a wonderful contributor to The Australian Cottongrower over a period of 30 years or so. He’s also spent many hours talking to large and small groups of farmers in felds and meeting rooms in all cotton areas of Australia.

He quickly recognised that consultants were key players in getting information to growers and cultivated a great relationship with the CCA (Crop Consultants Australia) and was always willing to address their meetings or just be on the end of a phone call to answer a question.

He has a natural rapport with growers with a down-to-earth attitude and a great sense of humour. Unfortunately for us, Lewis has other interests in life apart from cotton insects – interests such as 4WD adventures, trail bike riding and spending time with his family.

Hopefully he will still find a bit of time to give advice and guidance to the research team he leaves behind.

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Look after your soil and it will look after you.

Jamie Powell Dalby, QLD

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F E R T I L I S E R S

Vale Dr Stephen Allen

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he Australian cotton industry has lost one of its long-time contributors, with the recent passing of renowned plant pathologist Dr Stephen Allen.

Stephen spent 39 years serving the industry, including 16 years with Cotton Seed Distributors. He made major contributions to the understanding, management and control of diseases affecting cotton production in Australia, most notably Fusarium wilt.

Stephen received a number of awards over his career, including Researcher of the Year in 1990 and 2007, and the Honorary Membership Award from Crop Consultants Australia in 2014. He was included in the Australian Cotton Industry Awards roll of honour in 2016 after his retirement in 2015.

Major contribution Stephen made a major contribution to the understanding, management and control of diseases affecting cotton production in Australia and around the world. He was recognised as a global leader in dealing with Fusarium wilt in cotton.

His ability to relate to growers and understand their needs saw him develop disease

Dr Stephen Allen.

166 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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management strategies and tactics that fitted within the Australian cotton production systems and contributed to the profitability of those systems.

After completing his science degree (with First Class Honours and a University Medal) and his PhD at the University of New England, Stephen joined the NSW Department of Agriculture at Narrabri in 1983. Stephen’s initial challenges included bacterial blight, Verticillium wilt and seedling diseases. He established the annual cotton disease surveys and contributed to the development of an effective seed scheme controlling blight in the very susceptible Deltapine varieties.

Stephen’s research also included significant contributions on mycorrhizae, microbial fibre damage in rain-delayed harvests, control strategies for Verticillium wilt, the first record of black root rot on cotton in Australia and a major role in formulating and implementing the Australian cotton industry response to the escalating threat of Fusarium wilt. He also completed an exhaustive evaluation of seed treatments based on Systemic Induced Resistance. His ‘Come Clean-Go Clean’ slogan has been widely adopted.

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New CottonInfo officers

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new Regional Extension Officer, Elsie Hudson, has joined the CottonInfo team based in the Namoi.

Elsie will provide the latest research outcomes and findings direct to cotton growers, consultants and the wider cotton industry in the Namoi Valley.

She brings a strong understanding of cotton and the issues and challenges facing growers to the role, having worked as an agronomist at Auscott Narrabri.

“Elsie brings a passion for cotton, a

knowledge of the industry and existing networks in the Namoi region to the role of Regional Extension Officer,” said James Quinn, Marketing, Extension & Development Lead at Cotton Seed Distributors Ltd, one of the three joint partners in the CottonInfo venture.

“Elsie’s role will be to connect growers in the Namoi with relevant industry research and best practice, supporting them to continue to increase their farm productivity.

“On behalf of the CottonInfo joint venture partners, we welcome Elsie to the team. We also thank former Namoi Regional Extension Officer, Geoff Hunter, for his work in this role since CottonInfo’s inception,” James said.

New Border Rivers appointment Another new Regional Extension Officer, Andrew McKay, will operate in the Border Rivers region from his base in St George.

Andrew brings a strong understanding of cotton and the issues and challenges facing growers to the role, having previously worked as a manager at Vanderfield, Suncorp Group and Kulkine Pastoral Company.

Elsie Hudson.

Elsie and Andrew join the 20-strong CottonInfo team, which includes on-the-ground regional extension officers across the cotton growing valleys, researchers who are technical leads in their specific fields and myBMP best management practice support staff.

CRDC Grassroots Grants

T

he CRDC Grassroots Grants program is now entering its eighth year and continues to support Cotton Grower Associations (CGAs) to undertake capacity building projects in their regions.

Up to $10,000 in funding is available from CRDC for CGAs to help fund a project aimed at increasing the engagement of growers in the industry, solving specific regional issues and improving their skills, knowledge base and networks.

Since the Grassroots Grants program commenced in 2011, CRDC has invested $548,000 in 62 projects across the cotton growing valleys – from weather stations to crop nutrition workshops.

Ten projects were funded in 2017–18, including:

•

• In-feld research trials in Mungindi comparing dryland cotton to dryland sorghum across various row confgurations; • A spreader calibration workshop in the Upper Namoi; • Silverleaf whitefy and mealybug area wide management meetings in the Gwydir with leading industry researchers; and, • Grower development programs to improve skills and capacity in the Dawson Valley and the Darling Downs.

Applications for the 2018–19 round of Grassroots Grants will close on November 30, 2018. Applications will be reviewed on a firstcome first-served basis.

For more information, view the program’s guidelines and application form on the website: www.crdc.com.au/community-and-grower-support

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 – 167

SECTION 12 RESEARCH & EXTENSION This section brought to you in association with

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CottonInfo: Connecting growers with research Australian cotton growers have always been quick to embrace research and development (R&D), with many of the industry’s major achievements in water use efficiency and pesticide use reduction resulting from the application of research findings on farm.

Ensuring growers know about research results and information is the role of CottonInfo, the Australian cotton industry’s joint extension program, delivered by cotton industry bodies the Cotton Research and Development Corporation, Cotton Australia and Cotton Seed Distributors.

CottonInfo is designed to help growers to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability via best practice (working hand in hand with myBMP), and helping the industry as a whole become more responsive to emerging, or emergency, issues.

Under the new CottonInfo Strategic Plan, which came into effect in July 2018, there are four primary focuses for CottonInfo for the next five years: • I mproving the rate and reach of adaption and adoption of R&D;

SECTION 12 RESEARCH & EXTENSION This section brought to you in association with

• E nabling successful cotton industry expansion; • P reparing the industry to respond to biosecurity threats and assist in the event of natural disasters; and, • S trengthening CottonInfo as an effective extension team and a trusted information source.

The CottonInfo team of regional extension officers, technical leads and myBMP experts can provide you with the latest information, driven by research, on a range of cotton topics.

Talk to the team today for advice on nutrition, soil health, water management, pesticide use efficiency, energy use, carbon, biosecurity, disease and insect management, natural resource management, stewardship and weed control – and more.

For the 2018-19 season, we’re particularly focused on helping growers improve their soil health and irrigation system efficiency.

We’re also taking an active role in helping to provide area wide management solutions for pest control.

For more information, visit our website: www.cottoninfo.com.au.

Meet our team Led by CottonInfo Program Manager Warwick Waters (0437 937 074, warwick.waters@crdc.com.au), and supported by Communications Manager Ruth Redfern (0408 476 341, ruth.redfern@crdc.com.au) the CottonInfo team of Regional Extension Officers, Technical Leads & myBMP experts are all here to help!

Regional Extension Offi cers Regional Extension Officers provide cotton research outcomes and information directly to growers, agronomists, consultants and agribusinesses in each region. Contact your local Regional Extension Officer for the latest research, trials and events in your area.

Elsie Hudson

Amanda Thomas

Namoi P: 0458 142 777 E: elsie.hudson@cottoninfo.net.au

Macquarie and Bourke P: 0417 226 411 E: amanda.thomas@cottoninfo.net.au

Annabel Twine Darling Downs P: 0447 176 007 E: annabel.twine@cottoninfo. net.au

Kieran O’Keeffe Southern NSW P: 0427 207 406 E: kieran.okeeffe@ cottoninfo. net.au

Andrew McKay Border Rivers, St George, Dirranbandi P: E: andrew.mckay@cottoninfo.net.au

Janelle Montgomery Gwydir and Mungindi P: 0428 640 990 E: janelle.montgomery@ cottoninfo.net.au

Sharna Holman Central QLD P: 0477 394 116 E: sharna.holman@daf.qld. gov.au

Technical Leads Technical leads are experts in their fields and provide in-depth analysis, information and research to the industry, for the benefit of all growers. Contact the technical leads to learn more about water use efficiency, nutrition, soil health and much, much more.

Eric Koetz Weed Management P: 0413 256 132 E: eric.koetz@dpi.nsw.gov.au

Stacey Vogel Natural Resources and Catchments P: 0428 266 712 E: staceyvogel.consulting@gmail.com

Jon Welsh

Paul Grundy

Energy and Climate P: 0458 215 335 E: jon@agecon.com.au

Sharna Holman Biosecurity P: 0477 394 116 E: sharna.holman@daf.qld.gov.au

Integrated Pest Management P: 0427 929 172 E: paul.grundy@daf.qld.gov.au

René van der Sluijs Fibre Quality P: 0408 885 211 E: sluijs@optusnet.com.au

Ben Crawley Irrigation (Technical Support) P: 0439 247 605 E: ben.crawley@dpi.nsw.gov.au

myBMP team The myBMP team run the industry’s best management practice program, myBMP. Contact the myBMP team to learn more about - or to participate in - myBMP.

Rick Kowitz myBMP Manager P: 0427 050 832 E: rickk@cotton.org.au

is a joint initiative of

168 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Nicole Scott

Polly Quinn

myBMP Customer Service Officer P: 1800cotton (1800 268 866) E: nicoles@cotton.org.au

myBMP Lead Auditor P: 0418 385 656 E: pollygibbons@gmail.com

Visit us at: www.cottoninfo.com.au

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CRDC list of current projects The Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) delivers outcomes in cotton research, development and extension (RD&E) for the Australian cotton industry. A partnership between the Commonwealth Government and cotton growers, CRDC invests in world-leading RD&E to benefit Australia’s dynamic cotton industry, and the wider community. We invest in innovation and transformative technologies to deliver impact.

Our Investments are guided by growers and the cotton industry’s research priorities through Cotton Australia’s grower R&D advisory panels. We invest in five key areas under our

Key focus area

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Strategic RD&E Plan: increasing productivity and profitability on Australian cotton farms; improving cotton farming sustainability and value chain competitiveness; building the adaptive capacity of the Australian cotton industry; strengthening partnerships and adoption; and driving RD&E impact.

The table below lists the current projects that CRDC is investing in, on the industry’s behalf, in 2018-19. For more information on the five investment areas and the projects listed below, please contact CRDC on 02 6792 4088 or visit the CRDC website: www.crdc.com.au.

Project title

Project code

•

Researcher

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Organisation

Commenced Completed

USQ

Jul-18

Jun-21

CMSE1802 Long, Robert CSIRO 1819FRP018 Macdonald, Bennett CSIRO

Jul-17 Jul-18

Jun-20 Jun-21

UNSW1802 CSP1804 IREC1801 IREC1701 RRDP1712

Triantafilis, John Broughton, Katrina Ayliffe, Emma Houghton, Rob Schwenke, Graeme

UNSW CSIRO IREC IREC NSW DPI

Jul-17 Jul-17 Apr-18 Mar-17 Jul-16

Jun-20 Jun-20 Jun-19 Aug-18 Jun-21

RRDP1717

Van Zwieten, Lukas NSW DPI

Jul-16

May-20

RRDP1714

Rowlings, David

QUT

Jul-16

Nov-19

RRDP1721

Swarts, Nigel

UTAS

Aug-16

Jun-21

RRDP1720

Bristow, Mila

NTDPIR

Aug-16

Jun-21

RRDP1722 RRDP1735 RRDP1716

Williams, Allan Williams, Allan Eckard, Richard

CRDC CRDC UMELB

Jul-16 Jul-16 Jul-16

Jun-20 Apr-20 Apr-20

RRDP1711

White, Marguerite

ICD

Nov-16

Jun-20

RRDP1718

Wang, Weijin

DSITI

Jul-16

Apr-20

RRDP1727 RRDP1715

Coutts, Jeff Suter, Helen

Coutts J&R UMELB

Feb-17 Jul-16

Jun-21 Nov-19

RRDP1719

Redding, Matthew

QDAF

Sep-16

Jun-21

Deakin University

Jul-18

Jun-21

GOAL 1: Increased productivity and profitability on cotton farms 1.1 Optimised Increased yield through improved management of soil constraints in cotton farming systems farming systems Precision management for improved cotton quality Improving the nitrogen use efficiency of cotton crops through better understanding the role of dissolved organic nitrogen Improving water use efficiency in a changing climate Improving water use efficiency in a changing climate IREC Field Station Automated Irrigation IREC Field Station: Automation of recycle system More Profit from Nitrogen – enhancing nutrient use efficiency in cotton More Profit from Nitrogen – Improved nitrogen use efficiency through accounting for deep soil and mineralisable N supply, and deployment of Enhanced Efficiency Fertilisers to better match crop N demand More Profit from Nitrogen – Increasing nitrogen use efficiency in dairy pastures More Profit from Nitrogen – Optimising nutrient management for improved productivity and fruit quality in cherries More Profit from Nitrogen – Optimising nutrient management for improved productivity and fruit quality in mangoes More Profit from Nitrogen – PMA Meetings More Profit from Nitrogen – Project Communications More Profit from Nitrogen – Quantifying the whole farm systems impact of nitrogen More Profit from Nitrogen – Science leadership and project coordination More Profit from Nitrogen – Smart blended use of enhanced efficiency fertilisers to maximise sugarcane profitability More Profit from Nitrogen – YourData platform More Profit from Nitrogen -Improving dairy farm nitrogen efficiency using advanced technologies More Profit from Nitrogen – New technologies and managements: transforming nitrogen use efficiency in cane production Optimising the management of manures in southern NSW cotton production II

1819FRP073 Bennett, John

1819FRP035 Quayle, Wendy

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 – 169

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PhD: Monitoring soil water dynamics for improving water use efficiency PhD: Next-generation fertilisers for nutrient stewardship in cotton production PhD: The impact of irrigation methods and management strategies on nitrogen fertiliser recovery in cotton in southern QLD Utilising plant-based sensing techniques for improving water profitability in fully and partially irrigated cotton National Soils RD&E Strategy National Water RD&E Strategy Science leadership for cotton development in Northern Australia A sprayable water barrier to line irrigation channels – scoping study Biodegradable sprayable polymer to improve crop water productivity in cotton production systems Minimising yield variability to maximise yield in a cotton farming system Opportunities for dryland cotton with Bollgard 3 Optimising seedling emergence PhD: Utilising novel plant growth regulators to develop resilient future cotton systems Quantifying the effectiveness of cover crops as a means of increased water infiltration and reduced evaporation in the northern region Application of molecular tools to monitoring for resistance alleles in 1.2 Transformative Helicoverpa spp. technologies Assessing the potential of a new monitoring tool (Zappa trap) for managing sucking pests on cotton Commercial development and evaluation of a machine vision-based weed spot sprayer Future Farm (Phase II): Technology solutions for improved nitrogen application decisions Identifying sensors for better IPM in cotton PhD: Characterisation of brassinosteroid effects and brassinosteroidresponsive genes in cotton for growth and stress tolerance enhancement Precise real-time automated cotton irrigation for improved water productivity Precise real-time automated cotton irrigation for improved water productivity Precise real-time automated cotton irrigation for improved water productivity The platform for monitoring and analysis of cotton canopy nitrogen status and yield projection using calibrated aerial and satellite imagery 1.3 Protection IPM to support management of emerging cotton pests from biotic PhD: Biology of Amarathus hybridus, A. mitchelli, and A. powelii threats and Transformation of Verticillium dahliae, causal agent of Verticillium wilt environmental of cotton, with the GFP gene stresses Understanding the ecology of reniform Nematodes in cotton Biological based products for improved cotton production Biological control and taxonomic advancement for management in the Noogoora burr complex Conventional insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa – monitoring, management and novel mitigation strategies in Bollgard 3 Cotton Disease Technical Lead (CottonInfo and myBMP) Development of a spray drift hazard prediction system

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UNSW1801 Zare, Eshan

UNSW

Jul-17

Jun-20

UQ1702

Pirie, Rhys

UQ

Jan-17

Jan-20

UQ1502

Smith, John

UQ

Jul-14

Dec-20

CSIRO

Jul-18

Jun-21

COMM COMM 1819FRP013 Yeates, Steve CSE1802 Bristow, Keith 1819FRP069 Bristow, Keith

CSIRO CSIRO CSIRO

Jul-18 Jul-18 Jul-18 Oct-17 Jul-18

Jun-19 Jun-19 Jun-21 Sep-18 Jun-21

DAN1801

1819FRP043 Jamali, Hizbullah

NSW DPI

Jul-17

Jun-21

DAQ1703 DAN1701 CSP1604

Nachimuthu, Gunasekhar Grundy, Paul Slinger, Deb Welsh, Claire

QDAF NSW DPI CSIRO

Jul-16 Jul-16 Apr-16

Jun-21 Jun-19 Mar-19

GRDC1801

Lawrence, David

GRDC

May-17

Apr-20

CSE1801

Walsh, Tom

CSIRO

Jul-17

Jun-20

1819FRP006 Mensah, Robert

NSW DPI

Jul-18

Jun-21

NEC1402

NCEA

Jul-13

Apr-19

Jul-18

Jun-21

McCarthy, Cheryl

COMM 1819FRP019 Long, Derek UNE1605 Al-amery, Anahid A Essa

USQ UNE

Jul-18 Sep-15

Jun-21 Feb-19

1819FRP064 Foley, Joseph

NCEA

Jul-18

Jun-21

1819FRP084 Hornbuckle, John

Deakin University GVIA

Jul-18

Jun-21

Jul-18

Jun-21

Volkova, Anastasiia FluroSat Pty Ltd Dec-17

Aug-18

1819FRP098 Gall, Louise FLUR1801

1819FRP038 Heimoana, Simone CSIRO UQ1703 Khan, Asad UQ DAN1809 Gregson, Aphrika NSW DPI

Jul-18 Jan-17 Dec-17

Jun-21 Dec-19 Dec-19

DAQ1803 Smith, Linda 1819FRP076 Singh, Brajesh K DAN1805 Johnson, Stephen

QDAF UWS NSW DPI

Nov-17 Jul-18 Sep-17

Jun-19 Jun-21 Jun-19

DAN1506

NSW DPI

Jul-14

Jun-19

NSW DPI MRES

Jul-18 Jul-16

Jun-21 Jun-19

Bird, Lisa

1819FRP077 MRES1701 Tepper, Graeme

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Researcher

Organisation

Commenced Completed

Digital technologies for dynamic management of disease, stress and yield program Fitness cost of Vip3A and Cry1Ac resistance in HP Improved management of silverleaf whitefly on cotton farms Improving plant pest management through cross industry deployment of smart sensor, diagnostics and forecasting Improving the management of cotton diseases in Australian cotton farming systems Innovative solutions to cotton diseases IPM Technical lead and pest management for high yield research Managing Climate Variability Program (Phase 5) Managing Verticillium risk for cotton Mirid and mealybug best practice management Monitoring silverleaf whitefly insecticide resistance Novel products and agronomy to maintain yields under high heat stress conditions Novel topical vegetable & cotton virus protection BIOCLAY PHA Membership PHA Secretariat support (Biosecurity RD&E strategy) PHA Secretariat support (National Working Party on Pesticides Applications) PhD: Building climate resilience in cotton through translational physiology Ready to use soil test to manage black root rot risks

AGWA1701

Waters, Liz

AGWA

Jul-16

Jun-19

COMM Walsh, Tom 1819FRP066 Sequeira, Richard HIA1802 Tay, Wee tek & Brooks Dean RRDP1724 Smith, Linda

CSIRO QDAF HIA

Jul-18 Jul-18 Feb-18

Jun-21 Jun-21 May-22

QDAF

Jul-16

Jun-19

DAN1703 1819FRP107 MLA1701 RRDP1723 DAQ1802 DAQ1701 CSP1601

Le, Duy Grundy, Paul Tom Davison Kirkby, Karen Sequeira, Richard Hopkinson, Jamie Bange, Michael

NSW DPI QDAF MLA NSW DPI QDAF QDAF CSIRO

Jul-16 Jul-18 Jul-16 Jul-16 Jul-17 Jul-16 Jul-15

Dec-20 Jun-21 Jun-21 Jun-19 Jun-20 Jun-19 Jun-19

HIA1803 COMM COMM COMM

Mitter, Neena Fraser, Greg Fraser, Greg Fraser, Greg

UQ PHA PHA PHA

Jul-17 Jul-18 Jul-18 Jul-18

Jun-20 Jun-19 Jun-19 Jun-19

ANU1704

Gamble, Demi

ANU

Feb-17

Mar-20

Jul-18

Jun-20

Jul-18 Jul-18 Jul-18 Jul-16

Jun-19 Jun-21 Jun-21 Jun-19

Jul-14 Jul-15

Jun-19 Jun-19

Jul-14

Jun-19

Jul-17

Jun-19

Jul-18

Jun-19

Jul-17

Jun-20

Jul-18

Jun-21

Jul-18

Jun-21

1819FRP048 Manjarrez, Maria

Microbiology Laboratories Australia Reducing cotton discolouration risk (stages 2 & 3) COMM Xinova Reducing the impact of weather, insects and microbes on cotton colour 1819FRP060 Heimoana, Simone CSIRO Regional approach to weed management COMM Resistance research and monitoring to enhance stewardship of Bt CSE1701 Downes, Sharon CSIRO cotton and management of Helicoverpa spp.

Staying ahead of weed evolution in changing cotton systems UQ1501 Chauhan, Bhagirath UQ Surveillance and studies for endemic and exotic virus diseases of DAQ1601 Sharman, Murray QDAF cotton The sustainable chemical control and resistance management of aphid, DAN1507 Herron, Grant NSW DPI mites and mirids in Australian cotton, 2014-2019 CRDC1803 Ayliffe, Emma Elders The use of area wide management, IPM, detergents and oils for the suppression of whitefly population in cotton for the reduced reliance and use of chemical controls Large scale biosecurity scenario to support cotton industry 1819FRP053 Dibley, Stephen PHA preparedness Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative HIA1801 Luck, Jo HIA

GOAL 2: Improve cotton farming sustainability and value chain competitiveness 2.1 Sustainability of cotton farming

Alternative energy technologies and policy solutions for the Australian cotton Alternative irrigation pump management strategies for healthy water systems Appropriate land-use methodology for Australian cotton life-cycle assessments CottonMap Development of next generation evaporation mitigation technology with increased resistance to wind Evaporation mitigation solutions for Australian cotton farm water storages

1819FRP056 Li, Li

UTS

EOI0161 UQ1701

Visser, Francois

UQ

Jul-16

Jun-19

COMM UM1801

Cottee, Nicola Qiao, Greg

CA UMELB

Jul-18 Sep-17

Jun-19 Aug-18

UMELB

Jul-18

Jun-21

1819FRP087 Qiao, Greg

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 – 171

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Feasibility study of managed aquifer recharge for improved water productivity Improved natural capital (biodiversity) on Australian cotton farms.

Improving the ability of the Australian cotton industry to report its sustainability performance Managing natural landscapes on Australian cotton farms National Residue Survey for Cotton PhD: Improving precision agriculture and environmental performance PhD: Sustainable water extractions: Low flow refugia and critical flow thresholds Post doc: Oliver Knox – Professor of soil biology Quantifying the nitrogen cycle: from farm gate to catchments, groundwater and atmosphere Quantifying the potential environmental impacts of pesticides used on cotton farms Scoping study: Understanding the methodologies and data being used in life cycle impact assessments to assess the impact of man-made fibres in cotton Soil System Research – physical, chemical and biological processes for plant growth and nutrient cycling down the whole soil profile Synthesis of natural resource assets in the cotton growing region of eastern Australia Understanding environmental impacts and resource impacts with changing demand for Australian cotton, assessed using a change modelling life cycle assessment approach An eco-friendly treatment to improve look and handle of cotton fabric

1819FRP005 Jakeman, Anthony ANU

Jul-18

Jun-21

1819FRP031 Smith, Rhiannon QUT1705 Peterson, Erin

UNE QUT

Jul-18 Jul-16

Jun-21 Oct-19

GU1701 CA1705 ANU1602 UNE1406

Griffith University CA ANU UNE

Jul-16 Feb-17 Feb-16 Jan-14

Jun-19 Feb-19 Jun-19 Dec-19

UNE1403 Knox, Oliver ANSTO1801 Cendon, Dioni

UNE ANSTO

Jan-14 Jul-17

Dec-18 Jun-20

DAN1803

NSW DPI

Jul-17

Jun-20

Jul-18

Jun-21

Capon, Samantha Cottee, Nicola Latimer, James Pearson, Marita

Rose, Mick

Organisation

COMM

Commenced Completed

UNE1601

Knox, Oliver

UNE

Jul-15

Jan-19

FWPA1801

Wall, Julian

EcoLogical Aust Jul-17

Jun-20

Integrity Ag Services

Jul-18

Jun-20

Oct-16

Sep-18

Feb-18

Dec-18

SRA Deakin University RMIT

Feb-16 Jul-18

Apr-19 Jun-21

Feb-17

Jan-20

Deakin University Managing cotton quality to maintain Australia's premium status CMSE1801 Van der Sluijs, Rene CSIRO Novel anti-wetting and self-sterilising cotton fabrics DU1802 Lui, Xin & Zhao, Deakin Yan University Scoping study: Identifying opportunities for blending cotton with high 1819FRP063 Miao, Menghe CSIRO tech / novel textile materials Bio-degradation of dyed cotton fabrics NCSU1701 Vinueza, Nelson NCSU Consumer perceptions of Australian cotton – Roy Morgan EOI172 CA Micro particles generated from laundering of cotton and other fabrics NCSU1702 Venditti, Richard NCSU Strategies for improving labour conditions within the Australian cotton 1819FRP051 Payne, Alice QUT value chain Sustainable Apparel Coalition Membership 2017 CRDC1817 Robinson, Glen SAC 2.3 Measurement PhD: Sustainable value chain analysis of the Australian cotton industry 1819FRP052 Payne, Alice QUT and reporting throughout the value chain

Jul-18

Jun-21

Jul-17 Jan-18

Jun-20 Dec-18

Jul-18

Jun-19

Jan-16 Jul-18 Jan-17 Jul-18

Dec-18 Jun-19 Dec-18 Jun-21

Aug-17 Jul-18

Jul-18 Jun-21

2.2 Create higher value uses for cotton Continuous mercerisation of loose-stock cotton without fibre shrinkage Developing renewable fine chemicals from cotton biomass Ever dry self cooling fabrics – commercialisation investigation phase Exploring nanofibrous coating on cotton fabric with versatile protection and dynamic comfort Identifying high value uses for recycled cotton

172 – COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

1819FRP108 Wiedemann, Stephen DU1701 RMIT1802

Rajkhowa, Rangam Deakin University Padhye, Rajiv RMIT

SRA1601 COMM

Doherty, William

RMIT1702

Gavrilenko, Olga

1819FRP030 Zhang, Jin

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RIRDC1503 RIRDC1602 CRDC1728 RIRDC1702 CA1806 COMM

Nevison, Scott Knight, Sam Strong, Lynne Chandler, Holly Eady, Jo

AgriFutures AgriFutures PYIA AgriFutures CA D2D CRC

Mar-15 Jul-15 Dec-16 Jul-16 Mar-18 Jul-18

Dec-18 Dec-19 Jan-19 Dec-19 Dec-18 Jun-21

CSP1805 QUT1701 COMM RIR1802 RIR1801 COMM COMM

Purtell, Gavin Perez, Tristan Woodhill, Phillipa Malone, Richard Chaffey, Timothy

CSIRO QUT ARLF ARLF ARLF CRDC

Aug-18 Jan-17 Jul-18 Aug-17 Aug-17 Jul-18 Jul-18

Aug-18 Dec-18 Jun-19 Oct-18 Oct-18 Jun-19 Jun-21

RMIT1801 DAN1808

Williamson, Olivia RMIT Shafto, Christopher NSW DPI

Feb-18 Jan-18

Nov-18 Dec-20

XL1802 US1802 CSP1803 1718FRP017 1819FRP080

Parsons, Tim Ginns, Bradley Gaynor, Harry Wunsch, Geraldine Roth, Guy

XLAB USYD CSIRO USQ USYD

May-18 Dec-17 Jan-18 Mar-18 Jul-18

Aug-18 Nov-18 Nov-18 Jun-21 Jun-21

CRDC1711 CRDC1801 COMM COMM

Kahl, Daniel McKay, Luke Dean, Jodie

Nuffield Nuffield Nuffield Deakin University CA DA AgriFutures USQ UNE

Jul-16 Jul-17 Jul-18 Jul-18

Sep-18 Sep-19 Jun-19 Jun-23

May-18 Jul-14 Jul-18 Oct-17 Jul-18

Aug-18 Jun-20 Jun-19 Oct-20 Jun-20

Apr-18 Dec-17 Jul-18 Jul-18 Jul-18

Jun-19 Sep-18 Jun-19 Jun-19 Jun-20

Jul-18 Jul-18 Jul-18

Jun-19 Jun-19 Jun-19

GOAL 3: Build adaptive capacity of the cotton industry 3.1 Science and innovation capability, and new knowledge

3.2 Futures thinking

2015 Horizon Scholarship – Scott Nevison 2016 Horizon Scholarship – Sam Knight 2017 Cotton Young Farming Champions Program 2017 Horizon Scholarship – Holly Chandler 2018 Australian Future Cotton Leaders Program Accelerating Precision to decision (Phase 2): Industry digital strategies the foundations for success AgCatalyst 2018 Agri-intelligence in cotton production systems (Stage 1) ARLP Cotton Industry Leadership Development Australian Rural Leadership Course 24 – Richard Malone Australian Rural Leadership Course 24 – Timothy Chaffey CRDC Summers/Honours Scholarships Data analytics capacity and solutions developed for digitising the Australian cotton industry Design of versatile protective cotton fabrics with colour and patterns Evaluation of relative damage caused by two-spotted mite, bean spider mite and strawberry mite in cotton Facilitate Start Up Alley at the 19th Australian Cotton Conference Honours: Establishing precision/digital agriculture at 'Llara' Honours: Estimating soil water use in cotton systems Improving grower decisions in complex systems Irrigation data science research capacity for the Australian cotton industry Nuffield Australia Farming Scholarship 2017 – Daniel Kahl Nuffield Australia Farming Scholarship 2018 – Luke McKay Nuffield Australia Farming Scholarship 2019 Partnership with Deakin University for fibre and textile R&D capacity Start Up Alley at the 19th Australian Cotton Conference People on farm – Employment Starter Kit Initiative (ESKi) Rural Womens' Awards Understanding and planning for the future cotton workforce Understanding motivational factors for improved spray application on farms Catapult program CRDC Innovation (Phase I) 19th Australian Cotton Conference Foundation Sponsorship Collaborative Partnership Primary Industries Health & Safety CRDC Grassroots Grants Thresholds for resilience in regional communities

CA1805 DA1502 COMM USQ1801 1819FRP093

Anderson, Fleur Hellwege, Shane Medway, Jennifer McDonald, Nicole Hine, Don

XL1801 CA1804 COMM COMM 1819FRP028

Taylor, Ian Anderson, Fleur Medway, Jennifer Nettle, Ruth

XLAB CA AgriFutures CRDC UMELB

Cotton Australia Board Portal Grower RD&E advisory panels – Capacity Building Grower RD&E advisory panels – Travel

COMM COMM COMM

Cottee, Nicola Cottee, Nicola Cottee, Nicola

CA CA CA

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NSW DPI

Jul-14

Jun-19

AgEcon QDAF Making Data Easy CRDC Coutts J&R Ceeney Agricultural Consultants QDAF

Jul-17 Jul-18 Jul-17

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*Key to organisations AFI AgriFutures AGWA ANSTO ANU ARLF BCA CA CCA CCRSPI CRDC CSIRO D2D CRC DA DSITI GRDC GVIA HIA ICD IREC MLA MRES NCEA NCSU NSW DPI NTDPIR PHA PYIA QDAF QUT RMIT SAC SRA UMELB UNE UNSW UQ USQ USYD UTAS UTS UWA UWS USYD UTAS UWS

Australian Farm Institute AgriFutures Australia (formerly the Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation) Australian Grape and Wine Authority Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation Australian National University Australian Rural Leadership Foundation Boyce Chartered Accountants Cotton Australia Crop Consultants Australia Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries Cotton Research and Development Corporation Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Data to Decisions Cooperative Research Centre Dairy Australia Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Grains Research and Development Corporation Gwydir Valley Irrigators Association Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited Initiated Coordinated Delivered (ICD) Project Services Irrigation Research and Extension Committee Meat and Livestock Australia Micro Meteorology Research & Education Services National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture North Carolina State University NSW Department of Primary Industries Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries and Resources Plant Health Australia Picture You in Agriculture Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland University of Technology Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Sustainable Apparel Coalition Sugar Research Australia University of Melbourne University of New England University of New South Wales University of Queensland University of Southern Queensland University of Sydney University of Tasmania University of Technology Sydney University of Western Australia University of Western Sydney University of Sydney University of Tasmania University of Western Sydney

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 – 175

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connect inform update Global cotton information when you need it fast!

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For up-to-date authoritative English-language news about China (and the rest of the cotton world) from well informed sources, visit Cotton Outlook’s

website, www.cotlook.com • From Liverpool to Mumbai, Memphis to Beijing, Alexandria to São Paulo, we have the cotton world covered • Prices, daily news as it unfolds, daily market summaries and the weekly Cotton Outlook - all available electronically • Source of the Cotlook A Index, the barometer of world cotton prices

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177

1 3

Time coming for Australia to choose sides ����������������������178 Bangladesh: The new hungry tiger for cotton ������������������180 Cotton Coverage �����������������������������������������������������184–185 2018 crop quality ������������������������������������������������������������186 Processing organisations ������������������������������������������������188 Marketing consultants ����������������������������������������������������192 Merchants �����������������������������������������������������������������������194 Independent classing services �����������������������������������������198

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Time coming for Australia to choose sides

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ustralia is likely to ultimately have to choose sides in the escalating trade war between China and the United States, international economist Michael Every told the 2018 Australian Cotton Conference in August.

Michael, Rabobank’s head of Financial Markets Research for the Asia Pacific based in Hong Kong, said the rapidly-escalating trade tensions between China and the US had significant implications for Australia’s agricultural sector.

And, with almost all of Australia’s cotton (99 per cent) destined for global export (and China the largest market), this volatile international trade environment has particular importance for the Australian cotton industry.

In his presentation to the conference, Michael warned that a new ‘cold war’ was now here, with the growing trade war between the US and China just part of it.

He said the time was “looming” for Australia to have to choose to align itself with either China, its main export market, or the United States, with whom it holds strong defence and cultural ties.

“Australia is in the middle as a small player between two very large ones and it’s a very uncomfortable position to be in,” he said. “But it’s going to be very hard to avoid having to make a strategic decision at some point about which one is ultimately more important to you, as trade tensions between the US and China

Michael Every speaking at the 2018 Australian Cotton Conference in August.

178 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

escalate, and Australia is forced to align itself with one side.

“At some point, either side is going to put a gun to Australia’s head and ask you to choose.”

Either choice, Michael said, would result in significant trade-offs for Australia.

“Which country Australia would prioritise is the big question. What you do? From a defence and cultural perspective, you lean in one direction, but, from a cash perspective, you lean in another. There’s not an easy answer, a very painful choice might have to be made,” he said.

“For China, they would argue they have been making Australia rich, as the major market for your exports, including agriculture, so how can you stand with the US confronting China on matters like the South China Sea. “And for the US, they could say they have been Australia’s defence partner since the second world war and they no longer want to provide that support if Australia has close economic ties with China.”

Michael said there were a number of potential scenarios which could eventuate for Australia in the evolving trade war between the US and China.

These included a developing ‘Berlin Wall’ going up between the two players – with increasingly less investment and tourism, as well as reduced trade – with Australia caught in the cross-fire.

“China could also begin to boycott Australian exports because of Australia’s friendship with the US. This has happened to South Korea and Norway for similar reasons in the past,” he said.

“And, if we see the US winning this trade war, you could see the Chinese currency getting much weaker. This could drag down the Aussie dollar which wouldn’t be a bad thing for exports, but, if it didn’t, your exports would look very expensive into China.”

In the near-term, Michael said, there was some upside for Australian agriculture as a result of the trade tensions, but this came with a risk.

“There is going to be more cotton and beef that Australia can sell to China if the US can’t, but you can no longer just think of this as business, you need to think of this increasingly as politics. If you do sell more to China, you risk locking yourself into a client that is so important, you can’t shift your model away from them,” he said.

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Bangladesh: The new hungry tiger for cotton

By Fawzia Yasmeen, Leader, Supply Chain Management, Ispahani Group

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angladesh is currently the top cotton importer in the world. And the hunger for cotton is increasing sharply every year.

Government policy, economic stability and a large skilled labor force have helped Bangladesh reach this point.

After our independence in 1971, Bangladesh started rebuilding its economy and in the 1990s the country entered into a new phase of industrialisation. New industries started contributing more and more into the national GDP. Government identified the strength of our huge population as a human resource. As a result, labor incentive industries grew at a faster rate and in recent times, the contribution of

FIGURE 1: Spinning sector trend

these industries has doubled.

The apparel industry in particular has accelerated and substantially contributed to the Bangladesh economy. Government policy, comparatively low labour cost, a young working population and proven export competitiveness have all favourably impacted on this growth. The apparel industry is now the largest export earner for Bangladesh.

Bangladesh is currently the second largest apparel exporter in the world. Readymade garments comprise 81 per cent of total apparel exports which contribute 18 per cent of our national GDP. As many as 4.4 million workers are involved in this sector. All these figures gave government the confidence to set an ambitious goal to achieve apparel industry production of $US50 billion by 2021.

To achieve this milestone, a road map is already in place, and in operation. From infrastructure to workers’ issues, exploring newer markets to reallocation of factories to suitable places and from ethical pricing to branding. The Bangladesh government is focusing on infrastructure development – especially on power generation, roads, highways and bridges.

Support for industry

FIGURE 2: Cotton consumption scenario

To smooth backward linkage of readymade garments, the government is continuing to support the spinning and textile industry. Total duty on cotton imports at zero per cent. This initiative has helped grow the sector and as a result, the number of mills grew 63.2 per cent (Figure 1) while spindle capacity increased by a staggering 125.6 per cent over the past decade alone.

As a consequence, cotton consumption has been increasing almost exponentially. In the 2017-18 fiscal year, Bangladesh consumed 7.81 (Figure 2) million bales.

Bucking the global trend, Bangladesh is consuming less manmade fibre. Currently consumption of manmade fibre is 20 per cent as opposed to cotton made fibre of 80 per cent.

This makes Bangladesh a unique market place for cotton. As Bangladesh does not grow much cotton, it heavily depends on imports.

180 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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FIGURE 3: Bangladesh cotton sourcing (USDA)

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One quarter of our cotton is currently imported from India, our neighboring country.

This makes a lot sense as it reduces cost and lead time. Figure 3 shows where Bangladesh is currently sourcing its cotton.

World’s biggest importer

By USDA data, at present Bangladesh is importing 19.2 per cent (Figure 4) of total cotton imports by volume worldwide – which makes it the biggest importer in the world. In 2017-18 Bangladesh imported 7.4 million bales (USDA).

While we are largely dependent on imported cotton, the government is working towards building capacity to reduce this dependency to some extent by producing cotton locally. An average of 43,000 hectares of land is currently used for cotton production. The 150,000 bales produced only provides about two per cent of our total cotton consumption. While cotton

FIGURE 4: World’s major cotton importers

182 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

production is encouraged, Bangladesh is a densely populated country, so the priority of land usage will remain food crop production.

Ispahani, one of the oldest companies in the subcontinent, with a heritage of almost 200 years, is working closely with the government to develop the cotton value chain, implement integrated pest management and achieve 100 per cent sustainability in the total value chain.

As we have seen in recent years, there is a shift in the fashion industry towards sustainability. Major brands are now committed to use 100 per cent sustainable cotton by 2025.

The apparel industry will follow the trend and so will the spinning sector. The consumption of sustainable cotton has increased considerably in Bangladesh over the past few years.

Sourcing issues Bangladesh face a number of challenges when it comes to sourcing cotton. Contracts are sometimes broken and lead time differences can cause unwanted delays. Often the quality of product cannot be maintained because of over-dependence on a few countries. Sometimes inconsistent quality by the suppliers or price volatility creates problems in planning or operation. At times, retailers’ embargos make us limit our choices too.

For the past few decades, Bangladesh is growing and all economic indicators project this sustained growth will continue for the next few decades. A major portion of this growth will be contributed by the readymade garment and spinning industries. When it comes to Australian cotton, we consider it as an emerging source which will become even more important as the hunger for cotton grows even more in the coming years.

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COTTON COVERAGE A comprehensive review of global market conditions

October has provided both planting and pricing opportunities (albeit better in some areas than others!). Much needed rain has fallen across most cotton growing regions with Central Qld and the Darling Downs the biggest beneficiaries. Irrigated hectares remain largely unchanged – though some growers will be feeling a little more comfortable than a month ago.

But “potential” dryland hectares that had been penciled into production forecasts are now eventuating and increasing in some regions. The dryland sorghum versus cotton battle is continuing, and with sorghum seed availability dwindling the odds are surely shortening for a larger dryland plant where sub-soil moisture allows. And while NSW has missed out on the higher rainfall totals there are hundreds of hectares only a good inch or two away from being planted. Many growers remain optimistic that if they haven’t received enough planting rain yet that it’s just one good storm away. Crop estimates have improved somewhat and are now closer to 2.6 million bales.

For growers finding themselves a little undersold, or have more confidence now that seed is being planted, there have been good opportunities to sell cotton in the low to mid $600s this month. The cotton market continues to be caught between supportive cotton fundamentals (e.g. potentially losses of up

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to one million bales in the US thanks to adverse weather) and a much less supportive macro environment (e.g. weaker global financial markets). Near term direction is heavily influenced by daily newswires and changes to risk appetite.

The USDA currently has world production at 121.66 million bales which is down 1.5 per cent year on year. The US and India look like having smaller crops in 2018-19, while Brazil and Pakistan are expected to increase production slightly.

Chinese production remains flat at 27.5 million bales. Global consumption of cotton is expected to increase to 127.76 million bales (+4.49 million bales y-o-y) and given lower expected production is the main bullish fundamental factor at play. But with increasing question marks over global growth, the current consumption figure may be looking a little high.

Both world and Chinese ending stocks are continuing to be drawn down. Chinese ending stocks are expected to be below 30 million bales in 2018-19 – the lowest level since 2010-11 and the start of the Reserve program. World ending stocks are estimated to be at 74.45 million bales in 2018-19.

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1.5%

2018/19 world consumption expected to rise 127.76 million bales

2018/19 world production expected to fall to 121.66 million

3.6%

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2018 crop quality

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prolonged warm and dry finish to the season provided the ingredients for one of the best quality crops on record.

Staple length It was almost a carbon copy of the previous season in terms of the staple length profile of the crop. Almost no cotton below base length (36) while 64 per cent of the crop had a length of 38 or better.

FIGURE 1: Staple length of the 2018 crop 5%

5%

7%

Grade A remarkable result for grade with 63 per cent of the crop at 21-2 or better. There was almost no cotton with a grade worse than 31-3.

Micronaire Again, in a copy of the previous year, 94 per cent of the crop was in the desired range of 3.8-4.9 of which almost 60 per cent was in the prime range of 3.8-4.5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; despite another hot season.

Strength and uniformity The strength profile of the crop was exceptional while only 7 per cent of samples had uniformity below 80.

23%

25%

34%

FIGURE 2: Quality of the 2018 crop â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Grade

FIGURE 4: Strength of the 2018 crop

0% 0% 0%

4% 2% 4%

21-2 & better

7%

10%

28.1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;29

21-3

32% 30%

29.1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;30

31-3 63%

Below 28

30.1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;31.9

31-4

32â&#x20AC;&#x201C;33.9

41-4

50% 41-5 & below

FIGURE 3: Micronaire of the 2018 crop 2%

34 & above

FIGURE 5: Uniformity of the 2018 crop

6%

3%

7%

5.0 & above

Below 80 14%

4.6 to 4.9

15%

3.8 to 4.5

44% 47%

3.5 to 3.7 3.3 to 3.4 3.2 & below

186 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

80-80.9 81-81.9

30%

82-82.9

30%

83-83.9 Above 84

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PEACE OF MIND, BY THE BALE...

If peace of mind is important to you in your business partnerships, there are plenty of reasons to pick Queensland Cotton. With the strength of over 80 yearsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experience, Queensland Cotton is committed to providing a first class service to our cotton growers and a first class product to our spinning customers.

So for all your ginning and marketing needs and complete peace of mind, contact Queensland Cotton today.

Central QLD: Rick Jones 0409 059 806 Southwest QLD: Ben Suttor 0428 779 322 | Allyse McVeigh 0400 646 579 Darling Downs: Allyse McVeigh 0400 646 579 | Celina Baillie 0400 533 948 Macintyre, Mungindi & Gwydir: Hollie Gall 0438 381 192 Namoi, Walgett & Bourke: Elissa Wegener 0400 681 146 Macquarie & Lachlan: Jacinta Condon 0428 090 755 Southern NSW: Eliza Star 0436 008 200 Cottonseed: Shane Wolski 0457 818 467 Brisbane: Luke Chappel 0428 799 446

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PROCESSING ORGANISATIONS Auscott Limited Auscott Limited was established in 1963 as a subsidiary of the US based JG Boswell Company.

The company is vertically integrated through the growing, ginning and marketing sectors of the industry. Auscott is also a large producer of wheat and other grains, grown both as a cotton rotation and as a dryland crop.

The geographical spread of the company’s farming over the Gwydir, Namoi, Macquarie and Murrumbidgee valleys has allowed for the hedging of production risk, and delivered benefits to customers during adverse climatic conditions. Auscott operates six gins over the four valleys.

Auscott’s involvement with the Australian cotton industry does not stop at the farm gate. Participation within the industry is actively encouraged and is demonstrated through an association with 27 industry bodies. Company employees freely give their time to these bodies at no cost to the associations.

Management and Staff Chief Executive Officer Ashley Power Chief Financial Officer Des Boucher General Manager Marketing Peter Webb Marketing Manager – Cotton Arthur Spellson Classing/Shipping Manager Greg Parle Marketing Services Manager Rod Gordon General Manager Processing Wayne Towns General Manager Commercial and Water Resources Bernie George General Manager Production Justin McMillan

Head office Suite 3.01, 56 Pitt Street Sydney NSW 2000 Ph: 02 9295 4800 Fax: 02 9251 3322 188 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Web site: www.auscott.com.au E: sydney@auscott.com.au

Regional offices Gwydir Valley “Midkin,” Mungindi Road, PO Box 711 Moree NSW 2400 Ph: 02 6759 1700 Fax: 02 6759 1788 Valley Manager: Justin McMillan Grower Services: Ben Jackman Gin Manager: Mel Kong Namoi Valley Wee Waa Road, PO Box 303 Narrabri NSW 2390 Ph: 02 6799 1400 Fax: 02 6799 1488 Valley Manager: Martin Mead Grower Services: Ben Palmer Gin/Warehouse Manager: Mark Noble Macquarie Valley Oxley Highway, PO Box 160 Warren NSW 2824 Ph: 02 6883 7306 Fax: 02 6847 4399 Valley Manager: Bill Tyrwhitt Grower Services: Mike Shields, Anna Dawson Operations Manager: Troy Shields Gin Managers: David Pratt, Daniel Treseder Murrumbidgee Valley Cobb Highway, PO Box 267 Hay NSW 2711 Ph: 02 6993 1377 Fax: 02 6993 1447 Grower Services: Eddie Redfern Gin Manager: Craig Gaston Murrumbidgee Farm Manager: Bill Back

Brighann Cotton Marketing Pty Ltd Brighann Ginning Pty Ltd Brighann Ginning is a family partnership cotton gin owned by the prominent cotton growing Seery family located 26 km west of Moree in the Gwydir valley. The four stand gin was established in 1999 and incorporates the latest Lummus ginning equipment including the Sentinel Lint Cleaners along with three lines of pre-cleaning to ensure that the cotton produced is of the highest quality available. Also included is the latest Samuel Jackson cotton conditioning hoppers and Samuel Jackson moisture restoration system. Another valuable addition is a locally designed and made turntable to minimise plastic contamination and increase handling efficiency of round bales.

To supplement the gin, the Brighann operation is vertically integrated to undertake warehousing, marketing and shipping of cotton. Warehousing facilities incorporate a capacity of 90,000 bales with humidified bale warehousing sheds and an automatic temperature controlled aerated seed shed which has a capacity of 14,000 tonnes.

Gin office PO Box 443 1500 Watercourse Road Moree NSW 2400 Ph: 02 6753 3737 Fax: 02 6753 3701 Chairman John Seery Directors Ada Seery Stephen Seery

Ian Seery Michael Seery

General Manager Ian McDonald Ph: 0417 700 947 E: ian@brighann.com.au Grower Services – Lachlan & Murrumbidgee Dan Kitchen

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Ph: 0416 806 877 E: dan@brighann.com.au

Grower Services – all other valleys Simone James Ph: 0477 171 527 E: simone@brighann.com.au Trading Ben Carrigan Ph: 0427 518 552 ben@brighann.com.au Finance Manager John Kerlin Ph: 0427 004 104 E: johnk@brighann.com.au Gin Manager Damian Tonkin Ph: 0427 865 258 E: damian@brighann.com.au

Carrington Ginning Carrington Ginning Pty Ltd was established in 1998 as a subsidiary of Carrington Cotton Corporation Pty Ltd, which has been producing cotton in the Macintyre Valley since the 1980s. The ginning facility is located 13 km east of Goondiwindi.

The company is vertically integrated through the growing, ginning and warehousing and logistics sectors of the industry. The ginning facility is comprised of a four stand Lummus gin, four humidified warehouses with a storage capacity of 60,000 bales and an aerated seed shed.

Office 196 Boggabilla Lane, Kildonan Road PO Box 139 Goondiwindi QLD 4390 Ph: 07 4671 4710 Fax: 07 4671 4719 E: admin@carringtonpl.com.au Managing Director Andrea McCosker Production Manager Simon McCombe

Carroll Cotton Carroll Cotton Co has been delivering the highest quality in cotton ginning and customer service for over 20 years. Located in the New South Wales cotton growing region of the Upper Namoi Valley, Carroll Cotton Co is an independent cotton gin and one of a few family-owned gins remaining in Australia. It is also the most eastern

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NSW cotton gin in Australia, giving it an export location and proximity advantage to Sydney and Newcastle ports.

The Carroll Cotton Co mission is simple – to work closely with the grower to deliver a customised cotton ginning service (maximising their returns) through world’s best practice and market expertise. As Carroll Cotton Co is a privately owned ginning company, each grower has a valued and personal relationship directly with the gin owner. This creates an environment that allows them to deliver ginning services that can be tailored to each client’s particular requirements.

As an independent Carroll Cotton Co are able to take a very hands-on approach, and offer complete flexibility that allows all cotton merchants to purchase processed bales straight out of their ginning facilities without restriction. This gives the grower the unique and valued opportunity to secure the most competitive cotton pricing from all lint merchants.

Address Avondale, 1875 Clifton Road Carroll NSW 2340 Managing Director Scott Davies Ph: 0427 445 282 E: scott@carrollcotton.com.au General Enquiries Ph: 02 5711 1664 Fax: 02 4017 2481 E: office@carrollcotton.com.au

Clyde Cotton Clyde cotton is a privately owned business located in Bourke NSW. The business operates several farms in the district which are situated on the Barwon/Darling river system. The operation has a dual ginning facility

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with a three stand Continental upland gin and a six stand roller gin to handle Pima cotton. The business has been growing and ginning cotton since 1983.

Address PO Box 20 Gorrell Avenue Bourke NSW 2840 Ph: 02 6870 8500 Fax: 02 6870 8599 General Manager Peter Harris Gin Manager Dave McKay Ph: 0429 496 647 E: dmckay@clydecotton.com.au

Koramba Ginning Koramba is a privately owned integrated cotton growing and ginning operation situated on the Macintyre River between Goondiwindi and Mungindi.

The four-stand Lummus gin was built in 1992. At the beginning of 2018 a new humidaire unit was installed to maximise moisture in the bales produced at the gin.

The gin is not reliant on a power supply from local authorities as all power is generated on site. This feature provides total flexibility, allowing Koramba to process cotton day or night and without the expensive start up costs levied on other gins. The current power generation system has been active since 2001 and comprises state of the art equipment.

The gin not only processes Koramba’s production but contract gins for growers in an area stretching from Goondiwindi to Mungindi and up to St George. Contract ginning takes priority over Koramba’s own cotton unless otherwise requested by the grower. Large gin runs are individually tailored to suit growers’ requests.

The ginning facility is complemented by a seed storage shed and a large flood free all-weather module yard.

Cottonseed and other by-products are sold to both the export and domestic market.

Offices Koramba Weighbridge ‘Koramba’ Boomi NSW 2405 COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 189

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P: 02 6753 5250 F: 02 6753 5323 E: korambagin@aff-limited.com.au

Moree PO Box 399 Moree NSW 2400 P: 02 6752 5795 E: officeadmin@aff-limited.com.au Gin P: 02 6753 5344

Management and Staff Grower Services Manager Toby Makim, M: 0417 857 975 Gin Manager James Bates, M: 0428 511 359

Louis Dreyfus Company – Ginning Country Supply Chain Manager Peter Power Operations Manager Dalby Site – Mike Kimball: 07 4669 6988, 0428 402 537 Moree Site – Kevin Chaplin: 02 6752 5188, 0428 850 082 Emerald Site – David Reiner: 07 4982 3888, 0427 761 428 Head Office Level 3, 1 Breakfast Creek Road Newstead, QLD 4006 PO Box 2142 Fortitude Valley BC QLD 4006 Ph: 07 3253 5999 Fax: 07 3257 4131

Procurement and Grower Services Head Office Level 3, 1 Breakfast Creek Road Newstead, QLD 4006 PO Box 2361 Fortitude Valley, QLD 4006 Ph: 07 3852 3321 E: BRI-CottonAdmin@ldc.com All Services Cathy Cook: 0407 253 784

Regional Representation Queensland Central Queensland: Cathy Cook – 0407 253 784 Darling Downs: Andrew Cook – 0428 441 676 Darcie Sutton: 0419 690 034 St George/Dirranbandi: Juanita Park – 0428 753 282 MacIntyre Valley: Trent Raymond – 0447 194 125 190 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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New South Wales Gwydir Valley: Trent Raymond – 0447 194 125 Namoi Valley: Alex Dalton – 0409 546 712 Macquarie, Bourke & Southern Valleys: Rodney St. Clair – 0438 768 609

Namoi Cotton Limited Namoi Cotton Limited was established in 1962 as a grower owned and operated co-operative in the Namoi Valley in North West NSW. Namoi Cotton has over 50 years of service to the Australian Cotton Industry and handles only Australian Cotton through an extensive network of ginning, marketing and logistics operations throughout the cotton growing regions of New South Wales and Southern Queensland. Today, Namoi Cotton is Australia’s largest cotton ginner by volume and one of the major marketers of Australia’s premium cotton.

Namoi Cotton operates 12 cotton ginning facilities within NSW and Queensland. It is a pioneer and leader in the implementation of round module handling technology. In addition to providing superior ginning services, Namoi Cotton also provides cotton seed marketing services. Namoi Cotton markets lint through Namoi Cotton Alliance (NCA), a joint venture. Over 98 per cent of the cotton purchased

by Namoi Cotton is sold to overseas markets which are primarily Asian spinning mills. NCA services these markets from its warehouse operations in Wee Waa and Warren in NSW and Goondiwindi in Queensland. The warehouse facilities are atmospherically controlled and have the capacity to store 519,000 bales under cover.

Namoi Cotton is 100 per cent regionally based with our dedicated

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Grower Services team operating from a network of regional offices based in Wee Waa, Moree, Toowoomba, Trangie and Goondiwindi to service the ginning and marketing needs of our cotton grower clients. Being regionally based, Namoi Cotton is a major employer of regional people, employing more than 160 full time staff and over 300 seasonal staff and casual employees. Key employment priorities for Namoi Cotton are staff training and development and implementation and maintenance of stringent safety standards.

Senior Management Chief Executive officer Jeremy Callachor Chief Financial Officer Stuart Greenwood General Counsel and Company Secretary Bailey Garcha General Manager Grower Services and Marketing David Lindsay Chief Operations Officer Shane McGregor

Board of Directors Chairman Tim Watson Directors Richard Anderson Stuart Boydell Glen Price Robert Green James Jackson Juanita Hamparsum Joseph Di Leo

Offices Wee Waa Ph: 02 6790 3000 Fax: 02 6790 3087 Toowoomba Ph: 07 4631 6100 Fax: 07 4631 6184 Goondiwindi Ph: 07 4671 6900 Fax: 07 4671 6999 Moree Ph: 02 6752 2903 Fax: 02 6752 5357 Trangie Ph: 02 6888 9611 Fax: 02 6888 9678 Website www.namoicotton.com.au

Gins Ashley Ph: 02 6754 2150 Boggabri Ph: 02 6743 4084

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Hillston Ph: 02 6967 2951 Macintyre Ph: 07 4671 2277 Merah North Ph: 02 6795 5124 Moomin Ph: 02 6796 5102 Mungindi Ph: 02 6753 2145 North Bourke Ph: 02 6872 1453 Trangie Ph: 02 6888 9729

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per season and is renowned for the quality of cotton produced. Fullygravelled, flood free module yard, covered bale storage and loading bay enables North West Ginning to maintain and deliver a quality product.

Office Whittakers Lagoon PO Box 916 Moree 2400 Ph: 02 6752 3966 Fax: 02 6751 1067 E: manager@nwgin.com.au

Board members

North West Ginning

Directors James Mulligan Paul Swansbra

Management

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Queensland Cotton Queensland Cotton offers a full range of marketing options including daily cash prices, seasonal, area, minimum price and fixed bale pools.

In addition, ‘on call’ contracts are available.

Services to growers are supported

by SIX gins in Queensland, (Cecil Plains, Dalby, Moura, Emerald, and two in St George) as well as four in New South Wales, (Collymongle, Mungindi, Warren and Wee Waa) with a total capacity in excess of one million bales.

Head office 55 Wyandra Street Newstead Qld 4006 PO Box 2245 Fortitude Valley BC Qld 4006 Ph: 07 3250 3300 Fax: 07 3852 1600 Web: http://olamgroup.com

North West Ginning is owned by General Manager two prominent industry families. Plant, Wayne Clissold facilities and services to North West Operations Manager Ginning customers are world class Robert Kennedy and the entire operation is certified by Management and Staff internationally recognised ISO 9001 Quality Assurance Standards.

Executive Director and Country FLAME_SYN4464 Cotton 4 x Half Page Adverts AFFIRM The Lummus plant Name: is capable of Head Australia Size: 130Hmm x 186Wmm Date: 31.07.18 | Round: FINAL Luigi Pagnozzi (account service) | luigi@flame.com.au | +61 2 9402 7672 | flame.com.au Dall’Alba processing in excess ofNote:200,000 bales While Flame has taken great care in preparing this artwork responsibility for the printed artwork and copy accuracy lies withBob the client.

The printer is responsible for checking artwork before plates are made, accuracy in measurements, plates tolerance requirements, registration and construction detailing. Any questions please contact flame before proceeding with the job. Copyright 2018 Flame.

E: bdallalba@olam.net.au ™

Hard on pests.

Soft on beneficials.

AFFIRM Insecticide provides control of Helicoverpa spp. and suppresses green mirids and mites.

For more information visit www.syngenta.com.au or call 1800 067 108 Syngenta Australia Pty Ltd, Level 1, 2-4 Lyonpark Road, Macquarie Park NSW 2113. ABN 33 002 933 717. ®Registered trademark of a Syngenta Group Company. ™Trademark of a Syngenta Group Company. All products written in uppercase are registered trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. © 2018 Syngenta. AD 18-226

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 191

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Executive General Manager Cotton John Robinson E: john.robinson@olamnet.com

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THIS SECTION BROUGHT TO YOU IN ASSOCIATION WITH

Manager Cotton Marketing Meg Strahle E: meg.strahle@olamnet.com

Manager Cotton Operations Bobby Irons E: bobby.irons@olamnet.com

Marketing Services Manager Luke Chappel E: luke.chappel@olamnet.com

Seed Trader Shane Wolski E: shane.wolski@olamnet.com

Quality and Export Manager Michael O’Rielley E: michael.orielley@olamnet.com

Gins Cecil Plains Ph: 07 4668 0106 Collymongle Ph: 02 6756 2545 Dalby Ph: 07 4662 5590 Emerald Ph: 07 4982 1522 Goondiwindi Moura Ph: 07 4997 1422 Mungindi Ph: 02 6753 2600 St George Ph: 07 4625 2145

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Beardmore, St George Ph: 07 4625 4144 Warren Ph: 02 6847 4631 Wee Waa Ph: 02 6795 7188

Cotton Marketing Brisbane Ph: 07 3250 3310 Cecil Plains Ph: 07 4668 0106 Collymongle Ph: 02 6756 2545 Dalby Ph: 07 4662 5220 Emerald Ph: 07 4982 1522 Griffith Ph: 02 6964 8810 St George Ph: 07 4625 2145 Warren Ph: 02 6847 4766 Wee Waa Ph: 02 6795 4420ß

Pulses Mt Tyson Ph: 07 4693 7166

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RivCott RivCott has become Australia’s largest capacity gin, processing over 330,000 bales in 2018 at a rate of 120 bales per hour. It is owned exclusively by 80+ growers who deliver cotton to it annually. RivCott was designed with the Riverina in mind, thus its unique drying and cleaning designs suit the moist and cool defoliation and harvest conditions. It has produced remarkable clean-cotton outcomes that have made it very attractive for local cotton growers.

Gin Contact Details 50 Conargo Road Carrathool, NSW 2711 Ph: 02 6990 5000 Fax: 02 6990 5001 E: office@rivcott.com W: www.rivcott.com

Management CEO Sam Buster, Ph: 02 6990 5060 Gin Manager Dwayne Martin, Ph: 02 6990 5070 Grower Services Michelle Buster, Ph: 02 6990 5000

Marketing consultants Bridge Commodities Pty Ltd

Farmarco Australia Pty Ltd

Bridge Commodities is a grower focused commodity marketing and risk management company. Our objective is to focus on enhancing grower profitability. With nearly 20 years of local and international commodity trading and risk management experience, we are able to give growers sound advice and trade execution when it comes to the marketing of their crops.

Farmarco provides risk management and commodity marketing services and has been advising cotton growers on marketing since 1985.

Contact Bill Dwyer, Commodity Agent and Advisor PO Box 595 Toowong Qld 4066 Australia Ph: +61 (0)7 3040 2485, Mob: +61 (0)422 367 680,\ E: bill.dwyer@bridgecommodities.com

Cotton Compass Cotton Compass is an interactive cotton marketing news service – publishing a weekly newsletter specifically tailored to high quality Australian cotton growers, cotton traders, input suppliers and textile industry participants. www.cottoncompass.com.au E: cotton@cottoncompass.com.au 192 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Contacts Robert Imray Toowoomba Ph: 07 4637 6400. E: farmarco@farmarco.com.au www. farmarco.com.au

JCL Commodities Pty Ltd JCL is a specialist cotton marketing, risk management and information services company. JCL is Australian, fully independent, and privately owned. JCL works closely with cotton producers to maximise the Australian dollar return on their cotton production asset.

Contacts David Watson – Mob: 0402 728 254, E: david.w@jclcom.com Ben Middleton – Mob: 0417 447 939, E: ben.m@jclcom.com

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Southern Cotton Australia’s leading ginning facility, Southern Cotton was commissioned and built in the 2012 season. The Whitton-based operation features state-of-the-art technology in quality measurement, cleaning, humidification, processing and date traceability.

An independent industry leader, owned by six local growers, Southern Cotton employs 20 full-time staff and 50-plus seasonal workers, and achieves Best Management Practice for Cotton Ginning Accreditation each year and has processed over 1 million bales.

Southern Cotton is one of the only gins in the world using the data out of the cotton picker and tracing this module through the process to the finished bale. This data includes everything about the cotton module: farmer, field, date, time, latitude and longitude of the module’s production.

By tracing this module number right through the process, production reports can be provided to growers on a per module basis.

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Both lint and cotton seed are stored in warehouse facilities with capacities of 80,000 bales and 14,000 tonne respectively. The seed shed is fully aerated, and the bale shed includes a state-of-the-art fire alarm and sprinkler system. The Lummus plant is capable of processing in excess of 250,000 bales per season.

Outloading of both lint and cotton seed is undercover. The fully formed, flood free module yard has a capacity of over 16,000 modules with three moonbuggy operators ensuring rapid turnaround times.

Southern Cotton Trading offers a range of marketing options for cotton seed. Southern Cotton won a 2015 Telstra Business Award – Regional Category.

Address Darlington Point-Whitton Road.

PO Box 41 Whitton NSW 2705 Ph: 02 6955 2755, Fax: 02 6955 2765 E: info@southerncotton.com.au Website: www.southerncotton.com.au

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Management General Manager Kate O’Callaghan, Ph: 0427 557 277 E: kate.ocallaghan@southerncotton. com.au Gin Manager Chris Veness, Ph: 0428 179 221 E: chris.veness@southerncotton.com.au Site and Cotton Seed Manager Melissa Dufty Ph: 0429 360 881 E: melissa.dufty@southerncotton.com.au Accounts Coordinator Corrie Ratcliff, Ph: 0269 552 755 E: corrie.ratcliff@southerncotton.com.au Operations and Data Analyst Ben Bagust, Ph: 0413 732 780 E: ben.bagust@southerncotton.com.au Picker Data and Grower Communications Liaison Matthew Pete, Ph: 0477 895 651 E: matthew.pete@southerncotton.com.au

Directors Tim Commins Roger Commins Scott Hogan Larry Walsh Michael Pygram Ross Anderson

OUR COMMITMENT

YOUR

GETTING THE RIGHT PRODUCT TO THE RIGHT LOCATION, AT THE RIGHT TIME

TRUSTED PARTNER

SINCE

BRISBANE OFFICE – LDC Enterprises Australia Pty Limited Level 3 / 1 Breakfast Creek Road, Newstead QLD 4006 PO Box 2142, Fortitude Valley QLD 4006 (07) 3852 33 21 CENTRAL QLD / All Valleys Cathy COOK - 0407 253 784 Michael THOMPSON - 0407 712 880 GOONDIWINDI OFFICE 116 Marshall Street , Goondiwindi QLD 4390 Trent RAYMOND - 0447 194 125 TOOWOOMBA OFFICE 2B Phillip Street, Toowoomba QLD 4050 Andrew COOK - 0425 441 676 - Darling Downs Darcie SUTTON - 0419 690 034 - Darling Downs Juanita PARK - 0428 753 282 - St. George & Dirrabandi TRANGIE OFFICE (02) 6888 8150 Rodney ST CLAIR - 0438 768 609 - Macquarie, Bourke & Southern Valleys Alex DALTON - 0409 546 712 - Namoi Valley COTTON SEED ENQUIRIES Richard PORTER - 0418 750 973

COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 193

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MERCHANTS

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In addition to the integrated ginning and marketing services offered by processing companies — detailed on previous pages — the following companies are merchants of Australian cotton.

ECOM Commodities

Cofco Agri is a globally integrated supply chain manager of agricultural products. Cofco Agri is well known and highly regarded in most major cotton markets.

The cotton division draws significant advantage from synergies within Cofco Agri globally in the field of crop financing, warehousing, logistics and innovative distribution across existing Cofco networks worldwide.

Cofco Agri is focused on origination, supply chain management and distribution from producers to end users. The integrated structure adopted by Cofco enables superior cost, quality and performance management, directly benefiting our suppliers and clients.

Providing flexibility, innovative solutions and being a world class counterpart for our producers and clients helps to develop longstanding relationships. Our assured performance and professional integrity ensures that these relationships withstand the test of uncertain markets and changing global conditions.

ECOM Commodities is a fully owned subsidiary of ECOM Agroindustrial Corporation. ECOM Agroindustrial Corp is a family owned, global agribusiness that produces, processes and markets high value agricultural commodities such as cotton, coffee and cocoa.

The foundations of the ECOM Group of Companies were laid in Barcelona, Spain, by the Esteve family during the 1840s. ECOM has since evolved into an international vertically integrated agribusiness.

The ECOM Cotton Group established a domestic trade presence in Australia during 1999, opening a marketing and logistics operation in Sydney, along with major regional procurement centres. ECOM Commodities in conjunction with our offices located in Singapore and Shanghai, services Australia and the Far East. The Singapore and Shanghai offices have been simultaneously established to further strengthen the group’s presence in the Asian and Pacific Rim regions. ECOM Commodities has a presence in most cotton producing and consuming markets worldwide.

ECOM Commodities presents itself as a partner to the Australian cotton grower, not merely as a service provider.

The strategic aims and objectives of ECOM Commodities revolve around a well-established vertically integrated group focusing on procurement and distribution of Australian lint to the four corners of the globe.

194 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Head Office 10.1 Graphix Row, 160 Bourke Road Alexandria, NSW 2015 GPO Box 29 Sydney NSW 2001 Ph: 02 9223 3631 Fax: 02 9233 6206 E: webcottonoz@ecomtrading.com Website: www.ecomtrading.com

Agents

Cofco Agri

Cotton Trade Deck Lucas Basset-Chercot Direct line: +65 6805 8530 Mob: + 65 9728 6856 12 Marina View, #28-01 Asia Square Tower 2 Singapore 018961 Australia Purchasing Agents River Channel Aust Pty Ltd E: cofco@riverchannel.com.au Ray Wall: +61 498 652 542 Luke Wills: +61 408 267 743

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Cotton Trade Desk Matthew Bradd Weng Chen Loh Shay Dhareula Ross Harvie Shipping and Logistics Manager Stephen Boelhouwer

Namoi Valley, Gwydir Valley and Macquarie Valley Steve Dalton AgVantage Commodities Pty Ltd Ph: 02 6792 2962 MacIntyre Valley Steve Dalton AgVantage Commodities Pty Ltd Ph: 07 4671 1225 Darling Downs Kelvin Bella Our-Tek Pty Ltd Ph: 0428 717 284 Steve Dalton AgVantage Commodities Pty Ltd Ph: 07 4671 1225 St George and Dirranbandi Kelvin Bella Our-Tek Pty Ltd Ph: 0428 717 284 Central Highlands and Dawson– Callide Kelvin Bella Our-Tek Pty Ltd Ph: 0428 717 284 Riverina Ecom Cotton Office Ross Harvie Ph: 0458 567 776

Louis Dreyfus Company Louis Dreyfus Company is an integrated ginning, marketing and warehouse business.

Management and Staff Managing Director Tony Geitz Procurement and Grower Services – Ginning Marketing Cathy Cook Treasury/Trading Michael Thompson Sales/Trading Mudit Sharma Cotton Seed Sales Richard Porter/Michael Thompson Warehouses Moree: 02 6752 4655 Dalby: 07 4662 6033

BUT BUTSMALL SMALLENOUGH ENOUGHTO TOCARE.” CARE.”

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machinery anddesign, replacement parts for technical the cotton ginning industry We also provide field and service our customers throughout theinstallation, world. worldwide, underdesign, our Lummus, Consolidated, andtechnical BeltWideservice brands.

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Wesupport also provide design, installation, field and technical service for our customers throughout the world. support for our customers throughout the world.

4 x 170-Saw Imperial III Gin Plant

170-Saw Imperial III Gin with Model II 700 Feeder

LUMMUS AUSTRALIA PTY LTD

AUSTRALIA One of Australia’s largest stockists ofLUMMUS Timken Bearings & Gates PTY LTD One ofHD Australia’s largest stockists of Timk Belts. us instore today at 55 Tycannah Street Moree.

Super Jet Lint Cleaner intoVisit a Sentinel II Lint Cleaner 65 Bph Lift-Box Dor-Les Press with HS/VS Tramper

Belts. Visit us instore today at 55 Tycannah

LUMMUS AUSTRALIA PTY LTD MANAGER@LUMMUS.COM.AU | 61 02 67511 088 LUMMUS LUMMUS AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA PTY LTD LTD LUMMUS AUSTRALIA PTY LTD One of Australia’s largestPTY stockists of Timken Bearings & Gates

LUMMUS LUMMUS AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA PTY PTY LTD LTD MANAGER@LUMMUS.COM.AU |&61 0 One One of ofAustralia’s Australia’s largest largest stockists stockists Timken Timken Bearings Bearings &Gate Ga One of Australia’s largest stockists ofofof Timken Bearings & Gates Belts.

Visit us instore today at 55 Tycannah Street Moree.

Belts.

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Visit Visit ususinstore instore today today at Tycannah Tycannah Street Street Moree.

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MANAGER@LUMMUS.COM.AU |55| 61 02 67511 67511 088 MANAGER@LUMMUS.COM.AU 02 088

One of Australia’s largest stockists of Timken Bearings & Gates MANAGER@LUMMUS.COM.AU | 61 02 67511 088

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P R O C E S S I N G

Gins Emerald: 07 4982 3888 Dalby: 07 4669 6988 Moree: 02 6752 5188

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Procurement and Grower Services Head Office Level 3, 1 Breakfast Creek Road Newstead Qld 4006 PO Box 2142 Ph: 07 3852 3321 E: BRI-CottonAdmin@ldc.com Toowoomba Office 2B Phillip Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Andrew Cook: 0428 441 676 Darcie Sutton: 0419 690 034 Juanita Park: 0428 753 282 Trangie Office Ph: 02 6888 8150 Rodney St Clair: 0438 768 609 Alex Dalton: 0409 546 712 Goondiwindi Office 116 Marshall St Goodiwindi 4390 Trent Raymond: 0447 194 125

Regional Representation Queensland Central Queensland: Cathy Cook – 0407 253 784 Darling Downs: Andrew Cook – 0428 441 676 Darcie Sutton: 0419 690 034 St George/Dirranbandi: Juanita Park – 0428 753 282 MacIntyre Valley: Trent Raymond – 0447 194 125

196 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

New South Wales Gwydir Valley: Trent Raymond – 0447 194 125 Namoi Valley: Alex Dalton – 0409 546 712 Macquarie, Bourke & Southern Valleys: Rodney St. Clair – 0438 768 609

Omnicotton Australia Pty Ltd Omnicotton Australia Pty Ltd is a fully owned subsidiary of Omnicotton Inc based in Dallas, Texas, US. The company has been established for 12 years, concentrates its trading on US, Brazil and Australian growths, and through its strategic office locations, provides complete market coverage.

With significant industry experience and representation on many of the globally recognised associations, Omnicotton is an active participant in the international cotton industry.

Head Office Suite 72, 283 Given Terrace Paddington QLD 4064 Ph: 07 3367 1801, Fax: 07 3367 1827 E: australia@omnicotton.com

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Management and Staff General Manager Cliff White E:cwhite@omnicotton.com Mob: 0417 728 440 Office Administrators Roberta Bocchese E: rbocchese@omnicotton.com

Reinhart Australia Reinhart Australia Pty Limited is part of the worldwide cotton merchant Paul Reinhart AG, founded in 1788 and headquartered in Winterthur, Switzerland. Our company is familyowned.

We are proud of being responsible to manage it in the seventh generation. We and our staff are aware of our reputation for integrity.

Our commitment, know-how and financial strength give our business partners the confidence that we can live up to our engagements.

We source cotton from all exporting countries and sell it into more than 60 markets, acting as an intermediary throughout the supply chain from farmers to ginners and manufacturers. Our market position is especially strong in the extra-long staple segment. This strength bases on a long history which started in 1907 when Reinhart & Co Egypt was founded.

We participate in ginning operations in Southeast and West Africa. Together with our partners we engage in crop support and help improve the standard of living of the local communities.

We are also a member of the Better Cotton Initiative.

We are present in the major cotton producing and consuming countries with our own staff or are represented by an extended network of agents.

Recently we have established our own legal entities in the world’s largest markets China and India in order not only participate in the import and export business, but to source and market cotton locally.

Our operations in Australia comprise a buying office located in Toowoomba, Qld, which sources directly from cotton growers and exports to all major consuming markets.

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Management and Staff Grower Services/Marketing Tim Storck Ph: 0417 269 063 E: t.storck@reinhart.net.au Administration/Finance/Logistics Cheng Zhang Ph: 0417 497 463 E: c.zhang@reinhart.net.au

Operations Assistant Pennie Shearer p.shearer@reinhart.net.au

Head Office Unit 10A Central Plaza 532–542 Ruthven St Toowoomba QLD, 4350 Ph: 07 4637 9070 E: mail@reinhart.net.au Website: www.reinhart.com

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S&G Cotton Australia Pty Ltd S & G Cotton Australia Pty Ltd forms part of the wider S&G group of companies. The group was opened in 2002 by its principles Mr Sam Guan and textile mogul Mr Gordon Wu, southern China’s largest cotton apparel manufacturer.

Sam and Gordon relish their 16 year association with the Australian Cotton Industry; they deeply respect its innovative and hard working growers who consistently produce cotton of the highest yields and quality. S&G are proud of the investments they have made, and continue to make, to the Australian cotton industry. They host numerous informative grower study tours to China where participating growers inspect the processing of cotton from the bale through to garments. .

S&G have the knowledge; experience and flexibility to provide Australian cotton growers with a viable

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partner in the marketing of their raw cotton and cotton seed production.

Before you sell make sure you have received an S&G price.

S&G Cotton Contact Details General Manager – Australia Roger Tomkins Ph: 07 3399 4890 E: admin@sgcotton.com.au Trader – Cotton Seed & Grains Dan Quigley Mob: 0420 983 887 E: trading@sgcommodities.com.au Or your local Rain Ag representative Ian Grellman Mob: 0448 333 959 E: Igrellman@rainag.com.au Tim Whan Mob: 0448 444 015 E: Twhan@rainag.com.au Peter Horton Area Representative - Southern NSW Mob: 0448 777 358 E: Phorton@rainag.com.au

Omnicotton Australia Pty Ltd Suite 72, 283 Given Terrace Paddington, QLD, 4064 Australia P: 07 3367 1801 F: 07 3367 1827 E: australia@omnicotton.com

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SECTION 13 PROCESSING & MARKETING This section brought to you in association with

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INDEPENDENT CLASSING SERVICES Australian Classing Services Australian Classing Services (ACS) commenced business in 2003 and quickly became the most technologically advanced independent cotton classing facility in Australia.

ACS has an unrivalled in-house quality assurance program. This includes ‘cross checking’ results between HVI and performing ‘check tests’, where cotton with a known value is tested frequently to ensure the HVI machines are functioning precisely. This is a service that no other classing room in Australia offers.

ACS also employs a qualified HVI technician to oversee any problems that might occur with the instruments.

Purpose built software, streamlined systems and barcode scanners ensure classing results are delivered in an efficient and timely fashion. They also enable traceability throughout the whole process.

ACS realises trust is everything, that’s why they invite their clients to watch them work.

This is a novel idea and aims to build trust and educate growers on the finer details of classing to assist them in making better agronomic and ginning decisions.

Cotton samples are conditioned and tested under precise atmospheric conditions in line with CCAA BMP, USDA and the International Textile Manufacturers Federation (ITMF) standards for cotton testing. This is backed up by drawing on a team of experienced USDA qualified classers.

Head Office 27 Trucking Yards Lane PO Box 143 Wee Waa NSW 2388 Ph: 02 6790 3059 Fax: 02 6790 3030 E: admin@ausclass.com.au Manager Andrew Baxter Ph: 02 6790 3052 Mob: 0428 938 394 E: abaxter@ausclass.com.au Administrator Rachell Haynes Ph: 02 6790 3059 E: rhaynes@ausclass.com.au

198 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

ProClass Pty Ltd ProClass is Australia’s leading cotton classing operation. Fully independent, we operate two modern cotton classing facilities servicing Australian cotton growers and merchants. The first is located at head office in Goondiwindi, Queensland, right in the heart of Australia’s traditional cotton belt. The second is situated at Griffith, NSW, the hub of the rapidly expanding cotton growing region in southern NSW. At present, ProClass classes approximately 65% of the cotton produced in Australia.

Our mantra is “Professional Independent Classing” and that is exactly what we provide.

This is done with the help of a team of industry professionals with long term domestic and international experience, a fleet of the most up to date cotton testing equipment (HVI machines), a state-of-the-art humidification and environment conditioning system and a proactive, forward thinking Board of Directors.

ProClass is a full participating member of the Cotton Classer’s Association of Australia (CCAA). We are fully compliant with the CCAA’s Best Management Practice for cotton classing and have been since that program’s inception.

In 2016 the Goondiwindi facility was accredited under the International Cotton Association Laboratory Certification Scheme. It is planned for the Griffith facility to be accredited under this scheme in the near future.

The ProClass service is open to all cotton growers and merchants.

Goondiwindi (Head Office) 7 Troy Drive Goondiwindi QLD 4390 Ph: +61 7 4671 0333 Fax: +61 7 4671 1333 Griffith 23 Battista Street Griffith NSW 2680 Ph: +61 2 6964 4440

Staff General Manager Jon Hurford E: jon@proclass.com.au Mob: 0428 710 333 Griffith Ops Manager Patrick McDonnell E: patrick@proclass.com.au Mob: 0437 909 796

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Major industry organisations Australian Cotton Industry Forum ������������������������������������200 Cotton Australia ���������������������������������������������������������������200 Associated industry bodies Aerial Agricultural Association of Australia ����������������������202 Association of Australian Cotton Scientists ����������������������202 Australian Cotton Ginners’ Association ���������������������������202 Australian Cotton Shippers’ Association ��������������������������204 Cotton Classers’ Association of Australia �������������������������204 Cotton Research and Development Corporation��������������206 Cotton Seed Distributors ��������������������������������������������������206 Crop Consultants Australia ����������������������������������������������207 WinCott Women’s Industry Network – Cotton �����������������207 Regional cotton grower associations �����������������������������208

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COTTON INDUSTRY ORGANISATIONS Australian Cotton Industry Forum The Australian Cotton Industry Forum was established in 1997 (as the Australian Cotton Industry Council) to represent all sectors of the cotton industry.

Office Bearers Chair Fleur Anderson, Mob: 0409 620 302 Company secretary Adam Kay Suite 4.01, 247 Coward Street, Mascot NSW 2020 Ph: 02 9669 5222, Fax: 02 9669 5511 E: adamk@cotton.org.au

Members • Association of Australian Cotton Scientists • Australian Cotton Ginners Association • Australian Cotton Planting Seed Association • Australian Cotton Shippers Association • Cotton Australia Limited • Cotton Classers Association of Australia • Cotton Research and Development Corporation • Crop Consultants Association • CropLife Australia Limited • Wincott

Cotton Australia Cotton Australia is the peak body for Australia’s cotton producers, supporting more than 1200 cotton farming families in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.

The organisation strives to foster a world-class agricultural industry that’s sustainable, valued for its economic and social contributions and produces very high quality cotton in demand around the globe.

Cotton Australia provides a united voice for cotton growers 200 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Workforce and Training Coordinator Rebecca Fing

Regional Office – Toowoomba

across research and development, stewardship, natural resource management, biosecurity and cotton production issues, such as water availability and input costs. This is achieved though policy and advocacy, education, communication and grower services.

Board Chair Hamish McIntyre Deputy Chair Nigel Burnett Directors Fleur Anderson Matt McVeigh Bernie Bierhoff Jeremy Callachor Bob Dall’Alba Susan McCutcheon Peter Tuohey

Head Office Suite 4.01, 247 Coward Street, Mascot NSW 2020 Ph: 02 9669 5222 Fax: 02 9669 5511 E: talktous@cotton.org.au Website: www.cottonaustralia.com.au

Head Office Staff Chief Executive Officer Adam Kay Policy Officer Angela Bradburn Education Coordinator Ali Briggs Communications Officer Robert Virtue Supply Chain Consultant Cotton to Market Program Brooke Summers Finance Manager Therese Wooden Executive Assistant Rochelle Zakher Project Officer – AgSkilled Claudia Vicary

Unit 3, 6 Rutledge Street South Toowoomba QLD 4350 Ph: 07 4639 4908

General Manager Michael Murray Mob: 0427 707 868 myBMP Manager Rick Kowitz Mob: 0427 050 832 myBMP Customer Service Officer Nicole Scott Ph: 1800 COTTON (1800 268 866)

Regional Office – Brisbane Level 3, 183 Quay Street, Brisbane QLD 4000 Paul Sloman Mob: 0448 094 883

Regional Office – Narrabri PO Box 322 Narrabri NSW 2390 Ph: 02 6792 6041 Fax: 02 6792 6042

Regional Manager (Namoi, Gwydir, Walgett, Bourke) Alec Macintosh Mob: 0428 618 004

Regional Office – Griffith PO Box 8175 Griffith East NSW 2680

Regional Manager (Riverina) Honi Anderson Mob: 0437 700 300

Regional Office – Warren Policy Officer – Research Direction and Stewardship Sally Ceeney Mob: 0459 189 771

Field Staff Regional Manager (Emerald) Renee Anderson Mob: 0448 125 156 Regional Manager (Dawson Valley) Stephanie Tucker Mob: 0439 211 894

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Regional Manager (Macintyre Valley) Cate Wild Mob: 0487 713 014 Regional Manager (St George/ Dirranbandi/Mungindi) Jane Hill Mob: 0419 259 194 Regional Manager (Darling Downs) Mary O’Brien Mob: 0408 982 291 Regional Manager (Macquarie Valley) Julie Wise Mob: 0447 370 043

Cotton Australia Members Cotton Australia members nominate representatives to attend the company’s General Meetings.

The five largest Cotton Grower Associations are able to nominate two representatives.

• Auscott Limited • Brighann Ginning • Carroll Cotton Company • Central Highlands Cotton Growers’ & Irrigators’ Association Inc. • Cotton Seed Distributors • Crop Consultants Australia Ltd • Cubbie Ginning • Darling Downs Cotton Growers’ Inc. • Darling River Food And Fibre • Dawson Valley Cotton Growers’ Association • Dirranbandi Cotton Growers’ Association • Gwydir Valley Cotton Growers’ Association • Louis Dreyfus Commodities • Lower Namoi Cotton Growers’ Association • Macintyre Valley Cotton Growers’ Association • Macquarie Cotton Growers’ Association • Menindee & Lower Darling Cotton Growers’ Association • Mungindi Water Users’ & Cotton Growers’ Association • Namoi Cotton Co-Op • North West Ginning Pty Ltd • Queensland Cotton Corporation Limited • Rivcott Pty Ltd • Southern Cotton 202 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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PO Box 353 Mitchell ACT 2602 Ph: 02 6241 2100 Fax: 02 6241 2555 Web: www.aaaa.org.au

President Stephen Death, Hazair Pty Ltd • Southern Valleys Cotton Growers’ Association • St George Cotton Growers’ Association • Twynam Cotton Pty Ltd • Upper Namoi Cotton Growers’ Association • Walgett Cotton Growers’ Association • Wathagar Ginning Company

Aerial Application Association of Australia Key objectives of the AAAA include improving safety and efficacy through professional development which it achieves by providing ongoing training to pilots and operators and a range of programs and information service, including a national convention, state meetings and technical workshops.

AAAA runs two accreditation programs – Spraysafe and the Aerial Improvement Management System (AIMS) – which are based on sound competence of pilots and ground staff, appropriate facilities and comprehensive application and business management systems.

AAAA works with a wide range of other organisations including Cotton Australia and agronomists to continually improve the services offered to clients and to improve knowledge of aerial application’s effectiveness, safety and economy.

Cotton growers are encouraged to support AAAA by having their aerial application carried out by AAAA members who hold AAAA accreditations.

AAAA contacts Chief Executive Officer Phil Hurst

Association of Australian Cotton Scientists The association aims to provide a united and representative body to promote and enhance cotton research as a profession; to facilitate communication and collaboration between scientists; and, to act as a point of contact between scientists, the Australian cotton industry and with the International Cotton Researchers’ Association. Membership is open to students, professionals, technical staff and extension specialists who spend a majority of their time in active research (or teaching) relevant to the cotton industry. Associate membership is open to people who are indirectly involved in research delivery or management.

One of the main activities that the association facilitates is the ‘Australian Cotton Research Conference’ which will be held again in Armidale in 2019.

Office Bearers President Dr Paul Grundy Full Committee Members • Dr Mary Whitehouse • Dr Linda Smith • Dr Warwick Stiller • Dr Michael Bange • Mr Allan Williams (Associate Member Representative)

Australian Cotton Ginners’ Association The Australian Cotton Ginners’ Association was formed on 4 December 1992 and became an association of all the cotton processing organisations within Australia. It’s aims are: • To promote the common business

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interests of persons engaged in the cotton ginning industry within Australia; • To encourage and promote co-operation; • To sponsor technical development; and, • To seek improvement of communications, education and safety within the ginning industry

Office Bearers President Andrew van der Stok Namoi Cotton Ph: 0267 524378 Fax: 0267 525357 Mob: 0429 232303 E: avanderstok@namoi.com.au Secretary/Treasurer Lauryn Riordan Koramba Ginning Ph: 02 6751 1355 Fax: 02 6571 1359 Mob: 0429 774 649 E: marketing@koramba.com.au Member Organisations • Auscott, Sydney • Brighann Ginning, Moree • Carroll Cotton, Carroll • Clyde Agriculture, Bourke • Cubbie Ginnery, Dirranbandi • Louis Dreyfus Ginning, Brisbane • Koramba Ginning, Moree • Namoi Cotton, Wee Waa • North West Ginning, Moree • Queensland Cotton, Brisbane • Rivcott Ginning, Carrathool • Southern Cotton, Darlington Point • Tandou Cotton, Menindee

Australian Cotton Shippers Association The Australian Cotton Shippers Association (ACSA) is principally involved in the enhancement of Australia’s cotton industry in our export markets. It also aims to promote best management practices and prosperity within the industry and the communities in which we operate. This especially includes the preservation of contract sanctity and adherence to 204 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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established international trading terms, arbitration procedures and protection of the forward marketing platform.

ACSA merchant members comprise the following: • Auscott Marketing • Cargill Cotton • CNCGC Australian • Cofco Agri • Cubbie Station • Ecom Cotton • Glencore Agriculture • Louis Dreyfus Company • Namoi Cotton • OmniCotton Australia • Queensland Cotton • RCMA Group • Reinhart Australia • S&G Cotton Australia The organisation has the support of over 30 Associate member firms who deliver finance, insurance, marketing, controlling, shipping and logistics services to the post farm gate supply chain.

ACSA plays an active role in the local and international cotton arena through its membership of the Australian Cotton Industry Forum, the Australian Peak Shippers Association, the Committee for the Cooperation between Cotton Associations and the International Textile Manufacturers Federation. All merchant members are affiliated with the International Cotton Association.

ACSA subscribes to the implementation of industry wide best management practices and has been supportive of developing BMP modules at each stage of the movement of cotton beyond the farm gate.

ACSA has continued to support BMP by collaborating with Cotton Australia providing education to brand owners. ACSA also undertakes regular visits to both traditional and emerging markets to promote Australian cotton.

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It collaborates with organisations such as Cotton Australia, Cotton Research & Development Corporation and CSIRO and also ensures that messages from the market are fed back to those organisations that can influence the direction of our research and development. ACSA’s involvement with the latest industry marketing strategies of BCI and Cotton LEADS further reinforces our commitment to continuous improvement in placing Australian cotton as a premium product on the global textile stage. The interaction afforded by participating in these activities demonstrates ACSA’s commitment to the industry as a whole.

Office Bearers Chair Cliff White Omnicotton Australia Ph: 07 3361 1801 Vice Chair Roger Tomkins S&G Cotton Australia Ph: 07 3399 4890

Contact Secretariat Tracey Byrne-Morrison Tel 07 3848 3823 PO Box 4, Annerley QLD 4103 Web: www.austcottonshippers.com.au Email: cottonshippers@bigpond.com

Cotton Classers’ Association of Australia The Cotton Classers’ Association of Australia (CCAA) has four member organisations, one non-classing member and two associate member organisations.

The aim of the CCAA is to promote consistency between classing facilities within Australia, both merchant and independent.

The CCAA monitors this consistency through regular internal check tests for both visual and HVI testing. The CCAA is also involved in an international program – Commercial Standardisation of Instrument Testing (CSITC). All data from testing programs are analysed

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independently and results sent to classing facilities.

The CCAA is firmly committed to its BMP program to ensure that Australian cotton growers and end users worldwide have their cotton graded consistently under the best possible conditions.

CCAA Best Management Practice If Australia is to maintain its reputation as a consistent supplier of high quality cotton it will need to ensure that classing facilities in Australia consistently specify their cotton. To do this the cotton classing sector is assessed independently to, amongst others, determine compliance with the current Best Management Practice (BMP) for Classing handbook, compiled by the Cotton Classers Association of Australia (CCAA), via formal audits. These audits are conducted currently by René van der Sluijs of Textile Technical Services, CSIRO’s Materials Science and Engineering (TTSCMSE), an organisation which is considered to be independent.

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These audits allow individual facilities to make technical and operational corrections to their practice so that ultimately the industry can achieve consistent and better precision of classing grades.

There are currently four classing facilities in Australia certified by Cotton Australia as compliant to the current version of the BMP handbook for classing.

International laboratory certification The International Cotton Association in partnership with the Bremen Faserinstitut (ICA Bremen) launched the ‘International Laboratory Certification Scheme’ for cotton testing laboratories in July 2012.

The scheme is based on laboratory experience to produce a certification process that will be widely accepted and recognised as being of the very highest standards. The reason for this certification scheme was to establish a list of laboratories located worldwide which meet a standard level of quality assurance.

There are currently 10 laboratories certified world-wide including two from Australia namely Auscott Limited and Proclass – Goondiwindi, with a further two classing facilities scheduled to be audited during 2019.

Office Bearers President Greg Parle, Auscott Ltd Ph: 02 9439 0514 Secretary Andrew Baxter Australian Classing Services Ph: 02 6790 3052 Treasurer Jon Hurford Proclass-Goondiwindi 07 4671 0333

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MODEL P361U Strapping System

Contact Nic Thomson at (04) 3114 7898 or visit us on our website

www.samuelstrapping.com

MODEL P600 on Doorless Press

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CRDC: Science underpinning the cotton industry’s success

The Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) delivers outcomes in cotton research, development and extension (RD&E) for the Australian cotton industry. A partnership between the Commonwealth Government and cotton growers, CRDC invests in world-leading RD&E to benefit Australia’s dynamic cotton industry, and the wider community. We invest in innovation and transformative technologies to deliver impact, and as an organisation we are ambitious, agile, and adaptive.

Under our new five year Strategic RD&E Plan, which came into effect in July 2018, our vision as an organisation is to power the success of Australian cotton through worldleading RD&E. To help achieve this, Australian cotton growers and the Government will co-invest $24.3 million through CRDC into cotton RD&E during 201819, across approximately 300 projects and in collaboration with around 100 research partners.

This investment will be split across the five key focus areas of the Plan: • Increasing productivity and profitability on Australian cotton farms; • Improving cotton farming sustainability and value chain competitiveness; • Building the adaptive capacity of the Australian cotton industry; • Strengthening partnerships and adoption; and, • Driving RD&E impact.

Over the next five years, our aim is to contribute to creating $2 billion in additional gross value of cotton production through our investments in RD&E. For more information, visit our website: www.crdc.com.au.

206 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Contact CRDC 2 Lloyd St, Narrabri NSW 2390 P: 02 6792 4088 E: crdc@crdc.com.au W: www.crdc.com.au

CRDC 2018 Board of Directors Chair Richard Haire Executive Director Bruce Finney Directors Kathryn Adams, Liz Alexander, Greg Kauter, Jeremy Burdon, Les Copeland, Rosemary Richards

CRDC team Executive Director Bruce Finney General Manager, R&D Investment Ian Taylor General Manager, Business and Finance Graeme Tolson R&D Program Manager Allan Williams R&D Program Manager Jane Trindall R&D Program Manager Susan Maas CottonInfo Program Manager Warwick Waters Communications Manager Ruth Redfern Accountant Emily Luff Accounts Officer Jeevi Arjunan IT Manager Peter Harvey Executive Assistant Dianne Purcell Project Administration Assistant Megan Baker Project Administration Assistant Lynda George

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Cotton Seed Distributors Ltd

Cotton Seed Distributors Ltd (CSD) has been supplying quality cotton planting seed to the Australian cotton industry since 1967. CSD was formed through the vision of Australia’s foundation cotton growers and remains committed to the success of today’s industry.

CSD is a major investor in cotton breeding, research and development, having developed a long and successful partnership with the CSIRO Cotton Breeding Program. CSD’s objective is to deliver elite varieties that are specifically bred and adapted to suit local growing conditions by delivering yield and quality outcomes to keep the Australian cotton industry at the premium end of the global fibre market.

On behalf of the industry, CSD takes an active role in the development and licensing of best in class biotechnology traits that add value to the overall performance of CSD varieties and to Australian growers.

CSD also conducts large scale replicated trials focused on new varieties, technologies and techniques to assess performance across diverse environmental conditions; and provides industry wide extension services focused on cotton production and agronomy via the CSD Extension and Development Agronomy team and CottonInfo joint venture, in partnership with CRDC and Cotton Australia.

For more, visit the CSD website: www.csd.net.au

CSD 2017 Board of Directors Chair James Kahl Vice-chair Joanne Grainger Managing Director Peter Graham Directors Nigel Corish, Juanita Hamparsum, Matt Norrie, Tony Quigley, Doug Rathbone, Cleave Rogan

CSD Leadership Group Managing Director Peter Graham

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Executive Assistant & Administration Lead Fiona Campbell Chief Financial Officer David Coleman Extension and Marketing Lead James Quinn Quality and Research Lead Brett Ross Operations Lead Bruce Cowan Farm Lead Mark Cathcart Communications Lead Ngaire Roughley

CSD Extension and Development Agronomists Queensland Sam Lee Larissa Holland (Junior Agronomist) Darling Downs and Central Queensland Chris Barry Border Rivers and Balonne Chris Teague Gwydir Alice Devlin Namoi Bob Ford Jacob Booby (Junior Agronomist) Macquarie and Bourke Craig McDonald Southern NSW Jorian Millyard Lucy Burrows (Junior Agronomist)

CottonInfo Regional Extension Officers Darling Downs Annabel Twine Border Rivers, Dirranbandi and St George Andrew McKay Gwydir and Mungindi Janelle Montgomery Namoi Elsie Hudson Macquarie and Bourke Amanda Thomas Southern NSW Kieran O’Keeffe

Address Head office ‘Shenstone’

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2952 Culgoora Road Wee Waa NSW 2388 PO Box 117, Wee Waa NSW 2388 Phone: 02 6795 0000 Fax: 02 6795 4966

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Dalby office Corner Edward and Napier Streets PO Box 756 Dalby QLD 4405 Phone: 07 4662 6050 Fax: 07 4662 6060 www.csd.net.au www.facebook.com/ CottonSeedDistributors www.twitter.com/csd_cotton

Crop Consultants Australia Crop Consultants Australia (CCA) is the professional network for agronomists and those with an interest in agronomy. Members are based predominantly across the cotton, grain, pulse and oilseed producing regions of Queensland and New South Wales.

CCA assists both those that are building an agronomy career and those that already have extensive experience. The Association provides avenues for members to stay up to date with industry information, news and research as well as providing networking opportunities. CCA represents the crop consulting sector at relevant industry forums and works in partnership with other industry organisations to address key issues.

CCA publishes an informative fortnightly e-newsletter, organizes professional development events such as the popular Cropping Solutions Seminars as well as coordinating nationally significant industry projects.

Each year CCA collects data on product use within the cotton industry with these data packages available for sale.

For further information contact Crop Consultants Australia Incorporated PO Box 349, Woombye QLD 4559 Mob: 0429 925 459 Fax: 07 3036 6357 Email: info@cropconsultants.com.au www.cropconsultants.com.au

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Wincott – Women in Cotton Industry Network

Wincott – Women in Cotton – was established in December 2000 with the objective of supporting rural women across the Australian cotton industry, through facilitating opportunities to connect with other rural women and develop both personal and professional knowledge and skills.

Wincott is driven by a group of dedicated volunteers, geographically spread across the cotton industry, who are passionate about their industry and supporting rural women.

Key activities and programs that Wincott members have identified as being important for the next year: • Personal and professional development; • Health and wellbeing; • Motivation and inspiration; • Business and finance; and, • Industry knowledge.

President Elizabeth Stott (Whitton) E: elizabethstott9@gmail.com Mob: 0427 403 714 Vice Presidents Sally Dickinson (Goondiwindi) E: salldickinson@gmail.com Gail Spargo (Emerald) E: gail.spargo@daf.qld.gov.au Secretary Anna Power (Goondiwindi) E: Anna@evolutionfarming.com.au Treasurer and Public Officer Monique Cush (Boomi) E: monique.cush@gmail.com Regional Representatives Central Queensland: Gail Spargo, Sharna Holman and Alex Galea Dawson/Theodore: Jess French MacIntyre: Rebecca Hertslett, Jess Strauch, Alisha Reading Gwydir: Lauryn Riordan, Kate Lumbar Upper Namoi: Karen Kirkby Lower Namoi: Bernadette Hamblin Walgett: Alison Young Macquarie: Alex Dalton Murrumbidgee: Elizabeth Stott, Elizabeth Munn, Sara Pixley and Kylie Edwards COTTON YEARBOOK 2018 — 207

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REGIONAL COTTON GROWER ASSOCIATIONS Darling River Food & Fibre (Bourke) Chair Ian Cole Ph: 02 6872 2833 Mob: 0429 722 857 E: irc@darlingfarms.com.au Vice Chair Tony Thompson Ph: 02 6872 1999 Mob: 0419 462 117 E: afterhrs@bigpond.com

Darling Downs Cotton Growers Inc. President Georgie Krieg Mob: 0429 939 244 E: president@ddcgi.com.au Vice-President Adam McVeigh Ph: 07 4663 5168, Mob: 0427 635 309 E: vicepresident@ddcgi.com.au Secretary Darcie Sutton E: secretary@ddcgi.com.au Treasurer Ross Uebergang Mob: 0409 876 611 E: treasurer@ddcgi.com.au Address PO Box 114 Dalby Qld 4405 www.ddcgi.com.au

Dawson Valley Cotton Growers’ Association Address PO Box 18 Theodore, Qld. 4719 President Simon Green 208 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

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Mob: 0429 063 100 E: sgreen_badminton@activ8.net.au

Secretary Bronwyn Christensen Mob: 0488 931 691, E: bronwync@cotton.org.au Treasurer Travis Anderson Mob: 04188078997 E: Anderson.travis@rocketmail.com

Dirranbandi Cotton Growers’ Association Address PO Box 332 Dirranbandi Qld 4486 President Simon Graham Mob: 0428 258 317 E: simon@cubbie.com.au Vice President Scott Balsillie Mob: 0458 567 678 E: sbalsillie@eaagri.com.au Treasurer Kathy Burrell Ph: 07 4625 8641 E: burrelltrafcot@bigpond.com

Central Highlands Cotton Growers’ and Irrigators’ Association President Aaron Kiely Mob: 0411 702 236 E: ackiely@bigpond.net.au

Vice President Cameron Geddes Mob: 0400 009 190 E: cam.geddes@bigpond.com Secretary Alexandria Galea Mob: 0439 191 095 E: AlexandriaGalea@cgs.com.au Treasurer Danni Ingram Mob: 0427 834 655 E: danni_stanton@hotmail.com Address PO Box 33 Emerald Qld 4720

Gwydir Valley Cotton Growers’ Association Chair Murray Connor Mob: 0407 663 721 E: mconnor@aff-limited.com.au Vice Chair Mick Humphries Mob: 0427 527 890 E: mick.humphries@hotmail.com Secretary/Treasurer: Zara Lowien Mob: 0427 521 399 Ph: 02 6752 1399, Fax: 02 6752 1499 E: gvia@bigpond.com

Address PO Box 824 Moree NSW 2400

Lower Namoi Cotton Growers’ Association Chairman Jeff Hamblin Mob: 0427 935 283 E: jefbern@bigpond.com.au Secretary Phil Firth Mob: 0427 657 532 E: pjfirthy@bigpond.com

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reasurer Mandy Gilmour Mob: 0408 411 649 E: arnfarm1@bigpond.com Cotton Australia Alec Macintosh PO Box 322 Narrabri NSW 2390 Mob: 0428 618 004 All correspondence to: PO Box 388 Wee Waa NSW 2388

Macintyre Valley Cotton Growers’ Association President Glen Smith Mob: 0428 537 221 E: glen@evolutionfarming.com.au Vice President Toby Makim Mob: 0417 857 975 E: manager@koramba.com.au Andrew Newell Mob: 0418 182 844 E: andrew_newell_05@yahoo.com.au

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Treasurer Nigel Corish Ph: 07 4671 1530 Mob: 0409 904 500 E: yambocully@bigpond.com Executive Officer Hollie Gall Mob: 0438 381 192 E: hollie.gall@olamnet.com

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Macquarie Cotton Growers’ Association President Sinclair Steele Mob: 0437 837 380 E: sinclairsteele8@gmail.com Vice President Amanda Thomas Mob: 0417 226 411 E: amanda.thomas@cottoninfo.net.au Secretary Sophie O’Brien PO Box 130, Warren, NSW 2824 Mob: 0403 833 881 E: admin@mcga.org.au

Menindee and Lower Darling Cotton Growers’ Association

The MLDCGA was formed in 1998 by employees of Tandou Ltd to improve the flow of information and Cotton Australia’s services and resources to our isolated location.

Office PO Box 207 Menindee NSW 2879 Secretary/Treasurer Sammy-Jo Field Mob: 0427 256 501 E: sammyjo2880@hotmail.com

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Variety of self-bunded fuel tanks including aviation solutions

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1300 457 467 I O R.CO M.AU S A L E S @ IOR.COM.AU

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Mungindi Cotton Growers’ and Water Users’ Association Address PO Box 68, Mungindi 2406 President Tristan Hertslet Mob: 042 877 1078 E: cotton@reardonfarms.com Vice President Sam Heagney Mob: 0437 470 841 E: sheagney@southbunarba.com.au Secretary Nellie Lawson Mob: 0458 766 841 E: jlawson@elders.com.au Treasurer Rebecca Longworth Mob: 0427 151 018 E: rlongworth@southbunarba.com.au

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Mob: 0475 831 093 E: john.durham@southerncotton.com.au

Vice President Paul Cleton Mob: 0428 361 858 E: pcleton@riverviewfarming.com.au Secretary Eliza Star Mob: 0436 008 200 E: eliza.star@olamnet.com Treasurer Helette Ferreira Mob: 0457 573 113 E: svcgat@gmail.com

St George Cotton Growers’ Southern Valleys’ Association Address Cotton Growers PO Box 424 Association St George 4487 Address PO Box 41 Whitton, NSW 2705 President John Durham

President Drew Knights Ph: 0427 265 553 E: big_dingo@hotmail.com

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Vice President Geoffrey Todd Ph: 0409 577 892 E: gjtodd@gmail.com Secretary Wendy Armstrong Ph: 07 4625 3756 E:secretary@sgecga.com Treasurer Tom Crothers Ph: 0428 089 681 E: tom.crothers@nufarm.com

Upper Namoi Cotton Growers’ Association Address PO Box 855 Gunnedah 2380 President Nick Beer Mob: 0429 868 920 E: nickbeer11@hotmail.com Vice President Scott McCalman Mob:0428 474 819 E: jedburghfarming@gmail.com Secretary/Treasurers Julie Glover Mob: 0427 426 393 E: Weetaliba@bigpond.com Scott Davies Mob: 0427 445 282 E: scott@carrollcotton.com.au

Walgett Cotton Growers’ Association

50% off for Aussie Growers

thanks to the generous support of our sponsors:

www.cottoncompass.com.au 210 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

President Jack Harris Mob: 0428 657 436 E: jack@pjhsons.com Vice President Bernie Bierhoff Mob: 0427 293 069 E: berniebierhoff@bigpond.com.au Secretary Lori Nemec c/- ‘Carlton’ Walgett NSW 2832 Mob: 0427 693 796 E: lanemec@yahoo.com

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SUPPLIERS’ DIRECTORY AG CHEM AND FERTILISER

IRRIGATION

Adama – www.adama.com AgBitech – https://www.agbitech.com/ AgNova – http://www.agnova.com.au/ Agsafe – www.agsafe.org.au B&W Rural/Elders – www.bwrural.com Barmac – www.barmac.com.au Bayer – https://www.bayer.com.au/ BioAg – https://www.bioag.com.au/ Cotton Grower Services – www.cgs.com.au Dow Agro – www.dowagro.com eChem Australia – www.echem.com.au FluroSat – https://www.flurosat.com/ FMC – www.fmcaustralasia.com.au Growth Ag – www.growthag.com.au Incitec Pivot Fertilisers – www.incitecpivotfertilisers.com.au Koch Fertiliser Australia – www.kochfertaustralia.com Landmark – https://www.landmark.com.au/ Mapleton Agri Biotec – http://mabiotec.com/ Monsanto – www.monsanto.com NuFarm – www.nufarm.com/AU/Home Organic Crop Protectants – https://ocp.com.au/ Orica – http://www.orica.com/ Sero-X – www.innovate-ag.com.au/sero-x Sipcam – www.sipcam.com.au Stoller – http://stoller.com.au/ Sumitomo – www.sumitomo-chem.com.au Tessenderlo Kerley International – http://www.cropvitality.com/ UPL – www.uplonline.com/uplaustralia Yara Australia – www.yara.com.au

Aqua West – www.aquawest.com.au BnB Engineering – www.bnbeng.com.au Condamine Drilling – www.condaminedrilling.com.au Cotton Equipment – www.cottonequipment.com.au Eagle i – www.eaglei.com.au Environdata – www.environdata.com.au Filtermax – www.filtermax.com.au Irrigation Australia – https://www.irrigationaustralia.com.au/ Irritek – www.irritek.com.au Leverlink – www.leverlink.com.au Lindsay Irrigation – www.lindsay.com/irrigation Padman Stops – www.padmanstops.com.au Paterson Pumps – http://www.patersonpumps.com/ Pivot Irrigation & Pumping – www.pivotirrigation.com.au Power Equipment – www.powerequipment.com.au Rodney Industries – www.rodneyind.com.au SMK Consultants Pty Ltd – www.smk.com.au Smart Syphon ISLEX – https://islex.com.au/smart-syphon/ Solar Pumping Solutions – https://www.solarpumping.com.au/ Team Irrigation – http://www.teamirrigation.com.au/ Valmont Irrigation – www.valleyirrigation.com Volvo Penta – https://www.volvopenta.com/ Warrego Water Services – https://warregowater.com.au/ Wildeye Farm and Irrigation Monitoring – http://www.mywildeye.com/

CONSULTING Australian Classing Services – http://www.ausclass.com.au/ Crop Consultants Australia – https://cropconsultants.com.au/ INTL FCStone – https://www.intlfcstone.com/ McGregor Gourlay Agricultural Services – www.mcgregorgourlay.com.au Raw Cotton Australia – http://www.rawcotton.com.au/

EDUCATION AND TRAINING American Cotton Shippers Association – http://www.acsa-cotton.org Countryco Training – www.countryco.com.au Ergon Energy – www.ergon.com.au Essential Energy – www.essentialenergy.com.au Labour Solutions – www.laboursolutions.com.au UNE Cotton Production Course – griff@griffithsagriculture.com

GINNING Cherokee Ginning Solutions – https://cherokeefab.com/ Lummus – http://www.lummus.com/ Namoi Cotton – www.namoicotton.com.au North West Ginning – manager@nwgin.com.au Queensland Cotton – www.olamgroup.com

INSURANCE AND SUPERANNUATION Achmea Australia – www.achmea.com.au AgriRisk Services – www.agririsk.com.au AustSafe Super – https://www.austsafe.com.au/ PMA Insurance – www.pmainsurance.com.au

MACHINERY AGCO – https://www.agcocorp.com/ Atlas Copco – https://www.atlascopco.com/en-au BMC Partnership – www.bmcpartnership.com.au Bonfiglioli – www.bonfiglioli.com.au C and C Machining and Engineering – www.candcmachining.com Case IH – www.caseih.com/anz/en-au/home Chesterfield – www.chesterfieldaustralia.com.au Countrywide Industries – http://www.countrywideindustries.com.au/ Croplands – www.croplands.com.au Goldacres – www.goldacres.com.au Hardi – http://www.hardi.com.au Horsch – www.horsch.com K-Line Industries – www.k-line.net.au New Holland – www.newholland.com OneCrop – https://onecrop.com/ Serafin Machinery – www.serafinmachinery.com.au Simplicity Australia – www.simplicityaus.com.au Tilco – https://www.tilco.com.au/ Vanderfield – www.vanderfield.com.au Vomax – www.vomax.com.au Westfield Augers – www.westfieldaugers.com.au

MARKETING Bridge Commodities – www.bridgecommodities.com Indigo Agriculture – www.indigoag.com/en-au Louis Dreyfus Company – www.ldcom.com/au/en OmniCotton – www.omnicotton.com Proclass – www.proclass.com.au Reinhart Australia Pty Limited – www.reinhart.com

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AWH – https://www.awh.com.au/ Entegra – https://www.entegra.com.au/ Samuel Strapping – www.samuelstrapping.com Signode – www.signode.com.au Tama Bale Wrapping – https://www.tama-australia.com.au/

PETROLEUM AND OILS Alemlube – http://www.alemlube.com.au IOR Petroleum – www.ior.com.au Lowes Petroleum – www.lowespetrol.com.au Valvoline – https://www.valvoline.com/en-australia

PRECISION AG AgAerial Images – https://www.agaerialimages.com.au/ Agleader – http://www.agleader.com/ CBRE – https://www.cbre.com.au/ Farmers Edge – https://www.farmersedge.ca/ Precision Cropping Technologies – https://pct-ag.com/ Precision Seeding Solutions – https://pssag.com/ Spot On Ag – https://spotonag.com.au/ Trimble – www.trimble.com

SEED SUPPLIES

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Cotton Seed Distributors – www.csd.net.au

SOIL MONITORING Goanna Telemetry – http://www.goannatelemetry.com.au/ Sentek – www.sentek.com.au

SPECIALIST TUNING Agritune – www.agritune.com.au

TILLAGE Agri Parts Direct – https://www.agripartsdirect.com.au/ Boss Engineering – www.bosseng.com.au Excel Agriculture – www.excelagr.com.au Gessner Industries – www.gessner.com.au Serafin Machinery – www.serafinmachinery.com.au Tillage Traders Queensland – www.ttq.net.au

TYRES Big Tyre – www.bigtyre.com.au Titan Australia – https://titanaust.com.au/

WATER TRADING KeyWater – www.keywater.com.au

REAL ESTATE Moree Real Estate – www.moreerealestate.com.au Opteon Property – www.opg.net Ray White Rural – www.raywhiteruralmoree.com.au

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX Achmea Australia.................................................................. 113 ACSA.................................................................................... 127 Adama........................................................................... 4, 7, IBC AgBiTech Pty Ltd................................................................ 54-55 AGCO Australia.................................................................... OBC Agri Parts Direct/Tilco........................................................ 29, 31 AgriRisk Services Pty Limited.................................................. 103 Atlas Copco............................................................................ 77 AustSafe Super...................................................................... 140 B&W Rural/Elders.................................................................. 105 BMC Partnership................................................................... 181 Boss Engineering....................................................................... 9 C and C Machining and Engineering........................................ 17 Charlton........................................................................... 94,174 Cotton Compass.................................................................... 210 Cotton Grower Services (CGS)................................................. IFC Cotton Outlook..................................................................... 176 Cotton Seed Distributors Limited (CSD).............................. 49, 57 Countryco Training................................................................... 75 Countrywide Industries............................................................ 73 Crop Consultants Australia..................................................... 101 Dinner Plain.............................................................28, 147, 156 Dow Agro/Corteva................................................................. 155 eChem (Australia) Pty Ltd........................................................ 63 Entegra..................................................................................... 1 Environdata........................................................................... 115 Ergon Energy........................................................................... 71 Essential Energy...................................................................... 21 Excel............................................................................. 201, 203 FluroSat................................................................................ 119 FMC.............................................................................. 145, 149 Goanna Telemetry.................................................................... 33 Goldacres.............................................................................. 159 Growth Ag........................................................................ 19, 59 Hardi Australia........................................................................ 69 Incitec Pivot Fertilisers................................................... 163, 165 Indigo................................................................................... 179 INTL FCStone Pty Ltd............................................................... 61 IOR Petroleum Pty Ltd............................................................ 209

212 — COTTON YEARBOOK 2018

Irrigation Australia................................................................. 116 Irritek...................................................................................... 91 Louis Dreyfus Company.......................................................... 193 Lowes Petroleum........................................................... 133. 135 Lummus Australia Pty Ltd....................................................... 195 Mapleton Agri Biotec Pty Ltd.................................................... 79 Monsanto/Bayer................................................................ 97, 99 Moree Real Estate................................................................... 60 Namoi Cotton....................................................................... 183 North West Ginning................................................................. 65 NuFarm................................................................................. 141 OmniCotton.......................................................................... 197 Opteon Property...................................................................... 68 Orica..................................................................................... 139 Padman Stops............................................................... 111, 117 Queensland Cotton................................................................ 187 Reinhart Australia Pty Limited................................................ 196 Rodney Industries/BnB Engineering.......................................... 85 Samuel Packaging................................................................. 205 Sentek.................................................................................. 162 Serafin Machinery.................................................................. 137 Signode................................................................................. 125 Smart Syphon ISLEX............................................................... 118 SMK Consultants Pty Ltd.......................................................... 64 Solar Pumping Solutions.......................................................... 28 Sumitomo....................................................................... 23, 123 Syngenta..................................................................13, 151, 191 Tapex.................................................................................... 107 Team Irrigation........................................................................ 89 Tillage Traders Queensland (TTQ).............................................. 15 Titan Australia....................................................................... 157 UNE CRDC Cotton Production Course.................................... 129 UPL........................................................................................... 2 Valmont Irrigation................................................................... 83 Volvo Penta............................................................................. 87 Warrego Water Services........................................................... 84 Westfield Augers (Australia) Pty Ltd.......................................... 70 Yara Australia.......................................................................... 11

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Adamaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cotton Team and portfolio has grown significantly over the past decade, weathering seasonal variability to maintain a diverse range of services and crop protection solutions for growers.

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