PriSchool A Prison + School Hybrid
A Master in Architecture 1 Thesis Conducted through Curiosity, Research, and a Series of Critical Analyses at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design.
+ PriSchool
A prison + school hybrid
+ PriSchool
A prison + school hybrid
Glen J. Santayana Harvard University Graduate School of Design Master in Architecture 1, 2013 Thesis Advisors: John Hong + Jinhee Park
Under the advisement of John Hong, Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture, Harvard GSD Jinhee Park, Design Critic in Architecture, Harvard GSD Special thanks: Deanna Van Buren, Harvard GSD Loeb Fellow Eric Cadora, Director, Justice Mapping Center Jenn Campbell, Division of Capital Asset Management Preston Scott Cohen, Chair of the Department of Architecture, Harvard GSD Robin Greenberg, Studio G Architects Brian Ha, SOM, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, LLP, New York Eric Howeler, Assistant Professor of Architecture, Harvard GSD Annie Kountz, Harvard GSD M.Arch 1 ‘12 Jen Porter and Jane Wilson, Founders of The Reset Foundation Jeff Quick, Director, Massachusetts Department of Correction Chris Sturr, Harvard Social Studies professor, co-editor, Dollars & Sense Thesis in fulfillment of a Master in Architecture 1 degree. Harvard University Graduate School of Design 2013 Š 2013 Glen J. Santayana All Rights Reserved. No part may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means without permission in writing.
Table of Contents 15
Thesis Abstract
17
1. The Facts
45
2. Prison History
69
3. Precedents
75
4. Incarceration vs. Education
91
5. Thesis Program
101
6. Financial Impacts
107
7. Thesis Site
140
References
I’d like to thank my advisors and numerous other faculty for their sharp feedback and insightful comments, and for my peers, for always lending an ear to talk to and discuss ideas. I’d like to thank my parents and family for their unending support and positivity, and to my wife, for her patience, for her support, and for challenging and motivating me to do better.
“All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.� - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: signed and ratified by the United States
14
Thesis Abstract The thesis seeks to examine the current incarceration system in the United States through a study of the economic, political, and social conditions that have created and sustained it, with the intention of deriving a new design and understanding of the prison system. With about 7 million people under carceral control, the United States has more people incarcerated than any other country in the world: although the United States has 5% of the world’s population, it houses 25% of the world’s incarcerated population, a majority of which are drug offenders. If the U.S. prison population were a city, it would be the fourth largest city in America, after New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. These statistics paint a picture that does not align with the ideal of America as “Land of the Free.” Moreover, this high rate of imprisonment places an enormous economic toll on society and costs tax payers a staggering $45,500 per inmate in states such as Massachusetts, in comparison to $37,500 for tuition at Harvard College. Part of the problem is the high rate of recidivism, the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior or former prisoners who are re-incarcerated. The Bureau of Justice has recorded that 67% of prisoners released were reincarcerated within 3 years. A major cause for this is the difficulty former prisoners face re-assimilating into society. Once prisoners are released, they face numerous challenges finding an education, a job, a place to live, and ultimately a life for themselves. Studies have shown that education is a deterrent for incarceration, and although higher education is an investment for our students’ future, some believe that prison is an investment that ensures ex-convicts have no future. The thesis looks to address the outflow of prisoners and combat the challenges of recidivism. This is done through the implementation of a new typology of prison facility that symbiotically merges the program of incarceration and education. The prison would be a prison for non-violent drug offenders. The school would be a school of criminology and criminal justice. The school will have a variety of traditional and non-traditional learning environments in which the inmate-student interaction is facilitated and encouraged. The inmatestudent interaction also allows for the opportunity of mentorship where an inmate can take a student under his/her wing or vice versa. The inmates will gain new practical skills and intellectual capacities that will facilitate their transition back into society. In addition, the mental and cognitive stimulation will allow former prisoners to gain a sense of confidence and dignity that may have been suppressed during incarceration. Rather than regarding prisons simply as a means of punishment that might ensure ex-convicts have no other future, this new system of higher education incarceration will promote rehabilitation and the creation of new productive members of society.
15
1. The Facts
International Incarceration Rate per 100,000 people 500+ 300-399 200-299 150-199 100-149 50-99 0-49
Source: International Center for Prison Studies.
18
The United States has 5% of the world’s population, but 25% of the world’s prisoners.
19
World Incarceration Rate per 100,000 people United States Russia Belarus Turkmenistan Cuba Suriname Ukraine South Africa Singapore Thailand Chile Israel Iran Brazil Mexico Argentina Spain United Kingdom Australia Canada Saudi Arabia Italy Germany France Denmark Norway Japan India 200
400
Source: International Center for Prison Studies. Source (right): Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
20
600
World Education Ranking The rankings are calculated based on various measures, including international test scores, graduation rates between 2006 and 2010, and the prevalence of higher education seekers.
1. South Korea
2. Finland
3. Canada
4. New Zealand
5. Japan
6. Australia
7. Netherlands
8. Belgium
9. Norway
10. Estonia
11. Switzerland
12. Poland
13. Iceland
14. United States
15. Sweden
21
22
7 million people are in the U.S. carceral system. This includes probation, parole, jail, and prison.
-U.S. Bureau of Justice.
23
24
6.5 million people live in Massachusetts.
-U.S. Census Bureau.
25
Source: California Department of Correction.
26
2 million inmates are locked up in U.S. prisons.
-U.S. Bureau of Justice.
27
28
67%
of inmates that are released from prison are re-incarcerated within 3 years. -U.S. Bureau of Justice.
29
Thomson Correctional Facility, Illinois
30
The prison population is the
4th
largest ‘city’
in the United States.
01. New York City: 02. Los Angeles: 03. Chicago: 04. U.S. Prisons: 05. Houston
7,381,000 3,556,000 2,722,000 2,319,000 1,744,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice.
31
Carceral Control by Type In 2009, the majority of people under carceral control were those on probation. Probation is a court ordered sanction that allows a person to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer. Probation can also require counseling, drug/alcohol restrictions, weapons restrictions and offender reporting to their probation officer. If the person does not follow the rules of their probation, they could go back before a judge and be sent to jail or prison.
5,000,000 Probation 4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000 Prison
Parole
1,000,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice.
32
2009
2004
1996
1988
1980
Jail
Prison Population Explosion The introduction of strict drug laws brought about an increase in the incarceration rate and a new type of prisoner. Although this was a contributing factor, there are other factors, including many states replacing the death penalty with ‘life without parole,’ keeping more inmates in prison, and recidivism, where newly released prisoners return to prison within a short time after their release due to a re-offense or a new crime.
2,500
500%
increase in prison population since the declaration of the “War on Drugs.”
1,500
1000 1971, President Nixon declares, “War on Drugs”
2007
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
1940
1930
500
1920
Incarceration Rate: per 1,000
2000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice.
33
Incarceration Rate by Crime Type Due to the “War on Drugs,� drug related offenses are the major crime type witnessed in prisons during 2000. As a result, a majority of the prisoners can be considered non-violent, non-serious, non sexual-offenders. Incarceration Rates by Crime Types
90
Drugs
80
Incarceration Rate (%)
70 60 50 40 30
Robbery Burglary Sexual Assault Murder
20
Assault
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
10
Sources: Beck (2000); Beck and Harrison (2001); Beck and Mumola (1999); Blumstein and Beck (1999); Harrison and Beck (2002, 2003); U.S. Census Bureau (2000, 2002).
34
92% of those in prison are in for non-violent offenses. -U.S. Bureau of Justice.
35
Realignment
California, October 2011 + Court order to cut 30,000 inmates from in-state prisons + Only applies to inmates and parolees sentenced after Oct. 1, 2011 - non-serious - non-violence - non-sex offender + Sentenced to county jails or probation programs + Transfer responsibility from state to the local level + Received state funding based on its plan Burden on county jails - infrastructure - staff - psychological effects
36
37
Tipping Point
Frenchtown, Tallahassee, FL In 1997, Frenchtown experienced a tipping point in its criminal justice system. One would normally think as you incarcerate more people, crime would go down, it sounds logical, and it is what actually occurs in most places.
What happens when you incarcerate too many people within a given town / block / neighborhood? This is what happened in Frenchtown. At first, crime rate dropped as incarceration increased, but there was a tipping point in 1997 where crime increased as incarceration increased. Reversing the general logic of the incarceration system. Due to the large number of the community behind bars, families are broken, resentment is directed towards the criminal justice system, and ultimately, the prisoners come back usually worse-off when they entered the system. This goes to show that putting people behind bars isn’t always the answer to reducing crime.
Source: Justice Mapping Center and Spatial Information Design Lab, Columbia GSAPP, 2006.
38
renchtown, Tallahasee, Florida
+
1.5
1.0
0.5
10 0.1
Crime Rate: per 1,000
20
0
+
Incarceration Rate: per 1,000 -10
-20
-
1997, tipping point
39
Inmate Flow Chart Intake Assessments Medical/Mental Health Screening
Risk/Need Assessment
Educational (TABE)
Classi cation
Specialized Units
Medium
Minimum
Pre Release
County Ste p Down
Electronic Monitoring (ELMO)
Personalized Program Plan
Academic & Vocational
Cognitive/ Behavioral
Prison Industries
Sex O ender Treatment
Substance Abuse
Faith-based & Volunteer
Discharge Planning
Reentry & Employment Readiness Workshop
Housing
Medical
Institutional Release Committee
Mental Health
Probation/ Parole Coordination
Reentry Presentations
Employment
Release/Expiration of Sentence
Regional Reentry Centers
Residential Treatme nt Programs
Community Integration Source: Massachusetts Department of Correction Annual Report, 2011.
40
Victim and Public Safety Noti cations
Substance Abuse Treatment
Security Thresholds Pelican Bay State Prison
Secure Housing Unit
cell design / controls housing unit / control room
Pelican Bay State Prison
inmate cell
Secure Housing Unit
Pelican Bay State Prison
Secure Housing Unit
cluster / cell block control room wing security SHU central security - building / interior SHU perimeter security (electric fences / detection devices) Pelican Bay Site perimeter security (guard towers / fences) buffer zone - no man’s land Pelican Bay site security Pelican Bay remote geographic location
Source: Environmental Psychology of Prisons and Jails, by Richard Wener, 2012.
41
Prison
Prison vs. Jail The major differences between prisons and jails are the population flow and time served. Jails are usually population run by local jurisdictions and counties flow and detain people awaiting sentencing. Whereas prisons are run by the state or federal government and imprison people that have been convicted for an offense. The population flow of a jail can vary dramatically day to day, whereas a prison has more of a stable growth. The time served in a jail can also vary from a day to a year, but a prison operates on a larger and longer time frame, years. Prison
population flow
time
42
time
Jail
population flow
Jail
population flow
time time
43
2. Prison History
“Prisons are all about taking away people’s freedom. That is the real punishment. But they should also help criminals change their behavior and learn to respect other people and the law.” - Amnesty International
Public Punishment Punishment was ceremonial and directed at the prisoner’s body. It was a ritual in which the audience was important. Colonial Forms of Punishment: - Transportation Act (prisoners work on fields) - Hanging - Pillory - Wearing a letter - Ducking stool - Whipped - Stoned - Beheading - Firing Squad
“Public execution re-established the authority and power of the King.” -Michel Foucault, French philosopher interested in theories of power.
46
Punishment by pillory
47
Theater of Punishment Theater of Punishment was termed by Michel Foucault and refers to the interiorization of the spectacle of punishment, while also creating a more efficient means of conducting the act in a way that involved more than one prisoner at a time.
Lecture on the evils of alcoholism in the auditorium of Fresnes Prison.
48
“Observation and the gaze are key instruments of power.� -Michel Foucault, French philosopher interested in theories of power.
Panopticon as illustrated by Jeremy Bentham
49
Early Reformers
Cesare Beccaria, 1738-1794 Cesare Beccaria publishes, On Crimes and Punishments. stated that it was better to prevent crimes than to punish them
“ A punishment, to be just, should have only that degree of severity which is sufficient to deter [discourage] others.� -Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishment, Italian philosopher and theorist.
50
51
Early Reformers
John Howard, 1726-1790 1770s, John Howard writes, The State of the Prisons in England and Wales. Prisons should encourage inmates to regret their crimes. Introduced the word “penitentiary,” which stemmed from the idea that prisons should be places where lawbreakers become penitent, or sorry for their mistakes.
“Prisons should help prisoners rather than just punish them.”
52
Early Reformers
Dr. Benjamin Rush, 1746-1813 1787, Dr. Benjamin Rush believed that all public punishment tended to make men worse, crimes should be punished in private, or not punished at all.
Policy:
1. Sentence criminals to imprisonment rather than corporal punishment 2. Reduce physical suffering of prisoners a. improved sanitary conditions 3. Developed separate system for serious offenders
53
Walnut Street Jail 1790, Philadelphia Mission:
Rehabilitate prisoners, or restore them to crime-free lives.
System:
- Minor offenders worked in shops, making shoes, clothes, nails - Female offenders spun cotton, did laundry, and mended clothes - Solitary offenders were kept in confinement and given the Bible 1798, opened a school which taught basic instruction in reading, writing, and math.
First penitentiary in the U.S. designed to reform convicted felons.
54
55
Newgate Prison 1790s, London System:
- Had system of labor that allowed prisoners to work together - Offered rewards to encourage good behavior
Many inmates in one room: - riots - mass escapes - easy spread of plans of corruption One inmate per room: - they would repent - they would reform
Designed by Thomas Eddy
56
57
Auburn Prison
1821, Auburn, New York System:
- Based on silence, separation, and hard labor - No form of communication in and outside the prison - Strict discipline and punishment for those that broke the rules
58
First prison to combine inside-cell blocks with rectangular cell houses.
59
Sing Sing Prison
1821, Ossining, New York System:
- Inmates were used as labor to help build prison. - Model prison, because it turned a profit for the state. - Enforced absolute silence among prisoners.
“A prison should be a place of punishment, not a torture chamber; a healing hospital, not a madhouse.� - Thomas Matt Osbourne, Sing Sing warden
60
Warden of Sing Sing Prison, Thomas Osbourne on right
61
Eastern State Penitentiary 1829, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania System:
- Inmates were housed in separate cells with small private exercise yards. - Cells had water, plumbing, heating, and room for equipment. - Inmates were not allowed to leave their cells at all during their sentence. - New prisoners were given a number and had a black cloth draped over their head as they were walked to their cell.
Eastern State Penitentiary, Pennsylvania
62
“Over the head and face of every prisoner who comes into this melancholy house, a black hood is drawn; and in this dark shroud, an emblem of the curtain dropped between him and the living world, he is led to the cell from which he never again comes forth, until his whole term of imprisonment has expired.”
- Charles Dickens’ observation of Eastern State Penitentiary in his book, American Notes, (1842)
63
National Prison Congress 1870
Mission:
Give inmates a sense that their behavior controlled their fate.
Principles:
1. Religious instruction 2. Education 3. Work 4. Plan to supervise after release
Indeterminate Sentence - early forms of parole / early release
Enoch Wines
64
Theodore Dwight
Zebulon Brockway
“The central aim of a true prison is the protection of society against crime, not the punishment of the criminals.� - Zebulon Brockway, Elmira Reformatory warden.
65
Alcatraz
1933, San Francisco, California System:
- Converted from an old Army disciplinary barrack in 1933. - Used to deal with the unprecedented wave of gangsterism and violence. - Isolated from the mainland, yet physically close. - Prison island sits in the Bay as a powerful reminder to the city. - Operating cost was more than twice that of other federal penitentiaries. - Shipping of fresh water into the institution. - Daily ferry commute of personnel and supplies.
“If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz.�
- Warden, Escape from Alcatraz (1979). 66
Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, San Francisco
67
3. Precedents
Typologies Prisons Dungeon
Radial
70
Panopticon
Hybrid
Direct Supervision
Linear
Telephone Pole
71
Bastoy Prison 1982, Norway System:
The prison in Bastoy, Norway is on an island 1.5 miles from mainland and has generated much attention due to its progressive thinking and prison system. They base their penal system on rehabilitation, rather than retribution. The whole idea is that the closer you are to the society that you are about to go back in to, the easier it is to re-integrate. It is important to note that Norway doesn’t have the death penalty and the maximum sentence is 21 years. As a result, every inmate in Norway will be released, and someday he will be somebody’s neighbor, so Bastoy is preparing and training them to go back into society. The prisoners found at Bastoy range from rapists, murderers, to drug traffickers. Everyone has a job, whether that is gardening, farming, or tending to horses. The prison operates like a small village. There have been few escapes, but many, however, don’t want to leave. If they tried and failed, they would be forced to go to a higher-security prison and could have their sentences extended.
72
“...every inmate in Norway will be released, and someday he will be somebody’s neighbor...” - Bastoy Prison Officer
73
4. Incarceration vs. Education
Prison
Authority Both prisons and schools function similarly in the sense that they both have an authoritative figure responsible for a group of people / students.
Prison
Authority: Correctional Officer, typical inmate line-up.
Surveillance
76
Education
School
Authority: Professor, typical classroom environment.
Supervision
77
Prison
Daily Cycle Both prisons and schools function similarly in the sense that they both require their occupants to be at a certain place at a certain time. Prison
class / extracurricul dining
cell / solitary confine
cycle:24 24hours. hours DailyDaily cycle:
78
Education
School
class / extracurricular dining
class / extracurricular
cell / solitary confinement
dining Daily cycle: 24 hours
cell / solitary confinement
Daily cycle: 8 hours. Daily cycle: 8 hours
79
Prison
Corridor The Corridor within prisons and schools share similar traits in that the cellular programs like the prison cell and classrooms are attached to it, providing an internal circulation. The difference lies in the actual articulation of the corridor and the agitation of the corridor walls. The school corridor tries to create more nooks for reading and social gatherings whereas the prison corridor is more streamlined and taut. Prison
Moabit Prison, Berlin
Moabit Prison, Berlin
80
Education
School
Todd Beamer High School, Washington
Todd Beamer High School, Washington
81
Prison
Corridor Showing the differences of both corridors in how they are articulated and its surface treatment. The prison has clear sight lines down all corridors, whereas the school tries to promote more of a meandering and wandering path, allowing discoveries along the way.
Prison
Moabit Prison, Berlin
Moabit Prison, Berlin
82
Education
School
Todd Beamer High School, Washington
Todd Beamer High School, Washington
83
Prison
Disparity Although a prison and school share similarities in function, society views them as complete opposite ends of the spectrum. Prisons are generally modeled as impenetrable, heavy structures, whereas schools tend to be visually open, and more inviting.
Prison
Typology: heavy security, minimal glazing.
Heavy security, minimal glazing
84
Education
School
Typology: light supervision, maximum glazing.
Light supervision, maximum glazing
85
Prison
$45,500 Average cost per inmate in Massachusetts per year, 2011. - MA Department of Correction.
86
Education
$37,500 Harvard College tuition per year, 2011.
87
California State Spending $1 billion, September 2011
- California has allocated an additional $1 billion to prisons, leaving higher education hanging. - Prisons and higher education are in direct competition with each other in regards to receiving funding from the California General Fund.
“It’s a problem when the age group that spends the most time behind bars is 20-24 years old, which is the median age for college students.� - Adem, Daily Sundial 88
Correction vs. Higher Education Spending Source: The California Department of Finance
12.5
State General Fund (%)
10.0
7.5 5.0
2.5
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Higher Education Corrections
State spending: California
89
5. Thesis Program
Drug Offenders
The prison houses only drug offenders serving a maximum of five years. As a result, the facility contains non-violent offenders with a minimum security classification. The intention is to tailor the rehabilitation process for a specific type of offense, rather than mix differing offenses.
92
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice The school provides a variety of educational opportunities for inmates and enrolled students, including life skills (anger management, parental counseling, etc.) and vocational skills (carpentry, cooking, mechanic, technician, etc.). The school will have a variety of traditional and non-traditional learning environments in which the inmate-student interaction is facilitated and encouraged. The inmate-student interaction also allows for the opportunity of mentorship where an inmate can take a student under his/her wing or vice versa.
culinary / chef
technician
barber / hair dresser
law
carpenter
IT
electrician
mechanic
93
Incarceration Compared to High School Education This graph shows the direct correlation between high school dropouts and their incarceration probability. Once a student drops out of high school, there is a strong chance that they will end up in prison.
“Research has found that access to education is a deterrent to incarceration.� - Dr. Buenavista, teaches research methods.
94
“If they have access to education, they are less likely to be incarcerated.� - Dr. Buenavista, teaches research methods.
40 35
Incarceration rate (%)
30 25 20 15 10 High School Dropout Age: 20-34
05
Black men
Black men
Black men
Hispanic men
Hispanic men
White men
White men
Age: 18-64
2008
2005
2008
Age: 18-64
2000
1995
1990
1985
White men
High School Dropout Age: 20-34
2005
2000
1995
1980
Hispanic men
Black men Hispanic men
8
5
White men
95
75%
Over of inmates are illiterate at a 12th grade level. - National Institute for Literacy.
96
68%
of state inmates did not receive a high school diploma. - U.S. Department of Justice.
97
But They All Come Back Jeremy Travis
Jeremy Travis introduces 5 principles for a successful prisoner reentry. These principles show that it’s not only about creating a beautiful community center or rehabilitative center, rather, it is also executing these principles, in conjunction with a “place / building.” Once this happens, there is a higher chance of successfully integrating back into society. Strengthening social networks is a large part of the equation and includes such things as meeting with families of the inmates and talking to them and asking for their help in the reentry process. One example of the 5 principles is taking advantage of when the inmate is released. Most inmates upon release are left alone in their new freedom, and are given some money to find a way home. This can be a very overwhelming and intimidating moment. As a result, Travis proposes to “seize the moment of release,” through the creation of an exit orientation or “welcome home” event, where the inmate’s family, community, and mentors are present at the moment of release. This creates a sense of belonging and acceptance in the community.
98
work opportunities personal expectations
1. prepare reentry
recognize milestones
healthcare
community roles family ties
5. promote successful reentry
s on
inal justice age nci crim es l service ag c o s ia enc ies u n m i t y ins com titu ti peer group
inmate reentry
prisons and private organizations
2. build bridges
4. strenthen support circle
criminal justice agencies
3. seize the moment of release
correctional agencies and the community
family
family
self
exit orientation
welcome team
“welcome home”
community
mentors
“Reentry is a process.” - Jeremy Travis, author of But They All Come Back.
99
6. Financial Impacts
Positive Impacts Social and Financial
The facility will provide positive impacts both socially and financially through various educational programs and reduced inmate expenditure. The prison and school collaboration will allow inmates to receive a GED and apply for an assisted visiting professorship to the school. Also, former inmates can collaborate with the justice system and get hired as consultants for criminal investigations. This type of collaboration will help lift inmates’ self-esteem and selfconfidence, giving them a sense of importance and value.
Teach Inmates can apply for
an assisted visiting professorship to the school.
GED Gives inmates the
opportunity to earn their high school equivalency credential.
Consult Inmates can collaborate
with the justice system and get hired as consultants for criminal investigations.
102
(-) Reduced inmates (-) Reduced workers (-) Reduced expenses
= (+) Added savings
103
From Consumers to Producers While in prison, inmates are mainly considered consumers. Consuming federal tax dollars with little to no return. However, once released from prison, former inmates become producers in the market. Producing goods and paying taxes.
$
during imprisonment
Consumers Consuming federal tax dollars.
104
$
$ released from prison
$
$
Producers Producing goods in the marketplace and paying taxes.
105
7. Thesis Site
Thesis Site
Brooklyn, New York
108
Manhattan
Brooklyn
109
Crime Density Brooklyn, New York
Manhattan New Jersey
Brooklyn
Source: Justice Mapping Center and Spatial Information Design Lab, Columbia GSAPP, 2006.
110
Admissions Density Brooklyn, New York
Manhattan New Jersey
Brooklyn
Source: Justice Mapping Center and Spatial Information Design Lab, Columbia GSAPP, 2006.
111
Prisoner Migration
2EDElNING THE 0ROBLEM -ASS -IGRATION AND 2EENTRY
AND GO ALL TOO OFTEN SIMPLY CYCLING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE SAME PLACES
.EW MAPS CAN HELP US NY GRASP THIS EXTRAORDINARY Travel Distance from Brooklyn, PHENOMENON PRISON MIGRATION AND WITH IT HIGH
PEOPLE RETURN FROM PRISON EACH YEAR IN THE 5NITED 3TATES AND MILLIONS MORE COME HOME FROM JAILS !BOUT OF THE RELEASED PRISONERS ˆ ROUGHLY FORTY PERCENT ˆ WILL RETURN TO PRISON WITHIN THREE YEARS )N AND OUT THEY COME
RESETTLEMENT COMMUNITIES 7HEN CRIME MAPS ARE REPLACED BY INCARCERATION MAPS WE CAN lNALLY VISUALIZE THE GEOGRAPHY OF A MASSIVE MIGRATION
prison location
Brooklyn
0RISONER MIGRATION PATTERNS "ROOKLYN TO .EW 9ORK 3TATE
Source: Justice Mapping Center and Spatial Information Design Lab, Columbia GSAPP, 2006.
112
THE mOW OF PEOPLE IN AND OUT OF THE CITY 7E CAN ASK WHETHER THIS QUIET BUT PERVASIVE MIGRATION CRISIS ISN T CREATING A GROWING CLASS OF NON CITIZENS CONCENTRATED IN VERY FEW PLACES IN ALL OF OUR MAJOR CITIES 4HE NEW VISUALIZATIONS REVEAL WHAT WAS PREVIOUSLY DIFlCULT TO SEE n THE MASS DISAPPEARANCE AND REAPPEARANCE OF PEOPLE
IN THE CITY 4HEY FOCUS ON THE SYSTEMATIC PHENOMENON OF EX PRISONERS REENTRY AND EXAMINE NEW INSTITUTIONS THAT RESPOND TO THIS STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF URBAN LIFE 7HAT HAPPENS TO THESE PEOPLE WHEN THEY COME HOME 7E OFTEN KNOW WHERE THEY ARE GOING AND WHAT WILL HAPPEN 7HAT IS OUR RESPONSIBILITY TO EFFECTIVELY RESETTLE THEM GIVEN ALL THAT WE KNOW
0RISONER MIGRATION PATTERNS "ROOKLYN .9
Source: Justice Mapping Center and Spatial Information Design Lab, Columbia GSAPP, 2006.
113
Thesis Site
Brownsville, Brooklyn
114
115
Brownsville, NY
Brownsville, NY
116
New York City Housing Authority Affordable Housing
117
Million-Dollar Blocks Brooklyn, New York
Million-Dollar Blocks are areas where the state is spending more than $1 million to incarcerate people that come from a specific census block.
118
$1,882,840
$305,760
$1,007,750
$255,200
$792,480 $655,200 $748,800 $624,400
$414,960
$1,282,220
$605,200
$452,400
$1,780,320
$3,105,800
Million Dollar Blocks
Areas where the state is spending more than $1 million to incarcerate people from a specific census block. $1,000,000 - $3,488,160 $750,000 - $1,000,000 $500,000 - $750,000 $250,000 - $500,000 $0.00 - $250,000
119
Family Households
Family Households 0%
120
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Land Use
Land Use One & Two Family Residence Multi-Family Residence (stair) Multi-Family Residence (elevator) Mixed Residential & Commercial Commercial Use Industrial / Manufacturing
Transportation / Utility Public Facilities and Institutions Open Space & Recreation Parking Vacant Land
121
122
Fatherless children are
2x
more likely to end
up in jail. - U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
123
Effects on Children with Incarcerated Parents 1. Internalizing effects: - Anxiety - Withdrawal - Hypervigilance - Depression - Shame - Guilt - Eating disorder
2. Externalizing effects: - Anger - Aggression - Hostility
“Family is affected and involved in the prison sentence. It affects everybody close.� - Anonymous prisoner.
Sources: 1. Bloom & Steinhart, 1993; Dressler et al., 1992. 2. Fishman, 1983; Gaudin, 1984; Johnston, 1995; Jose-Kampfner, 1995; Sack et al. , 1976
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77%
of women in prison are single mothers. -U.S. Bureau of Justice.
88% of fathers in NY prisons have their children living with their mothers.
-U.S. Bureau of Justice.
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Thesis Site
Brownsville, Brooklyn
$ $ Million Dollar Blocks
$ $
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Brownsville Stops
The New York Times, 2009 “New York City’s police force, in its fight against crime, has increasingly used a strategy known as “stop, question and frisk,” which allows officers to stop someone based on a reasonable suspicion of crime. One expert has estimated New Yorkers are stopped at twice the national rate. The impact on crime is much debated, and critics contend disproportionate stopping of minorities is a result of racial profiling, which police officials dispute.”
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/07/11/nyregion/20100711-stop-and-frisk. html?ref=nyregion
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“Not In My Backyard!” To help address the issue of “Not in my backyard,” the PriSchool will contain programs that give back to the community in terms of various gathering spaces.
Community Programs: Recording Studio Library Day care Community Garden Dance Studio Basketball Courts Cafe
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Ha-Ha Walls A ha-ha is a feature used in landscape garden design to keep grazing livestock out of a garden while providing an uninterrupted view from within. The feature consists of a turfed ditch, one side of which is sloping and the other vertical and faced with stone or brick. A ha-ha prevented the grazing animals on large estates from gaining access to the lawn and gardens adjoining the house, giving a continuous vista to create the illusion that the garden and landscape were one and undivided. The name “ha-ha� was given to the feature because, when walking towards it from the garden, it would only become apparent to the observer when in close proximity to it.
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“What If They Escape?� When they are caught, they are sent to a prison where the conditions are worse and are given a longer sentence. It creates a level of appreciation for their current condition, and provides an incentive to not escape.
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Security and Segregation Security and segregation are addressed through the separation of each program block into four distinct zones.
School:
Prison:
Classrooms Lecture hall Seminar rooms Cafeteria Kitchen Auditorium Computer labs Offices Storage Back of house Loading
Sleeping quarters Security checkpoint Dining hall Kitchen Laundry Offices Gymnasium Auditorium Recreation field Library Chapel Visiting rooms Medical rooms Storage Loading Back of house
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Pre-Release / Workshops:
Community:
Sleeping quarters Security Checkpoint Office Storage Painting Metalwork Woodshop Upholstery Autoshop Computer labs Culinary Barber shop Loading
Recording studio Library Day care Community garden Dance studio Basketball courts Cafe Storage Back of house Loading
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References Ahn-Redding, Heather. “The Million Dollar Inmate:” The Financial and Social Burden of Nonviolent Offenders. Lanham, MD: Lexington /Rowman & Littlefield Pub., 2007. Edge, Laura B. Locked Up: A History of the U.S. Prison System. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., 2009. Espejo, Roman ed. America’s Prisons: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2002. Evans, Kim Masters. Crime, Prisons, and Jails. Farmington Hills: Gale, 2010. Evans, Robin. The Fabrication of Virtue: English Prison Architecture, 17501840. Cambridge Cambridgeshire: Cambridge UP, 1982. Farrington, Karen. Hamlyn History of Punishment and Torture. London: Hamlyn, 2000. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1995. Gollan, Jennifer, and Sydney Lupkin. “Education vs. Prisons: Shifting Priorities.” The Bay Citizen. N.p., 30 Aug. 2011. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. <http:// www.baycitizen.org/education/interactive/education-vs-prisons-shiftingpriorities/>.
Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction. Washington: Bureau of Prisons, 1949. Hawkins, Steven. “Education vs. Incarceration.” The American Prospect. N.p., 6 Dec. 2010. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. <http://prospect.org/article/ education-vs-incarceration>. Honderich, Ted. Punishment: The Supposed Justifications Revisited. London: Pluto, 2006. Jackson, Kenneth T., and John B. Manbeck. The Neighborhoods of Brooklyn. [New York]: Citizens Committee for New York City, 1998.
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Johnston, Norman Bruce. Forms of Constraint: A History of Prison Architecture. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2000. Krasnow, Peter Charles., and Bo Parker. Correctional Facility Design and Detailing. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
The Third Teacher: A Collaborative Project: OWP/P Architects + VS Furniture + Bruce Mau Design. New York: Abrams, 2010. Townsend, John. A Painful History of Crime, Prisons and Prisoners. Chicago: Raintree, 2006. Travis, Jeremy. But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 2005. Valier, Claire. Crime and Punishment in Contemporary Culture. London: Routledge, 2004. Wener, Richard. The Environmental Psychology of Prisons and Jails: Creating Humane Spaces in Secure Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2012. Yau, Nathan. Visualize This: The Flowing Data Guide to Design, Visualization, and Statistics. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub., 2011.
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The thesis looks to address the outflow of prisoners and combat the challenges of recidivism. This is done through the implementation of a new typology of prison facility that symbiotically merges the program of incarceration and education. The prison would be a prison for non-violent drug offenders. The school would be a school of criminology and criminal justice, and it will have a variety of traditional and non-traditional learning environments in which the inmate-student interaction is facilitated and encouraged. The inmate-student interaction also allows for the opportunity of mentorship where an inmate can take a student under his/her wing or vice versa. The inmates will gain new practical skills and intellectual capacities that will facilitate their transition back into society. In addition, the mental and cognitive stimulation will allow former prisoners to gain a sense of confidence and dignity that may have been suppressed during incarceration. Rather than regarding prisons simply as a means of punishment that might ensure ex-convicts have no other future, this new system of higher education incarceration will promote rehabilitation and the creation of new productive members of society.
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