Dual Focus

DUAL FOCUS Science

PRIMARY 5 Operaciónmundo

1 2 3 4 5

Understanding your body ...............

• Vocabulary

• Your body and the nutrition function

• The interaction function

• How does your body carry out responses?

• The reproduction function

• Time for action. Developing critical thinking

Looking after your health .............

• Vocabulary

• What does it mean to be healthy? What illnesses can we get?

• What happens when you are ill?

• Time for action. Why do we donate blood?

The geosphere and its resources .......

• Vocabulary

• Earth: a planet of resources

• Discovering rocks and minerals

• Classifying rocks

• Do we use the geosphere’s resources in a sustainable manner?

• Time for action. What are the geological parks of Andalucía like?

Let´s experiment with matter and energy! .............

• Vocabulary

• What is matter? What types of matter are there?

• What causes change?

• Energy transformations

• Electrical circuits, machines and aerodynamics

• Time for action. What type of matter do you use?

• Time for action. Creating a project in Scratch

6 7 8 9

Check out the thermometer ............

• Vocabulary

• The atmosphere and the weather

• Climate. Elements and factors

• World climate zones

• Time for action. The climate is changing

That’s a lot of people! .................

• Vocabulary

• The study of the population

• Population and work

• Spain´s territorial organisation

• Political organisation of Spain

• Europe and the European Union

• Time for action. The European Union

Tracing the footsteps of the Middle Ages ....................

• Vocabulary

• The Middle Ages

• Islam and al–Andalus

• Life and culture in al-Andalus

• The Christian kingdoms

• Art and culture

• Time for action. Women of the Middle Ages

The Modern Age, a global market ...................

• Vocabulary

• Beginning of the Modern Age

• 16th and 17th century

• 18th century

Monitoring space missions ............. 37

• Vocabulary

• The universe: concept, origin and components

• The Earth and the Moon

• Time for action. The Solar System

• Time for action. Luisa Ignacia Roldán ‘La Roldana’

• Time for action. Ana Caro Mallén de Soto

Index Pg. Pg.

Get ready

2 Looking after your health

Vocabulary

The page that shows the key vocabulary you will encounter in the unit.

Basic exercises

The activities on these pages work on the basic unit content, as well as the different language skills.

This section contains activities for practising and applying the key vocabulary in the unit.

Time for action!

Each unit ends with a task or challenge to help you develop your skills by applying your knowledge in a different context.

Skills

The suggested activities have been specially designed to gradually and continuously develop the four language skills. The main skill worked on in each activity is highlighted:

Speaking Listening Reading Writing

47 46 U6 Weather phenomena Climate. Elements and factors 2 Find a measurement of humidity and temperature for your town or city and write the time and date it was taken in your notebook. Compare in pairs. 2 Writing. Create a book of weather instruments. Write their names, what they are used for, and the unit of measurement. Include a picture. 3 Listening. Define latitude and altitude. 4 Look for information about a place where orographic rainfall is extremely heavy. Clue! The place is located in Asia. 5 How do climate factors influence your locality? Temperature This is the amount of thermal energy. It is measured in degrees Celsius with a thermometer. Precipitation This is the amount of water (liquid water, hail or snow) that falls to Earth. It is measured with a pluviometer, or a rain gauge. Atmospheric pressure This is the weight of the air on the Earth’s surface. It is measured with a barometer. This is the flow of air in the atmosphere. It is measured with an anemometer. We use a weather vane to find the direction of the wind. Humidity This is the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. It is measured with a hygrometer. Relief Clouds hitting the mountains causes precipitation to fall. This type of rainfall is called orographic rainfall. Latitude Distance from the Equator. The nearer a place is to the Equator, the hotter it is because the Sun’s rays hit the Earth more directly. Altitude Height above sea level: The temperature drops 1° with every additional 150 m. The higher up you are, the colder it is. The sea’s influence The sea helps make the weather milder as it gets hot and cold quickly. The thermal energy stays in the water and is transferred to the land. Altitude Relief Latitude Sea´s influence

Public health measures are essential for responding to health emergencies, such as pandemics.

this part of your book you will find...

15 Vocabulary Health Non-infectious diseases and conditions Action against illness Healthcare system Infectious diseases Physical well-being Mental well-being Social well-being Cancer Intoxications Traumatic injuries Respiratory diseases Congenital diseases Cardiovasculardiseases Allergies Nutritional diseases Mood disorders Tuberculosis Salmonellosis Ringworm Malaria Flu Cold COVID-19 Get ready What is public health? What can we do to improve public health in a town or a country? Do you think education can help improve public health? Diagnosis Symptoms Signs Treatment Medicine Surgery Prevention Vaccination Healthy habits Primary care Specialised care 50 TIME FOR ACTION As citizens, we must take care of our environment. In order to fight climate change, we are going to establish some basic rules. Create a chart with the causes, places where it is a real problem, solutions, and pictures, and explain how you are going to contribute. Present your recommendations to your classmates. Pollution and lack of water Lack of natural resources Air pollution Production of waste Less biodiversity Extreme weather phenomena 13 The climate is changing Create a chat

PRIMARY 5 www.anayaeducacion.es Operaciónmundo DUAL FOCUS PRIMARY 5 Science Science 17 16 U2 What does it mean to be healthy? What illnesses can we get? 1 Health and illness Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. The main factors that affect a person’s health are: age, your lifestyle, your environment and public health systems. Illness is when something internal or external causes an alteration in your body function for a period of time. Diseases and conditions can be infectious or non-infectious. Infectious diseases Infectious agents cause infectious diseases. They are very small living beings that enter our body and change its function. Infectious agents can enter your body through wounds, by air, or through the mouth. There are two types of infectious diseases: Contagious diseases, which move from one person to another. For example, the flu, COVID-19 and measles. Non-contagious diseases which do not move from one person to another. For example, tetanus. Non-infectious diseases and conditions These diseases and conditions are not caused by infectious agents. They often have more than one cause and do not move between people. 3 Reading. Read ‘The COVID-19 pandemic’ in the resource bank on anayaeducacion.es Where did the COVID pandemic start? What infectious agent causes the disease? How does it enter the body? Is it a contagious or non-contagious disease? 4 Writing. Look for information about a noncontagious disease. Write a description of it. Include information about the type of disease, its causes and the organs it affects. 5 What causes allergies? 1 What three aspects of well-being do you need to be healthy? Copy and complete in your notebook: ... well-being, ... well-being and ... well-being. 2 Speaking. Work in pairs. Ask your partner about their lifestyle. For example: How often do you do exercise each week? What do you normally have for breakfast? Public health systems where you live. Food and drinking water is safe, there is a vaccination schedule for everybody, etc. Bacteria Fungi Protozoans Viruses The main infectious agents Some bacteria cause diseases like tuberculosis or salmonellosis. Some fungi cause diseases like athletes foot and ringworm. Some protozoans are parasites that live in human beings. Plasmodium is an example. It causes malaria. They cause some illnesses like the flu, the common cold and COVID-19. What does it mean to be healthy? What illnesses can we get? 1 A D H E F B Some types of non-infectious diseases and conditions Cancer: when the cells in the body grow too much. Intoxications: when we eat, drink, breathe or touch toxic substances. Traumatic injuries: like burns, breaks, sprains, etc. Respiratory diseases: they affect the respiratory system. Congenital diseases: we get them from our parents during pregnancy or birth. Cardiovascular diseases: they affect the circulatory system. Allergies: exaggerated reactions of the body when it is in contact with pollen, the hair of cats or dogs, etc. Nutritional diseases: related to a bad diet. Diseases that affect our mood or the way we behave and think. For example, depression and anorexia. C

Key concepts

In this section of the book, the key information is presented in graphic form, using diagrams and illustrations to help you learn each concept.

Focus SBN 978-84-143-1801-0 318010 8400302 www.anayaeducacion.es Operaciónmundo DUAL FOCUS PRIMARY 5 Science CERTIFIED FIBER PAP And in this part… 13 12 Our planet moves in two different ways: It has one satellite Phases of the Moon It also has layers We represent the Earth using: COMPONENTS The solar system The Moon THE EARTH Comets Asteroids Dwarf planets Planets Satellites Stars Nebulas Galaxies Jupiter Full moon Waxing moon New moon Waning moon Atmosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Mars Earth Venus Mercury Sun Solar system Milky way 9 8 The geosphere and its resources 3 Are solid and natural in origin. Atmosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Have a characteristic chemical composition. Have an ordered structure. Minerals: These are natural materials that are solid at ambient temperature. They are made up of crystals formed of one or more minerals. The geosphere is made up of rocks. Earth Resources from the hydrosphere Hydropower Water for life processes Resources from the biosphere Resources from the atmosphere Air Wind Materials Food Properties of rocks Properties of minerals Colour The external colour of the mineral and the colour of the powder you get when you scratch it. Lustre The appearance of the mineral. It can be metallic, vitreous (glassy), silky, etc. Hardness The resistance of a mineral when scratched. Fracture The shape the mineral takes when hit and broken. Crystal habit The most common form the

Texture

Origin How

Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks These are rocks formed by the solidification of magma. They can be volcanic (basalt) or plutonic (granite). These rocks form when the heat and internal forces of the Earth produce changes in existing rocks. These form when layers of sediment are compacted.

of rock Geosphere resources Volcán Exposed intrusion Magma Volcanic edifice Crater Lava Conduit Igneous intrusion (pluton) Quartzite Marble Mudstone (clay) Sandstone Limestone containing fossils Soil Geothermal energy Geological landscapes Fossil fuels Rocks and minerals Resources we get from the geosphere Reduce Extract fewer resources. Recycle Recover materials made with geosphere resources to use them again. Reuse Find new uses for geosphere resources and the objects made with them. Preserve Protect some of the geosphere’s resources, such as soil and geological landscapes. They must be used sustainably: Volcanic rocks Plutonic rocks Which provide resources. Resources from the geosphere is made up of several layers:

Dual

crystals take in a mineral. Composition A collection of minerals that make up a rock.

How the minerals appear in a rock.

a rock formed. Using their origin, we can classify rocks into igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.

Types

The Resource bank

www.anayaeducacion.es

This is where you will find resources, techniques and activities to help you consolidate your knowledge. Go to www.anayaeducacion.es, and follow the steps at the beginning of your Spanish book.

Your book contains references to the online resources you can use to learn more about each topic and to develop your English language skills.

6 49 48 U6 World climate zones 3 Cold zone Location Polar circle and high mountain ranges. Characteristics: winter for almost the whole year. Types: polar and high mountain. Temperate zone Location: between the tropic and the Artic Circle or Antarctic Circle. Characteristics: extreme weather conditions with different seasons. Types: Mediterranean, oceanic, continental and temperate desert. Location: between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. Characteristic: high temperatures (from 18°C). Types: equatorial, tropical and desert (depending on the rain). World climate zones Warm zone Temperate zone Cold zone 0 Temperate zone Temperate zone Warm zone Cold zone Cold zone Equator Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Antarctic Circle Arctic Define and describe the Earth’s warm zone. 2 In which of the world’s climate zones is Spain? What other countries are in this climate zone? 3 Speaking. Draw a map of Spain and colour the different climate zones. In groups of five, orally present the main features. 4 Speaking. Bring in a picture of yourself, or of a place, that shows cold weather. Discuss the features. 5 Compare your town or city’s climate to the climate of Madrid. What is the difference? 6 Look for information about your area and its flora and fauna. The climates of Spain The climates of Spain Continental Mediterranean Mediterranean Subtropical A C M i n e Warm temperatures, heavy rains and vegetation with leafy forests. Oceanic Mild and warm temperatures. Little precipitation. Unique vegetation. Subtropical Cool temperatures and cold in winter. Abundant rainfall. Lack of vegetation because of low temperatures. High temperatures with warm winters. Little, irregular precipitation. Forest and bushes. Mediterranean Extreme temperatures, little rainfall or vegetation. Continental-Mediterranean climates stand out with more extreme seasonal changes. Continental Mountain Climate shapes our ecosystems and landscapes. We can find deserts, savannahs, jungles, forests and tundra, depending on the climatic zone that we are in.

1 Understanding your body

Learning about how your body works helps you look after your health.

Vocabulary

Digestive system

Mouth

Pharynx

Oesophagus

Stomach

Small and large

intestines

Liver

Pancreas

Nutrition

Respiratory system

Mouth

Nasal passages

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Diaphragm

Circulatory system

Blood vessels

Heart

Excretory system

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

Interaction

Sense organs

Olfactory epithelium

Taste buds

Eyes

Skin

Ear

Nervous system

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord

Nerves

Reproduction

Reproductive systems

Ovary

Fallopian tube

Uterus

Vagina

Vulva

Bladder

Urethra

Prostate

Testicle

Penis

Locomotor system

Bones

Joints

Muscles

Get ready

Why do you need to eat?

What materials does your body need to function correctly?

Do you think that investigating a topic can help you decide if information about it is true?

Your body and the nutrition function

What is your body like?

Your body is made up of cells. Groups of cells form tissues. Groups of tissues form organs, and groups of organs form systems.

What is the nutrition function?

Nutrition consists of taking in food and water, breathing oxygen and using those substances to obtain energy, live, grow and expel waste.

The digestive system

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down the food into nutrients. These then pass through its walls and into the blood. It consists of:

• Digestive tract: mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestine and anus.

• Glands: liver, pancreas and salivary glands.

Digestion is the process that transforms food and extracts the nutrients. The nutrients are then absorbed and pass into the blood. Any waste products that cannot be used are expelled outside the body.

The respiratory system

Our cells need oxygen, and the respiratory system is responsible for extracting oxygen from the air. At the same time, it eliminates carbon dioxide, a gas that cells produce as waste. It is made up of:

• Respiratory tract: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi.

• Lungs: these are two organs located in the thorax and separated from the abdomen by a muscle called the diaphragm . The lungs consist of the branches of the bronchi and the alveoli

Respiration, or breathing , consists of taking in oxygen from the air and expelling the carbon dioxide generated as a waste product. It has three phases: inhalation, gas exchange and exhalation.

The digestive system

The respiratory system

The alveoli are small sacs with tiny blood vessels around them. Blood circulates continuously through these vessels.

8 1

Mouth Liver Stomach Pharynx Large intestine Salivary glands Oesophagus Pancreas Small intestine

passages Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lung Diaphragm

Nasal

Blood vessels

The circulatory system

The circulatory system is responsible for distributing nutrients and oxygen to the cells. It also removes the waste products from the cells so they can be expelled. It consists of the blood vessels and the heart. The blood circulates through it.

The heart is divided into two separate parts, the right and left sides. Each part is also divided in two: the atrium and the ventricle

The heart performs a continuous movement of contraction and expansion, called heartbeat, which pushes the blood around the body.

• When the heart contracts, the chambers are compressed, and the blood leaves through the arteries and travels to the organs.

• When the heart expands , the chambers get bigger and the blood coming from the organs enters the heart.

The excretory system

The kidneys are made up of thousands of tiny tubes and surrounded by blood capillaries called nephrons

The nephrons receive the blood from all the parts of the body, filter it to clean it and produce urine

1 Reading. Read ‘Food and nutrients’ in the resource bank on anayaeducacion.es. Complete a table with the types of nutrients and the function of each one.

2 Speaking. In pairs, ask each other about the different parts of the respiratory system. For example: What is the trachea? It is a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi.

3 What are the three phases of the respiration process? In which phase does oxygen pass into the blood?

4 Reading. Read ‘Blood’ available in the resource bank on anayaeducacion.es and describe the function of red blood cells.

5 Why are nephrons surrounded by capillaries?

9 U1

Urethra Urinary bladder Ureter Kidneys Ureter Arteries Veins Right ventricle Left ventricle Right atrium Left atrium Valve Valve

urethra).

Is made up of the kidneys and the urinary tract (ureters, urinary bladder and

The interaction function

What is the interaction function?

The interaction function allows you to perceive things around you and inside your body, interpret the information and respond to it. It takes place in three stages:

• Detection of stimuli. The receptors located in the sense organs detect stimuli and transform them into signals called nerve impulses.

• Interpreting information. The nerve impulses reach the nervous system, which analyses them and orders the appropriate response.

• Executing the response. The orders produced by the nervous system reach the effector organs, which are the muscles (movement) and glands (production of substances, such as saliva).

The senses

The sense organs are responsible for detecting information in the environment around you and sending it to your nervous system.

The senses of smell and taste

The sense organ for smell is the olfactory epithelium in the nasal passages. It contains receptor cells that are able to recognise chemical substances in the air.

The sense of taste consists of the taste buds on the tongue that recognise chemical substances when they enter the mouth.

Olfactory epithelium

Nasal passages

Taste buds on the tongue

Tongue

The sense of touch

The sense organ of touch is the skin. In the skin there are different types of receptor cells that can detect stimuli such as cold, heat, pressure and pain.

They send signals to the brain, which creates touch sensations.

1 Match the stages of the interaction function to these parts: effector organs, nervous system, sense organs.

2 Complete the following sentence about the senses of smell and taste:

The sense of ... detects … in …

Skin Receptors

Olfactory nerve

The sense of sight

The sense organs for sight are the eyes. In the eyes there is a structure called the retina. The retina contains cells that detect light stimuli, such as the amount of light and colours.

The nervous system

The sense of hearing

Your ears detect the vibrations in the air that form sounds. The receptor cells are located in a structure called the cochlea. Inside the ear there is also an organ for balance, made up of the semicircular canals. These canals contain receptor cells that are sensitive to movement.

Is a set of structures that are responsible for processing stimuli from the sense organs and creating responses. All the structures are made up of cells called neurons .The nervous system has two parts:

• Central nervous system. This consists of the encephalon (made up of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata) and the spinal cord.

• Peripheral nervous system. This is made up of groups of axons called nerves , which connect the central nervous system to the different parts of the body.

The encephalon and spinal cord

Creates responses, such as voluntary movements, emotions, thoughts, memories, etc.

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Controls rhythmical and coordinated movements, such as walking, swimming, dancing, etc.

3 Writing. Write a text explaining how the eyes detect light stimuli and send signals to the brain.

4 Vibrations in the air travel through the ear to the cochlea. Which parts of the ear do they pass through?

5 Create an outline to describe the structure of the nervous system.

Connects the cerebrum to the peripheral nervous system.

Spinal cord

Controls the involuntary movements of many organs, such as the heart.

11 U1

Nerves Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

Retina Lens Optic nerve

Cornea

Ossicles

canals

Auditory nerve

Ear

Iris Pupil

Eardrum

Semi-circular

Cochlea

Ear canal

How does your body carry out responses?

The locomotor system

The locomotor system is the set of structures that allow you to move voluntarily. It is made up of the skeleton and the muscles

• The skeleton is made up of bones (the rigid organs that give the body shape and consistency) and joints (where the bones connect).

• The muscles are organs that contract in response to a nerve signal. The muscles in the locomotor system contract voluntarily and are connected to the bones with tendons. Other muscles contract involuntarily, such as the heart.

Temporal muscle

Masseter

Eyelid muscle (orbicular oculi)

Mandible (jaw)

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Humerus

Ribs

Clavicle (collarbone)

Sternum (breast bone)

Pectoral muscle

Bicep

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Deltoid muscles

Trapezius

Triceps

Abdominal muscles

Latissimus dorsi muscle

Phalanges

Pubis (pubic bone)

Vertebral column

Ulna Radius

Femur

Patella (kneecap)

Tibia

Fibula

Phalanges

Tarsus

Metatarsals

1 Depending on the shape on the bones, they are classified into long, short and flat bones. Match these bones to their group: vertebrae, femur, shoulder blade.

Costal muscles

Quadriceps

Adductor

Gluteus maximus

Calf muscles

Tibial

Biceps femoris

Achilles tendon

2 Speaking. In pairs, ask each other about different bones and muscles in the human body. For example: Is the femur a muscle or a bone? Where is your calf muscle? What are the leg bones called?

The reproduction function

What is the reproduction function?

Human reproduction is the function that allows people to have offspring (children that inherit some of our characteristics).

Our reproductive systems generate cells called gametes . There are two types of reproductive systems:

• Those that produce spermatozoa, which form in the testicles.

• Those that produce ova, which form in the ovaries.

Fertilisation, pregnancy and labour

Fertilisation is when an ovum and a spermatozoon join together to form the zygote. This is the cell that will develop to create a new being.

Embryonic development or pregnancy is the process that takes place between the formation of the zygote and the birth of the baby. It lasts nine months.

Labour is the process of childbirth.

1 Choose one of the reproductive systems. List the different parts of it. Which gametes form in the system? Where do they form?

2 What is a zygote and how does it form?

3 Listening. Listen to ‘Puberty’ in the resource bank on anayaeducacion.es . Write an explanation of puberty and when it takes place.

13 U1

Uterus Vagina Cervix Vulva Fallopian tube Ovary PRODUCE

Urinary bladder Penis Prostate Testicle Scrotum Urethra

PRODUCE SPERMATOZOA

OVA

TIME FOR ACTION

Developing critical thinking

Analysing an article on the internet 2

Read this information from a webpage.

Can you live on sunlight?

People who believe in breatharianism say we don’t need food and water to survive. They say we can live on just the air we breathe and sunlight. According to them, a few minutes exposure to sunlight at sunrise and sunset is enough to give you the energy you need to survive.

An American couple who believe in breatharianism say they have not eaten anything for nine years. They state that this technique has improved their health enormously.

What are the claims of breatharianism? Think about the vital functions you studied in the unit. Does this practice go against any of them? Explain your answer.

Our cells get the matter and energy they need from...

Can

Do you believe the couple in the article is telling the truth?

In small groups, discuss the article you read. Ask yourself the following questions:

• What effects might a breatharianism lifestyle have on the body?

• Do you believe this is dangerous information?

Our body needs nutrients from food in order to...

If a person doesn’t eat or drink for several days, they can...

In pairs, write three arguments to convince other people that breatharianism is not good for the health.

plants live on sunlight alone? 4

2 Looking after your health

Public health measures are essential for responding to health emergencies, such as pandemics.

Vocabulary

Health

Physical well-being

Mental well-being

Social well-being

Infectious diseases

Cancer

Intoxications

Traumatic injuries

Respiratory diseases

Congenital diseases

Diagnosis

Tuberculosis

Salmonellosis

Ringworm

Malaria

Flu

Cold COVID-19

Non-infectious diseases and conditions

Cardiovasculardiseases

Allergies

Nutritional diseases

Mood disorders

Action against illness

Healthcare system

Primary care

Specialised care

Get ready

What is public health?

What can we do to improve public health in a town or a country?

Do you think education can help improve public health?

Symptoms Signs Treatment Medicine Surgery Prevention Vaccination Healthy habits

What does it mean to be healthy? What illnesses can we get?

Health and illness

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. The main factors that affect a person’s health are: age, your lifestyle, your environment and public health systems.

Illness is when something internal or external causes an alteration in your body function for a period of time.

Diseases and conditions can be infectious or non-infectious.

Infectious diseases

Infectious agents cause infectious diseases. They are very small living beings that enter our body and change its function.

Infectious agents can enter your body through wounds, by air, or through the mouth. There are two types of infectious diseases:

• Contagious diseases, which move from one person to another. For example, the flu, COVID-19 and measles.

• Non-contagious diseases, which do not move from one person to another. For example, tetanus.

The main infectious agents

Public health systems where you live. Food and drinking water is safe, there is a vaccination schedule for everybody, etc.

Some bacteria cause diseases like tuberculosis or salmonellosis.

Some fungi cause diseases like athletes foot and ringworm.

Some protozoans are parasites that live in human beings. Plasmodium is an example. It causes malaria.

They cause some illnesses like the flu, the common cold and COVID-19.

1 What three aspects of well-being do you need to be healthy? Copy and complete in your notebook: ... well-being, ... well-being and ... well-being.

2 Speaking. Work in pairs. Ask your partner about their lifestyle. For example: How often do you do exercise each week? What do you normally have for breakfast?

Bacteria Fungi Protozoans Viruses

Non-infectious diseases and conditions

These diseases and conditions are not caused by infectious agents. They often have more than one cause and do not move between people.

Some types of non-infectious diseases and conditions

Cancer: when the cells in the body grow too much.

Intoxications: when we eat, drink, breathe or touch toxic substances.

Traumatic injuries: like burns, breaks, sprains, etc.

Respiratory diseases: they affect the respiratory system.

Congenital diseases: we get them from our parents during pregnancy or birth.

Cardiovascular diseases: they affect the circulatory system.

Allergies: exaggerated reactions of the body when it is in contact with pollen, the hair of cats or dogs, etc.

Nutritional diseases: related to a bad diet.

3 Reading. Read ‘The COVID-19 pandemic’ in the resource bank on anayaeducacion.es . Where did the COVID pandemic start? What infectious agent causes the disease? How does it enter the body? Is it a contagious or non-contagious disease?

Diseases that affect our mood or the way we behave and think. For example, depression and anorexia.

4 Writing. Look for information about a noncontagious disease. Write a description of it. Include information about the type of disease, its causes and the organs it affects.

5 What causes allergies?

17 U2

A D H I E F B

What happens when you are ill?

Diagnosing an illness

A diagnosis is learning what illness a person has by studying the signs and symptoms.

Symptoms are the changes you notice in your body when you are ill. Signs are what a healthcare worker can see on your body in a medical examination. Some signs are easy to see but others, we can only see when we do diagnostic test with special apparatus or technology. For example, an X-ray, ultrasound, etc.

Treating illnesses

We treat some illnesses with medicine. Medicine fights the cause of the illness or relieves the symptoms. Some of them are:

• Antibiotics, which fight bacteria that cause diseases.

• Painkillers, which reduce pain and lower fever; anti-inflammatories, which reduce inflammation; etc.

Some illnesses need surgical treatments, which use instruments to heal damaged parts of the body.

Prevention

Preventing an illness means reducing the risk of suffering from it. Vaccines, for example, are substances that stop you developing a disease.

1 Classify the following into signs and symptoms: Pain, cough, 38° temperature, dizziness, itching, red lumps on the skin, inflamed tonsils, high number of white blood cells.

2 Listening. Listen to ‘What are we doing about COVID-19?’ in the resource bank on anayaeducacion.es and create a table showing the symptoms, treatment and prevention of the disease.

3 Look at these definitions of medicines. What do they describe? Write the names in your notebook:

a) They relieve pain.

b) They eliminate the bacteria that cause infection.

c) They prevent a disease developing.

4 Speaking. Work in pairs. Discuss the symptoms of an illness you had. Did the doctor perform any diagnostic tests?

Some things you can do to take care of your health

Keep your body clean

Wash your body and your hair often to prevent infections and bad smells.

Don’t forget to go to your medical check-ups and get the vaccines on your vaccination schedule

Avoid behaviour that puts your health at risk

Wash your hands properly and often

Clean your teeth after each meal

Disinfect wounds

Eat a healthy diet

Do exercise every day and avoid a sedentary lifestyle

Look after your emotional well-being

The healthcare system

This is the group of people and the resources a country has to prevent, diagnose and treat illnesses in the population. Our healthcare system is divided into:

• Primary care. Health centres.

• Specialised care. Hospitals.

5 Writing. Search for some information, or go to the resource ‘The importance of vaccines’ on anayaeducacion.es and write an explanation of why it is important to vaccinate the population against some diseases.

6 Choose two tips from the picture above and say why they are important for your health.

Rest well and sleep enough

7 Listening. Listen to ‘Other means of public healthcare’ available in the resources on anayaeducacion.es and complete the sentences on the three ways of improving the health of the public.

a) Water … systems.

b) … collection and processing.

c) … safety and preservation systems.

19 U2

TIME FOR ACTION

Why do we donate blood?

Find out about blood donation to create an awareness campaign

Imagine your town is going to create an awareness campaign about blood donation, and you are going to discuss it in class. To prepare for the discussion, search for information about blood donation and answer these questions:

• What is blood donation?

• What is the donation process?

• What is a blood transfusion?

• Why do some people need blood?

Is a blood transfusion the same as a blood test? How are they similar? How are they different? What does each technique involve? 3

Now you know about donating blood, you can form arguments to explain the importance of donating blood. To do this:

• Collect objective information about the advantages of donating blood.

• Use data and specific examples to support your arguments: How many people donate blood in your town or country? How much blood does it need?

• Write the key messages you want to get across.

Do you think donating blood is an aspect of public health? Explain your answer.

Do you think anybody can donate blood? Find out about the requirements for donating blood. 6

BLOOD DONATION CAMPAIGN

Write a slogan for your community’s blood donation campaign.

Donating blood saves lives 3

www.anayaeducacion.es Operaciónmundo DUAL FOCUS PRIMARY 5 Science CERTIFIED FIBER PAPER I SBN 978-84-143-1801-0 9 788414 318010 8400302

5 PRIMARY Science

Index Pg. Understanding your body ...................... 2 Looking after your health ..................... 6 The geosphere and its resources ............... 8 Let´s experiment with matter and energy ..... 10 Monitoring space missions .................... 12 Check out the thermometer ................... 14 That’s a lot of people! ........................ 16 Tracing the footsteps of the Middle Ages ....... 18 1 7 2 8 3 9 4 5 6

Understanding your body 1

Your body

Your body is made up of cells. Groups of cells form tissues, organs and systems.

The nutrition function

This consists of taking in food and water, breathing oxygen and using those substances to obtain energy, live, grow and expel waste.

Obtaining matter and energy

Your cells get matter and energy from nutrients and oxygen

Digestive system

Breaks food down into nutrients.

Salivary glands

Pharynx

Oesophagus

Large intestine

Pancreas

Small intestine

Digestion

The process that transforms food to extract nutrients. The nutrients are absorbed and pass into the blood.

Respiratory system

Extracts oxygen from the air and eliminates carbon dioxide.

Nasal passages

Respiration

Gas exchange Exhalation

Liver Stomach

Inhalation

Mouth

Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lung Diaphragm

Distributing oxygen and nutrients

Circulatory system

Distributes nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removes waste products.

The reproduction function

Enables us to have children.

The reproductive systems

The heart performs a continuous and rhythmical movement of contraction and expansion.

Eliminating waste

Excretory system

Expels waste products from the cells.

• Fertilisation: joining of the ovum and spermatozoon to create a zygote.

• Pregnancy: period from the formation of the zygote to childbirth.

• Labour: the process of childbirth.

Arteries Veins Right ventricle Left ventricle Right atrium Left atrium Valve Valve Urethra Urinary bladder Ureter Kidneys Ureter

Vagina Cervix Vulva Fallopian tube Ovary Urinary bladder Penis Prostate Testicle Scrotum Urethra Uterus

Getting information from the outside

The sense organs

Detect information and send it to the nervous system.

Senses of smell and taste

The organ for the sense of smell is the olfactory epithelium.

The body detects taste through the taste buds.

Olfactory epithelium

Nasal passages

Taste buds on the tongue

Tongue

Olfactory nerve

The interaction function

Interpreting information

The nervous system

Processes the stimuli detected by the sense organs and creates responses.

Central nervous system

Consists of the encephalon (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata) and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

Made up of the nerves.

Cornea

Pupil

Retina

Spinal cord: connects the cerebrum to the peripheral nervous

Sense of sight

Iris

The organs for sight are eyes. The receptors are in the retina.

Optic nerve

Lens

Auditory nerve

Semi-circular canals

Ossicles

Cochlea

Eardrum

Sense of hearing

The sound receptors are in the cochlea

The organ for balance consists of the semi-circular canals.

Sense of touch

Skin

• Cerebrum: creates responses like voluntary movements, emotions, thoughts, etc.

• Cerebellum: controls voluntary movements, like walking.

• Medulla oblongata: controls the involuntary movements of organs.

Receptors

The sense organ for touch is the skin

4 1 Understanding your body

Spinal Cerebellum Spinal cord Nerves Medulla oblongata Cerebrum

Health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Health and illness

Age

Lifestyle

Depends on

Environment

Public health

Illness

An alteration in body function due to internal or external causes.

Infectious diseases

Infectious diseases can be contagious or non-contagious.

Infectious agents cause infectious diseases. They are very small living beings that enter the body and change its function.

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Infectious agents can be

Protozoans

There are two types of diseases

Non-infectious diseases and conditions

Traumatic injuries

Cancer

Allergies

These diseases and conditions are not caused by infectious agents. They do not move from one person to another.

Respiratory diseases

Nutritional diseases

Congenital diseases

Intoxications

Cardiovascular diseases

Mood disorders

6 Looking after your health 2

Diagnosis, treatment and prevention

Signs are what a healthcare worker can see on your body in a medical examination or using diagnostic tests.

Learning what illness a person has.

Diagnosis Treatment

Doctors treat patients with medicine, surgery, etc.

Prevention

It is using measures to reduce the risk of suffering from an illness.

Don’t forget to go to your medical check-ups and get the vaccines on your vaccination schedule

Keep your body clean

Some types of medicines

Symptoms are the changes you notice in your body when you are ill.

Antibiotics

Anti-inflammatories

Tips for keeping healthy

Clean your teeth after each meal

Painkillers

Avoid behaviour that puts your health at risk

Disinfect wounds

Eat a healthy diet

Wash your hands properly and often

Rest well and sleep enough

Look after your emotional well-being

Do exercise every day and avoid a sedentary lifestyle