Technology Dissertation

Buil: 1074 Architectural Design Technology 3 2020 Unit tutors: Georgios Loizos Ned Scott Course Coordinator: Kieran Hawkins

Constructing Monumentality in the 21st Century Marcello Maioli Year 3 Unit 7

Premise

Contents

The scope of the following analyses and investigations is to provide sufficient technical evidence to alter the framework and “self-building” rig ultimately resulting in a redesign of key components. The following premise is necessary to explain the focus of the investigation and provide a series of key terminology necessary to understand the intentions of the document.

Specific limitations were set for developing the following technologies, in terms of adaptability to multiple sites over time, interior capacity and functions. The aforementioned, were non-changeable factors that accompanied the decisions of providing solutions through a mixture of rigs, temporary and permanent structures.

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Abstract

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Introduction

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Design Proposal Overview and Project Team

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Sustainable Strategies

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Case Study 1: The Statue of Liberty

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Case Study 2: The Centre Georges Pompidou

• Adaptability: in terms of spatial alterations through time to facilitate the construction of colossal sculptures • Flexibility: in terms of varying functions of space and location within a confined structure • Constant Construction: in terms of the facilities developing in and around the colossus as it is built • Motion: in terms of standard dimension components designed to move through the fabric of the building to their designated location • Space forming rig: in terms of a series of rigs that have the capacity of changing the position of the spaces by moving walls, floors and ceilings to address issue of temporality related to sustainability • Structural hierarchy: in terms of components moving within temporary and permanent structures.

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Technical investigation

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Conclusion

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Bibliography

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Appendix 1: Cost, Key Factors Audit

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Appendix 2: Building Regulations, Key Factors Audit

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Appendix 3: Health and Safety, Key Factors Audit

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Appendix 4: RMS (Separate document)

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Appendix 5: Final Drawing Set (Separate document)

Abstract My building is a “self-constructing” facility dedicated to the construction of monumental sculptures. Located at the main access street to Fish Island, the program provides spaces for the processes involved in the making of a colossus. The architecture also aims to celebrate the industrial heritage of the island as much as the current artist-dense community. The main design drivers reflect the flexibility and adaptability of the many construction developments present around site. The focus of the technological investigations aim at testing the hierarchy of structural components that would allow the integration of semi-permanent construction rigs that respond to the adaptability necessities of the interior colossal fragments. Through simulations and reiterations of both structure and rig I will be testing the extent to which a Gerberette system can perform and the efficacy of the self-forming rig joints in moving cassette-like components implemented in the constant construction of the architecture.

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Introduction • Overview

• Site & Building

• Technical Context

• Aims of Technical Study

• Key Technical Questions • Methodology

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Overview

Site & Building

Fish Island During Industrial Phase

Fish Island has fulfilled different functions throughout its history and seen a diverse community inhabit it. During the past centuries it has been home to industries ranging from toxic processing of crude oil to dry cleaning.

A factory borough with rigid brick houses and large warehouse infrastructure that saw its end during World War Two. In more recent years the island is comprised of residential developments, remanences from the past and vacant lots awaiting redevelopment into homogenous commercial housing. The high density of artists in the area is one of the contributing factors to its charm.

Street art and improvised workshop spaces appear through the derelict or abandoned buildings that once hosted industrial processes and machinery.

Fish Island During Industrial Phase Aerial View

Current Regeneration Development Scheme

The aim of the architecture is to provide workshop spaces to the artists and community of Fish Island, involving them in the creation and manufacturing process of monumental sculptures, that once completed are shipped off to their permanent sites. Therefore, the building needs to be adaptable over time so that the diverse shaped and sized fragments can be easily made and assembled.

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Existing Streets

Sun Path

Potential Lots

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Site Olympic Park River Lea Big YellowSelf Storage A12 Motorway

Fish Island 1:2500

The island is cradled by the A12 motorway on the West and the River Lea on the East. Two fundamental considerations that connect the site to the rest of London. A key involvement of both means of circulation will facilitate the transportation of the fragments of the colossus to other sites.

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Technical Context

Key Technical Questions

The building needs to be a technological plinth to aid the construction of colossal fragments that are shipped across the world from the site. The architecture therefore, needs to be adaptable over time to host diverse scaled fragments.

The colossus used throughout the following document is a 150m high copper clad replica of Michelangelo’s David. Said colossus would see its construction through a 100 year period during which the primary structure would remain empty through periods of funding campaigns and intervals between fragment types allowing the exterior envelope to adapt.

The architecture is composed of a hierarchy of structures in which the rigs can move to construct the spaces based on the interior fragments. The primary support structure is made of centrifugal cast steel. A process mainly used in oil drilling which would result in longer single spans of steel components.

The following document aims at investigating and attempting to answer the following questions: • What is the most efficient structural hierarchy necessary for the rigs to move freely in order to adapt over time?

• What are the most efficent and sustainable materials for the structure and rigs?

• How can the rigs act as construction aids?

Aims of Technical Study

Methodology

The technical aspects of it aims at creating a series of mechanical rigs that solve the challenges set in the Premise and provide structural support of the spaces that change location around the framework based on the interior fragment in construction. Further technical considerations include the wall and flooring components that slide onto the rigs, the “cassettes” that will compose the spaces. The structural elements and truss system serve as a support axis for the spaces constructed by the rigs. Therefore, synthesizing and locating load bearing systems that do not interfere with the motion of the rigs is essential.

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• Meeting with an engineer to discuss potential weaknesses of structure and foundations • Application of analysis of two technical case study projects • Application of traction system analysis to own rig design to determine the most effective mechanism • 1:50 model to test construction sequencing • Interactive 3D model of rigs and structure systems to test the extent to which they can be adapted to the criteria established in the Premise • Unpacking a series of proposals to determine the most effective scheme • Scan & Solve Software to test the structural capacity of the aformentioned models

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Programme Massing Diagram Identifying Spaces & Relationships

Design Proposal Overview & Project Team • Programme & Organisational Axonometric • Design Drivers • Project Team • Pre-tech Axonometric • Pre-tech Plans • Pre-tech Section • Pre-tech Cutaway Axonometrics

Casting 900 m2 Exhibiting 900 m2 Private Exhibition 140 m2 Public Amenities 128 m2 Colossus 24,000 m3

The archtiecture hosts workshops used in the manufacturing of the parts that compose the colosssus from the plaster cast to the welding of the interior lattice structure.

Furthermore, the public program addresses the need to celebrate Fish Island’s industrial past and it’s current artistic involvment through the presence of exhibition spaces for the public.

The strategical positioning of the scheme also provides a gateway to the island through one of its main exisiting roads.

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Design Drivers

Pre-tech Axonometric 1:500

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Repetitive Construction Components (Scaf-

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folding)

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Extravagant Mechanical Rigs to Aid the Construction of Colossal Sculptures

Project Team The building is comprised of multiple standard components to facilitate the on-site assembly on Wick Lane in order to occupy the intersection in the least amount of time as possible. Furthermore, all components are to be dismantled and reassembled in order to accommodate the fragments. The rigs cannot be limited by the truss system that supports the aforementioned spaces constructed around the fragments. The following are necessary entities involved in the process: • NRAC access auditors because of the unique location which will be temporarily blocked and its access is essential to Fish Island.

• Civil engineer would also be required due to the location also being on an existing bridge directly above a main motorway.

• Structural waterproofing consultant due to the exposed exterior truss system which will have to endure weather conditions permanently.

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Circulation Concrete On-site Cast Base Gerberette System Space Forming Rig Wall Components Copper Shaping Workshop Colossus Fragment 17

Pre-tech Ground Floor Plan 1:500

Pre-tech “Mid-Level� Floor Plan 1:500

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Copper Clad Coming Together Concrete Cantilever Guide System for Rig Scaffolding-like Entrance Space Forming Rig Tubular Circulation Supports Primary Gerberette Column

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Truss System Workshop Workshop Entrance Landing Ceiling in Tension Copper Panels of Colossus Gerberette 19

Pre-tech Top Floor Plan 1:500

Pre-tech Short Section 1:500

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Copper Plate Copper Hemmering Gig Leg in Final Stages of Assembly Manual Crane System Flooring Component Enhanced Noise Insulation Wall Components

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Entrance Wall Components Casting Formwork Plaster Mixing Device Plaster Block in Shaping Stage Wooden Gig Negative

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Copper Hammering Workshop 8. Gerberette 9. Space Forming Rig 10. Leg Fragment 11. Truss Span 12. Concrete Foundaton 21

Pre-tech Short Long Section 1:500

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Entrance Modelled Plaster Block Viewing Point Concrete Foundations

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Existing Bridge Pillars Manual Crane Device Centrifugal Cast Steel Column Cantilevered Concrete

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Plaster Workshop Leg Fragment 12m Void Space Exit Into Fish Island

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Pre-tech Cutaway Axonometric 1:500

Pre-tech Cutaway Axonometric 1:500

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Manual Crane System Flooring Component Enhanced Noise Insulation Wall Components Workshop Plaster Pouring Rig Plaster Block Timber Negative for Copper Hammering Circulation Space Forming Rig

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Manual Crane System Flooring Component Enhanced Noise Insulation Wall Components Copper Clad Leg of Colossus Plaster Block Circulation Space Forming Rig Viewing Port 25

Adaptable & Flexible Components Fragment of Workshop in “Plinth” Proposal

Sustainable Strategy • • • •

Adaptable & Flexible Components Key Sustainable Drivers Flexibility in Construction Passive Light & Ventilation

The adaptable and flexible nature of the entire project is achieved by creating a series of repeated components interlocked in a complex system of structural hierarchies differentiating from permanent, semi-permanent and temporary with instances of improvised scaffolding supports aiding the positioning of the copper panels that compose the colossus.

Wall Types used in Workshop Fragment

Wall, flooring and ceiling components will be assembled and disassembled using the same construction rigs to be used any number of times both on site and in the event of a relocation of the facility.

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Key Sustainable Drivers

Flexibility in Construction

Canvas cover, semitrailer.

Designed for carrying most types of freights. Can be loaded from top, side, or behind.

Length: 13,6 m Width: 2,45 m Height: 2,45 m Volume: 82 m3 Carrying capacity: 20-22 tons Capacity: 22-33 Euro-pallets Net volume: starting from 60-96 cubic metres

The semitrailers can move freely beneath the raised primary structure and “drop-off ” the components for the construction of the envelope

A series of mechanical rigs lift the components from the street level and hoist them onto the rigs

Adjacent Vacant Lot Necessary for Casting the Base

These components come in dimensions suitable to be transported onto standard semitrailers which can be unloaded directly onto the rig in hours without significantly disrupting vehicle circulation.

Think of the building as a system of rigs composed by “universal” components which do not require external cranes or traditional methods of construction and maintenance. They simply rely on a permanent truss system and are “slotted” in and around the colossus. Each space is therefore a separate entity connected 28

to the others through tubular circulation paths that can be isolated to reduce heat dispersal during the winter and opened to increase air flow in the summer.

In order to address issues of sustainability in the use of energy in the assembly process of the building, I will be looking at low impact traction systems in elevators and mechanisms to reduce the amount of energy used during construction as the infrastructure will undergo spatial disposition changes with the making of each section of the colossus.

The base structure is permanent and accounts for the necessary gaps for the components to be hoisted from the street onto the rig 29

Case Study 01: The Statue of Liberty • Introduction • Analysis • Application

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Introduction

Statue of Liberty at Bedloe Island

Statue of Liberty at Bedloe Island 1925

The Statue of Liberty was commissioned by the French at the beginning of 1865 as a project to celebrate the birth of the republic of the United States and the recent abolition of slavery. A way of reinforcing the relationship between the French and the Americans. The project saw artist and architect Auguste Bartholdi and engineer Gustave Eiffel work together, the first on the aesthetics of the exterior copper and the later on the structural implications of the interior framework. The financial aspects however, were covered by both countries. The French were to commission Lady

Lady Liberty Top Fragment on Exhibition Before Being Shipped

Liberty whilst the Americans covered the costs of the pedestal construction on site at Bedloe Island, New York. Meant to be a beacon to the arriving immigrants, the statue symbolises the ideals on which the United States were founded.

Funding campaigns lasted approximately five years after which, the construction in France began in 1876 and ended in 1884. The statue was then assembled in Paris in two years and remained in a purely exhibitive state for the following year. In 1885 it was then dismantled and sent to New York. The project was then finished in 1886 (Noguès, 2020).

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Lady Liberty’s Foot Outside of the Gauthier Workshop

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Analysis

The unprecedented scale of the project in terms of manufacturing off-site and light weight materials resulted in a prolonged construction time. The original technique developed by Bartholdi commenced with the construction of two plaster models: one was 2 meters and the second was 8.50. the latter was then used for the expansion which was done on a square base four times larger. Once these replications were done, the manufacturing on a 1:1 scale began.

The process can be simplified into four stages:

Statue of Liberty

Torch Fragment Being Finalised The pieces were then assembled into fragments of the statue and stored in the workshops Gaget and Gauthier. The workshops therefore, needed to be large enough to host the plaster cast timber structure 1:1, the raw plates, the hammering gigs and their finished copper counterparts. The workshops were not designed with the specific purpose of constructing the Statue, therefore the ceilings were only 8 meters at the highest point.

Limiting the dimensions of each fragment. Furthermore, the storage of the fragments occurred outside resulting in a constant need to maintain the interior of each part as it was exposed to rain.

The manufacturing process poses sound insulation, ventilation, safety concerns and storage issues. Lady Liberty weighs approximately 220 tons. 88 pounds are linked to the 300 plates none of which surpass 3 square meter sizes. The remainder are attributed to the interior framework.

Interpretation

Timber Frame Beneath Plaster

Making an approximate timber structure composed of battens positioned at a distance of 5cm for each fragment of the sculpture. Coating the timber structure in plaster which would then be modelled to the exact measurement points of the other fragments so that they would be consistent once assembled. The sculpting was facilitated by the model used for the expansion as it served as an exact refence for the measurements on vertical and horizontal axes and volume.

Wokshops Forming Around the Progression of the Colossus

Interior Lattice Structure

Once the copper plates were finalised they were assembled and fittings were made to latch each individual piece to the next.

Because assembly had to be carried out twice, the initial one was done by installing the panels together with screws which were replaced with 5mm thick rivets during the final assembly.

The pieces are connected through a juxtaposed bevel system making it impossible to differentiate between where one panel ends and the other begins alluding to a sense of the statue being one solid piece. The copper sheets varied in dimensions however, their overall thickness was a consistent 2.3 mm thick with the overlapping edges being 30 mm in length providing a large amount of nesting surface for the inserting of rivets.

Lattice, Plaster & Copper Clad Arm

Wooden Templates of Model

The plaster work was essential and necessary to create the timber hammering gigs on which the copper plates were made.

The wooden templates were identical to the plaster model. This was the longest step in the process because it required precision and in many cases do overs when the templates did not fit onto the plaster.

Arm Lattice with Copper Cladding

Scale Comparison of Model

Copper Hammering Workshop

In the following pages I will further demonstrate the applications to my own project from the information extrapolated from this analysis in terms of flexibility in the process of manufacturing the fragments and storing them untill shipment.

The aforementioned wooden templates were used to shape the copper cladding.

Panels were hammered or pressured into the gigs and refined on worktables with smaller wooden mallets. In certain instances of more pronounced shapes, the copper panels were heated in furnaces and then shaped.

Updated Manufacturing Process 34

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Application I have chosen to use the same manufacturing process in relation to my program which focuses on combining modern methods of “sculpting� and manual involvement by the artist community of Fish Island. The copper plates will be manufactured in a similar way however, I have adapted the process to the 21st century. Streamlining it without loosing the manual aspect of shaping the colossus.

There are a series of rigs and mechanical devices which facilitate the pouring of plaster into moulds and these blocks can then be shaped by hand with tools in designated isolated spaces. A series of manually controlled cranes can then move the pieces through their manufacturing process. Distinguishing dedicated areas for each step. Furthermore, instead of pouring plaster over a timber frame that is limited to the dimensions of the workshop, the colossus will be central to the architecture and span vertically through them so that larger fragments can be constructed and work on a manual scale.

As the copper panels are made they are hoisted into a temporary assembly state of the colossus so that it may be dismantled and shipped to its final destination

Construction of Space Around the Colossus as it Progresses 1

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5 View from the eye onto London City from Fish Island

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Instead of manufacturing the pieces in seperate workshops the spaces develop around the colossus as it is being cast.

The same process can be applied to different shaped fragments Head and shoulder fragment on exhibition in front of the National Gallery 36

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Case Study 02 : The Centre Georges Pompidou • Introduction • Analysis • Application

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Introduction The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris was built from 1971 to 1977. It saw the collaboration of the following architects: Richard Rogers, Renzo Piano and structural engineer Peter Rice. Built to host a variety of functions including gallery spaces, forum area and performance halls, in a limiting site, there was an immediate need to maximise interior space and create modularity without interior structural constraints.

The solution was to adapt the Gerberette system by placing all load bearing structures on the exterior. The building is 164 m by 60m with the highest point at 45.5m. The combination of suspended beams, columns and cantilevers are what compose the Gerberette system a structural system previously only used in bridge designs.

This system also ensures the exterior envelope of the building remains light. With this method Rice was able to achieve 7m high column free interiors throughout the entire building with instances of up to 10.5m high void spaces.

Gerberette System Supporting Circulation on the Exterior

Diagram Section

Large Void Spaces with Temporary Flooring

Suspended Glass Facade

Gerberette System

The floors are composite concrete with steel I beam sections The faรงade is composed on a combination of suspended glass which span across the trusses. These alternate between fixed and and steel curtain walling making the erection of the structural pinned making the placement independent to the floors (Engi- components simple and short (Windhรถfel, 2000). neering Timelines, 2020).

In order to keep the interior void, a series of trusses that span the entire width of the building (48m) were counterbalanced by gerberettes on the exterior. The aspect ratio of the truss components is approximately 20:1 which is the limit for bending forces.

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Analysis Paris Street Closed for the Arrival of the Truss System

Assembly Diagram of Structural Components

The system is made of different types of steel typically employed in oil and gas infrastructure and transportation. The first row of columns are centrifugally-cast steel with a thickness of 40mm at the top and 85mm at the bottom. The external diameter however is a constant 850mm. The varying internal thickness allow the column to be of a reduced diameter. Another key characteristic of these columns is the water present in them for fire protection.

Gerberette in Plan & Elevation

Each gerberette weighs 9.6 tons of cast steel and pivot on the column with spherical bearings to avoid eccentric force exertion without them, each column would have to be twice the size to account for bending. Cast steel is also used in the nodes of the trusses which are composed by three steel tubes. Two at the top and one at the bottom connected by solid compression and tension diagonals.

It took ten days for the structural bays and eight months for the steel frame. The trusses were brought to site by closing entire streets in Paris to allow transportation on two trucks one driving forward and the other backwards with the trusses spanning across them.

Truss Being Joined to Gerberette

Load Diffusion Onto Gerberette System Diagram

14 full-height columns disposed on two rows on each long section carry the weight of the steel trusses that span the entire width of the building. Said trusses support the weight and interiors of each floor. Each truss is cantilevered with 8.2m beams to the columns acting as counterweights distributing the load to the extremities of the building (Engineering Timelines, 2020).

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Application Main load areas

Gerberette Proposal

Diffusion of Loads Through Gerberette System

The aforementioned systems were employed in my project for similar reasons. The site is limited in space, accessibility cannot be occupied for prolonged periods of time without blocking a key route to the area and the interiors must be void. Flexibility for the spaces to adapt to the diverse shapes and sizes of the colossus’s fragments requires large voids to pierce through the horizontal elements of the structure.

Wet Riser Proposal

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Centrifugal Cast Steel Cantilever Gerberette Cast Steel Column Secondary Truss System Wet Riser Piping Piping System Water Flow Valve

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The columns are also thicker because of the incorporation of a wet riser to provide direct water access at any level during any given time.

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The total height of each column is 45m. Instead of having 7m high voids mine are 6m and each space can be constructed in an infinite amount of ways thanks to the rig system I will investigate in the following document.

In order to allow for the insertion of the construction rigs I made the exterior columns 1000mm diameter with 28.6 m trusses spanning across the width of the building so that I would not need cross bracing between the greberettes. Furthermore, the truss systems I applied are lighter because the overall span is shorter and the flooring components are semi-permanent and come with built in structural beams that connect each unit to the truss.

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Technical Investigation

Introduction

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The following pages aim at unpacking, testing the structure and rig systems through a series of proposals. The initial intention was to run Scan & Solve Simulations on the following 3D models to test their structural integrity and propose modifications to make them more efficient and determine the maximum extent of the truss system.

Introduction Engineer Meeting 1:50 Model Structure & Performance Analysis Research & Application Rig & Performance Analysis

To reiterate the following methodologies were adpoted: • • • • •

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Engineer meetings Further application of case study precedents through 1:50 model Two structure proposals Research and application of hydraulic and traction systems Two rig iteration proposals

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Engineer Meeting

Truss system interferes with statue too much

Suspended facade needs more cables in tension for support

Rig would not function in current dimensions, needs to be in thicker sections with regular reinforcements

Panelling system requires steel substructure incorporated within component to diffuse compression forces

Not large enough to contain the necessary components and water for the hydraulic system

Centrifugal cast steel requires grounded foundations

Irrelevant support Concrete base structure would off-set compression on existing bridge

Existing foundations were not calculated for extreme additional loads

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Following the engineer meetings it was immediatley evident that the main issues regarding the overall initial design were with the torsion forces affecting the rig, the impossibility of using the existing foundations of the bridge to sustain the additional loads of the architecture above and the component system for the floor, wall and roof require their own interior substructure in instances without tension mechanisms.

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1:50 Model Elevations Construction Sequence of Walls

Fragment Axonometric of Space Considered Copper rods lose structural integrity and strength in long spans, therfore rig design must be revised with regular bracing

Plaster model required additional support Plinth-like primary structure to elevate the workshop space from ground conditions limits rig motion

Wall components do not align properly because of unstable rig and lack of an interior steel structure 1:1 scale of flooring substructure significantly interferes with adjacent colossus. Consider placing susbstructure within the flooring components

Because of the 1:50 scale of the model, additional supports were required to keep everything in place. The model was a failure in terms of testing materials however it provided a better understanding of the sequencing and structural differentiantion between temporary and permanent for the rig to move freely within the framework.

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Consider revising placement of plaster cast models and the relationship with the “high-tech� components

Details of Key Moments

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Elevations

Copper rods tend to torque and do not therfore align properly with the rest of the framework

Clips were required to keep everything in place.

On a 1:1 scale this could be translated to an interior steel frame within the components

Details of Key Moments

This model allowed me to test on a 1:50 scale the construction sequence of the previously designed rig. Furthermore, I was able to investigate how the hierarchy of the structures would work. Because materials work in different ways in different scales I intentionally used acrylic for the “high-tech” refined components, timber and plaster for the more sculpturesque parts. The manifestation of this relationship provided me with physical information to continue my investigation. The following lessons were learned and further addressed in the pages to come: • long spans of thin strip-like instances tend to torque, additional support is needed at the base, middle and top • a more flexible base for the rig is required to ensure the spaces formed around the fragments can adapt during construction • a plinth support structure limits the motion of the rigs further limiting the design possibilities Joints between component and rig are limited in terms of motion and positioning, an arm-like clamp would be more adaptable to the long term process of continuously constructing different shaped spaces around the colossus fragments.

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Structure & Performance Analysis 3D Model of the Initial Structure to Test Through Simulations

Exploded Axonometric of One Gerberette System

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The truss span in this iteration is 28.6m with 1m diameter centrifugal cast columns.

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Gerberette Centrifugal Cast Columns Periferal Diffusion Columns Secondary Truss Span Concrete Base Concrete Columns Steel Rig Guide Concrete Slab 55

Plan

Scan & Solve Simulation Presets

Bottom Elevation

North Elevation

Loads

Concrete, Fairly High Strength

Steel, 17-7 PH, Stainless, CH900

Restraints

Density 2410 Elastic Modulus 3.10E + 010 Poisson Ratio 0.2 Yield Strength / Tensile Strength 1.52E+005 Compressive Strength 3.40E+007

Density 7800 Elastic Modulus 2.04E + 011 Poisson Ratio 0.28 Yield Strength 1.59E+009 Tensile Strength / Compressive Strength/

Steel, 17-7 PH, Stainless, RH950

Steel AISI 1020

Density 7800 Elastic Modulus 2.04E + 011 Poisson Ratio 0.28 Yield Strength 1.31E+009 Tensile Strength / Compressive Strength/

Density 7900 Elastic Modulus 2.00E + 011 Poisson Ratio 0.29 Yield Strength 3.30E+008 Tensile Strength / Compressive Strength/

The following steel types were mainly chosen for their tension, compression and distortion resistance properties because of the long sections required.

Based on the precedent study of the Pompidou the Gerberette system should perform effectivley. However, after discussions with the engineer, the foundations of my building cannot rely on the existing bridge foundations as they were not designed to do so.

A Scan & Solve Simulation would have allowed me to determine where the structure required additional strengthening.

Simulations would hvae also allowed me to determine the efficacy of the Gerberette as a means to diffuse compression on the span of the truss.

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3D Model of the Edited Structure to Test Through Simulations

Exploded Axonometric of One Gerberette System

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The truss span in this iteration is 54m with 1m diameter centrifugal cast columns.

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Gerbrette Centrifugal Cast Columns Periferal Diffusion Columns Secondary Truss Span Concrete Base Steel Rig Guide Steel Frame for Base

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Plan

Scan & Solve Simulation Presets

Bottom Elevation

West Elevation

Loads

Concrete, Fairly High Strength

Steel, 17-7 PH, Stainless, CH900

Restraints

Density 2410 Elastic Modulus 3.10E + 010 Poisson Ratio 0.2 Yield Strength / Tensile Strength 1.52E+005 Compressive Strength 3.40E+007

Density 7800 Elastic Modulus 2.04E + 011 Poisson Ratio 0.28 Yield Strength 1.59E+009 Tensile Strength / Compressive Strength/

Steel, 17-7 PH, Stainless, RH950

Steel AISI 1020

Density 7800 Elastic Modulus 2.04E + 011 Poisson Ratio 0.28 Yield Strength 1.31E+009 Tensile Strength / Compressive Strength/

Density 7900 Elastic Modulus 2.00E + 011 Poisson Ratio 0.29 Yield Strength 3.30E+008 Tensile Strength / Compressive Strength/

In this iteration I was testing the extent to which the truss span would be efficient.

By placing additional steel framework supporting, the centrifugal cast columns and placing new foundations that would not interfere with the existing pile foundations of the bridge I was attempting to make the structure self standing.

Scan & Solve Simulations would have allowed me to determine the most efficient iteration between the two. Based on the interior requirments, the longer the uninterrupted spans of trusses the better.

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Initial Proposal for Construction Sequence

Side Elevation

Elevation from Rig

Scan & Solve Simulation Findings

Wall components rise on the railing to reach the required location

The first component latches onto the floor

The other components stack above it

All components are mounted on top of one another

Exploded Axonometric of Parts

Brackets unlatch .03

Brackets move back down to be fitted to other wall components

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Steel Bracket Latch Spring Release System (Releasing Guide from Rig) Steel Sliding Clamp

The joint performed positivley in all simulations. However, in this iteration it simply functions as an attachment surface between the wall component and the rig.

The motion is also limited on a vertical axis requiring further mechanisms for the wall components to be aligned to the truss systems of the primary structure. Further development of this rig would require attention on the flexibility of the range of motion necessary in the positioning of the components.

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Initial Rig Detail .02

.01

.04

.07

.03

.05

Wall Component Detail Build-up

.01 .06 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Rig Guide Hydraulic Pistons Hydraulic Cylinders Empty Guide Section for Motion Steel Base Heavy Led Base to Counteract “Tipping�

Force Bolted Section

.02

.04 .03

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

64

Rig Guide Self-Standing Steel Support for Component Stacking Insulation Bolted Section Double Glazed Window Section Spring Release System (Releasing Guide from Rig) Air Gap

.06

.05

.07

The initial joint between the rig and the various components resulted to be very limiting in terms of range of motion and adaptability to the shapes of the parts.

Further development is required to address the aformentioned issues in the alignment of components and interlocking between diverse types.

However, the Scan & Solve Simulation carried out on Rhino provided positive results. Due to the rigid and simple design of the parts, the joint performed significanlty well in terms of carrying and diffusing loads, tension and compression with significantly small areas of red, indicating that the joint could potentially work.

Further analysis and tests would have to be carried out on a more adaptable joint which would be composed of an increased amount of parts ultimately making it more unstable but would adress the needs of the different shapes and angles at which the components need to be slotted into one another.

65

Research & Application Traction System

360 Rotation of Rig to Facilitate Cassette Placement

Application of Components

.11

.1 .09

.08

.07

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

.06

Counterweight Control System Geared Traction Hoist Traveling Cables Buffer Guiderail Landing System Motor Governor

Hydraulic System

.03

.05 .04

.06 .01 .02

.04

.02

.05

1. .03 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Piston Controller (Tank) In-ground Cylinder Hydraulic Pump Oil Supply Guiderail

Steel Guide with Rotator Base 2. Steel Spacer 3. Piston 4. Concrete Support for Guiderail 5. Inclining Pivot 6. Controller Tank 7. Vetilation Unit 8. Oil Supply 9. Guiderail 10. Joint 11. Support Bracket

.01

67

Rig & Performance Analysis Elevation from Rig

Exploded Axonometric of Joint

.01

Elevation From Component .06 .07

.02 .05

.03

.08

.04

.1

.09

Elevation from Side

Plan

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Tungsten Joint to Rig Horizontal Steel Clamp Device Pneumatic Piston Fixed Pivoting Diffuser Rotating Axis 360 Rotating Piston Steel Guiderail Clamp Steel Guiderail Adjusting Component Clamp High Density Foam

The deisgn of this joint mechanism was prompted by the necessity of addressing restraints in the flexibility of the positioning of components presented in the previous iteration. The build-up therfore includes materials like tungsten which perform better than steel in terms of tensile strength.

The majority of parts have rotating capabilities so that the wall, floor and ceiling components may be positioned at an angle if need be. The range of motion of this iteration will be unpacked in the following pages were I will illustrate the full potential of it’s adaptability in aiding the construction of spaces.

68

69

360 Rotation of Joint

Horizontal Motion of Joint

To facilitate horizontal positioning

Calibration of Wall Stacking

To facilitate inclined surface construction

Vertical Motion of Joint

To account for calibration errors

To facilitate assembly to other components 70

71

Edited Construction Sequence with Revised Rig & Joint

.06

.01

Assembly Stage Sequence

Motorway and road are closed for beggining of construction

Concrete base is erected

Steel guide is placed on top of concrete base

Gerberette and truss system is hoisted onto base

.02

.03

.04

.05

Space-forming rig is introduced into the framework

Rigs rotate towards loading dock

Loading dock lowers to facilitate semitrailer transfer of components

Components are manually hoisted onto rig joints

.01

.07

.08

.02 .09

.1

1.

2.

Vehicular circulation resumes 72

Rigs with wall components begin assembly stage

Wall components on rig arriving to the deignated position to form wall strip Rig moving back to passively allow for interior wall substructure to interlock between wall components

73

Joint Clamped to Wall Component

Conclusion

Loads

Steel

Restraints

Tungsten Carbon Fibre & Steel Piston Foam Metal Cladding

This version of the joint allows for the components to reach any position thanks to the pivoting points which allow the cassettes to be stacked and secured to the substructure system present in each one.

This iteration was developed to ensure maximum flexibility in the design of the spaces around the colossal fragments.

A Scan & Solve Simulation would have showed that in certain instances the joint would have needed to be simplified and strengthened to ensure performance with heavier component types.

Adaptability and flexibility over time to address the interior fragments is essential.

Furthermore, in order to address sustainability issues the rigs and joints must be adaptable to the repetitive components as well as a diverse range of parts.

74

This dissertation was approached as a way of investigating the application of various technologies which provided me with the necessary information to consolidate and redesign some of the key aspects of my project.

Sustainability and construction issues were addressed through the standardisation of dimensions of the components that construct the spaces. However, one must remember that the building is in a constant state of change with components being repositioned with rigs in motion. The larger elements such as the truss system where resolved by taking into consideration the Pompidou which has provided the necessary evidence to demonstrate the proposed structural system could potentially work. More so in the reduced scale of my project. Areas of improvement therefore include the physical testing of motorised components with actual weights of flooring and walls to determine the energy required to power each rig and determine its full sustainability. Because the design heavily relies on mechanisms and restrictions in terms of materiality there have been many revisions and alteration being done throughout the process. Ultimately making informed decisions has changed the rigs and made it more realistic without altering drastically the self-constructing system. Unfortunately, due to the scale of the components and expensive nature of the materials employed the 1:50 fragment model tests were relatively useful to demonstrate the actual system as when working on smaller scales materials do not have the same structural properties. Ultimately, the sole way of resolving the aforementioned issues and addressing the previously mentioned requirements the rig with the truss system would be to test the junctions and mechanisms on a 1:1 scale. Scan & Solve Simulations would have allowed me to identify the most performance efficient iteration and provided the necessary information to ensure a final iteration.

In conclusion the combination of the aforementioned systems and projects have provided sufficient information and precedent to provide a realistic depiction of how the building structure would work to provide the necessary framework to support the wall, flooring and ceiling components positioned by the rig. Furthermore, the rig design itself is based on a process of combining multiple types of traction systems, because of its unprecedented nature a 1:1 test of the hydraulic system would be the only way of testing the application.

75

Text Bibliography

Buckenham, P. (2012). FISH ISLAND Area Action Plan. [online] Towerhamlets.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.towerhamlets. gov.uk/Documents/Planning-and-building-control/Strategic-Planning/Local-Plan/Fish_Island_Area_Action_PLan_2012.pdf [Accessed 13 April 2020].

Duras, M. (2013). Construction of the statue of Liberty. [online] Wonders-of-the-world.net. Available at: https://www.wondersof-the-world.net/Statue-of-Liberty/Construction-of-the-statue-of-Liberty.php [Accessed 13 April 2020].

Engineering-timelines.com. 2020. Engineering Timelines - Centre Georges Pompidou. [online] Available at: <http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1275> [Accessed 13 April 2020].

Hünnebeck (2020). Self climbing formwork (SCF) with hydraulic climbing platform. [online] Hunnebeck.co.uk. Available at: https://www.hunnebeck.co.uk/products-solutions/climbing-formwork/scf [Accessed 13 April 2020].

Noguès, O., 2020. Construction Of The Statue Of Liberty. [online] Wonders-of-the-world.net. Available at: <https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Statue-of-Liberty/Construction-of-the-statue-of-Liberty.php> [Accessed 13 April 2020].

Parker, J. (2012). Articles - Building the Shard. [online] Ingenia.org.uk. Available at: https://www.ingenia.org.uk/Ingenia/Articles/89cc651d-72b8-410f-b1a2-5fd5ac894285 [Accessed 13 April 2020].

Profile-euro.com. 2020. Trailer Characteristics - Profile-Euro. [online] Available at: <https://www.profile-euro.com/for-the-clients/ directory/trailer-characteristics.html> [Accessed 13 April 2020].

Rodriguez, J. (2020). Advantages of Using Climbing Formwork. [online] The Balance Small Business. Available at: https://www. thebalancesmb.com/why-you-should-start-using-climbing-formwork-844448 [Accessed 13 April 2020].

Windhöfel, L., 2000. Architectural Guide Basel 1980-2000. Basel: Birkhäuser.

ble at: <https://www.atlasofplaces.com/architecture/centre-pompidou/> [Accessed 9 April 2020].

19. Atlasofplaces.com. 2020. Centre Pompidou By Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers (226AR) — Atlas Of Places. [image] Available at: <https://www.atlasofplaces.com/architecture/centre-pompidou/> [Accessed 9 April 2020].

20. Dit.ie. 2020. [image] Available at: <https://www.dit.ie/media/architecture/images/student-work/dt175work/peterrice/POMPIDOU.pdf> [Accessed 14 April 2020].

21. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts. 1994. [image] Available at:<http://www.arch.ttu.edu/courses/2008/fall/3501perl/ Benavides/Project1/A%20Modern%20Approach.htm> [Accessed 14 April 2020].

22. Gingrich, D., 2020. Centre Pompidou — Drew Gingrich. [image] Drew Gingrich. Available at: <http://drewgingrich.com/ centre-pompidou> [Accessed 5 April 2020].

Image Bibliography 1. Agnew, M. and Kelleher, M., 2020. The History Of Fish Island | Roman Road LDN. [image] Roman Road LDN. Available at: <https://romanroadlondon.com/history-fish-island/> [Accessed 13 April 2020].

2. Davis, J., 2020. Aerial View Of Hackney Wick, 1924 # [Historic England,.... [image] ResearchGate. Available at: <https:// www.researchgate.net/figure/Aerial-view-of-Hackney-Wick-1924-Historic-England-Aerofilms-Collection_fig6_296623203> [Accessed 12 April 2020].

3. Spittles, D., 2020. Where To Buy In London In 2017: The Key Transport Upgrades And Regeneration Zones Homebuyers Need To Know About. [image] Homes and Property. Available at: <https://www.homesandproperty.co.uk/property-news/ buying/new-homes/where-to-look-to-buy-a-london-home-in-2017-the-key-transport-upgrades-and-regenerationzones-a107266.html> [Accessed 13 April 2020].

4. Plitt, A., 2020. Statue Of Liberty, Ellis Island To Remain Open During Government Shutdown. [image] Curbed NY. Available at: <https://ny.curbed.com/2018/12/22/18153022/government-shutdown-december-2018-statue-of-liberty-open> [Accessed 10 April 2020].

5. Lee, W., 2020. The Statue Of Liberty Was Well Traveled Before She Reached Her Final Home. [image] Atlas Obscura. Available at: <https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/statue-of-liberty-construction> [Accessed 14 April 2020].

6. Street Couch. 2020. 11 Stunning Historic Photos Of The Statue Of Liberty. [image] Available at: <http://www.streetcouch. com/statue-of-liberty-historic-photos/> [Accessed 9 April 2020].

7. Carlson, J., 2020. A Look Back At The Statue Of Liberty When She Arrived In 350 Pieces. [image] Gothamist. Available at: <https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/a-look-back-at-the-statue-of-liberty-when-she-arrived-in-350-pieces> [Accessed 12 April 2020].

8. Budanovic, N., 2020. The Amazing Construction Of The Statue Of Liberty In Photos. [image] The Vintage News. Available at: <https://www.thevintagenews.com/2019/02/27/statue-of-liberty-construction/> [Accessed 8 April 2020].

9. Wonders-of-the-world.net. 2020. Construction Of The Statue Of Liberty. [image] Available at: <https://www.wonders-ofthe-world.net/Statue-of-Liberty/Construction-of-the-statue-of-Liberty.php> [Accessed 6 April 2020].

10. Fernique, A., 2020. Here Are 14 Great Pictures Of The Statue Of Liberty During Construction In Paris.. [image] New York City Travel Tips. Available at: <https://www.new-york-city-travel-tips.com/14-pictures-the-statue-of-liberty/> [Accessed 7 April 2020].

11. Wonders-of-the-world.net. 2020. Construction Of The Statue Of Liberty. [image] Available at: <https://www.wonders-ofthe-world.net/Statue-of-Liberty/Construction-of-the-statue-of-Liberty.php> [Accessed 6 April 2020].

12. Wonders-of-the-world.net. 2020. Construction Of The Statue Of Liberty. [image] Available at: <https://www.wonders-ofthe-world.net/Statue-of-Liberty/Construction-of-the-statue-of-Liberty.php> [Accessed 6 April 2020].

13. Atlasofplaces.com. 2020. Centre Pompidou By Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers (226AR) — Atlas Of Places. [image] Available at: <https://www.atlasofplaces.com/architecture/centre-pompidou/> [Accessed 9 April 2020].

14. Kerr, G., 2020. Peter Rice: Performing Instability | The DS Project | By Greg Kerr. [online] The DS Project |. Available at: <http://thedsproject.com/portfolio/peter-rice-performing-instability/> [Accessed 5 April 2020].

15. Atlasofplaces.com. 2020. Centre Pompidou By Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers (226AR) — Atlas Of Places. [image] Available at: <https://www.atlasofplaces.com/architecture/centre-pompidou/> [Accessed 9 April 2020].

16. ADSTT 2020. [image] Available at: <http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/55e6/5867/4d8d/5dd1/7300/05d5/large_jpg/ gerbettes-2.jpg?1441159266> [Accessed 16 April 2020].

17. Liebling-Goldberg, M., 2020. Centre Pompidou , Paris - Culture Review. [image] Condé Nast Traveler. Available at: <https:// www.cntraveler.com/activities/paris/centre-pompidou> [Accessed 8 April 2020].

18. Atlasofplaces.com. 2020. Centre Pompidou By Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers (226AR) — Atlas Of Places. [image] Availa76

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Appendix 1: Cost, Key Factors Audit Colossus Fragment Weight: Variable Cost: Variable

.01

Facilities & Workshops Weight: Variable Cost: Variable Circulation Weight: 4942 Cost: £ 1, 866, 972.34

.02

Space Forming Rigs Weight: 975 kg Cost: £ 217, 962.46 Truss System Weight: 1017 kg Cost: £ 9, 487, 454.09

Appendicies • Cost, Key Factors Audit • Building Regulations, Key Factors Audit • Health & Saftey, Key Factors Audit • RMS • Final Drawing Set

Gerberette System Weight: 3284 kg Cost: £ 49, 460, 678.57

.03

Concrete Foundation Weight: 1718840 kg Cost: £ 262, 771.09

.04

.05

.06

.07

78

The construction method consists of a combination of on-site casting for the concrete foundation base and off-site casting of steel components. Furthermore, the flooring, wall and ceiling components vary in materiality however they are designed in standard dimensions so they can be easily assembled and do not require specific formwork. Circulation throughout the building is composed of recycled translucent plastic panels joined by steel junctions, reclaimed scaffolding pipes and tubular elements. Said parts are difficult to source as they need to be consistent in width and length for the support to work however, they are very common in construction and piping systems.

Repetition is key in making the system work however, there is a variety of components. A manufacturing line can be set up and one must remember the components can be utilised in any number of ways. The structural strategy is relatively complex however it is necessary to maintain void interiors for the rigs to work.

The abundance of steel components and light weight materials makes the overall cost expensive but necessary for the structural system to function. The high cost items are therefore the steel cast columns and the Gerberette system because they vary in thickness and weigh significant amounts. The rest of the components are smaller and standardised, by making them repetitive they will cost less to manufacture and the interlocking system would result in less on site costs. By manufacturing in controlled conditions there is also less room for error.

Value engineering was taken into consideration from the begging and through precedent research and the technological nature of the architecture each component was kept to functional and essential materials and aesthetic decisions were driven by technology. Reductions in cost can be made in developing and employing recycled insulation in each component that constitutes the spaces. Everything else has already been streamlined to be essential and functional hence the repetitive components and the steel cast columns which would cost more if they were concrete cast on site making them counterproductive to the notion of sustainability.

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Appendix 2: Building Regulations, Key Factors Audit Section From Regulations

Section Through Tubular Circulation

Example of Safety Consideration

Hand rail height is 950mm constantly .03

.04

Cutaway Axonometric of Circulation .01

The smallest landing is of 1400mm and all gradients are constant

.02

1.

2.

3.

4.

Space Forming Rig in Motion Steel Base Guide System Protective Balustrade 1500mm high Entrance to Building

Steps are 800mm x 300mm

Part M Section 1: Access to Buildings Other than Dwellings Handrails to external stepped and ramped access The consistency in step dimensions and level change is present throughout. One instance differs from the other flights of stairs with a decreased gradient. All landings are larger than 1200mm with a connecting handrail throughout. The channel on each flight is in access of 2000mm, sufficient provision with a handrail measuring 950mm in height from the landing and each step. In accordance to provisions and design consideration 1.27-1.33.

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Hazard to Access Routes There are no obstacles or hazards that obstruct any of the access routes. Public safety has been guaranteed with the implementation of 1500mm barriers to prevent falls or interference with rigs. Furthermore, all access routes are clearly contra signed throughout the scheme because of the complexity of the circulation. In accordance to provision 1.38-1.39.

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Wet Riser Integrated Within Column

Early Iteration of Wall Type for Summer

.01 .05 .06

.03

.04

.06

.02

.07

.02

.05

Part B Section 16: Fire Mains and Hydrants The presence of a wet riser is not legally required because the building does not exceed 50m in height. However, because of the mixed used program and presence of dedicated workshops for the shaping of copper panels, the use of torches and other heating apparatuses may be required. The wet riser will be located in each external centrifugal cast steel column with capillaries extending directly into the truss system providing the necessary water at any level during any given moment and the replenishment tank is located in the building. In accordance to section 16.1 b ii.

82

.03

.01

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Centrifugal Cast Steel Column Cantilever Gerberette Cast Steel Column Secondary Truss System Wet Riser Piping Piping System Within Voids in Primary Truss Water Flow Regulating Valve

.04

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Built-in steel interlocking frame to facilitate build-up of wall components Hot air goes in Vent like apparatus to capture wind Cool air comes out several wall components below Each wall component is connected to the next with empty channels throughout Channel for air to be passivley cooled

Part L Criterion 3: Limiting the effects of heat gains in the summer The configuration of the wall composition changes in the summer. A series of purposefully designed wall, flooring and ceiling components are installed with the intent of facilitating cross-ventilation and reducing the need for air-conditioning.

Furthermore, in instances where overheating of spaces is likely a series of light deflection coverings will be installed to ensure the internal environment of the building remains satisfactory and constant throughout the months of April to September. In accordance to sections 2.502.53.

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Appendix 3: Health & Safety, Key Factors Audit

RMS â&#x20AC;˘ Project Context â&#x20AC;˘ Research Method Statement

Due to the building always being in a state of alteration the main consideration to be made is the same for the building construction risks and building in use. Therefore I will be taking into consideration section 3 Construction-phase health and safety 20 in regards to demolition, dismantling and structural alteration. The site is positioned directly above an existing bridge and motorway making the construction and assembly of components relatively difficult.

A hierarchy strategy in construction however can easily control the risks associated to component assembly and dismantling.

The construction can be aided with the existing empty lots which provide sufficient space for the casting of the concrete base which can be hoisted in sections onto the bridge. Furthermore, the off-site manufacturing of the remaining components was designed specifically to ensure flexibility and adaptability facilitating the assembly and dismantling. Lastly considerations have been made in terms of site restrictions and blocking circulation. The lorries that will transport the components will only occupy the site for less than 10 days based on the Pompidou precedent. In terms of building in use however, height considerations are essential. However, once the truss system is in place the rigs that hoist the flooring components will provide sufficient surface area for workers to interlock the necessary joints in place.

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85

Project Context Site Opportunities & Restraints

Sun Path

1.2 Climatic Context The main program of the architecture is to provide exhibition spaces which develop around a central colossal sculpture. Said spaces are therefore positioned southbound to allow maximum exposure to natural sun light.

• • • • • • • • •

Building on Site with Adjacent Infrastructure

High Temp: 24 °C Low Temp: 3 °C Mean Temp: 12 °C Precipitation: 49.7 mm Humidity: 73% Dew Point: 7 °C Wind: 9 mph Pressure: 1015 mbar Visibility: 11 km

Precipitation protection is essential as the architecture is in constant construction with “open air” sections which connect the relative exhibition spaces to their workshops and service areas.

Entry Points

Fish Island During its Industrial Phase

Abandoned Warehouses Dominate the Landscape

Secondary Roads Motorway River Lea

1.3 Built Context

Vacant Lots Existing Buildings

1.1 Site Location / Description Located within the borough of Tower Hamlets, the site is at one of the three entrance and exit points of Fish Island on Wick Lane.

The adjacent A12 Motorway runs approximately 4 meters below the proposed site ensuring maximum visibility of the project as vehicles drive by it. It is a vacant lot predominantly used as a temporary unloading space for the Jewson timber wholesale next to it.

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Regeneration Projects for the Island

Fish Island is composed by a conglomerate of mixed new residential developments currently under construction, vacant industrial warehouses from the 1800s and a significant presence of wholesale and large commercial units.

Smaller occupancies include a number of studios dedicated to making and exhibiting art, local pubs and restaurants and a Shell gas station directly facing the proposed site. Due to recent regeneration initiatives Fish Island also contains a number of vacant lots which in most cases have been used as “temporary” dumping grounds for construction materials and waste.

1.4 Social Context

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Fish Island saw a transition from rural to industrial. The main industries involved: • Toxic processing of crude oil and coal tar • Printing ink • Rubber • Dry cleaning 87

Mass Diagram

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Plinthâ&#x20AC;? Iteration Prior to tech

1.5 Planning Context When considering development proposals the Council will take a positive approach that reflects the presumption in favour of sustainable development contained in the National Planning Policy Framework. It will always work proactively with applicants jointly to find solutions which mean that proposals can be approved wherever possible, and to secure development that improves the economic, social and environmental conditions in the area.

Planning applications that accord with the policies in this Local Plan (and, where relevant, with polices in neighbourhood plans) will be approved without delay, unless material considerations indicate otherwise (Buckenham, 2012).

The current regeneration process of Fish Island aims at combining a mixture of residential, commercial and public areas that reflect its industrial and artistic history. The proposal would be in alignment with the Local Plan to a certain extent. The program would provide jobs and a series of spaces dedicated to community activities. However, the scale is unprecedented.

09:00

15:00

11:00

17:00

13:00

19:00

1.7 Sustainable Strategy Overview The architecture celebrates Fish Islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history as much as its current community. The building will aim to involve locals in the process of manufacturing the colossus as well as exhibitions hosted by local artists.

Furthermore, the components used for the construction of the spaces surrounding the colossus will be fully demountable and reusable on different sites. Whilst the interior framing of the colossus will be composed of recycled scaffolding from adjacent sites.

1.8 Project Brief The proposal begins with a central colossus and a series of spaces that develop through time. The adaptability of the project is essential due to its unpredictable functions after the 100 year construction period. The rigs for the construction which I intend to develop ensure flexibility in the interchangeable components.

Public Amenities 128 m2 Colossus 24,000 m3 Casting 900 m2 Exhibiting 900 m2 Private Exhibition 140 m2

1.6 Site Strategy The building and central colossus would be southbound facing to ensure maximum exposure to natural light and visibility of exhibition and workshop spaces from the adjacent motorway and entry roads to the island. The architecture develops vertically for the future 100 years reaching an unprecedented height (for the area).

The ground boundaries of the proposal are limited to the vacant lot with one entrance point accessible by foot and an additional access for lorries. The directly adjacent infrastructure is solely dedicated to commercial wholesale use.

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89

Research Method Statement

Facilities Developing Around Colossus

1.9 Subject Area Developing a “self-building” system that constructs spaces around a central colossus. As the construction of the colossus progresses so do the facilities around it. Adaptability is essential as the required infrastructure around the colossus will change over time.

The construction process of the colossus will occur during the next hundred years. The use of standardised wall, flooring and window dimension fragments will be applied to construct the architecture around the colossus. Once the colossus is completed the components, scaffolding and support systems can be removed and transported to other sites addressing issues of sustainability.

Views of the Building on Site “Mid-Construction”

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91

1.10 Type Of Technology

Rig System

Modular prefabricated components capable of being assembled at elevated heights and adaptable to customised shapes that will provide shelter from weather conditions for the colossus.

The aforementioned components that will construct walls, flooring, windows etc.. will be moved vertically on steel â&#x20AC;&#x153;rigsâ&#x20AC;? which move on a horizontal axis allowing them to reach any coordinate in space. This system mimics self-building scaffolding and hydraulic elevators.

Structural Hierarchy of Materials

1.11 Type Of Materials Steel and steel alloys will be the leading materials composing the skeleton of the copper colossus. The modular components will be a mixture of recycled construction materials repurposed to cast walls and flooring.

There will also be a significant amount of plaster and bronze used for the casting of the sculptures in the cast-courts, which will inform the aesthetics of the interiors of the spaces.

Foundation Steel Structure Aluminum Rig Structure Repurposed Beams Timber Clossus Framework Standarised Wall Sections Standarised Roofing Sections Copper Clad Colossus 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

92

Wall Riser Rig Steel Support Structure for Walls Adaptable Folding Stairs Standard Component Flooring Standard Wall Component Type Detached Wall Brace Horizontal Motion Brace Aluminium Slider Joint Between Wall Riser & Horizontal Brace

Standarised Flooring Sections

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1.12 Precedents Overview

1.13 Precedent Technologies Statue of Liberty Stack system composed by four rafters arranged in lattice struts and crosses.

Iron framework addressing the load of the components and the forces exerted by the wind.

Iron is elastic and retains its properties under cold conditions (Duras, 2013).

Construction in Paris

Statue of Liberty National Monument

Construction in New York

The Shard Self-Climbing Formwork & Panels

Iron structure follows the copper panels leaving the interior relatively empty.

Statue of Liberty Interior Framework

Colossus in Plan

Hydraulic Elevators

Leeza SOHO Atrium Space Construction

Proposed colossus will be constructed in a similar way to the Statue of Liberty. However, the copper plates will be manufactured on site around the main structure as the colossus progresses. Furthermore, the workshops around the colossus will be teaching areas to involve the community and artists and they will develop around it through the years with the self-climbing scaffolding method.

Proposal for colossus construction mimics the Statue of Liberty using standard scaffolding 1:1 Replica in plaster to facilitate copper panel manufacture

Plaster Section Over Interior

2.3 mm Copper Plates used for the exterior Hammered Copper Exterior Panels

94

Elevation of Colossus

95

Self-Climbing Scaffolding

High vertical load capacity Reduction in condition costs Wind resistance (HĂźnnebeck, 2020)

Stick System Curtain Wall on the Shard Self-Climbing Formwork

The Shard Under Construction

Minimum scaffolding and working platforms needed Increased safety Increased construction speed (Rodriguez, 2020).

Self-Climbing Scaffolding on Concrete Core

Ensures that construction of colossus is not terrupted by construction of workshops and hibition spaces.

the the inthe the ex-

Instead of a formwork casting system I will be using the vertical rig system to place prefab sections Stick System Curtain Wall / Aluminum And Glass / With Integrated Insulation

How it Works

96

I will be implementing the hydraulic system that places the formwork and the climbing rails to move the prefabricated panels from the ground to their relative location around the colossus to create the necessary workshops and facilities for the program.

Self-standing components that interlock to construct the wall and flooring systems are essential in making the overall load on the foundations lighter.

Proposed Prefabricated Interlocking & Self-Standing Wall Components

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Previous Technologies Combined & Applied

Wall components rise on the railing to reach the required location

Self-Climbing Scaffolding Rig

Hydraulic Elevator System

Self- Climbing scaffolding that relies on rigs placed at the extremities of the architecture ensure that the central spaces remain empty. in my case, for the construction of the colossus.

The first component latches onto the floor

The other components stack above it

The hydraulic system with guiderails to move the wall components vertically will be applied to my proposal to facilitate the immediate construction of required spaces.

All components are mounted on top of one another

Brackets unlatch

Ground to Last Floor Atrium Application of Hydraulic System

98

Double Scaffolding System

Brackets move back down to be fitted to other wall components

99

1.14 Research Methods 3D computer modelling is essential in developing the self-building components and axes on which they rotate and move. These models will then be hand tested by creating 1:50 moments to depict the relationship between colossus, structural elements, spaces and casts.

Furthermore, Scan & Solve Simulations are required to test the extent to which the truss sytem can function for the rigs to move within the framework.

Text Bibliography

Buckenham, P. (2012). FISH ISLAND Area Action Plan. [online] Towerhamlets.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.towerhamlets. gov.uk/Documents/Planning-and-building-control/Strategic-Planning/Local-Plan/Fish_Island_Area_Action_PLan_2012.pdf Duras, M. (2013). Construction of the statue of Liberty. [online] Wonders-of-the-world.net. Available at: https://www.wondersof-the-world.net/Statue-of-Liberty/Construction-of-the-statue-of-Liberty.php HĂźnnebeck (2020). Self climbing formwork (SCF) with hydraulic climbing platform. [online] Hunnebeck.co.uk. Available at: https://www.hunnebeck.co.uk/products-solutions/climbing-formwork/scf Parker, J. (2012). Articles - Building the Shard. [online] Ingenia.org.uk. Available at: https://www.ingenia.org.uk/Ingenia/Articles/89cc651d-72b8-410f-b1a2-5fd5ac894285 Rodriguez, J. (2020). Advantages of Using Climbing Formwork. [online] The Balance Small Business. Available at: https://www. thebalancesmb.com/why-you-should-start-using-climbing-formwork-844448

Image Bibliography

Exhibition Space Fragment to Test Rigs & Wall Types

Model-Making to Understand Strain & Compression

100

Roman Road London (2018). Fish Island During its Industrial Phase. [image] Available at: https://romanroadlondon.com/history-fish-island/ Roman Road London (2018). Abandoned Warehouses Dominate the Landscape [image] Available at: https://romanroadlondon. com/history-fish-island/ Hill (2017). Regeneration Projects for the Island. [image] Available at: https://www.hill.co.uk/news/fish-island-village-preparesto-launch/ USA TODAY (2019). Statue of Liberty National Monument. [image] Available at: https://eu.usatoday.com/story/travel/ news/2019/05/07/statue-liberty-tour-restrictions-ellis-island-immigration-museum/1123573001/ Conrad Consulting (2018). The Shard Self-Climbing Formwork & Panels. [image] Available at: https://www.conradconsulting. co.uk/content/blog/conrad_consulting_look_at_the_challenges_faced_by_engi/ Fandom (2020). Hydraulic Elevators. [image] Available at: https://elevation.fandom.com/wiki/Hydraulic_elevators CNN (2019). Leeza SOHO Atrium Space Construction. [image] Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/zaha-hadid-architects-atrium-china-leeza-soho-building-intl-scli/index.html Raiyani, D. (2015). Construction in Paris. [image] Available at: http://amazing-factzz.blogspot.com/2015/09/133-facts-that-youmight-not-know-about.html Ganus, S. (2020). Construction in New York. [image] Available at: https://www.tes.com/lessons/l1K0qhVUhaU6wA/statue-of-liberty-engineer-challenge Taylor, A. (2013). Statue of Liberty Interior Framework. [image] Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/07/the-statue-of-liberty-standing-at-americas-gateway/100546/ Moroz, S. (2016). Plaster Section Over Interior Structure. [image] Available at: https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/07/howphotography-helped-build-the-statue-of-liberty/ Duras, M. (2013). Construction of the statue of Liberty. [online] Wonders-of-the-world.net. Available at: https://www.wondersof-the-world.net/Statue-of-Liberty/Construction-of-the-statue-of-Liberty.php Newman, J. (2011). The Shard Under Construction. [image] Available at: http://www.skyscrapernews.com/picturedisplay. php?ref=46&idi=The+Shard&self=nse&selfidi=46TheShard_pic23.jpg&no=23 ULMA (2018). Self-Climbing Scaffolding on Concrete Core. [image] Available at: https://www.ulmaconstruction.com/en-us/ formwork/climbing/self-climbing-atr ZULIN (2020). Self-Climbing Formwork. [image] Available at: http://www.zulinform.com/product/details/self-climbing_hydraulic_formwork_qpmx-50/index.php TEMEC (2020). How it Works. [image] Available at: https://temec.com.br/self-climbing-formwork/?lang=en SkyscraperCity (2015). Stick System Curtain Wall on the Shard. [image] Available at: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread. php?t=407549&page=1379 ARCHIEXPO (2020). STICK SYSTEM CURTAIN WALL / ALUMINUM AND GLASS / WITH INTEGRATED INSULATION. [image] Available at: https://www.archiexpo.com/prod/hueck-system-gmbh-co-kg/product-94726-1557698.html?utm_source=ProductDetail&utm_medium=Web&utm_content=SimilarProduct&utm_campaign=CA PLATFORM (2020). Hydraulic Elevator System. [image] Available at: https://platformliftco.co.uk/news-pr/traction-versus-hydraulic-lifts-advantages-and-disadvantages Archinect News (2017). Ground to Last Floor Atrium. [image] Available at: https://archinect.com/news/article/150022375/stunning-construction-photos-of-zaha-hadid-architects-leeza-soho-tower-and-its-record-setting-atrium Guhairan (2014). Double Scaffolding System. [image] Available at: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=140887231 Crook, L. (2019). Zaha Hadid Architects completes Leeza Soho skyscraper with worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tallest atrium. [image] Available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2019/11/20/leeza-soho-zaha-hadid-architects-skyscraper-beijing/

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Final Drawing Set • • • • • • • • • • •

102

1:100 Ground Floor Plan 1:100 Workshop Floor Plan 1:100 Storage Floor Plan 1:100 Top Floor Plan 1:100 Short Section 1:100 North Axonometric 1:100 South Axonometric 1:50 Cutaway Axonometric 1:10 Space-forming Rig Details 1:10 Wall to Floor Component Detail 1:10 Gerberette System & Foundation Detail

1:100 Ground Floor Plan

.01 .03

.04

.1

.11

.02

.06 .09 .07

.05

1. Street Level Entrance 2. Building Entrance 3. Pedestrian Access to Island 4. Exit 5. Loading/ Unloading Dock 6. Space-forming Rig 7. Steel Rig Guide 8. Tubular Circulation 9. 1000mm Diameter Centrifugal Cast Columns 10. Copper Clad Colossus 11. Safety Railing

.08

1:100 Workshop Floor Plan

.03

.14

.01

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.1

.02 .08 .11

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.05

1. Street Level Entrance 2. Workshop Entrance 3. Pedestrian Access to Island 4. Exit 5. Loading/ Unloading Dock 6. Space-forming Rig 7. Steel Rig Guide 8. Tubular Circulation 9. 1000mm Diameter Centrifugal Cast Columns 10. Copper Clad Colossus 11. Plaster Pouring Rig 12. Plaster Block 13. Wall Component in Tension System 14. Stairs 15. Flooring Component 16. Viewing Platform 17. Gerberette

1:100 Storage Floor Plan

.03

.01

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.13

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1. Street Level Entrance 2. Storage Entrance 3. Pedestrian Access to Island 4. Exit 5. Loading/ Unloading Dock 6. Space-forming Rig 7. Steel Rig Guide 8. Tubular Circulation 9. 1000mm Diameter Centrifugal Cast Columns 10. Copper Clad Colossus 11. Wooden Negative for Copper Hammering 12. Wall Component in Tension System 13. Stairs 14. Flooring Component 15. Viewing Platform 16. Gerberette

1:100 Top Floor Plan

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.08 .13 .15 .11

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1. Street Level Entrance 2. Workshop Entrance 3. Pedestrian Access to Island 4. Exit 5. Loading/ Unloading Dock 6. Space-forming Rig 7. Steel Rig Guide 8. Tubular Circulation 9. 1000mm Diameter Centrifugal Cast Columns 10. Copper Clad Colossus 11. Wooden Negative for Copper Hammering 12. Copper Panel 13. Wall Component in Tension System 14. Flooring Component 15. Viewing Platform 16. Hoisting Rig 17. Gerberette

1:100 Short Section

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.14

.22

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.15 .09

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1. Building Entrance 2. Workshop Entrance 3. Pedestrian Access to Island 4. Concrete Base 5. Loading/ Unloading Dock 6. Space-forming Rig 7. Steel Rig Guide 8. Tubular Circulation 9. 1000mm Diameter Centrifugal Cast Columns 10. Copper Clad Colossus 11. Wooden Negative for Copper Hammering 12. Copper Panel 13. Wall Component in Tension System 14. Stairs 15. Flooring Component 16. Hoisting Rig 17. Gerberette 18. Pillar Foundations 19. Existing Bridge Foundations 20. Plaster Pouring Rig 21. Plaster Block 22. Truss System

1:100 North Axonometric

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1. Loading/Unloading Dock 2. Gerberette 3. Truss System 4. Workshop 5. Motorway 6. Circulation 7. Copper Clad Colossus 8. Storage 9. Copper Hammering Area 10. Space-forming Rig

1:100 South Axonometric

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1. Loading/Unloading Dock 2. Gerberette 3. Truss System 4. Workshop 5. Motorway 6. Circulation 7. Copper Clad Colossus 8. Storage 9. Copper Hammering Area 10. Space-forming Rig

.05

1:50 Cutaway Axonometric

1:10 Spider Glass Joint

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1:25 Suspended Glass Facade

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1. Pillar Foundation 2. Concrete Base 3. Steel Guide for Rig 4. Space-forming Rig 5. Loading/ Unloading Dock 6. Floor Section with Steel Substructure 7. Gerberette 8. Truss System 9. Plaster Pouring Rig 10. Plaster Block 11. Plaster Modelled Block 12. Timber Negative for Copper Panel Hammering 13. Storage Area 14. Tension Cable 15. Glass Panel

1:10 Space-forming Rig Axonometric

1. Steel Guide with Rotator Base 855x1750mm 2. Steel Spacer 200x2800mm 3. Piston 4. Concrete Support for Guiderail 600mm Thick 5. Inclining Pivot 6. Controller Tank 7. Vetilation Unit 8. Oil Supply 9. Joint Guiderail 200x200mm 10. Joint 11. Support Bracket 12. Tungsten Joint to Rig 13. Horizontal Steel Clamp Device 14. Pneumatic Piston 15. Fixed Pivoting Diffuser 16. Steel Rotating Axis 80x1300mm 17. 360 Rotating Piston 18. Steel Guiderail Clamp 19. Steel Guiderail for Rig 855x1200mm 20. Adjusting Component Clamp 21. High Density Foam 60x150x20mm

.2

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1:10 Wall to Floor Component Detail

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

.01

Steel Truss System 54 000mm 50mm Wall Component 50mm Floor Component 60mm Steel Vertical Substructure 60x60mm Steel Horizontal Substructure 100mm Insulation 310x390mm Concrete Slab Counterweight for Flooring 200x80mm Concrete Slab Counterweight for Walling

Construction Sequence

.01

.02

1. Wall components on rig arriving to the deignated position to form wall strip 2. Rig moving back to passively allow for interior wall substructure to interlock between wall components

Gerberette System & Foundation Detail

1:25 Foundation Deatil

.03

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Steel Rebar Reinforced Concrete Pillar Foundation 1000mm Diameter Concrete Fill within Column 750mm Centrifugal cast Steel Column Existing Reinforced Conrete Bridge Foundations 1200mm Motorway Guardrail

1:5 Gerberette Deatil

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

40mm top 100mm Thick Centrifugal Cast Hollow Steel Column 1000mm Diameter 5000mm Cantilever Gerberette 100mm at Thickest Point 50mm Thick Hollow Cast Steel Column 300mm Diameter 290mm Secondary Truss System Wet Riser Piping 330mm Diameter Piping System Within Voids in Primary Truss x2 100mm Diameter Nut (Connecting Gerberette to Truss 250mm Diameter

.03