Abstract 2008-2009

Page 1



<henf[bZ Ngbo^klbmr @kZ]nZm^ L\ahhe h_ :k\abm^\mnk^% IeZggbg` Zg] Ik^l^koZmbhg





I]Z ;jijgZ d[ i]Z 6gX]^iZXi! BVg` L^\aZn! Dean

+ 6gX]^iZXijgZ

6gdjcY i]Z LdgaY! HXdii BVgWaZ! Editor

,

-

8dgZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d &

&&

8dgZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d '

'%

8dgZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d (

(%

6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d )

)%

6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgVa 9Zh^\c HijY^d

*%

6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d *

+'

6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d +

-)

7j^aY^c\ IZX]cdad\^Zh

&''

=^hidgn$I]Zdgn

&(+ GZVa :hiViZ 9ZkZadebZci

&.)

K^hjVa HijY^Zh

&)+

JgWVc 9Zh^\c HijY^dh

&.-

>cYZeZcYZci GZhZVgX]

&,%

JgWVc EaVcc^c\ JE I]Zh^h 6WhigVXih

'%+

6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgVa GZhZVgX]

&,+

HijY^d M

6gX]^iZXijgZ E]#9# Egd\gVb 6WhigVXih

&-% GZhZVgX] AVWh

=^hidg^X EgZhZgkVi^dc =E I]Zh^h 6WhigVXih

K^h^i^c\ HX]daVgh

&-+

''' ''+ ')+

7VgcVgY 8dajbW^V 8daaZ\Zh 6gX]^iZXijgZ Egd\gVb CZl Ndg`$EVg^h Egd\gVb

'*% '+)

6kZgn A^WgVgn

'+-

EjWa^XVi^dch

'+-

:kZcih

'+-

:m]^W^i^dch

'+.

D[ÒXZ d[ 9ZkZadebZci VcY 6ajbc^ GZaVi^dch

',%

IZbeaZ =dncZ 7jZaa 8ZciZg [dg i]Z HijYn d[ 6bZg^XVc 6gX]^iZXijgZ

',&

<adWVa >c^i^Vi^kZh [dg 6giÄ6gX]^iZXijgZ :meZg^bZcih

',&

9Zh^\c HijY^d ;^cVa ?jg^Zh

'-%

;VXjain! 6Yb^c^higVi^kZ D[ÒXZgh HiV[[

'.'

<gVYjViZh

'.-

6lVgYh ;Zaadlh]^eh

(%%

L^aa^Vb @^ccZ IgVkZa^c\ ;Zaadlh]^eh

(%'


Ma^ ?nmnk^ h_ ma^ :k\abm^\m

ZXih i]Vi ]ZVY d[[ ^c Y^[[ZgZci Y^gZXi^dch WZ[dgZ gZedgi^c\

FZkd Pb`e^r% ]^Zg

WVX` i]Z^g ÒcY^c\h ^c _jg^Zh! Zm]^W^i^dch! VcY ejWa^XVi^dch i]Vi hi^bjaViZ Vc ^ciZchZ YZWViZ VcY ig^\\Zg V cZl gdjcY

:YjXVi^dc ^h Vaa VWdji igjhi# I]Z WZhi iZVX]Zgh ZbWgVXZ d[ ZmeZg^bZcih# L^i] V W^dY^kZgh^in d[ Xdci^cjVaan Zkdak^c\ i]Z [jijgZ Wn igjhi^c\ i]Z hijYZci! hjeedgi^c\ i]Z \gdli] d[ gZhZVgX] igV_ZXidg^Zh! i]Z hX]dda deZgViZh Vh V bjai^Ä hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi XVccdi WZ hZZc nZi! Vc ZbZg\Zci hZch^W^a^in Y^hX^ea^cVgn i]^c` iVc`! Vc ^ciZaa^\Zci dg\Vc^hb i]^c`^c\ ^ih i]Vi XVccdi WZ _jY\ZY Wn XdciZbedgVgn hiVcYVgYh# 6 hX]dda lVn i]gdj\] i]Z jcXZgiV^c [jijgZ d[ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ VcY i]Z YZY^XViZY id i]Z jc^fjZ a^[Z VcY ^beVXi d[ i]Z i]dj\]i[ja \adWVa hdX^Zin ^i hZgkZh# VgX]^iZXi bjhi [dhiZg V lVn d[ i]^c`^c\ i]Vi YgVlh dc

6h ^c Vcn di]Zg VgX]^iZXijgZ hX]dda! i]Z gZVa ldg` ^h YdcZ

ZkZgni]^c\ i]Vi ^h `cdlc ^c dgYZg id _jbe ^cid i]Z jc`cdlc! ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z c^\]i# 6kZgn =Vaa! i]Z hX]ddaÉh cZdÄXaVh" igjhi^c\ i]Z [dgbjaVi^dch d[ i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc i]Vi Wn h^XVa ]dbZ h^cXZ &.&' Å l^i] ^ih hiVg`an YZÒcZY hnbbZig^" YZÒc^i^dc YZ[n i]Z ad\^X d[ i]Z egZhZci# :YjXVi^dc WZXdbZh XVa egdedgi^dch Xdbbjc^XVi^c\ id i]Z ldgaY i]Z daY WZa^Z[ V [dgb d[ dei^b^hb i]Vi \^kZh djg ÒZaY V [jijgZ Wn igjhi^c\ i]Vi i]Z hZXgZi d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa fjVa^in ^h `cdlc! jc^kZghVa! i]Z hijYZcih id hZZ! i]^c`! VcY Yd i]^c\h lZ XVccdi#

VcY ZcYaZhhan gZeZViVWaZ Å cdl VXih Vh i]Z aViZ c^\]i ^cXj"

I]^h `^cY d[ dei^b^hb ^h XgjX^Va Vi V hX]dda a^`Z i]Z WVidg d[ V Y^kZgh^in d[ edhh^WaZ [jijgZh# 6i ^ih WVhZ ^h 6kZgn <H6EE Vi 8dajbW^V# I]Z hijYZcih Vgg^kZ ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in A^WgVgn! i]Z bdhi XZaZWgViZY VgX]^iZXijgVa XdaaZXi^dc ^c i]Z [gdb VgdjcY ** Y^[[ZgZci Xdjcig^Zh VgbZY l^i] Vc ZcYaZhh ldgaY! V gZbVg`VWaZ XdciV^cZg d[ ZkZgni]^c\ VgX]^iZXih ]VkZ i]^ghi [dg ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc# >i ^h cdi Zcdj\] [dg jh id \^kZ WZZc i]^c`^c\ VWdji ^c i]Z eVhi! cZVian \Vi]ZgZY l^i]^c i]Z ZVX] d[ i]Zb ZmeZgi^hZ ^c i]Z XjggZci hiViZÄd[Äi]ZÄVgi ^c igVY^i^dcVa fj^Zi heVXZ d[ V lZaa dg\Vc^oZY VgX]^kZ# Je VWdkZ VgX]^iZXijgZ hd i]Vi i]Zn XVc YZX^h^kZan VhhZgi i]ZbhZakZh VgZ i]Z YZchZ VcY X]Vdi^X hijY^d heVXZh Wg^hia^c\ l^i] ZaZX" VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY Wn egdYjX^c\ gZbVg`VWaZ Wj^aY^c\h! igdc^Xh VcY cZl ^YZVh# HdbZl]ZgZ WZilZZc i]Z XVgZ[jaan eaVch! VcY eda^X^Zh# LZ Vahd ]VkZ id \^kZ i]Zb i]Z XVeVX^in XViVad\jZY eVhi VcY i]Z Wjoo d[ i]Z Vh nZi jcXaVhh^ÒVWaZ id X]Vc\Z i]Z ÒZaY ^ihZa[! id XdbeaZiZan gZYZÒcZ i]Z hiViZÄ [jijgZ! i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ ZkdakZh l]^aZ ZkZgndcZ ZahZ haZZeh# d[Äi]ZÄVgi# BdgZ i]Vc h^bean igV^c^c\ VgX]^iZXih ]dl id =Vk^c\ WZZc Xdci^cjdjhan gVY^ViZY Wn Vc dkZgl]Zab^c\ YZh^\c Wg^aa^Vcian! lZ gZYZh^\c i]Z Ò\jgZ d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXi# VggVn d[ XaVhhZh VcY lVkZh d[ k^h^i^c\ heZV`Zgh! hnbedh^V! 8dajbW^VÉh aZVYZgh]^e gdaZ ^h id VXi Vh V aVWdgVidgn [dg iZhi" ldg`h]deh! Zm]^W^i^dch! VcY YZWViZh! i]Z hijYZcih Vgi[jaan ^c\ cZl ^YZVh VWdji i]Z edhh^WaZ gdaZh d[ YZh^\cZgh ^c V gZldg` i]Z ZmeZXiVi^dch d[ i]Z^g Y^hX^ea^cZ# \adWVa hdX^Zin# I]Z \dVa ^h cdi V XZgiV^c `^cY d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ Wji V XZgiV^c Zkdaji^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ#

I]Z eZgkVh^kZ Vibdhe]ZgZ Vi <H6EE! i]Z bV\^X ^c i]Z V^g [gdb i]Z ZhegZhhd WVg id i]Z e^cÄje lVaah id i]Z [gdci

6gX]^iZXijgZ ^h V hZi d[ ZcYaZhhan VWhdgW^c\ fjZhi^dch [dg hiZeh id i]Z WVX` XdgcZg d[ i]Z W^\ aZXijgZ ]Vaa! ^h i]Z [ZZa^c\ djg hdX^Zin gVi]Zg i]Vc V hZi d[ XaZVgan YZÒcZY dW_ZXih l^i] d[ WZ^c\ dc i]Z Xjii^c\ ZY\Z! higVYYa^c\ i]Z bdk^c\ WdgYZg eVgi^XjaVg Z[[ZXih# 6gX]^iZXih VgZ ejWa^X ^ciZaaZXijVah! XgV[i" WZilZZc i]Z `cdlc VcY i]Z jc`cdlc ^c djg ÒZaY# >i ^h ]deZ" ^c\ [dgbh i]Vi Vaadl di]Zgh id hZZ i]Z ldgaY Y^[[ZgZcian VcY [jaan Vc deZc fjZhi^dc^c\ Vibdhe]ZgZ ^c l]^X] hijYZcih VgZ eZg]Veh id a^kZ Y^[[ZgZcian# I]Z gZVa \^[i d[ i]Z WZhi VgX]^iZXih VWaZ id Yd ldg` i]Vi iZVX]Zh i]Z^g iZVX]Zgh# >c i]Z ZcY! V ^h id egdYjXZ V `^cY d[ ]Zh^iVi^dc ^c i]Z gdji^cZh d[ XdciZb" hX]ddaÉh bdhi egZX^djh \^[i ^h ^ih \ZcZgdh^in idlVgYh i]Z edgVgn a^[Z! Vc deZc^c\ ^c l]^X] cZl ediZci^Vah VgZ d[[ZgZY i]dj\]ih i]Vi i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc ]Vh nZi id ]VkZ# Å cZl eViiZgch! g]ni]bh! bddYh! hZchVi^dch! eaZVhjgZh! XdccZXi^dch! VcY eZgXZei^dch# I]Z VgX]^iZXiÉh Wj^aY^c\h VgZ eaVXZY ^c i]Z X^in a^`Z i]Z Wdd`h d[ V i]dj\]i[ja cdkZa^hi b^\]i WZ eaVXZY ^c V cZlhhiVcY ^c V gV^alVn hiVi^dc! ZbWZY" Y^c\ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ V gZlVgY^c\ YZidjg Vbdc\hi Vaa i]Z gdji^cZh! V hZZb^c\an b^cdg YZidjg i]Vi b^\]i jai^bViZan X]Vc\Z i]Z bZVc^c\ d[ ZkZgni]^c\ ZahZ# I]Z VgX]^iZXi XgV[ih Vc ^ck^iVi^dc id i]^c` VcY VXi Y^[[ZgZcian# <H6EE a^`Zl^hZ Xjai^kViZh Vc ^ck^iVi^dc [dg Vaa i]Z Y^hX^" ea^cZh YZkdiZY id i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci id i]^c` Y^[[ZgZcian# >ih jc^fjZ b^hh^dc ^h id bdkZ WZndcY i]Z ]^\]Zhi aZkZa d[ egd[Zhh^dcVa igV^c^c\ id deZc V XgZVi^kZ heVXZ l^i]^c l]^X] i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZh XVc gZi]^c` i]ZbhZakZh! V heVXZ d[ heZXjaV" i^dc! ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc! VcY VcVanh^h i]Vi Vaadlh i]Z ÒZaY id YZidjg VlVn [gdb ^ih YZ[Vjai hZii^c\h ^c dgYZg id ÒcY cZl hZii^c\h! cZl [dgbh d[ egd[Zhh^dcVa! hX]daVgan! iZX]c^XVa! VcY Zi]^XVa egVXi^XZ# I]Z ]ZVgi d[ i]^h deZcÄZcYZY aVWdgVidgn ^h i]Z YZh^\c hijY^dh# 6aa i]Z dkZgaVee^c\ VcY ^ciZgVXi^c\ egd\gVbh Vi i]Z hX]dda Å 6gX]^iZXijgZ! JgWVc 9Zh^\c! =^hidg^X EgZh" ZgkVi^dc! JgWVc EaVcc^c\! VcY GZVa :hiViZ 9ZkZadebZci Å iZVX] YZh^\c VcY VgZ jc^iZY ^c i]Z^g Xdbb^ibZci id i]Z \adWVa Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z '&hi XZcijgn X^in# :kZgn hZbZhiZg! i]Z hX]dda aVjcX]Zh bdgZ i]Vc (* ZmeadgVi^kZ hijY^d egd_" "


:khng] ma^ Phke] L\hmm FZk[e^% ^]bmhk L]Zc ViiZcY^c\ i]Z <H6EE! ^i ^h ZVhn id WZXdbZ VWhdgWZY l^i] CZl Ndg` 8^in VcY ^ih jc^fjZ! a^b^iaZhh WaZcY d[ jgWVc^in! VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY XjaijgZ# CZl Ndg` ]Vh ValVnh WZZc V h^\c^ÒXVci YgVl [dg hijYZcih l]d VgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c hijYn^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ! eaVcc^c\! egZhZgkVi^dc! dg gZVa ZhiViZ# >i ^h i]Z dW_ZXi d[ VcVanh^h! hdjgXZ d[ bdi^kVi^dc! VcY ^che^gVi^dc i]Vi Yg^kZh bjX] d[ i]Z ldg` egdYjXZY Vi i]Z <H6EE# HijYZcih XdjaY heZcY i]gZZ nZVgh VYYgZhh^c\ ^hhjZh ^c VcY VgdjcY CZl Ndg` l^i]dji bjX] gZYjcYVcXn# ;dg bVcn nZVgh! hijYZcih ]VkZ ]VY i]Z deedgijc^in id hijY^d! ^cXajY^c\ h^\c^ÒXVci h^iZh VcY Wj^aY^c\h k^h^iZY! Vh bdkZ WZndcY CZl Ndg` Å igVkZa^c\ bVcn eaVXZh VgdjcY i]Z lZaa Vh bZZi^c\h l^i] adXVa VgX]^iZXih! dg\Vc^oVi^dch VcY ldgaY i]gdj\] i]Z L^aa^Vb @^ccZ ;Zaadlh IgjhiÅ Wdi] Yjg^c\ \dkZgcbZci gZegZhZciVi^kZh! l]^X] hdbZi^bZh ^cXajYZY i]Z^g i^bZ Vi i]Z hX]dda VcY ^bbZY^ViZan V[iZg \gVYjVi^dc# egZhZciVi^dc d[ gZaViZY ldg` WZ^c\ YdcZ Vi i]Z <H6EE# I]Z I]^h igVkZa dXXjgh Vi Y^[[ZgZci ed^cih Yjg^c\ i]Z Xjgg^Xjajb ^i^cZgVg^Zh Vahd ^cXajYZ i]Z dXXVh^dcVa gZcYZokdjh WZilZZc hZfjZcXZ [dg ZVX] egd\gVb VcY ]Vh ]VY kVgn^c\ YZ\gZZh d[ hZeVgViZ hijY^dh ldg`^c\ ^c i]Z hVbZ gZ\^dc# I]Z hijY^dh dc XdccZXi^dc id heZX^ÒX XdjghZh# Bdhi gZXZcian! ^i ]Vh WZXdbZ i]Z bVe VgZ Xgdhh"gZ[ZgZcXZY WVX` id i]Z [jaa YZhXg^ei^dch Vc ^bedgiVci eZYV\d\^XVa hjeeaZbZci d[ i]Z VYkVcXZY YZ" VcY hijYZci ldg` ^c i]Z bV^c Wdd`# h^\c hijY^dh! VcY i]Z YZhi^cVi^dch ]VkZ ZmeVcYZY id XdkZg Vaa

:VX] nZVg! i]Z ^YZVh! XdcXZeih! VcY egdYjXi^dc d[ 6WhigVXi

eVgih d[ i]Z ldgaY# I]ZhZ eaVXZh VgZ bjX] bdgZ i]Vc bZgZ VgZ V igjZ XdaaVWdgVi^kZ Z[[dgi WZilZZc i]Z ZY^idg^Va iZVb VcY h^iZh [dg heZXjaVi^kZ egd_ZXih! Vh hijY^d Xg^i^Xh ]VkZ WZ\jc \gVe]^X YZh^\cZgh# > ldjaY a^`Z id i]Vc` ZY^idg^Va Vhh^hiVcih jh^c\ X^i^Zh! gZ\^dch! dg Zci^gZ Xdjcig^Zh Vh h^iZh d[ gZhZVgX] @Vi^Z H]^bV! 7g^Vc 7gjh]! ?dgYVc 8VgkZg! VcY e]did\gVe]Zgh ^cid i]Z ZmeVcY^c\ jg\ZcXn d[ \adWVa ^hhjZh# I]Z ZmX]Vc\Z ?dc\ HZd @^b VcY =d @njc\ @^b [dg i]Z^g Z[[dgih id VhhZb" d[ `cdlaZY\Z WZilZZc i]Z hijYZcih VcY i]Z eZdeaZ [gdb WaZ i]Z l^YZ gVc\Z d[ ldg` VcY XVeijgZ i]Z ZcYaZhh cjbWZg i]ZhZ Y^kZghZ eaVXZh ]Vh hZgkZY id ZmeVcY i]Z Y^hXdjghZ Vi d[ ZkZcih Vi i]Z <H6EE# ?dZ H]djaY^XZ VcY AZZ L^ahdc [gdb i]Z <H6EE VcY h^ijViZ i]Z ldg` YdcZ Vi i]Z hX]dda l^i]^c HV\bZ^hiZg lZgZ dcXZ V\V^c VWaZ id igVchaViZ i]Z ^YZVh [gdb V WgdVY \adWVa XdciZmi# 6h Vc ZmiZch^dc d[ i]ZhZ hijY^d" djg bVcn Y^hXjhh^dch ^cid Vcdi]Zg egdkdXVi^kZ YZh^\c# 6cY V heZX^ÒX ig^eh! VcY ^c i]Z ^ciZgZhi d[ [jgi]Zg ZmeVcY^c\ i]Z heZX^Va i]Vc`h id 9ZVc BVg` L^\aZn! l]d Xdci^cjZh id iV`Z Y^hXdjghZ VcY egZhZcXZ d[ i]Z hX]dda WZndcY i]Z jc^kZgh^in! i]Z hX]dda ^c cZl Y^gZXi^dch bV`^c\ djg Z[[dgih id egZhZci i]Z <H6EE ]Vh WZ\jc i]Z HijY^d M ^c^i^Vi^kZ! ZhiVWa^h]^c\ i]Z ldg` bdgZ ^ciZgZhi^c\ ZkZgn nZVg# djiedhih ^c ZVX] d[ i]Z ldgaYÉh bV_dg \Zd\gVe]^X gZ\^dch# HijY^d M CZl Ndg` ]Vh VagZVYn ZhiVWa^h]ZY ^ihZa[ Vh V k^iVa ]jW ^c Ydlcidlc BVc]ViiVc [dg aZXijgZh! Xdc[ZgZcXZh! Zm" ]^W^i^dch! eZg[dgbVcXZh! VcY YZWViZh# I]Z di]Zg eaVccZY adXVi^dch VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY l^aa WZ ]dbZ WVhZh [dg <H6EE hijYZcih VcY [VXjain id YZkZade V hjhiV^cZY Zc\V\ZbZci l^i] i]Z eZdeaZ VcY ^hhjZh d[ i]ZhZ gZ\^dch# I]^h nZVgÉh 6WhigVXi Zbe]Vh^oZh i]Z ^beVXi i]^h [VXZi d[ i]Z hX]dda ]Vh ]VY dc ^ih iZVX]^c\ VcY djieji# I]Z YZh^\c d[ i]Z Wdd` a^c`h XdjghZh VcY hijY^dh l^i] i]Z^g h^iZh d[ gZ" hZVgX]! VcY ^c i]Z XVhZ d[ i]Z VYkVcXZY hijY^dh! eaVXZh e]did YdXjbZciVi^dc [gdb i]Z ig^eh VY_VXZci id i]Z ldg` egdYjXZY ^c i]Z hijY^d# >c VYY^i^dc id i]Z bV^c Wdd`! V edhiZg"h^oZY ldgaY bVe ^h ^cXajYZY! adXVi^c\ i]Z h^iZ d[ ZVX] hijY^d egd_" ZXi VcY ig^e Vadc\ l^i] i]Z XjggZci VcY eaVccZY adXVi^dch d[ HijY^d M# I]Z bVe ^cXdgedgViZh lg^iiZc ^i^cZgVg^Zh d[ ZVX]

#


<hk^ Lmn]bhl3 >qi^kbf^gmZmbhg Fb\aZ^e ;^ee% ]bk^\mhk <HK> :K<ABM><MNK> LMN=BHL

6i 8dajbW^V! i]Z 8dgZ HijY^d hZfjZcXZ ]Vh V YdjWaZ"V\ZcYV# Dc dcZ ]VcY! i]Z [VXjain hjeedgi VcY hjhiV^c V hZi d[ ZhhZci^Va iZX]c^fjZh VcY \dVah ^c WZXdb^c\ Vc VgX]^iZXi# Dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! i]Zn d[iZc Xg^i^fjZ! gZ^ckZci! VcY ZkZc ijgc XdckZci^dc dkZg hZZ`^c\ cZl iZggV^c VcY V cZl hZi d[ dei^dch [dg l]Vi VgX]^iZXijgZ XVc VYYgZhh dg egdedhZ# I]^h Vaa ]VeeZch ^c i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]gZZ hZbZhiZgh VcY ^c V hZfjZcXZ d[ hijY^dh i]Vi ^h \^kZc Vc dkZgVgX]^c\ higjXijgZ Wn i]Z XdgZ hijY^dh Y^gZXidg VcY i]Z i]gZZ hijY^d XddgY^cVidgh! cZl bZVch d[ [VWg^XVi^dc! iZXidc^Xh! VcY higjXijgZ# :VX] [VX" ^cXajY^c\ i]Z g^hZ d[ i]Z hjWjgWVc bdYZa! bVhh egdYjXi^dc! Wji ^i ^h dkZgl]Zab^c\an XVhi Wn i]Z [VXjain VcY hijYZcih jain bZbWZg d[[Zgh V jc^fjZ [dgb d[ Zmeadg^c\ i]ZhZ ^hhjZh Xdbbji^c\! VcY gZaVi^dch]^eh d[ ]djh^c\ id bVg`Zih Vh lZaa l]d deZgViZ l^i] V he^g^i d[ ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc VcY [dXjhZY Vh V cZildg` d[ YZh^\c ediZci^Vah i]Vi VgZ jcYZghiddY id WZ Vh \dkZgcbZci ^ciZgkZci^dc! i]Z hijY^d egdedhZY cZl [dgbh ldg` i]Vi ^h i]Z ZhhZci^Va higjXijgZ d[ i]Z 8dgZ HijY^dh# I]^h Wdi] hjhiV^c^c\ VcY gZ"YZÒc^c\ i]Z gdaZ d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXi# eZg^dY d[ hjhiV^cZY ldg` ^h Wdi] XdaaZXi^kZ VcY ^cY^k^YjVa!

d[ ]djh^c\ i]Vi lZgZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan adXVa ^c hXVaZ VcY Vahd

6h V l]daZ i]Z 8dgZ ^h XddgY^cViZY id \^kZ eVgVaaZa higjX" YZh^\cZY l^i] V YZZe VlVgZcZhh d[ cVi^dcVa VcY \adWVa ^hhjZh#

VcY i]Z [VXjain VcY hijYZcih Vabdhi jc^kZghVaan XgZViZ V ijgZ id i]Z hijY^dh# I]Z Òghi ild hZbZhiZgh Xdch^YZg i]Z EVgi^XjaVg ViiZci^dc lVh \^kZc id i]Z gdaZ d[ i^bZ ^c Xdbbji^c\ b^a^Zj ^c l]^X] i]Z jai^bViZ hdjgXZ d[ `cdlaZY\Z ^h i]Z XdcXZeijVa ^bea^XVi^dch d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa heVXZ Vh V [dgb Å gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc ]djh^c\ VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! VcY i]Z XdbbjcVa hijY^d# >i Vaadlh [dg i]Z YZa^kZgn d[ l]Vi lZ XVc d[ heZXjaVi^kZ gZhZVgX]# 8dgZ & VcY 8dgZ ' ZVX] Xdch^hi d[ ^cXgZVh^c\ [VXidg d[ ZcZg\n Xdhih Vi Vaa aZkZah d[ YZh^\c# XVaa ÆXdgZÇ `cdlaZY\Z! Wji ^i Vahd bZVch i]Vi i]Z XdgZ XVc V hZbZhiZg"adc\ egd_ZXi Y^k^YZY ^cid Y^hi^cXi e]VhZh VcY

@Zn [VXidgh ^cXajYZY V hijY^d"l^YZ ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ Jc^iZY

d[[Zg WgZV`i]gdj\]h VcY XgZViZ V hZchZ d[ ^ckZci^dc Vi i]Z ZmZgX^hZh i]Vi [daY ^cid i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa HiViZh ]djh^c\ eVgVY^\bh ^c gZaVi^dc id V gVc\Z d[ iZX]cdad" ZVga^Zhi hiV\Z d[ i]Z egd\gVb#

egdedhVa [dg Vc jgWVc h^iZ# L^i] ZVX] e]VhZ d[ i]Z egd_ZXi! \^Zh i]Vi lZgZ Vi i^bZh a^iZgVaan VgX]^iZXijgVa ^c X]VgVXiZg dg! Zbe]Vh^h ^h eaVXZY dc hnci]Zi^X YZh^\c egdXZhhZh i]Vi g^\dg" _jhi Vh d[iZc! ÒcVcX^Va! hdX^Va VcY jai^bViZan eda^i^XVa ^c cVijgZ

8dgZ HijY^dh &! '! (

djhan VYYgZhh ^hhjZh d[ h^iZ VcY egd\gVb dc Wdi] XdcXZeijVa Wji dg\Vc^oZY ^c ^chigjbZciVa lVnh Vh k^gijVa ÆVgX]^iZXijgVaÇ

I]Z i]gZZ"hZbZhiZg 8dgZ HijY^d hZfjZcXZ YZkZadeh V VcY egVXi^XVa aZkZah# I]Z i]^gY VcY ÒcVa hZbZhiZg d[ i]Z 8dgZ iZX]cdad\^Zh# I]Z Yg^k^c\ [dgXZ WZ]^cY i]Z hijY^d lVh V ]n" XVeVX^in id ldg` l^i] h`^aa VcY ^ckZci^dc Vi Vaa aZkZah d[ HijY^d hZfjZcXZ ^h [dXjhZY dc i]Z YZh^\c d[ jgWVc ]djh^c\# edi]Zh^h i]Vi i]Z VgX]^iZXi ^h ed^hZY Vi V i]gZh]daY d[ cZl VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c# HijY^d bZi]dYh kVgn l^i] ZVX] d[ i]Z HijYZcih ldg` ^c iZVbh d[ ild VcY XVggn ZVX] egd_ZXi id V iZX]c^XVa bZVch VcY XVeVW^a^i^Zh! VcY i]Vi i]Z YZZe VggVn d[ YZh^\c Xg^i^Xh! Wji i]ZgZ ^h V Xdbbdc YZh^gZ id gZ"i]^c` ]^\] aZkZa d[ gZhdaji^dc ^c iZgbh d[ bViZg^Vah! YZiV^ah! VcY ÒcVcX^Va VcY eda^i^XVa ^c[gVhigjXijgZh i]Vi hjeedgi ]djh^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY jgWVc egdWaZbh Vi ZVX] e]VhZ d[ YZkZade^c\ jai^bViZan ^c gZhedchZ id YZbd\gVe]^X! hdX^Va cZZYh VcY ed" VgZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan [VX^c\ ^bbZchZ YZbVcYh id gZdg\Vc^oZ# V egd_ZXi# :meadgVi^dch ^cXajYZ cZl dg\Vc^oVi^dch d[ Wj^aY^c\ a^i^XVa gZVa^i^Zh# L]^aZ i]Z hijY^d h^iZh VgZ l^i]^c bZigdeda^iVc I]^h ^h V i]gZh]daY bdbZci ^c ]djh^c\ VcY jgWVc YZh^\c# egdXZhhZh! cZl hnhiZbh d[ bVcj[VXijg^c\ VcY XdchigjXi^dc! CZl Ndg`! i]Z hijY^d ^h ZfjVaan WVhZY dc V gZcZlZY VcVanh^h VcY cZl Xdch^YZgVi^dch d[ jhZ VcY egd\gVbb^c\#

HijY^dh [daadlZY jc^fjZ eVi]h YZeZcYZci dc [VXjain VcY

d[ i]Z ]^hidgn d[ ]djh^c\ eda^X^Zh Wdi] ^c CZl Ndg` VcY ^c i]Z hijYZci ^c^i^Vi^kZh! Wji ZVX] hijY^d lVh ZmeZXiZY id VYYgZhh

I]Z 8dgZ HijY^dh VgZ iVj\]i Wn V \gdje d[ [VXjain l]d l^YZg Jc^iZY HiViZh# HijYZcih VgZ Vh`ZY id Wg^c\ i]Z VcVani^" ^hhjZh d[ bVhh ]djh^c\ hjX] Vh bZVch d[ XdchigjXi^dc VcY XdaaZXi^kZan \j^YZ ZVX] d[ i]Z ilZcin"[djg hijY^d hZXi^dch XVa ZmeZgi^hZ d[ i]Z Òghi ild hZbZhiZgh id i]ZhZ ^hhjZh VcY id bViZg^Va X]d^XZh VcY i]Z^g ^beVXi dc YZh^\c0 VheZXih d[ i]Vi XdaaZXi^kZan Xdchi^ijiZ i]Z i]gZZ hZbZhiZgh d[ i]Z XgZViZ V egd_ZXi i]Vi VYYgZhhZh V [jaa heZXigjb d[ XdcXZgch ZcZg\n YZbVcYh VcY ]dl i]ZhZ VgZ [VXidgZY ^cid i]Z bVX" 8dgZ HijY^d hZfjZcXZ# :VX] hZbZhiZg Vc ^cY^k^YjVa [VXjain [gdb i]Z ^bbZY^ViZ YZiV^a id i]Z aVg\Zg jgWVc VcY eda^i^XVa gd"hXVaZ VheZXih d[ igVchedgiVi^dc VcY Xdbbji^c\0 hdX^Va bZbWZg l]d aZVYh ZVX] hZbZhiZg d[ i]Z XdgZ VcY ^ih Z^\]i XdchZfjZcXZh d[ YZh^\c#

[VXidgh hjX] Vh YZkZadebZci bdYZah VcY i]Z^g Vci^X^eViZY

YZh^\c hijY^dh XddgY^cViZh i]Z 8dgZ HijY^dh#

gZaVi^dc id ]djhZ]daY ^cXdbZh VcY edkZgin0 VcY ViiZbeih id

HijYZcih VcY [VXjain ldg` l^i]^c ZbZg\Zci! XdciZbed" gVgn VcY ]^hidg^X CZl Ndg` jgWVc a^[Z# ;dXjhZY dc h^iZh ^c

Ahnlbg`3 OZen^l h_ Mbf^% =blmZg\^ Zg] >g^k`r

i]Z X^in! i]Z hijY^dh hZZ` i]Z iZmijgZ VcY ejWa^X cVijgZ d[ Fb\aZ^e ;^ee% \hhk]bgZmhk

YZa^kZg YZh^\c ^c V lVn i]Vi edh^i^dch i]Z VgX]^iZXi Vh V `Zn eVgi^X^eVci ^c l]Vi ^h edhh^WaZ# I]Z hijY^d hijY^ZY V h^iZ ^c ?ZghZn 8^in! CZl ?ZghZn Å

i]Z^g ldg` VcY hig^kZ id jcYZghiVcY VcY gZhedcY id i]Z Xdb" LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1

l^i]^c Xdbbji^c\ gVc\Z d[ CZl Ndg` 8^in# I]Z h^iZ ^h hZgkZY

eaZm^in VcY Y^kZgh^in d[ CZl Ndg` Xdchi^ijZcX^Zh# :beadn^c\

Wn hjWh^Y^oZY XdbbjiZg gV^a! VcY ^i ]Vh ZWWZY VcY ÓdlZY

Vc VggVn d[ Wdi] adXVa VcY \adWVa YViV hZih VcY Vc VcVanh^h I]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY i]Z YZh^\c d[ jgWVc ]djh^c\ ^c gZaVi^dc ^c ^ih gZaVi^dch]^e id CZl Ndg` dkZg i]Z eVhi ]Va["XZcijgn Vh d[ ]^hidg^X jgWVc [dgb VcY egd_ZXi^c\ i]Z ediZci^Vah d[ cZl id YZch^in VcY XdccZXi^k^in id igVchedgiVi^dc ^c[gVhigjXijgZ# V _dW WVhZ dg Vh V hdX^Va dg XdbbZgX^Va ]jW# Djg ldg` Zm" egd\gVbb^c\ VcY gZYZkZadebZci ^hhjZh i]Vi VgZ gZ"h]Ve^c\ I]Z hijY^d h^iZ lVh ^c ?ZghZn 8^in! CZl ?ZghZn# L^i] V [dXjh eadgZY XdbW^c^c\ ]djh^c\ l^i] i]Z E6I= HiVi^dc Vi ?djgcVa i]Z X^in Å i]Z hijY^dh Vahd V\\gZhh^kZan XddgY^cViZ ldg` ^c dc ^hhjZh XZcigVa id edhi"lVg ]djh^c\ ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh HfjVgZ ^c ?ZghZn 8^in# $


gZVabh d[ jgWVc YZkZadebZci VcY! ^c eVgi^XjaVg! ldg` dc i]Z HX]dda VcY i]Vi egdbdiZ ^ciZaaZXijVa Xgdhh"[Zgi^a^oVi^dc Zck^gdcbZciVa gZbZY^Vi^dc! ZcZg\n jhZ! lViZg! ^gg^\Vi^dc! Vbdc\ Y^hX^ea^cZh# 6 gZfj^gZY aZXijgZ XdjghZ dc i]Z ilZci^" igVchedgiVi^dc VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! VcY i]Z ediZci^Va ^b" Zi]"XZcijgn X^in VcY dc XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXijgVa i]Zdgn! eVXi VcY Z[[ZXi d[ bV_dg jgWVc igVch[dgbVi^dch ldgaYl^YZ# ZmXajh^kZ id i]Z egd\gVb! egdk^YZh \gdjcY^c\ [dg Y^hX^ea^cVgn 6i i]Z bdgZ adXVa XdciZmi! hijYZcih ^c hdbZ hijY^dh ]VkZ ZmeadgVi^dc ^c i]Z hijY^d# I]Z VYkVcXZY hijY^dh [gZfjZcian YZkZadeZY XadhZ VhhdX^Vi^dch l^i] <H6EE GZhZVgX] AVWh! ji^a^oZ CZl Ndg` Vh V YZh^\c aVWdgVidgn Å V \adWVa X^in i]Vi jh^c\! [dg ^chiVcXZ! i]Z ;VWg^XVi^dc AVW id ldg` l^i] [jaa" egZhZcih Wdi] jc^fjZ X]VaaZc\Zh VcY jc^fjZ deedgijc^i^Zh# hXVaZ egdidine^c\ VcY [VWg^XVi^dc egdXZhhZh#

I]Z egd\gVb ]Vh adc\ WZZc V h^iZ [dg VgX]^iZXih [gdb VgdjcY

I]Z XdbeaZm^in d[ XdcXZeijVa ^hhjZh! [gdb hbVaaÄhXVaZ i]Z \adWZ id iZhi XdcXZeih VcY Xdc[gdci X]Vc\Zh i]Vi V[[ZXi h^iZh id WgdVY jgWVc egd\gVbh! Wj^aYh jedc i]Z WVh^X h`^aah VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY X^i^Zh ldgaYl^YZ# \V^cZY ^c i]Z 8dgZ HijY^d VcY hjbbZg 669 hZfjZcXZ# HijYZcih VgZ cdl ZmedhZY id V \gZViZg cjbWZg d[ hijY^d

PbeebZf Dbgg^ MkZo^ebg` ?^eehplabil

I]Z hijY^d Vh`ZY i]Vi hijYZcih YZh^\c [dg V edejaVi^dc Xg^i^Xh VcY XdchjaiVcih VcY i]Zn VhhjbZ \gZViZg Vjidcdbn D^gg^ma ?kZfimhg% _Z\nemr Xdjci ^c XdbW^cVi^dc l^i] V [dXjh dc YlZaa^c\ jc^i Xdjci# ^c higjXijg^c\ i]Z^g \dVah# HijYZcih [gdb Wdi] i]Z B#6gX]# ?HK>B@G MK:O>E :G= LMN=R IKH@K:FL HijY^d egd\gVbb^c\ [dg i]Z Wj^aY^c\ h^iZ ^c ?djgcVa HfjVgZ VcY 669 egd\gVbh ldg` id\Zi]Zg ^c i]ZhZ hijY^dh0 i]Z Y^" VYYgZhhZY YZh^\c [dg V edejaVi^dc d[ Veegdm^bViZan &*%% kZgh^in d[ WVX`\gdjcYh! ZmeZg^ZcXZh VcY heZX^Vai^Zh i]Zn I]Z HX]dda ^h i]Z WZcZÒX^Vgn d[ V Xdch^YZgVWaZ WZfjZhi eZdeaZ Wji h^bjaiVcZdjhan Vh`ZY i]Z hijYZcih id add` Vi Wg^c\ [dg\Zh V XdaaZXi^kZ ZcZg\n ZVX] nZVg i]Vi V[[ZXih i]Z [gdb i]Z aViZ L^aa^Vb @^ccZ ;Zaadlh VcY ]Vh Vi ^ih i]Z gVb^ÒXVi^dch d[ jc^i Xdjci VcY Wj^aY^c\ bVhh^c\# I]Z hijY^d egdYjXi^dc# XjggZci egdedhVah [dg i]Z VgZV VgZ \ZcZgVaan WVhZY dc jc^i

ejgedhZ i]Z Zcg^X]bZci d[ hijYZciÉh ZYjXVi^dc i]gdj\]

I]Z 6YkVcXZY HijY^d hZfjZcXZ [dhiZgh Vc ZmeZg^bZciVa igVkZa# IgVY^i^dcVa egdXZYjgZh d[ Y^hWjghZbZci ^cXajYZ

Xdjci gVi]Zg i]Zc edejaVi^dc Xdjci Å l]^aZ ^i ^h ^bedhh^WaZ YZh^\c XjaijgZ hZch^i^kZ id i]Z bVcn Y^[[ZgZci gdaZh eaVnZY ^cY^k^YjVa! cdc"XdbeZi^i^kZ \gVcih [dg hjbbZg igVkZa [dg id cdi iZhi bVhh^c\$jc^i Xdjci i]Z hijY^d Vh`ZY hijYZcih id Wn VgX]^iZXih ^c XdciZbedgVgn hdX^Zin# I]Z 6YkVcXZY HijY^dh i]^gYÄnZVg VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY ÒghiÄnZVg egZhZgkVi^dc VcY ZmVb^cZ ]djhZ]daY fjVa^i^Zh VcY ]dl ]djhZ]daY h^oZh kVgn hZZ` V cZl i]gZh]daY YZÒc^i^dc [dg i]ZhZ gdaZh# I]^h ^ccdkV" eaVcc^c\ hijYZcih! VcY V a^b^iZY cjbWZg d[ XdbeZi^i^kZ Å i]Vi ^h! ]dl Y^[[ZgZci ]djhZ]daYh bVn kVgn ^c h^oZ &") i^dc gZa^Zh dc i]Z ZcZg\n VcY Xdcig^Wji^dc d[ i]Z hijYZcih id hX]daVgh]^eh [dg ild id i]gZZ bdci]h d[ igVkZa deZc id Vaa eZdeaZ dg bdgZ VcY ]dl Y^[[ZgZci [VXidgh gZfj^gZ jc^fjZ XgZViZ V cZl WZcX]bVg` l^i] ZVX] \gVYjVi^c\ XaVhh# Z[[ZXih d[ XdbbjiZg igVch^i VgZ V [VXidg ^c i]^h ZfjVi^dc!

\gVYjVi^c\ hijYZcih ^c i]Z hX]dda# I]Z <H6EE 8dbb^iiZZ dc ;Zaadlh]^eh VcY 6lVgYh

VeVgibZcih# H^cXZ ?ZghZn 8^in ^h X]Vc\^c\ gVe^Yan VcY i]Z

:]oZg\^] :k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g

YZX^YZh ZVX] nZVg ]dl id Y^hWjghZ i]Z VccjVa ^ciZgZhi d[

hijYZci ldg` add`ZY Vi V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ XdcY^i^dch i]Vi >gkbjn^ PZed^k% ]bk^\mhk

i]Z L^aa^Vb @^ccZ ;Zaadlh Igjhi! VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z [daadl"

ldjaY V[[ZXi i]Z ]djh^c\ edejaVi^dc#

^c\ egdXZYjgZ/ VkV^aVWaZ [jcYh VgZ Y^k^YZY Vbdc\ i]Z egd" I]Z BVhiZg d[ HX^ZcXZ YZ\gZZ ^c 6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgVa \gVbh ^c i]Z hX]dda! egdedgi^dcViZ id i]Z aZc\i] d[ ZVX]

:]oZg\^] :k\abm^\mnk^ Lmn]bhl

9Zh^\c ^h V i]gZZ"iZgb egd\gVb Xdch^hi^c\ d[ hjbbZg! egd\gVb VcY i]Z cjbWZg d[ hijYZcih ZcgdaaZY#

EZnkb^ AZpdbglhg% ]bk^\mhk

Vjijbc! VcY heg^c\ iZgbh# I]Z dW_ZXi^kZ d[ i]Z egd\gVb ^h id egdk^YZ djihiVcY^c\ ndjc\ egd[Zhh^dcVah l]d ]daY V

I]^h ÒcVa i]gZZ"hZbZhiZg hZfjZcXZ d[ 6YkVcXZY HijY^dh 7VX]Zadg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ dg BVhiZg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ YZ\gZZ ^c i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ egd\gVb Wj^aYh jedc i]Z 8dgZ HijY^d i]Z deedgijc^in id ZciZg ^cid Vc ^ciZch^kZ! edhi\gVYjViZ hZfjZcXZ Wji Y^kZg\Zh ^c h^\c^[^XVci lVnh# :VX] hijY^d hijYn i]Vi ZcXdjgV\Zh Xg^i^XVa i]dj\]i ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ [dXjhZh dc V Y^[[ZgZci ^chi^iji^dc VcY h^iZ l]^aZ Zmeadg^c\ YZh^\c heZXjaVi^dc# I]Z egd\gVb ^h k^ZlZY Vh V [gVbZldg` jc^fjZ bZVch d[ gZYZÒc^c\ VcY ^ckZci^c\ i]Z gdaZ d[ ejWa^X ^c l]^X] Wdi] VXVYZb^X VcY egd[Zhh^dcVa XdcXZgch VgZ VcY$dg eg^kViZ ^chi^iji^dch VcY i]Z^g gZaZkVcXZ id jgWVc a^[Z ZmeadgZY# DkZgVaa! i]Z egd\gVb Zbe]Vh^oZh Vc ZmeZg^bZciVa idYVn VcY ^c i]Z [jijgZ# I]gdj\] Xg^i^XVa VcVanh^h d[ Zm^hi^c\ VeegdVX] id gZhZVgX] VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c g^\dgdjhan ^chi^iji^dcVa egd\gVbh VcY i]Z ^ckZci^dc d[ cZl egd\gVbh! \gdjcYZY ^c bjai^eaZ! XdbeaZm gZVa^i^Zh# HeZX^ÒXVaan! i]Z i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa hijY^dh gZ"VeegV^hZ VcY YZÒcZ cZl eVgVY^\bh egd\gVb hZZ`h id/ [dg a^[Z ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]Z 6YkVcXZY HijY^dh ZmiZcY i]Z hijYZcihÉ XVeVX^in [dg

&# 6YYgZhh i]Z X]VaaZc\Zh VcY edhh^W^a^i^Zh d[ \adWVa

bdgZ ^cYZeZcYZci VcY ^ckZhi^\Vi^kZ i]^c`^c\ VWdji VgX]^" jgWVc^oVi^dc Wn Zmeadg^c\ i]Z X^in Å VcY ^ih VgX]^iZXijgZ iZXijgZ# 6 l^YZ gVc\Z d[ ide^Xh VcY egd_ZXih VgZ d[[ZgZY ZVX] Å ^c Vaa ^ih [dgbh# hZbZhiZg! VcY Xg^i^Xh egZhZci hijY^d egd_ZXih i]Vi gZaViZ id

'# :c\V\Z ^c V XdbeaZm YZÒc^i^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! [gdb

i]Z^g heZX^ÒX VgZVh d[ gZhZVgX] VcY ZmeZgi^hZ# HijYZcih iV`Z i]Z fjZhi^dc^c\ d[ i]Z egd\gVb id i]Z [dgbjaVi^dc d[ YZh^\c dc heZX^Va^oZY ^cY^k^YjVa YZh^\c igV_ZXidg^Zh ^c HijY^dh * VcY higViZ\^Zh# + l^i] h^iZh VcY egd\gVbh d[iZc Y^heZghZY \adWVaan# >c i]Z

(# EgdYjXZ VgX]^iZXijgVa dW_ZXih Å Wdi] Y^\^iVa VcY

ÒcVa hZbZhiZg! hijY^dh igVkZa id h^iZh i]Vi hjeedgi i]Z^g hij" e]nh^XVa Å l]^X] gZÓZXi Vc deZc! Xg^i^XVa Zc\V\ZbZci Wdi] Y^d gZhZVgX] ide^X# IgVkZa ^h hjeedgiZY Wn <H6EE [jcY^c\ ^c l^i] cZl VcY Zm^hi^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh# i]Z [dgb d[ @^ccZ IgVkZa <gVcih#

)# 6gi^XjaViZ VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh V XjaijgVa egVXi^XZ i]Vi Xdb"

I]Z Ò[i] VcY h^mi] hZbZhiZgh XdbW^cZ hijY^dh l^i] W^cZh Xg^i^XVa i]dj\]i! YZh^\c ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc! VcY Zi]^XVa i]dhZ \gVYjVi^c\ ^c i]Z Òghi egd[Zhh^dcVa egd\gVb Å BVh" gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh ^c Vc ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn b^a^Zj# iZg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ Å VcY i]Z ÒcVa ild hZbZhiZgh d[ i]Z

*# 6Xi^kViZ V l^YZ YZWViZ dc i]Z XdciZbedgVgn XdcY^"

6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgZ 9Zh^\c egd\gVb Å BVhiZg d[ HX^" i^dch i]Vi Xg^i^XVaan V[[ZXi i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ VcY ZcXZ# HZkZciZZc hijY^dh VgZ d[[ZgZY [dg hijYZcih ^c Wdi] i]Z egd[Zhh^dc# egd\gVbh0 ZVX] ^h aZVY Wn Z^i]Zg V [jaa i^bZ [VXjain bZb" WZg Vi 8dajbW^V dg V k^h^i^c\ egd[Zhhdg! d[iZc ^c iZVbh

I]Z egd\gVb Wg^c\h id\Zi]Zg V hZi d[ gZfj^gZY hijY^dh

i]Vi XdbW^cZ egd[Zhh^dcVa ZmeZgi^hZ# HijY^dh VYYgZhh cZl l^i] ZaZXi^kZ XdjghZh i]Vi VgZ h]VgZY l^i] di]Zg egd\gVbh ^c %



8g^i^Xh 6a^XZ 8]jc ?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc @Z^i] @VhZbVc ?VcZiiZ @^b E]^a^e EVg`Zg BVg` GV`ViVch`n Ndh]^`d HVid <Va^V Hdadbdcd[[

:mfhlia^k^ @ZebZ Lhehfhgh__% \hhk]bgZmhk :eb\^ <ang% C^__k^r Chaglhg% D^bma DZl^fZg% CZg^mm^ Dbf% Iabebi IZkd^k% FZkd KZdZmZgldr% Rhlabdh LZmh% @ZebZ Lhehfhgh__% \kbmb\l LMN=BH *% ?:EE +))1

LZ VgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c Vibdhe]ZgZ VcY i]Z bjai^" '

ea^X^in d[ ^ih bZVc^c\h Å Vh bZY^jb! bZVhjgZ! VcY bddY Å VcY ^ih ^bea^XVi^dch ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ#

I]Z hZbZhiZg ]VY i]gZZ ^ciZggZaViZY Wg^Z[h dg VXXjbjaVi^kZ ZmZgX^hZh Vaa YZVa^c\ l^i] i^bZ! heVXZ! VcY bViZg^Va# :VX] Wg^Z[ Vh`ZY i]Vi i]Z eVgi^X^eVci ZmZgX^hZ Xdcigda dkZg i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa ZmegZhh^dch d[ [dgb VcY i]dj\]i# bViZg^Vah YZeadnZY0 YZk^hZ lVnh d[ YZhXg^W^c\ VXi^dch

7g^Z[ >/ &"lZZ`# 9Zh^\c VcY YgVl ^XZ dkZg V eZg^dY d[ -

eZg[dgbZY0 jhZ hnhiZbh d[ bZVhjgZbZci d[ i^bZ0 VcY ]djgh# I]Z bV^c XdcXZgc lVh id ÆYgVl i^bZ#Ç X]VaaZc\Z i]Z gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc dW_ZXih! WdY^Zh! i^bZ!

7g^Z[ >>/ '"lZZ`h# 9Zh^\c Vc Vjidcdbdjh bdc^idg^c\

VcY Vibdhe]ZgZ! [dgbjaVi^c\ i]Z WVhZh d[ VgX]^iZXidc^X XZaa [dg V Xa^bVidad\^hi hiVi^dcZY djiYddgh# I]Z bV^c Xdc" gZaVi^dch# I]Z Xg^i^XhÉ iVh` VcY YZh^gZ lZgZ i]Vi Wn i]Z ZcY XZgc lVh id ZmeaV^c Æ^ch^YZ"djih^YZÇ Vh bZY^ViZY i]gdj\] d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg! i]Z eVgi^X^eVci WZ lZaa kZghZY ^c i]Z hZXi^dc"eaVc# Xdbbdc aVc\jV\Z lZ h]VgZ Vh VgX]^iZXih VcY jcYZghiVcY

7g^Z[ >>>/ &%"lZZ`h# 9Zh^\c V &'!%%% h[ 6^g AVW [dg i]Z

^ih gZhZVgX]! egdedh^i^dcVa! VcY gZegZhZciVi^dcVa bdYZh# :Vgi] >chi^ijiZ ^c Vc dYY h]VeZY jgWVc adi VcY YZk^hZ gZbZ" I]gdj\] i]Z Wg^Z[h! i]Z hijYZcih \V^cZY `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z Y^Vi^dc higViZ\^Zh i]Vi XdbeaZbZci i]Z Wj^aY^c\! aVcYhXVeZ h]VgZY VgX]^iZXijgVa aVc\jV\Z i]Vi ^h i]Z \gVbbVg Vaadl^c\ VcY h^iZ# I]Z bV^c XdcXZgc lVh id YZk^hZ V ÆYZX^h^dc"egd" VgX]^iZXih id XgZViZ VcY [gVbZ Y^kZg\ZcXZh VcY [dgbjaViZ XZYjgZÇ VcY XdggZaViZ ^i id i]gZZ"Y^bZch^dcVa bdYZa#


6

7 8

9

:

;

:mfhlia^k^

I^bdi]n 7Zaa! HVgV] 8VgeZciZg 7 ! Hjc\bddc 8]d!

:eb\^ <ang% \kbmb\

EVig^X` 8dWW 7 ! AZ^\]V 9Zcc^h 8$: ! 7g^iiVcn 9gVeVX! ?^"=nZ =Vb 9 ! ?dhZe] =lVc\Wd! B^X]ZVa C]Vb ; ! @Vi]gnc kVc Kddg]ZZh

B6C=6II6C


6 7

8 9

:mfhlia^k^ C^__k^r Chaglhg% \kbmb\

:

<gZ\dgn 7j\Za 8 ! CZaan 8]Vc\! 7ZcZY^Xi 8adjZiiZ 7$: ! BVhdc :Y\Z 9 ! CVi]Vc^Za ;ZaYZg! 6a^cV <dgd`]dkV! 8g^hi^cV =VcYVa! @Zgg^ =ZcYZghdc 6 ! 9^dcnh^h @Vai^h! @ViZ BVX<gZ\dg! 8]Vc ?j EVg`

B6C=6II6C


:

:mfhlia^k^ D^bma DZl^fZg% \kbmb\

6

7

8

9

;

GjWZc 8VaYlZaa! ?dgYVc 8VgkZg! 6cc^Z 8]Zc! NVc\ =jV! ?ja^Z ?^gV! ?ja^VcV NVi H]jc @Z^ 6$7 ! 6cYgZl @^b! Adj^h @dZ]a 8$; ! @Vi]Vg^cZ HiVgg AVl! H]ZV HVW^cd! AZ^\] HVaZb 9$: ! 6ccV Hidg`

B6C=6II6C


6

7 8

9

:

:mfhlia^k^

HjhVc 8]dZ! ?Zk^c 9dgc^X! :j\ZcZ AZZ!

CZg^mm^ Dbf% \kbmb\

?ZZjc AZZ! 8]Z"LZ^ 6g^Zh A^Vc\! K^cXZci B^aaZg! 8]g^hi^cV C\jnZc 9 ! :hiZ[Vc^V E^aVii^! :kVc H]Vge 6$7 ! L# 7g^Vc Hb^i] 8$: ! BVga^hV L^hZ

B6C=6II6C


6 7

8

9

:

;

:mfhlia^k^

9Vk^Y 6cYZghdc! 9db^c^X 7Vgi] : ! 8]Zc 8]Zc!

Iabebi IZkd^k% \kbmb\

8aV^gZ 9jW 9$; ! ?ZV =ZZ =Vc! N^]Vc =Vd! :hiZWVc GZ^X]WZg\ 8 ! GZZY H^bdcYh! H^h]^g KVg\]ZhZ! M^VdbZc\ Mj! GdYg^\d OVbdgV 6$7

B6C=6II6C


6

8

7

9

:

:mfhlia^k^

7gncV 6cYZghZc! 6YVb <ZgWZg! BZhgde CV_Vg^Vc!

FZkd KZdZmZgldr% \kbmb\

6aZmVcYZg EVab^hVcd! Bj 8]Vc EVg` 6$: ! I]dbVh EdeZ! >hVWZaaZ G^_ci^Zh! B^gVcYV GdbZg! HiZ[VcV H^b^X! B^X]^ Jh]^d! AjX L^ahdc 7$8$9

B6C=6II6C


6 7

8

9

: ;

:mfhlia^k^ Rhlabdh LZmh% \kbmb\

EVig^X` 8dclVn! GVX]Za =^aaZgn! A^cYhVn BX8aZaaVcY 8$9 ! 8]g^hide]Zg EdlZgh ; ! 6aaZc GdW^chdc! B^X]VZa GdW^io! 8dcc^Z H]j! 6cYgZV HgZh]iV 6$7 ! 7gZcYVc Hjaa^kVc! 6cYgZl IZc\! @Z^i] LZWZg :

B6C=6II6C


6 8

7

9

:

; <

:mfhlia^k^ @ZebZ Lhehfhgh__% \kbmb\

EZiZg 6YVbh 6$: ! 9Vc^Za 7VX^jh`V < ! >gZcZ 7g^hhdc! Bdaan 8VakVc^! 9Va^V =VbVi^ 9 ! Idc\ =Vd! @g^hiZc Bjcgd! 6cYgZl KVcc 7$8 ! ?Z[[gZn L]^iZ! ?jc\ Ldd NZd! 8dYn OVa` ;

B6C=6II6C


Ma^ Fnl^nf h_ =^ebg^Zmbhg(FH=3 Fb\kh(F^lh(FZ\kh =^ebg^Zmbhg

h]^e! XVc dcan WZ jcYZghiddY i]gdj\] i]Z WdYn# I]Vi ^h! i]Vi

RheZg]^ =Zgb^el% \kbmb\

djg `cdlaZY\Z d[ V hjWhiVcXZ XVc VcY h]djaY WZ \V^cZY

LMN=BH +% LIKBG@ +))2

i]gdj\] Vc VXi^kZ egdXZhh d[ bVc^ejaVi^dc d[ i]Vi hjW"

VXi^dch! hdbZi^bZh Zbeadn^c\ l]Vi ^h XVaaZY XgV[ihbVc"

hiVcXZ# I]Z g^h`h VcY gZlVgYh d[ i]ZhZ ediZci^Va bVc^ej" '

I]Z BjhZjb d[ 9Za^cZVi^dc$BD9 l^aa cdi ]VkZ V

aVi^dch Å VcY i]Z^g gZheZXi^kZ ^cÓjZcXZ dc i]Z bjhZjb

eZgbVcZci XdaaZXi^dc0 ^i YgVlh [gdb bjhZjbh

VgX]^iZXijgZ lgdj\]i Å lVh i]Z WVh^h d[ V hZbZhiZg adc\

dg XdaaZXi^dch# I]Z ^c^i^Va XdbedcZci hijY^Zh! dg

hijY^d Xg^i^fjZ#

YZa^cZVi^dch! YgZl [gdb i]Z bZiVa iVeZhig^Zh d[ i]Z Vgi^hi

EgZa^b^cVgn hijY^d ZmZgX^hZh ZbeadnZY gZVa bViZg^Vah

:a 6cVihj^! heZX^[^XVaan i]Z ldg` Æ7ZilZZc :Vgi] VcY

VcY gZVa iZX]c^fjZh# DeZgVi^dch ^ckdak^c\ g^h` VcY XZgiV^c"

=ZVkZcÇ ^c i]Z XdaaZXi^dc d[ i]Z BZigdeda^iVc BjhZjb d[

in lZgZ eaVccZY! Y^hXjhhZY VcY Xg^i^fjZY#

6gi# >c i]Z YZa^cZVi^dch! i]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY i]Z ldg` VcY ^ih bjhZjb l^i]^c Vc ^ciZgX]Vc\ZVWaZ eVgiÄidÄhnhiZb i]gdj\] heVXZ VcY VgdjcY bViZg^Va# I]Z Y^[[Zg^c\ V\ZcYVh

=kZpbg`3 : Ikhc^\m h_ =^lb`g

ad\^X d[ b^Xgd! bZhd! VcY bVXgd hXVa^c\ YZk^XZh i]Vi d[ Æ]daZhÇ ^c heVXZ VcY ^c higjXijgZ hj\\Zhi i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h V ChZjnbf Fhk^gh% \kbmb\ bZVhjgZ VcY dgYZg [dgbh# I]Z ^ciZggZaViZY gZaVi^dch]^eh iZch^dc WZilZZc ]dl ZVX] ^h XdcXZ^kZY! YZkZadeZY! VcY LMN=BH +% LIKBG@ +))2 d[ i]Z YZiV^a! dW_ZXi! VcY hnhiZb lZgZ i]Z [dXjh d[ i]Z ÒcVaan bVc^[ZhiZY ^c Wj^aY^c\h! VcY i]Vi i]ZhZ djiXdbZh ;dg V adc\ i^bZ! YgVl^c\ lVh ^cYZZY l]Vi VgX]^"

B^Xgd$BZhd$BVXgd 9Za^cZVi^dc hijY^Zh# 9ZiV^a! dW_ZXi! VcY iZcY id \Vi]Zg VgdjcY Z^i]Zg higjXijgZ dg heVXZ! gVi]Zg hnhiZb VgZ igVchaVi^dch d[ b^Xgd! bZhd! VcY bVXgd id i]Vc VgdjcY V [jaa ^ciZgVXi^dc WZilZZc i]Zb# 6 egd_ZXi [dg VgX]^iZXijgVa iZgbh# GVi]Zg i]Vc WZ^c\ ÒmZY fjVci^i^Zh! i]Z V BjhZjb d[ 9Za^cZVi^dc XdjaY ZmeadgZ l]Vi Zm^hih ^cÄ

*

iZXih Y^Y0 YgVl^c\ [gVbZY i]Z iZX]c^fjZh d[ i]Z^g XgV[i Vh lZaa Vh i]Z egdYjXi d[ i]Z^g ldg`# I]Z

hXVaZ d[ i]Z YZiV^a! dW_ZXi! VcY hnhiZb VgZ ha^Y^c\0 ZVX] ^h V WZilZZc higjXijgVa dgYZg VcY heVi^Va Xdci^c\ZcXn VcY k^XZ ZchZbWaZ d[ YgV[i^c\ iZX]c^fjZh VcY ^chigjbZcih lVh gVc\Z l^i]^c oZgd id ^cÒc^in# 9ZiV^ah! [dg ZmVbeaZ! bVn kZghV ! VcY ^c^i^ViZ V gZX^egdXVa gZÄegd\gVbb^c\ d[ i]Z ValVnh V kVajVWaZ VgX]VZdad\^XVa bVg`Zg id gZaViZ i]Z gVc\Z [gdb [jaa hXVaZ id i]Z b^XgdhXde^X# DW_ZXih dXXjen V V\ZcYVh d[ heVXZ VcY higjXijgZ Vi i]Z hXVaZ d[ i]Z Zm]^W^iZY egdYjXi^dc d[ YZh^\c VcY i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ Wj^aY^c\h Å Vc b^YYaZ \gdjcY VcY bVn gVc\Z ^c h^oZ [gdb V e^c id V dW_ZXi! ^ih XdciV^cZg! VcY i]Z X^in#

VbVa\VbVi^dc d[ iZX]c^fjZh l^i] V igZbZcYdjh ^cÓjZcXZ

h`nhXgVeZg# HnhiZbh bVn gVc\Z [gdb V higjXijgVa hnhiZb

^c i]Z YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh ^i hZgkZY# HjX] ^ciZgVXi^dc ^h Wdi]

id V hdX^Va! \adWVa! dg eaVcZiVgn cZildg`# >c i]Z YZh^\c d[

Fnl^nf h_ =^ebg^Zmbhg

]^hidg^XVa Å [gdb i]Z h`ZiX] ^c \gZVhZY eVeZg id i]Z WajZ"

i]Z BjhZjb d[ 9Za^cZVi^dc$BD9! Vc jcYZgan^c\ \dVa lVh Kh[^km FZkbgh% \kbmb\

eg^ci! eVhh^c\ i]gdj\] igVX^c\ eVeZg Å VcY XdciZbedgVgn!

id jcYZghiVcY i]Z bjhZjb VcY bjhZjb Wj^aY^c\ Vh YZiV^a! LMN=BH +% LIKBG@ +))2

l^i] Vaa i]Z cZl Vgi^XjaVi^dch WZilZZc YZh^\c VcY Wj^aY^c\

dW_ZXi! VcY hnhiZb#

iZX]cdad\^Zh# 9gVl^c\h i]ZbhZakZh heVccZY [gdb Y^hedhVWaZ ÆDjg ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ ^h i]Z egdadc\Vi^dc d[ djg YddYaZh id egZX^djh! ]^\]an eg^oZY ^bV\Zh! WZilZZc

LiZmbZe Lmkn\mnk^(Lmkn\mnkZe LiZ\^3 Ma^ Fnl^nf h_ =^ebg^Zmbhg

)

hZchZh# 7Z[dgZ lZ heZXjaViZ lZ bjhi a^kZ! VcY ^ckdajciVgn ^cYZmZh VcY ^chigjbZcih d[ XVgZ[ja ^aajh^dc! a^[Z YZbVcYh i]Vi lZ bV`Z jhZ d[ bViiZg! Z^i]Zg hdbZi^bZh Vaa ^c i]Z hVbZ YgVl^c\#

<aZke^l >e]k^]% \kbmb\

l^i] djg dg\Vch! l]^X] VgZ cVijgVa iddah! egdeZgan hdÄ

LMN=BH +% LIKBG@ +))2

XVaaZY! l]^X] VgZ Vgi^ÒX^Va dg\Vch# Adc\ WZ[dgZ i]ZgZ lVh V ^oVi^dc d[ i]Z XZcigVa dW_ZXi d[ V bjhZjb Xdbea^XViZh ^ih

HjX] Vc ZmeVcY^c\ iZX]c^XVa VcY Vji]dg^Va X]VgVXiZg"

e]^adhde]n VcY V hX^ZcXZ! i]Z gdaZ d[ i]Z ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ lVh YZÒc^i^dc/ V bjhZjb [dg ^bV\Zh dg V bjhZjb [dg iZX]cdad" ÆI]Z Vgi d[ higjXijgZ ^h ]dl VcY l]ZgZ id eji i]Z VagZVYn i]Vi d[ bVcj[VXijg^c\ ^chigjbZcih VcY \j^Y^c\ i]Z \^Zh4 6 bjhZjb [dg YgVl^c\h i]Vi VXiZY Vh gZeaVXZbZci [dg (

]daZh#Ç HigjXijgVa Zc\^cZZg GdWZgi AZ G^XdaV^hÉ VXi^dc d[ djg WdYn dc hjggdjcY^c\ WdY^Zh# HX^ZcXZ ]Vh Wj^ai VgX]^iZXijgZ! dg [dg YgVl^c\h i]Vi hZgkZY i]Z ^ckZci^dc [dgbjaVi^dc gZhdcViZh l^i] djg ldg` Vh lZaa/ ejh]ZY i]^h aVWdg d[ i]Z ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ bjX] [jgi]Zg! Wji ]Vh

Æ]dl VcY l]ZgZ id eji i]Z ]daZhÇ ^h V XZcigVa XdcXZgc d[ cdi X]Vc\ZY ^ih Y^gZXi^dc# >i V^bh VWdkZ Vaa Vi bV`^c\ jh Wdi] YgVl^c\ VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ# ;dg AZ G^XdaV^h! i]Z V\ZcYV bVhiZgh d[ bViiZg#Ç Å =Zcg^ 7Zg\hdc! The Creative Mind: An d[ higjXijgZ ^h V XdbeZi^i^dc WZilZZc bViZg^Va a^b^ih VcY Introduction to Metaphysics \gVk^in/ ÆoZgd lZ^\]i! ^cÒc^iZ heVc#Ç >[ i]Vi ^h igjZ! i]Zc V

HijYZcih lZgZ Vh`ZY! i]gdj\]dji i]Z hZbZhiZg! id Xdch^Y"

]daZ ^c higjXijgZ bjhi WZ i]Z edgi^dc d[ bViZg^Va i]Vi XVc Zg i]Z bdhi WVh^X d[ fjZhi^dch gZ\VgY^c\ i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ WZ gZbdkZY WZXVjhZ ^i ^h i]Z eaVXZ l]ZgZ cdi]^c\ ]VeeZch# V ÆXdaaZXi^dcÇ d[ dW_ZXih l^i]^c V XjaijgZ# >c i]^h gZ\VgY dW_ZXih 7ji ^c YgVl^c\! VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ! lZ `cdl i]Vi ^i ^h i]Z XVc WZ XViZ\dg^oZY Vh WZ^c\ Æ^YZVa^hi^XÇ ^c i]Z EaVidc^X hZchZ! eaVXZ l]ZgZ ZkZgni]^c\ ]VeeZch# I]Z ZkZci d[ higjXijgZ ^h dg Vh WZ^c\ ÆgZVa^hi^XÇ ^c i]Z 7Zg\hdc^Vc hZchZ# \gVk^in VcY i]Z YgVbV d[ ]dl ^i ^h igVchb^iiZY VgdjcY

HijY^d ZmZgX^hZh [dhiZgZY `cdlaZY\Z d[ ÆgZVa^hi^XÇ

heVXZ VcY i]gdj\] bViZg^Va# I]Z ZkZci d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h dW_ZXih \V^cZY eg^bVg^an i]gdj\] i]Z ediZci^Va [dg VXi^dc ]jbVc VXi^k^in VcY i]Z YgVbV d[ ]dl ^i ^h igVchb^iiZY jedc i]Z hjWhiVcXZh i]Vi bV`Z i]Zb je# I]ZhZ ediZci^Va


8g^i^Xh NdaVcYZ 9Vc^Zah 8]VgaZh :aYgZY GdWZgi BVg^cd ?dVfj^b BdgZcd BVg` GV`ViVch`n @Vg^V Gdi]hiZ^c BVg` LVh^jiV BVWZa D# L^ahdc

d[ Wj^aY^c\h0 V heVXZ l^i] V YVg`! XdcigdaaZY Vibdhe]ZgZ! ^c l]^X] id XdciZbeaViZ k^gijdjh ]VcYbVYZ YgVl^c\h! dg V eaVn\gdjcY [dg dWhdaZiZ kZgh^dch d[ 6jid8694 6 bjhZjb d[ YZa^cZVi^dc i]jh YZbVcYh V Xg^i^X^hb d[ i]Z bjhZjb Vh Vc ^chi^iji^dc Vh lZaa Vh d[ ^ih dW_ZXih# I]Z ZmigVdgY^cVgn eZYV" \d\^XVa deedgijc^in d[ i]ZhZ fjZhi^dch ^h i]Vi i]Z ^ckZhi^\V" i^dc d[ V BjhZjb d[ 9Za^cZVi^dc Vh V YZh^\c egdWaZb bjhi WZ XdcYjXiZY l^i] ^ih kZgn ^chigjbZcih#

I^k_hkfZmbo^ :k\abm^\mnk^3 =^ebg^Zmbg`

=ZcXZ! lZ Vh`ZY! ÆbjhZjb ]di dg XdaY 4 L]Vi ^h ^ih YZ" \gZZ d[ ^ciZgVXi^dc! dg ^ckdakZbZci! VcY l^i] l]Vi4 L]Vi ldjaY ]di! XdaY! adl dg ]^\] gZhdaji^dc WZ [dg V XdciZb" edgVgn bjhZjb4 L]^X] ^h id hVn i]Vi lZ fjZhi^dcZY i]Z iZbeZgVijgZ d[ i]Z bjhZjb lZ lZgZ XdcXZ^k^c\# L]^aZ i]^h XdbeZaaZY jh id i]^c` d[ i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa Z[[ZXih d[ i]Z bjhZjb Å ^ih a^cZVg^in ^c V [dgbVa! bZY^Vi^X! VcY XdcXZe" ijVa hZchZ Å ^i Vahd ]ZaeZY jh i]^c` VWdji ^ih YZ\gZZ d[ hZe" VgVi^dc VcY ^ih Vjidcdbn! VWdji i]Z l]^iZ WaVc`cZhh d[ i]Z bjhZjb i]Vi GdWZgi Hb^i]hdc XVaah ^ih ÆVWhdajiZ cjaa^in#Ç

FZkd KZdZmZgldr% \kbmb\

Hd! lZ Y^Y cdi [daadl BXaj]Vc! Wji WZ\Vc Wn jh^c\ ]^b Vh

LMN=BH +% LIKBG@ +))2

V egdkdXVi^dc id Y^gZXi djg fjZhi^dch VWdji i]Z bjhZjbÉh a^cZVg^in VcY ^ih bZY^V iZbeZgVijgZ! VWdji l]Vi b^\]i WZ

+

CZl iZXidc^X YZa^cZVi^dch VcY edgigVnVah XVc h]dl

jcYZghiddY Vh i]Z ^ckdakZbZci VcY i]Z hdX^Va! VcY eda^i^XVa

VcY YZkZade cZl heVi^Va edgigVnVah Å i]Z heVi^Va

ZmiZch^dch d[ i]Z bjhZjb# LZ Vahd X]VccZaZY Hb^i]hdcÉh

YZa^cZVi^dch d[ XjaijgZ! XdciZmi! VcY XdbbZgXZ d[

eZgXZei^dc d[ VWhdajiZ cjaa^in! VcY! ^c i]^h hZchZ! lZ YZ"

i]Z bjhZjb Vh Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY hdX^Va ineZ# I]ZhZ VgZ Vaa

h^\cZY BVgi^Vc aVcYhXVeZh#

fjZhi^dch d[ i]Z edgigVnVa! i]Z YZa^cZVi^dc! i]Z [VWg^XVi^dc d[ YZhXg^ei^dch VcY ZmX]Vc\Zh! [gdb i]Z bVXgd jgWVc hXVaZ id

Ma^ Fnl^nf h_ =^ebg^Zmbhg(FH=3 Fb\kh(F^lh(FZ\kh =^ebg^Zmbhg

i]Z b^Xgd hXVaZ d[ Y^heaVn! VcY Vaa i]Z bZhd hXVaZh WZilZZc#

FZ[^e H' Pbelhg% \kbmb\

egd\gVb Å d[ i]Z eZg[dgbVi^kZ ^ciZgVXi^dch d[ egd\gVbbVi^X

LMN=BH +% LIKBG@ +))2

>c iZgbh d[ YZa^cZVi^dch d[ iZXidc^X \ZhijgZ! VgX]^iZXijgZ XVc aZVgc [gdb V kVg^Zin d[ eZg[dgbVi^kZ bZY^V# L^i]^c i]Z

BjhZjbh YZa^cZViZ0 i]Zn YgVl V h`ZiX] d[

hijY^d lZ ZmeadgZY ]dl iZXidc^X ZaZbZcih! VhhZbWan hnh" iZbh! egd\gVbbVi^X X]VgVXiZg^oVi^dch! heVi^Va ineZh b^\]i WZ

.

ZkZgnYVn a^[Z# L]Vi i]Z^g XdciZci gZegZhZcih! ^c

edgigVnZY VcY YZkZadeZY Vh X]VgVXiZgh! Vh VXidgh l^i]^c i]Z

hdbZ [Vh]^dc! VgZ i]^c\h VcY ZmeZg^ZcXZh#

VgX]^iZXijgVa YgVbV# A^`Z VXidgh YZZeZc^c\ VcY YZa^cZVi^c\

IZbedgVaan! bjhZjbh XdaaZXi Vgi^[VXih i]Vi ]VkZ WZZc dji ^c

X]VgVXiZg edgigVnVah Vh i]Zn gZhedcY VcY gZVXi [gdb hXZcZ

i]Z ldgaY! Wji i]Zn Vahd VgX]^kZ VcY h]dl gZegZhZciVi^dch

id hXZcZ! i]ZhZ iZXidc^X cZildg`h XVc YZa^cZViZ VcY [VWg^XViZ

i]Vi YZa^cZViZ i]^c\h i]Vi VgZ id WZ ^c i]Z ldgaY hjX] Vh

cZl \ZhijgZh d[ bdi^dc! Zbdi^dc! VcY bZVc^c\ [gdb heVi^Va

VgX]^iZXijgVa YgVl^c\h VcY egdedhVah # HeVi^Vaan! bjhZjbh

hXZcZ id heVi^Va hXZcZ ^c i]Z bjhZjb#

deZgViZ Vh ^cY^XZh dg\Vc^o^c\ VcY XViVad\^c\ Vgi^[VXih# 6h

6cY i]jh WZilZZc i]Z YgVl^c\ VcY i]Z dW_ZXi! WZilZZc

hjX]! i]Z heVi^Va hZfjZcX^c\ d[ i]dhZ dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa hnhiZbh

i]Z Y^V\gVb VcY i]Z Wj^aY^c\! WZilZZc i]Z hd[ilVgZ VcY i]Z

XdchigjXih cVggVi^kZh! l]Zi]Zg ^ciZci^dcVa dg jc^ciZci^dcVa#

idda eVi]! ^h i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ i]Z ild VcY i]gZZ Y^bZc"

I]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY ]dl i]Z VXi d[ YZa^cZVi^dc hZih dji id

h^dch d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa YgVbV#

eaVc! VcY ^c i]Z egdXZhh Vahd igVch[dgbh ^chi^iji^dcVa XdciZci VcY XdciZmi# I]Z jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]ZhZ igVch"

!k^"<Zeb[kZmbhg

7ZgZc\Zg/ L]Vi YdZh Vaa i]^h bZVc4 BVhh de^c^dc! Yd\" [dgbVi^dch lVh Y^hXdkZgZY i]gdj\] XVgZ[ja dWhZgkVi^dc d[

DZkeZ Khmalm^bg% \kbmb\

bVi^hb Å i]ZnÉgZ _jhi ldgYh ½> XdjaYcÉi XVgZ aZhh VWdji kVg^djh ZmeZg^bZcih ^c hXVaZ! bViZg^Va ^cXajY^c\ [djcY

C^ggb_^k Ik^lmhg% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

<Va^aZd½ > YdcÉi \^kZ V YVbc VWdji <Va^aZd#

LMN=BH +% LIKBG@ +))2

dW_ZXih ! [dgb VcY heVXZ# 8jg^dh^in lVh XViVanhi# 6h CNJ

9jYVgY/ Ndj Wgdj\]i ]^b je ^c i]Z Òghi eaVXZ VcY gV^hZY cZjgd hX^Zci^hi 9Zcc^h EZaa^! l]d iV`Zh ]^h hijYZcih id k^h^i i]Z l]daZ fjZhi^dc! hVn^c\ i]Vi egVXi^XZ ValVnh ]VY i]Z EH&Éh H`nheVXZ Wn ?VbZh IjggZaa! egdkdXVi^kZan hj\\Zhih/

:mXZgeiZY [gdb ÆG]^cdXZgdh!Ç 6Xi I]gZZ! Wn aVhi ldgY# BVnWZ ^i YdZh! Wji dcan l]Zc ^i egdXZZYh [gdb ÆXjg^dh^in Yg^kZh dcZ id eVn ViiZci^dc id dcZÉh ldgaY! VcY Vh ,

:j\ cZ >dcZhXd EVg^h! &.+% 9jYVgY/ L]Vi XdjaY WZ bdgZ cVijgVa i]Vc V

g]^cdXZgdh4 7ZgZc\Zg/ NZh! Wji [dg V bVc id ijgc ^cid V g]^cdXZgdh ^h VWcdgbVa WZndcY fjZhi^dc½

i]Zdgn I]Z ]^hidgn d[ i]dj\]i VcY hX^ZcXZ egdkZh i]Vi# \^WWZg^h]! jiiZg ajcVXn

dg WZVji^[ja! dg higVc\Zan ]VgY id ZmeaV^c#Ç I]Z egdedhZY

9jYVgY/ I]ZgZ V\V^c lZ cZZY id YZÒcZ ZmVXian l]Vi lZ ÆBjhZjb d[ 9Za^cZVi^dcÇ ]djhZh i]Z ZmeVcYZY d[ÒXZh d[ bZVc Wn ajcVXn½

9jYVgY/ Ndj hZZb kZgn hjgZ d[ ndjghZa[# L]d XVc hVn l]ZgZ i]Z cdgbVa hideh VcY i]Z VWcdgbVa WZ\^ch4 8Vc

dcZ ig^Zh id bV`Z hZchZ d[ ^i! XVjhZh dcZ id a^c\Zg dc hdbZ

7ZgZc\Zg/ >i YdZhcÉi egdkZ Vcni]^c\ d[ i]Z hdgi >iÉh Vaa eVgi^XjaVg [ZVijgZ i]Vi hjYYZcan hZZbh id hi^X` dji Vh dYY!

G]^odbZ! Vc dca^cZ cZl bZY^V ^chi^iji^dc! h^iZY VY_VXZci id i]Z CZl BjhZjb dc 7dlZgn# G]^odbZÉh Æ^bbViZg^VaÇ Vgi

:nmh<:= Ahm hk <he]

XdaaZXi^dc l^aa WZ Y^heaVnZY ^c i]Z ÆbViZg^VaÇ VgX]^iZXijgZ

ndj eZghdcVaan YZÒcZ i]ZhZ XdcXZei^dch d[ cdgbVa^in VcY FZkd PZlbnmZ% \kbmb\

Vadc\ l^i] XdciZbedgVgn Vgildg`h d[ i]Z CZl BjhZjb #

VWcdgbVa^in4 CdWdYn ]Vh hdakZY i]^h egdWaZb nZi! Z^i]Zg LMN=BH +% LIKBG@ +))2

I]Z hijY^dÉh BjhZjb d[ 9Za^cZVi^dc XdchigjXih i]Z e]nh^XVa

bZY^XVaan dg e]^adhde]^XVaan# Ndj dj\]i id `cdl i]Vi#

VcY eZgXZeijVa i]gZh]daYh WZilZZc i]Z heVXZ$i^bZ d[ i]Z I]Z i^iaZ X^iZh i]Z &.+%h bZY^V \jgj BVgh]Vaa Vgi$VgX]^iZXijgZ$X^in#

7ZgZc\Zg/ I]Z egdWaZb bVn cdi WZ gZhdakZY e]^adhde]" ^XVaan Å Wji ^c egVXi^XZ ^i ^h h^beaZ# I]Zn bVn egdkZ i]ZgZÉh cd hjX] i]^c\ Vh bdkZbZci½ VcY i]Zc ndj hiVgi lVa`^c\½

-

BXAj]VcÉh X]VeiZg! ÆBZY^V =di VcY 8daY!Ç [gdb ]^h [Vbdjh VcY Xdc[djcY^c\ iZmi! Understanding

VcY ndj \d dc lVa`^c\! VcY ndj hVn id ndjghZa[! a^`Z <Va^aZd! Media: The Extensions of Man# 6g\j^c\ [dg i]Z ZbZg\^c\ É: ejg h^ bjdkZɽ

ediZci^Va d[ ZaZXigdc^X \adWVa XdccZXi^k^in! BXAj]Vc VhhZgih/

9jYVgY/ ½9dcÉi Xdc[jhZ i]Z ^hhjZ# >c <Va^aZdÉh XVhZ ^i Æi]Z IK ]Vh egdk^YZY Vc Zck^gdcbZci d[ adl k^hjVa gZhdaji^dc lVh i]Z deedh^iZ/ i]ZdgZi^X VcY hX^Zci^ÒX i]dj\]i egdk^c\ VcY ]^\] ^ckdakZbZci! i]Vi bV`Zh VXXdbbdYVi^dc id djg ^ihZa[ hjeZg^dg id bVhh de^c^dc VcY Yd\bVi^hb#

daYZg ZYjXVi^dcVa ZhiVWa^h]bZci fj^iZ Y^[ÒXjai#Ç


6 8

9

:

;

7

<

Ma^ Fnl^nf h_ =^ebg^Zmbhg(FH=3 Fb\kh(F^lh(FZ\kh =^ebg^Zmbhg

9db^c^X 7Vgi]! I^bdi]n 7Zaa! BVhdc :Y\Z! N^]Vc =Vd!

RheZg]^ =Zgb^el% \kbmb\

B^`Z GdW^io 6$7$;! GZZY H^bdcYh! 6cYgZV HgZh]iV! 6ccV Hidg`

@Zgg^ =ZcYZghdc 8$:! 8]g^hi^cV C\jnZc 9$<! 8]Vc ?j EVg`!

B6C=6II6C


6

7 8

9

:

LiZmbZe Lmkn\mnk^(Lmkn\mnkZe LiZ\^3 Ma^ Fnl^nf h_ =^ebg^Zmbhg <aZke^l >e]k^]% \kbmb\

EZiZg 6YVbh 7$: ! 9Vk^Y 6cYZghdc! 9Vc^Za 7VX^jh`V! >gZcZ 7g^hhdc! CZaan 8]Vc\! ?Zk^c 9dgc^X! 8]Z"LZ^ 6g^Zh A^Vc\! 8]g^hide]Zg EdlZgh 6 ! H^h]^g KVg\]ZhZ! @Z^i] LZWZg! GdYg^\d OVbdgV 8$9

B6C=6II6C


6

7

8 9

:

Fnl^nf h_ =^ebg^Zmbhg

<gZ\dgn 7j\Za! GjWZc 8VaYlZaa 8 ! 9Va^V =VbVi^! Idc\ =Vd!

Kh[^km FZkbgh% \kbmb\

@Vi]Vg^cZ HiVgg AVl! A^cYhVn BX8aZaaVcY! K^cXZci B^aaZg! @g^hiZc Bjcgd! B^X]ZVa C]Vb 6$: ! 6aaZc GdW^chdc! 6cYgZl IZc\ 7 ! 6cYgZl KVcc 9

B6C=6II6C


6

7 8

9

:

;

=kZpbg`3 : Ikhc^\m h_ =^lb`g

Bdaan 8VakVc^! HVgV] 8VgeZciZg ;! HjhVc 8]dZ 6!

ChZjnbf Fhk^gh% \kbmb\

7g^iiVcn 9gVeVX 7$8! 6YVb <ZgWZg! >hVWZaaZ G^_ci^Zh! B^X]^ Jh]^d! ?Z[[gZn L]^iZ! ?jc\ Ldd NZd! 8dYn OVa` 9$:

B6C=6II6C


6

7 8

9 :

;

I^k_hkfZmbo^ :k\abm^\mnk^3 =^ebg^Zmbg`

Hjc\bddc 8]d! NVc\ =jV 6$:$; ! ?dhZe] =lVc\Wd 7$8$9 !

FZkd KZdZmZgldr% \kbmb\

?ja^VcV NVi H]jc @Z^! :j\ZcZ AZZ! ?ZZjc AZZ! M^VdbZc\ Mj

B6C=6II6C


6

7

9

: ;

!k^"<Zeb[kZmbhg

8

<

7gncV 6cYZghZc 6 ! EVig^X` 8dWW ; ! AZ^\]V 9Zcc^h < !

DZkeZ Khmalm^bg% \kbmb\

?ZV =ZZ =Vc 9$: ! ?ja^Z ?^gV 8 ! @dd]d ?jc\! 6aZmVcYZg

C^ggb_^k Ik^lmhg% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

EVab^hVcd! Bj 8]Vc EVg`! B^gVcYV GdbZg! HiZ[VcV H^b^X! 7gZcYVc Hjaa^kVc! AjX L^ahdc 7

B6C=6II6C


6 7

8

9

:

; <

:nmh<:= Ahm hk <he]

8]Zc 8]Zc 7$9 ! CVi]Vc^Za ;ZaYZg < ! ?^"=nZ =Vb! GVX]Za

FZkd PZlbnmZ% \kbmb\

=^aaZgn! 6cYgZl @^b! Adj^h @dZ]a! :hiZ[Vc^V E^aVii^! I]dbVh EdeZ! :kVc H]Vge 6$:$; ! 8dcc^Z H]j! L# 7g^Vc Hb^i] 8 ! BVga^hV L^hZ

B6C=6II6C


7

6

8 9

:

;

Ma^ Fnl^nf h_ =^ebg^Zmbhg(FH=3 Fb\kh(F^lh(FZ\kh =^ebg^Zmbhg

8aV^gZ 9jW :! ?dgYVc 8VgkZg 6$; ! 7ZcZY^Xi 8adjZiiZ!

FZ[^e H' Pbelhg% \kbmb\

9^dcnh^h @Vai^h! @ViZ BVX<gZ\dg! :hiZWVc GZ^X]WZg\!

EVig^X` 8dclVn! 6a^cV <dgd`]dkV! 8g^hi^cV =VcYVa! H]ZV HVW^cd! AZ^\] HVaZb 7$8$9 ! @Vi]gnc kVc Kddg]ZZh

B6C=6II6C


B_ P^ AZ] =^mhnk^] :khng] Z ?^Zk h_ <^gmkZe <hgmkhel3 M^Zf Q <bk\Z *2/)

8g^i^Xh B^X]VZa 7Zaa 7g^Vc Adj\]a^c AVjgV @jg\Vc ;g Y g^X AZkgVi

Fb\aZ^e ;^ee $ ;kbZg Ehn`aebg% \kbmb\l LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1

6i i]Z i^bZ d[ i]Z YZh^\c VcY ZmZXji^dc d[ i]Z '

7Zga^c ;gZZ Jc^kZgh^in Å Wn 8VcY^a^hÄ?dh^XÄLddYh Å i]ZgZ lVh VagZVYn Vc ^cY^XVidg d[ kjacZgVW^a^in

^c IZVb M# ;VXZY l^i] Xg^i^X^hb [gdb Wdi] l^i]^c VcY l^i]dji i]Z \gdje i]ZgZ lVh V hZchZ i]Vi i]Z ldg` d[ IZVb M lVh WZ^c\ gZVa^oZY l^i] Vc dkZgÄVWjcYVcXZ d[ ide Ydlc XZcigVa Vji]dg^in# 8VcY^a^hÉ bVhh^kZ ]djh^c\ YZkZadebZci Vi IdjadjhZÄAZ B^gV^a lVh iZc nZVgh ^cid ^ih YZh^\c VcY VgX]^iZXih cZZY4 L]ZgZ YdZh YZh^\c ÒcY ^ih a^b^ih4 6cY \^Zh i]Vi VgZ Vi i^bZh a^iZgVaan VgX]^iZXijgVa ^c X]VgVXiZg! dg ZmZXji^dc/ ^i cdl hZgkZY '%!%%% eZdeaZ Å VcY VXXdgY^c\ id eZg]Veh bdhi ^bedgiVcian! l]Vi ^h i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc _jhi Vh d[iZc! ÒcVcX^Va! hdX^Va! VcY jai^bViZan eda^i^XVa ^c cV" 8VcY^a^h XdjaY cdl WZ ZmVb^cZY id \Vj\Z ]dl i]^h ZmeZg^" YZWi VcY i]Z ]djhZ]daY WjY\Zi4 Dg½ l]Vi ^h bVhh ]djh^c\ ijgZ Wji dg\Vc^oZY ^c ^chigjbZciVa lVnh Vh k^gijVa ÆVgX]^iZX" ZcXZ ]VY ijgcZY dji VcY ]dl i]Z^g gZaVi^dch]^e id i]Z eda^i^XVa ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY ]dl ^h CZl Ndg` 8^in eVgi^XjaVg ^c ijgVaÇ iZX]cdad\^Zh# I]Z Yg^k^c\ [dgXZ WZ]^cY i]Z hijY^d lVh V Zck^gdcbZci lVh V[[ZXi^c\ i]Z ldg` VcY eZdeaZÉh a^kZh# =djh^c\ ^h gZVa^oZY idYVn ^c hXVaZh i]Vi [Vg ZmXZZY IZVb

i]^h XdciZmi4

]nedi]Zh^h i]Vi i]Z VgX]^iZXi ^h ed^hZY Vi V i]gZh]daY d[ cZl

Djg ldg` idd` eaVXZ i]^h hZbZhiZg ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ Vc iZX]c^XVa bZVch VcY XVeVW^a^i^Zh! VcY i]Vi i]Z YZZe VggVn d[

MÉh ldg`h0 6bZg^XVc ]djh^c\ ^h V ]dbd\ZcZdjh XdbbdY" jc[daY^c\ bdgi\V\Z VcY XgZY^i Xg^h^h# L]^aZ i]Z cZlheVeZgh ÒcVcX^Va VcY eda^i^XVa ^c[gVhigjXijgZh i]Vi hjeedgi ]djh^c\ VgZ ^in egdXZhh d[ bVhh^kZ hXVaZ# 6 gZVXi^dc id IZVb M XVc WZ [dXjhZY dc i]Z ÒcVcX^Va Z[[ZXih! djg ldg` [dXjhZY dc i]Z h^bjaiVcZdjhan [VX^c\ ^bbZchZ YZbVcYh id gZdg\Vc^oZ# I]^h igVXZY ^c i]Z g^hZ d[ ldg`h Wn GdWZgi KZcijg^ VcY 9Zc^hZ heVi^Va Z[[ZXih# L]Vi YdZh i]Z bdgi\V\Z Xg^h^h add` a^`Z4 HXdii 7gdlc dg DB6 VcY 7ZgcVgY IhX]jb^# I]Z 7Zga^c ;gZZ

^h V i]gZh]daY bdbZci ^c ]djh^c\ VcY jgWVc YZh^\c#

>c i]Z Y^hXdjghZ d[ bVhh ]djh^c\! ild deedh^c\ hiZgZd"

I]Z hijY^d VYYgZhhZY ^hhjZh d[ bVhh ]djh^c\ hjX] Vh

Jc^kZgh^in ViiZbeiZY id XgZViZ h^c\jaVg Wji Y^kZghZ Zck^gdc" ineZh VgZ i]Z gjaZ/ HjeZgWadX`h hiVcY ^c [dg bdYZgc^hi jgWVc bZVch d[ XdchigjXi^dc VcY bViZg^Vah0 ZcZg\n VcY igVchedg" bZci [dg i]Z ]jbVc^i^Zh [VXjain Wji aViZg ^i Vahd WZXVbZ V gZcZlVa! VcY =DE: K> egd_ZXih gZegZhZci edhibdYZgc CZl iVi^dc0 hdX^Va [VXidgh hjX] Vh YZkZadebZci bdYZah VcY i]Z^g hnbWda d[ i]Z higj\\aZ id Vaadl [dg Y^[[ZgZcXZ dg ]ZiZgd\Z" JgWVc^hb# 6\V^chi i]^h Y^X]didbn! l]Vi `^cY d[ X^in b^\]i Vci^X^eViZY gZaVi^dc id ]djhZ]daY ^cXdbZh VcY edkZgin0 VcY cZ^in# 6aYd Gdhh^Éh ZVgan ldg` YZe^XiZY V `^cY d[ igV\^X edhi djg gZhZVgX] egZY^Xi4 8dckZci^dch d[ bVee^c\! jgWVc VcVan" ViiZbeih id YZa^kZg YZh^\c ^c V lVn i]Vi edh^i^dch i]Z VgX]^" jide^V XdjeaZY l^i] B^X]Za ;djXVjaiÉh YZhXg^ei^dc d[ Ædi]Zg h^h VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa YZhXg^ei^dc lZgZ gZ[dgbjaViZY dkZg i]Z iZXi Vh V `Zn eVgi^X^eVci ^c l]Vi ^h edhh^WaZ# heVXZhÇ dg ]ZiZgdide^Vh# IdYVn ^i ^h Y^[ÒXjai id ^bV\^cZ ]dl XdjghZ d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg id egdYjXZ VaiZgcViZ VcY gZ[gZh]ZY

dcZ Zc\V\Zh ^c aVg\Z hXVaZ ldg`h! gZa^Vci dc bV_dg [dgbh d[ aVcYÄjhZh! aVcYÄhXVeZh VcY ]ZcXZ X^i^Zh Å ^c l]^X] ]djh^c\

Bg_kZlmkn\mnk^

XZcigVa^oZY edlZg! ZkZc Vh ^i hZZbh i]Vi hjX] ^ciZgkZci^dch b^\]i ÒcY ^ih eaVXZ#

:]Z MheeZ $ @bnl^ii^ Eb`gZgh% \kbmb\l% pbma MahfZl ]^ Fhg\aZnq

Vi bVhh^kZ hXVaZh VgZ cZZYZY#

Ahnlbg` $

Ahnlbg`3 OZen^l h_ Mbf^% =blmZg\^% Zg] >g^k`r

EZnkZ Dnk`Zg% \kbmb\

?k ] kb\ E^okZm% \kbmb\

LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1

LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1

LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1

GZncZg 7Vc]Vb ÆL]Zc Ndjg ]djhZ XdciV^ch *

hjX] V XdbeaZm d[ e^e^c\! ÓjZh! YjXih! l^gZh! ^caZih! djiaZih! dkZch! h^c`h! gZ[jhZ Y^hedhZgh!

=djh^c\ ^bea^Zh WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z egZb^hZ i]Vi (

X^i^Zh VgZ cdi XdchigjXiZY d[ Wj^ai dW_ZXih VadcZ! Wji d[ cZildg`h d[ cZildg`h i]Vi ^chXg^WZ bjai^eaZ

I]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY i]Z YZh^\c d[ jgWVc ]djh^c\ ]^ÄÒ gZkZgWZgVidgh! VciZccVZ! XdcYj^ih! [gZZoZgh! ]ZViZgh )

^c gZaVi^dc id YZch^in VcY XdccZXi^k^in id Å l]Zc ^i XdciV^ch hd bVcn hZgk^XZh i]Vi i]Z ]VgYlVgZ igVchedgiVi^dc ^c[gVhigjXijgZ# I]Z hijY^d h^iZ lVh XdjaY hiVcY je Wn ^ihZa[ l^i]dji Vcn Vhh^hiVcXZ [gdb i]Z

`^cYh d[ heVXZh! cZVg VcY [Vg! bViZg^Va VcY ^bbViZg^Va! ^c ?ZghZn 8^in! CZl ?ZghZn# L^i] V [dXjh dc ^hhjZh XZcigVa id ]djhZ! l]n ]VkZ V ]djhZ id ]daY ^i je4 L]Zc i]Z Xdhi d[ eda^i^XVa VcY hdX^Va! ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ! ^chi^iji^dcVa VcY cdcÄ edhiÄlVg ]djh^c\ ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z g^hZ d[ Vaa i]^h iVX`aZ ^h ]Va[ d[ i]Z idiVa djiaVn dg bdgZ! Vh ^i ^chi^iji^dcVa! [dgbVa VcY ^c[dgbVa# =djh^c\ egd_ZXih VgZ i]Z hjWjgWVc bdYZa! bVhh egdYjXi^dc! Xdbbji^c\! VcY d[iZc ^h ! l]Vi ^h i]Z ]djhZ Yd^c\ ZmXZei XdcXZVa^c\ ndjg YZh^\c Zck^gdcbZcih! cdi YZh^\c dW_ZXih#

gZaVi^dch]^eh d[ ]djh^c\ id bVg`Zih Vh lZaa Vh \dkZgcbZci bZX]Vc^XVa ejYZcYV [gdb i]Z hiVgZh d[ [da`h dc i]Z

Id dg^Zci djg ldg` ^c ?ZghZn 8^in! djg hijY^d VY_jhiZY i]Z ^ciZgkZci^dc! i]Z hijY^d egdedhZY cZl [dgbh d[ ]djh^c\ i]Vi h^YZlVa`4Ç GZncZg 7Vc]Vb! A Home is not a House! &.+* ÒkZ XViZ\dg^Zh i]Vi lZgZ aV^Y dji Vh egdkdXVi^dch id Wdi] lZgZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan adXVa ^c hXVaZ Wji Vahd YZh^\cZY l^i] V [VXjain VcY hijYZcih# L]ZgZ b^\]i eZdeaZ XdbbjiZ l^i]^c YZZe VlVgZcZhh d[ cVi^dcVa VcY \adWVa ^hhjZh# '% b^cjiZh id ldg`4 L]Vi VgZ i]Z cZl [dgbh d[ g^h` ^bea^ZY

<dVah/ id gVY^XVa^oZ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc bZ" X]Vc^XVa$hdX^Va! ^c[gVhigjXijgZ$VgX]^iZXijgZ0 id YZeadn i]Z

@Zn [VXidgh ^cXajYZY V hijY^dÄl^YZ ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ Jc^iZY iZX]cdad\^XVa Vgi^[VXih d[ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ id ^ciZggd\ViZ

Wn i]Z YZh^\c d[ ]djh^c\4 L]Vi `^cYh d[ XdchjaiVcih Yd HiViZh ]djh^c\ eVgVY^\bh ^c gZaVi^dc id V gVc\Z d[ iZX]cdad" VgX]^iZXijgZ0 id jhZ i]Z hdX^Va fjVa^i^Zh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ id


]^ZgVgX]n d[ i]Z YZh^\c VcY Wj^aY^c\ ^cYjhign# I]^h ]Vh WZZc

>qmkZ Hk]bgZkr

VeeVgZci Vi aZVhi h^cXZ i]Z [^ghi ^ciZ\gViZY YZh^\c VcY DZkeZ Khmalm^bg% \kbmb\ [VWg^XVi^dc hd[ilVgZ lVh iZhiZY ^c YZh^\c d[ÒXZh ^c i]Z ZVgan C^ggb_^k Ik^lmhg% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm &..%h! l^i] ;gVc` <Z]gnÉh ;^h] EVk^a^dc [dg i]Z &..' LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1 7VgXZadcV Danbe^Xh hiVcY^c\ Vh V WZcX]bVg`# I]Z hijY^dÉh VbW^i^dch Ódjg^h]ZY Vb^Yhi V iZchZ

Ahf^ bl Pa^k^ ma^ A^Zkm bl

-

dei^b^hb ^c VbW^Zci cVi^dcVaÄeda^i^XVa igVch["

Kh[^km FZkbgh% \kbmb\

dgbVi^dc# ?djgcZnh idlVgY hdX^Va Zfj^in h]VeZY

LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1

^ciZgYZeZcYZcX^Zh Vbdc\ jgWVc X^i^oZch VcY i]Z hdX^Va! e]nh^XVa! VcY cVijgVa ^c[gVhigjXijgZh i]Vi hjhiV^c i]Zb#

ƽHdbZi]^c\ i]Vi ndj hVn l]^X] bZVch i]Vi :meadg^c\ bVhh^kZ jgWVc ]djh^c\ egdheZXih VcY ^ckZci^kZ ,

Xdbea^XViZ VcY Xdggjei hZZb^c\an cZjigVa dg ejgZan [jcX" i^dcVa ^c[gVhigjXijgZ# LZ WZ\Vc ^c Vc dWhZhh^kZ VcY bZi^Xjadjh lVn! WVh^c\

ndjg igjZ ]dbZ ^h l^i] i]Z eZghdc dg ^c i]Z eaVXZ iZX]c^fjZh d[ bVhhÄ^iZgVi^kZ bVcj[VXijgZ! gZhZVgX] i]Vi ndj adkZ bdhi#Ç Å Cambridge International VbW^YZmigdjhan Zc\V\ZY i]ZdgZi^XVa! Y^\^iVa! VcY e]nh^XVa

Dictionary of Idioms 8VbWg^Y\Z Jc^kZgh^in EgZhh &..-

YdbV^ch# 6^bZY Vi heZX^ÒX ^cYZiZgb^cVXn! dkZgaVee^c\

Djg bdhi egdiZXiZY Zck^gdcbZci! igZVhjgZ X]Zhi id djg ZmeadgVi^dch lZgZ ^c]ZgZcian ^cXdbeaZiZ! d[iZc ^c"

djg ^c^i^Va gZhZVgX] dc h^m ^c[gVhigjXijgVa hnhiZbh VcY i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci edhhZhh^dch! ^cXjWVidg [dg djg ]^\]Zhi Vh" Xdch^hiZci! nZi egdYjXi^kZan ^iZgVi^kZ VcY ^cXgZbZciVaan lVn ^c l]^X] i]Zn bZY^ViZ! deZgVi^dcVaan VcY heVi^Vaan! WZ" e^gVi^dch! i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ ed^ci d[ djg YgZVb ldgaY/ I]^h ^h gZÒcZY VcY ^ciZch^ÒZY# ilZZc i]Z VeVgibZci jc^i! i]Z Wj^aY^c\! VcY i]Z X^in/

djg ]dbZ# I]Z XdbeaZm hiV\Z i]Vi Vaadlh eg^kViZ gdaZh id

;ZZY^c\ V YZh^gZ id h]VeZ cZl gZVa^i^Zh VcY bViZg^Va"

&# =K68

WZ eaVnZY V\V^chi dcZ Vcdi]Zg/ 6he^gVci VcY bZcidg! X]^aY ^oZ ediZci^Va! lZ Zc\V\ZY Wdi] i]Z bZVhjgVWaZ VcY cdcÄ

'# EdlZg

VcY eVgZci! ]jhWVcY VcY l^[Z# 6aa i]ZhZ VXi^k^i^Zh VX]^ZkZY bZVhjgVWaZ VheZXih d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# BViZg^Va ediZcXn lVh

(# LViZg

l^i] dcZ bdhi ^bedgiVci ^c\gZY^Zci hjeea^ZY Wn i]Z ]dbZ# VWZiiZY i]gdj\] ^iZgVi^kZ ZmeZg^bZcih d[ Wdi] hZchdgn

)# EVg`^c\

Eg^kVXn# Eg^kVXn [gdb i]Z djih^YZ ldgaY! eg^kVXn [gdb i]Z e]ZcdbZcV VcY egZX^hZ Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc# HnhiZbh d[

*# 8dbbjc^XVi^dc

X^in! eg^kVXn [gdb ZVX] di]Zg#

+# LVhiZ

eZg[dgbVcXZ VcY gZh^a^Zci edanÄhXVaVg egdidineZh ZcVWaZY

I]ZhZ cdi^dch VgZ Vi i]Z ZmeZchZ d[ i]Z kZgn gZVhdc lZ cZl heVi^Va X]dgZd\gVe]^Zh! YZchZ l^i] a^[Z nZi Vahd d[[Zg"

:VX] hijYZci iZVb [dXjhZY dc dcZ hnhiZb dcan# I]Z a^kZ ^c i]Z X^in! id WZ i]Z deedh^iZ d[ eg^kViZ! id WZ ejWa^X# ^c\ heVXZ [dg h^aZcXZ# XdcXZei^dc! XdchigjXi^dc! VcY Xdggjei^dc d[ i]Z hnhiZb Vi I]jh i]Z WZVji^[ja egdWaZb ^bea^X^i ^c ]djh^c\/ Id ZVhZ

I]Z hi^bja^ d[ djg Vcm^Zi^Zh Å bdgVa! Zck^gdcbZciVa!

jgWVc VcY YdbZhi^X! ejWa^X VcY ^ci^bViZ hXVaZh aZY hijYZcih i]^h VWgjei XdcY^i^dc! id Vaadl V Y^\c^ÒZY egd\gZhh^dc eda^i^XVa! hdX^Va! ZXdcdb^X Å id\Zi]Zg l^i] dei^b^hi^X ^YZ" ^cid V cZl jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ]djh^c\! bZY^Vi^c\ WZilZZc ^ih [gdb dcZ ldgaY id Vcdi]Zg! id Vaadl i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa id VY_jhi Va^hb! h]VeZY djg ^ciZaaZXijVa WViiaZ\gdjcYh VcY VXi^dch# hdX^VaÄeda^i^XVa Xdchi^ijZcX^Zh VcY ^ih hZgk^XZÄbZX]Vc^XVa \gVYjVaan! id aZhhZc i]Z h]dX`# XdbedcZcih#

L]^aZ XdaaVWdgVi^kZ VcY \ZcZgdjh ^c he^g^i! hijYZcih lZgZ

6h VgX]^iZXih d[ ]djh^c\ lZ bjhi XgZViZ i]Z ejWa^X iZcVX^djh ^c i]Z^g ^cY^k^YjVa VbW^i^dch VcY YZZe Zi]^XVa VcY VcY eg^kViZ hiV\Z h^bjaiVcZdjhan# LZ VgZ gZhedch^WaZ [dg eda^i^XVa edh^i^dch# 6XXZei^c\ i]Vi Vaa ldg` ]Vh hjW_ZXi^kZ

=^lb`gbg` =^lb`g(=^lb`gbg` :ll^f[er

i]Z XjaijgVa XdYZh l]^X] ]VkZ egZXZYZY jh# :VX] d[ i]ZhZ haVcih! lZ gZXd\c^oZY VcY Zmead^iZY i]Z W^VhZh! [Zi^h]Zh!

L\hmm FZk[e^% \kbmb\% pbma Lm^o^ LZg]^klhg

he]ZgZh ^h hjW_ZXi id Vc VXXjbjaVi^dc d[ XdaaZXi^kZ bZb" YdjWih VcY db^hh^dch i]Vi fj^kZg i]gdj\] i]Z egdXZhh#

LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1

dgn# >i ^h i]^h XdaaZXi^kZ bZbdgn ^c ZVX] d[ jh i]Vi XjZh djg =ZgZ! egd\gZhh lVh bZVhjgZY Wn i]Z YZ\gZZ d[ Y^hXdkZgn VcY Veea^ZY ^ccdkVi^dc l^i]^c VgX]^iZXijgVa ejghj^ih#

WZ]Vk^dg ^c ZVX] eaVXZ# 9^\^iVa egdXZhhZh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ]VkZ \ZcZgVaan +

HD :ee rhn g^^] mh dghp'''

[daadlZY dcZ d[ i]gZZ Y^gZXi^dch i]Vi VgZ dcan cdl WZ\^cc^c\ id XdbZ id\Zi]Zg ^cid V Xd]ZgZci

=Zob] Mnkg[nee% \kbmb\

hnhiZb d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa egdYjXi^dc# I]Z [^ghi lVh i]Z

LMN=BH ,% ?:EE +))1

hjWhi^iji^dc d[ V cZl [dgbVa ad\^X WVhZY dc bVi]ZbVi^Xh ^c /Ä

eaVXZ d[ \ZdbZign! l]ZgZ hXg^eih dg XdYZh \ZcZgViZY idedad\^XVa gZaVi^dch]^eh i]Vi gZhjaiZY ^c XdbeaZm [dgb# I]Z hZXdcY Y^gZXi^dc lVh V Yg^kZ idlVgY dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa XdbeaZm^in! l]ZgZ kVhi Vbdjcih d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji V Wj^aY^c\ XdjaY WZ ^ceji! a^c`ZY! VcY bVcV\ZY# 6cY i]Z i]^gY lVh i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc! l]ZgZ XgV[i ^h d[iZc Xdch^YZgZY id ]VkZ \V^cZY V cZl a^[Z i]gdj\] i]Z Y^gZXi a^c`^c\ d[ VgX]^iZXih id i]Z iddah i]Vi bV`Z i]Z^g YZh^\ch# IZX]c^fjZh d[ Y^bZch^dcVa dg \ZdbZig^X gZegZhZciVi^dc!

.

8g^i^Xh 6YV IdaaV <^jhZeeZ A^\cVcd HXdii BVgWaZ GdWZgi BVg^cd @VgaV Gdi]hiZ^c 9Vk^Y IjbWjaa

6c\Za^cV ?da^Z! CZl Ndg`!

E]^aVci]gden! JH6! 7jh] /Ä 8VgaV 7gjc^!

[dgbZgan eVgi d[ Vc VWhigVXi egdXZhh d[ YgVl^c\! ]VkZ ZkdakZY

CZl ?ZghZn!

^cid Vc ^ciZ\gViZY hnhiZb d[ YZh^\c ^c[dgbVi^dc ZbWZYYZY

EdlZg!

^c egdYjXi^dc VcY VhhZbWan egdXZhhZh# 6ai]dj\] hi^aa

8]^cV!

bZY^ViZY i]gdj\] [dgbh d[ VWhigVXi gZegZhZciVi^dc!

DWVbV

XdbejiZg cjbZg^XVaan XdcigdaaZY 8C8 hnhiZbh eji i]Z egdXZhh d[ YZh^\c XadhZg id i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ Wj^aY^c\h! Vh egdYjXi^dc VcY YZh^\c bZg\Z ^cid V Xdbbdc aVc\jV\Z d[ Y^\^iVa ^c[dgbVi^dc# I]Z h^\c^ÒXVcXZ d[ i]^h h]djaY cdi WZ jcYZgZhi^bViZY! Vh i]^h hZZb^c\an WZc^\c h]^[i ^c ]dl lZ Xdbbjc^XViZ XVgg^Zh i]Z ediZci^Va cdi dcan id gZXdccZXi id XgV[i Wji Vahd id XdbeaZiZan gZhigjXijgZ i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc VcY


6

7

8

9

:

;

<

B_ P^ AZ] =^mhnk^] :khng] Z ?^Zk h_ <^gmkZe <hgmkhel3 M^Zf Q <bk\Z *2/) Fb\aZ^e ;^ee $ ;kbZg Ehn`aebg% \kbmb\l

=

?d]c 7ZX`Zg NjkVa 7dgdX]dk 8$< 0 =njc 8]Vc\ 8]d =VnZh H]V^g0 :jc @ndjc\ @^b 9Vk^Y @ldc 7$9$; 0 HZd` =jc @^b ?jc =d 8]d : 0 GdW^c ;^io\ZgVaYÄ<gZZc EZigV ?Vgda^bdkV 6$= 0 7dg^ @Vc\ :kVc LViih

C:L ?:GH:N


6

7

8

9

:

Ahnlbg` $

Gji] 7Zc_Vb^c BVgX AZkZgVci0 NZjc :j 8]Vc\ Ldd ?^c AZZ0

EZnkZ Dnk`Zg% \kbmb\

6h]aZn <Vc\Z OdZ BVaa^Vgdh 8$:0 8]g^hide]Zg <ZZ B^X]VZa LVaX] 90 Ja Ndc\ Bddc HiZe]Vc^Z Ijc\ 6$7

C:L ?:GH:N


6

8

7

9

:

Ahnlbg`3 OZen^l h_ Mbf^% =blmZg\^% Zg] >g^k`r

9daaV\]Vc HiZe]Vc^Z EdlZg0 AjXVh 9ZX`^c\V

?k ] kb\ E^okZm% \kbmb\

9Vc^a CV\n 6$7$80 6^YVc ;aV]Zgin EV^\Z BVYZg

;

9ZgZ` 7d^gjc HZjc\ Ldc Hdc\ 9$:$; 0 @ZahZn 8VbeWZaa"

C:L ?:GH:N


6

7

8

9

:

;

Bg_kZlmkn\mnk^

AjXV ;Vg^cZaa^ 8Ve EgVhX]0 Bndc\ ?jc ?dd

:]Z MheeZ $ @bnl^ii^ Eb`gZgh% \kbmb\l%

?dd]njc\ HZd0 =d @njc\ AZZ =nZ AZZ D]0

pbma MahfZl ]^ Fhg\aZnq

BZ\Vc AncX] 6aa^hdc EVig^X` 7$:$;0 Gji] BVcYa :g^X IhZ 6$80 C^XdaZ HZZ`Zan AVjgV HiZYbVc 9

C:L ?:GH:N


6

7 8

9

:

=^lb`gbg` =^lb`g(=^lb`gbg` :ll^f[er L\hmm FZk[e^% \kbmb\% pbma Lm^o^ LZg]^klhg

;

@Vi^Z 6ilViZg BVa^`V @^g`a^c\0 LVncZ 8dc\Vg ?jc]ZZ ?jc\ :0 GV_^k ;ZgcVcYZo CVdb^ DX`d 6$7$; 0 :jc @^ @Vc\ Hjc\VW @^b0 6cc^Z @jgi^c :a^oVWZi] AVhViZg0 @^hZd` D] GVk^ GV_ 8$9

C:L ?:GH:N


:

6

7

8

9

;

Ahf^ bl Pa^k^ ma^ A^Zkm bl

?VXdW 7Zcn^ ?jhi^c Bdg\Vc GZncdaYh 70 :aZdcdgV :cX]ZkV

Kh[^km FZkbgh% \kbmb\

BZa^hhV IVeeZg <daYbVc IVanV @V]VcZ0 6cYgZl ?VXdWh ?ja^Vc EVcXdVhi :0 9Zk^c AV[d HVgVc\V CV`]ddYV 8$90 8Vb^aaV AVcXVhiZg Ldc H]d` AZZ 6$;

C:L ?:GH:N


6

7

8

9

:

; <

>qmkZ Hk]bgZkr

6cc^Z 8ddbWh 8VgZc 6cc ;VnZ 6$: 0 AZcV ;Vc BZa^hhV

DZkeZ Khmalm^bg% \kbmb\

<daYbVc0 GdWZgi ?d]chidc C^XdaVh LZ^hh 8 0 9ZWW^Z A^c

C^ggb_^k Ik^lmhg% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

?Zhh^XV =Za[VcY IVaaZn 9 0 8]g^hid A^ Ad\Vc EZiZg Bdg\Vc 7$;$< 0 GZ^]VcZ] BdoV[[Vg^ 9VcV @ZjcWd NVc\

C:L ?:GH:N


6

8

HD :ee rhn g^^] mh dghp''' =Zob] Mnkg[nee% \kbmb\

7

9

8]g^hi^cV 8^VgYjaad 6bn Cjojb0 A^hV :`aZ @Z^i] <gZZclVaY 6$7 0 BjhiV[V ;Vgj`^ >gZcZ JgbZcZiV 8$9 0 Ndjc\X]VZ AZZ EZiZg HigVjhh

C:L ?:GH:N


h^\c bZi]dYdad\n/ XgZVi^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ i]gdj\] YZh^\c d[ ZmeZg^bZcih gVi]Zg i]Vc YZh^\c d[ XdbeaZiZ hdaji^dch# Hdji] 6[g^XV ^h XjggZcian Wj^aY^c\ VcY gZcdkVi^c\ iZc hiV" Y^jbh [dg i]Z LdgaY 8je# Djg hijY^d i]^h hZbZhiZg ldg`ZY XadhZan l^i] H`^YbdgZ! Dl^c\h BZgg^aa HDB VcY =D@ Hedgi id gZYZh^\c HdXXZg 8^in HiVY^jb! _jhi djih^YZ d[ HdlZid ^c ?d]VccZhWjg\# I]Z dg^\^cVa hiVY^jb lVh i]Z adXVi^dc d[ i]Z Òghi bVhh gVaan d[ CZahdc BVcYZaV V[iZg ]^h gZaZVhZ [gdb eg^hdc ^c &..%# I]Z cZl hiVY^jb! l^i] V XVeVX^in d[ .*!%%%! l^aa ]dhi i]Z deZc^c\ VcY ÒcVa bViX]Zh ^c '%&%# :VX] hij" YZci ZmeadgZY [dgbh VcY higjXijgVa hnhiZbh [dg i]Z egd_ZXi! VcY ZVX] VYYgZhhZY i]Z hdX^Va VcY XjaijgVa ^hhjZh ^ckdakZY ^c VcY XdciZmi VcY ZmeVcYZY i]Z egd\gVb [dg l]Vi ]Vh WZ" i]Z cZl YZkZadebZci# DkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg! hij" XdbZ V Wj^aY^c\ i]Vi ^h cdi jhZY Vh dg^\^cVaan ^ciZcYZY# L]Vi YZcih bZi l^i] eVgicZgh! higjXijgVa Zc\^cZZgh! VcY hiVY^jb ^h i]Z gdaZ d[ V XadX`idlZg ^c i]Z ilZcinÄÒghi XZcijgn4 =dl ZmeZgih [gdb Wdi] Ògbh# LZ XdcXajYZY l^i] V egZhZciVi^dc XVc i^bZ WZ gZegZhZciZY VgX]^iZXijgVaan! VcY k^XZ kZghV4 d[ djg dlc YZh^\ch id i]Z Ògb VcY i]Z hiVY^jb YZkZadeZg# =dl YdZh bViZg^Va^in! YZiV^a! VhhZbWan! XdchigjXi^dc! VcY

I]^h hijY^d lVh hedchdgZY Wn GdWdi B^aaZcc^jb! bdYZ;gdc"

di]Zg e]nh^XVa^i^Zh d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZ gZaViZ id i^bZ i^Zg! 86I>6! 7jgd =VeedaY! VcY H`^YbdgZ! Dl^c\h BZgg^aa# dc Wdi] V XdcXZeijVa VcY V egVXi^XVa aZkZa4 L]Vi ZmVXian ^h iZbedgVa! dg [dg i]Vi bViiZg! VgX]^iZXijgVa XdchigjXi^dc4

=^lb`g ma^ ?nmnk^ h_ IeZr3 : IeZr Ma^Zm^k h_ K^g^pZ[e^ >g^k`r

:[lmkZ\m3 :km Zg] Ikh]n\mbhg

:eb\^ <ang% \kbmb\

Fb\aZ^e ;^ee% \kbmb\% pbma MZggZk Pabmg^r

LMN=BH -% LIKBG@ +))2

LMN=BH -% LIKBG@ +))2

EZdeaZ ZmeZcY hiV\\Zg^c\ Vbdjcih d[ ZcZg\n I]Z hijY^d YZh^\cZY V cZl! hbVaa ejWa^X Wj^aY^c\ (

id WZ VYYZY id i]Z ?VX`hdc EdaadX` VcY AZZ

*

lVa`^c\! gjcc^c\! g^Y^c\ W^XnXaZh# >c eaVn\gdjcYh X]^aYgZc gjc VgdjcY! Xa^bW! _jbe! VcY bdkZ

@gVhcZg =djhZ VcY HijYn 8ZciZg ^c :Vhi e^ZXZh d[ Zfj^ebZci hjX] Vh hl^c\h! hZZÄhVlh! VcY =Vbeidc! CZl Ndg`# I]Z h^iZ! adXViZY dc i]Z cdgi]Zgc h^YZ bZggnÄ\dÄgdjcYh# L]Vi ^[ lZ XdjaY ]VgcZhh Vaa i]^h d[ i]Z Hdji] ;dg` Å i]Z :Vhi =Vbeidc eZc^chjaV Å ^h ZcZg\n4 L]Vi ^[ lZ XdjaY Za^b^cViZ i]Z XVgWdc ZXdcdbn adXViZY ^c l]Vi lVh dcXZ V gjgVa VgZV `cdlc Vh i]Z Heg^c\h# h^bean Wn jh^c\ hdjgXZh d[ ZcZg\n VWjcYVci Vaa VgdjcY jh4 I]Z h^iZ ^cXajYZh i]Z dg^\^cVa ]djhZ VcY hijY^d i]Vi EdaadX` I]Z hiVi^hi^Xh h]dl^c\ a^c`h WZilZZc \adWVa Xa^bViZ VcY @gVhcZg jhZY VcY Vahd hZkZgVa hbVaa dji Wj^aY^c\h i]Vi X]Vc\Z! i]Z \gdl^c\ XVgWdc ZXdcdbn! VcY i]Z YZXa^cZ d[ hjeedgi i]Z d[ÒXZh [dg i]Z 8ZciZg#

X]^aYgZcÉh ]ZVai] ^c i]Z CN8 VgZV VgZ idd XdbeZaa^c\ id

I]Z cZl Wj^aY^c\ lVh id hZgkZ Vh V hijYn XZciZg! hbVaa ^\cdgZ# 6XXdgY^c\ id i]Z CVi^dcVa 8Zchjh! i]Z cjbWZg d[ ejWa^X aZXijgZ$egZhZciVi^dc ]Vaa! d[Ă’XZh! VcY a^WgVgn [dg i]Z X]^aYgZc l^i] Vhi]bV ^c i]Z CN8 VgZV ^h ,% ]^\]Zg i]Vc

Mbfbg` bl >o^krmabg`

8ZciZg# I]Z egd\gVbb^c\ lVh d[ cZXZhh^in hbVaa [dg V ejW" i]Z cVi^dcVa VkZgV\Z# I]Z Xa^bW^c\ gViZ d[ Y^VWZiZh ^c

Iabeebi :gsZehg^% \kbmb\

a^X Wj^aY^c\! YjZ id i]Z a^b^iZY h^iZ! Wji i]Z ldg` d[ i]Z hijY^d X]^aYgZc ^h Vahd Yg^k^c\ V \gZViZg cZZY [dg bdgZ i^bZ dji

LMN=BH -% LIKBG@ +))2

VYYgZhhZY i]Z Zci^gZ h^iZ Wdi] ^c ]^\]an egV\bVi^X iZgbh! Yddgh VcY [gZh] V^g [dg X]^aYgZc# I]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ ^cXajY^c\ eVg`^c\ VcY bV^ciV^c^c\ Zm^hi^c\ Wj^aY^c\h! VcY ZYjXVi^dc bjhi VhhjbZ V bdgZ bjai^[VXZiZY VeegdVX]

I]^h hijY^d hdj\]i id ZmeadgZ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] V kZgn ^cY^k^YjVa VcY gZĂ’cZY ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z ldg` l^i] V ]^\]Zg YZ\gZZ d[ XdaaZXi^kZ VlVgZcZhh# I]^c`Zgh a^`Z '

WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ! i]gdj\] ^iÉh XgV[i VcY d[ @gVhcZg VcY EdaadX` VcY ^c eVgi^XjaVg ]dl ^i ^h h^ijViZY ?d]c 9ZlZn X]Vbe^dcZY i]Z cdi^dc i]Vi eaVn ^h i]Z XdchigjXi^dc! VcY i^bZ! Vh gZ\^hiZgZY ^c l^i]^c ldg` Wn i]Z^g XdciZbedgVg^Zh#

XdcXZeijVa Vh lZaa Vh e]nh^XVa iZgbh# I^bZ VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ h]VgZ bVcn Xdbbdc [djcYVi^dcVa igV^ih i]Vi dcZ XVc jhZ

Zfj^kVaZci d[ V X]^aYÉh ldg`! ZhhZci^Va id ]^h dg ]Zg bdgVa YZkZadebZci# 7ji i]gdj\]dji i]Z ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn!

Ikhh_ -3 Ma^ @Zf^

^ccdkVi^kZ eaVn\gdjcY YZh^\ch ]VkZ Xdci^cjVaan WZZc

id ^bV\^cZ cdi dcan VcVad\^Zh! Wji Vahd XdcXgZiZ =Zob] ;^gcZfbg% \kbmb\

]^cYZgZY YjZ id hV[Zin XdcXZgch# I]^h hijY^d egd_ZXi

gZaVi^dch]^eh# I]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z bZVhjgZbZci d[ i^bZ LMN=BH -% LIKBG@ +))2

gZ^ckZciZY i]Z gdaZ d[ eaVn ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# HijYZcih Wj^ai

VcY ^ih XdccZXi^dc id i]Z i]ZdgZi^XVa! heVi^Va! VcY

VcY gZhZVgX]ZY [jaaÄhXVaZ egdidineZh id Zc\V\Z X]^aYgZc =dl Yd lZ YZh^\c ^c i]^h cZl edhiÄeVgVbZig^X

ZmeZg^Zci^Va ldgaY! i]^h hijY^d hdj\]i id [jgi]Zg i]Z Y^hXdjghZ dc i]Z gdaZ d[ XdchigjXi^dc! ^c ^ih bjai^Ă„bdYVa bZVc^c\h! ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa gZhZVgX]#

)

ZgV4 DcXZ lZ ^ciZgcVa^oZ i]ZhZ iZX]c^fjZh VcY iV`Z i]Zb [dg \gVciZY! l]Zc ZmVXian h]djaY lZ

I]Z hijYZcih jhZY i]Z eg^bVgn egd\gVb d[ V XadX` idl" Zbeadn dcZ d[ i]Zb dg Vcdi]Zg! VcY l]Vi cZl YZh^\c Zg Vh V e]nh^XVa bZVch id gZhZVgX] i]Z XdccZXi^dc WZilZZc edhh^W^a^i^Zh cdl Vg^hZ4 L^aa VgX]^iZXih ZmX]Vc\Z hXg^eih ^c V i^bZ VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ! Zmeadg^c\ Wdi] jgWVc XdcXZeih hjX] he^g^i d[ XdaaVWdgVi^kZ! deZc hdjgXZ ^YZVa^hb4 Dg l^aa hXg^eih Vh bdcjbZciVa^in! X^k^X ZmegZhh^dc! XjaijgZ! VcY di]Zg WZXdbZ V hZXgZi XdYZ [dg iZX]c^XVa VcY VZhi]Zi^X heZX^Va^hih4 bZVch d[ ]jbVc Zc\V\ZbZci d[ Wj^aY^c\h Vh lZaa Vh iZb"

I]^h lVh i]Z iZgg^idgn d[ Egdd[! V hijY^d WVhZY dc iZhi^c\

edgVa XdcXZeih hjX] Vh hZfjZcX^c\! dgYZg! V\^c\! VcY bZi" Y^\^iVa iZX]cdad\^Zh# >c djg gZhZVgX]! lZ ZmeadgZY i]Z l^YZ g^Xh# I]Z \dVa lVh cdi dcan id YZh^\c V Wj^aY^c\! Wji Vahd id YZh^\c heVXZ deZcZY je Wn i]Z ^ciZghZXi^dc d[ [dgbÄWVhZY Va" i]dgdj\]an Zc\V\Z i]Z bVcn [VXZih d[ i^bZ ^c i]Z YZh^\c \dg^i]bh VcY eZg[dgbVcXZÄWVhZY Va\dg^i]bh# LZ hZVgX]ZY VcY XdchigjXi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# HijYZcih X]dhZ i]Z^g h^iZ [dg ^ccdkVi^kZ VcY jcZmeZXiZY gZhjaih Wn jh^c\ V cZl YZ"


^c ^ckZci^kZ eaVn! ]VgcZhh ZcZg\n! VcY ZcVWaZ jc^kZghVa id jcegZY^XiVWaZ dg X]Vc\^c\ jhV\Z XdcY^i^dch! fj^g`h VcY VXXZhh^W^a^in# HijYZcih ldg`ZY ^ci^bViZan l^i] i]Z Xa^Zci VcdbVa^Zh Vg^h^c\ [gdb XdchigjXi^dc egdXZhhZh! ^beZg[ZXi VcY i]Z Xdbbjc^in l]^aZ VYYgZhh^c\ adXVa Wj^aY^c\ XdYZh gZa^VW^a^in! dg a^b^iZY bdgiVa^in! lZgZ jhZY id ^ciZggd\ViZ VcY ^ciZ\gVi^c\ cZl XdchigjXi^dc iZX]c^fjZh [dg ZcZg\n i]Z kVajZ d[ i]Z ÓVl# L]Zi]Zg Æ^beZg[ZXi^dchÇ X^gXjaViZ Xdch^YZgVi^dch VcY cZl bViZg^Vah#

Vi V gZYjXZY Xdhi Vh ^c Xadi]^c\ Æ^ggZ\jaVghÇ dg Xdchi^ijiZ i]Z bVg` d[ gVgZ kVajZ ^c V XZgVb^X \aVoZ! ÓVlh dXXjen

<Zggb[Ze Ahnl^3 Fh]^kg ?Zfber =p^eebg` :_m^k ma^ Shf[b^ PZkl

j\a^ZhÇ ! eZg[ZXi ^beZg[ZXi^dch! VcY WZVji^[ja [V^ajgZh!

A^kgZg =bZs&:ehglh% \kbmb\

lZgZ XdaaZXiZY ^c V XdciZbedgVgn XVW^cZi d[ Xjg^dh^i^Zh#

>kb\d <Zk\Zfh% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

7n Y^hi^c\j^h]^c\ Xd^cX^YZcXZ [gdb X]VcXZ! edZign [gdb

LMN=BH -% LIKBG@ +))2

Zcigden! ÒcY^c\ VcdbVan VcY h^c\jaVg^in! i]Z hijY^d hdj\]i

i]Z a^b^i XdcY^i^dch d[ bVg`Zi kVajZ# Jolies–laides ÆegZiin

i]Z Y^hi^cXi^dc WZilZZc jch`^aaZY [V^a^c\h VcY XdbeZaa^c\ I]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY ediZci^Va VgX]^iZXijgVa ZmegZh" ^Y^dhncXgVh^Zh# =dl i]^c\h \d lgdc\ Å Vh gZaViZY id ^cY^k^YjVa egd_ZXih ^c dgYZg id d[[Zg V idiVa YZh^\c eVX`V\Z id +

h^dch d[ V XdciZbedgVgn W^deda^i^XVa bVaV^hZ#

egdXZhh VcY egVXi^XZ Å VcY l]ZgZ i]^c\h \d lgdc\ Å Vh VXXdbbdYViZ [dg i]Z Wjg\Zdc^c\ heVXZ idjg^hb ^cYjhign#

L]Vi ^h i]Z [Vb^an idYVn! VcY l]Vi XdjaY ^i WZ4 gZaViZY id XdciZmi Å lZgZ jhZY id Xdch^YZg [jcXi^dcVa^in VcY

:VX] hijYZci lVh Vh`ZY id YZh^\c V HeVXZ =diZa A:D#

I]Z XdcÓ^Xih d[ BdYZgc^in! [gdb aVWdgVidgnÄVhh^hiZY gZegd" jhZaZhhcZhh! XdciZmijVa^hb VcY VcVX]gdc^hb! ^cXdc\gj^in I]Z =diZa A:D lVh id WZ V eaVXZ [dg h]dgiÄ dg adc\ÄiZgb YjXi^dc id :jgdeZVc >haVb! gZkdakZ id V h^\c^ÒXVci YZ\gZZ VcY ^begdeg^Zin id bVc^[Zhi i]Z ^begdWVWan XdbeZaa^c\#

]VW^iVi^dc ^c adl :Vgi] dgW^i# >i ldjaY VXXdbbdYViZ idjg"

VgdjcY i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dc dg XdchZgkVi^dc d[ eVgi^XjaVg

^hih cjbWZg id WZ YZiZgb^cZY l^i] VbZc^i^Zh [dg aZ^hjgZ

W^dhdX^dad\^XVa VggVc\ZbZcih Å d[ [Vb^an bdYZah# I]Z \ad"

LiZ\^ Lmn]bh ,

VcY hjeedgi VXi^k^i^Zh hjX] Vh :Vgi] VcY Vhigdcdb^XVa

WVa^oVi^dc d[ LZhiZgc YZh^\c [dgbh ]Vh Vahd bZVci V \ad" Rhlabdh LZmh% \kbmb\

dWhZgkVi^dc VgZVh! V gZhiVjgVci! adjc\Z! adlÄ\gVk^in \nb!

WVa^oVi^dc d[ YlZaa^c\ egd\gVbh dg^\^cViZY [dg V ]^hidg^XVaan LMN=BH -% LIKBG@ +))2

Vgi^ÒX^VaÄ\gVk^in \nb! d[ÒXZh! [Vgbh! \VgYZch! ZiX½

Xdci^c\Zci cjXaZVg [Vb^an higjXijgZ# LZ Vg\jZ i]Vi i]Z b^h" K^gijVaan [gdb i]Z bdbZci heVXZ igVkZa WZXVbZ V

bViX]Zh WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgVa XdckZci^dch [dg i]Z ]VW^iVi VcY i]Z bjai^ea^X^in d[ W^dhdX^dad\^Va gZVa^i^Zh VgZ hZkZgZ# I]^h hijY^d ZmeadgZY di]Zg edhh^W^a^i^Zh Wn ViiZbei^c\ id VXXdb"

,

edhh^W^a^in [dg ]jbVch! ^i lVh jcYZghiddY i]Vi i]Z Wj^aY^c\ d[ Vc :Vgi]ÄdgW^i^c\! h]dgiÄiZgb heVXZ

Fh[be^ M^kkbmhkb^l3 Ikhmhmri^ IZkdpZr ?Z\bebmr% ?n^ebg` LmZmbhg% Zg] Fhm^e% IZeblZ]^l Bgm^klmZm^ IZkdpZr

bdYViZ dcZ eVgi^XjaVg! ]^\]an ^Y^dhncXgVi^X Xa^Zci XdcY^i^dc ]VW^iVi^dc ldjaY WZXdbZ V cZXZhh^in# <^kZc i]Z XjggZci FZk\ MlnknfZdb% \kbmb\% pbma FZk\ Dnlag^k i]Vi ldjaY WZ Zci^gZan jchj^iZY id V XdckZci^dcVa ]dbZ#

Z[[dgih id bV`Z cZl VcY XdbeZi^i^kZ Zck^gdcbZcih ^c A:D LMN=BH -% LIKBG@ +))2

A^k^c\ ^c Vc ZgV d[ ^bV\Zh VcY Z[[ZXih! lZ ZVh^an Xdc[jhZ adl :Vgi] dgW^i/ WZilZZc )%% b^aZh VcY &!+%% b^aZh VWdkZ I]Z hijY^d deZgViZY i]gdj\] Vc deedgijc^hi^X

bdk^Zh l^i] gZVa^in VcY YZh^\c djg hijY^dh VXXdgY^c\an# DcZ i]Z ZVgi]Éh hjg[VXZ ZXdcdb^XVaan [ZVh^WaZ l^i] V bVg`Zi h^\c d[ V \ZcZgVa^oZY VedXVanehZ XjaijgZ ^h i]Z edejaVg^in \gdli] VcVad\djh id XdbbZgX^Va V^g igVchedgi ^c i]Z kZgnÄ d[ OdbW^Z bdk^Zh# I]Z^g Y^hXjgh^kZ hnbWdad\^Zh VgZ g^X]/ V cZVg [jijgZ! i]Z hijY^d egdWaZb lVh id egdedhZ VgX]^iZXijgVa

-

Zmead^iVi^dc d[ a^b^ih! ZmVb^c^c\ i]Z bVccZg ^c l]^X] XdchigV^cih XVc egdk^YZ i]Z XViVanhi [dg

eVc^X dkZg i]Z ^chiVW^a^in d[ i]Z ]jbVc WdYn ^c i]Z [VXZ d[ hXZcVg^dh VcY Vgi^[VXih [dg A:D idjg^hi Zck^gdcbZcih# I]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa ^ckZci^dc# I]Z [dXjh d[ i]ZhZ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch cZl W^dbdYZgc^i^Zh! V hZZi]^c\ XaVhh$gVXZ lVg[VgZ aViZci WgdVYZg gZhZVgX] XdbedcZci d[ i]Z hijY^d [dXjhZY dc i]Z lVh i]Z YZh^\c d[ V egdidineZ gZ[jZa^c\ hiVi^dc VcY bdiZa dc ^c V jchiVWaZ VcY YZ\ZcZgViZ eda^i^XVa ZXdcdbn! i]Z ZcY d[ `cdlc Z[[ZXih d[ igVkZa^c\ VcY a^[Z ^c heVXZ ^c gZaVi^dc id i]Z i]Z EVa^hVYZh >ciZghiViZ EVg`lVn XdcXZ^kZY VXXdgY^c\ id ]^hidgn i]gdj\] Vc jciZi]Zg^c\ d[ hdX^Va WdcYh! ZiX#! Vaa idaY ZhhZci^Va gZhdjgXZh [dg ]jbVc hjgk^kVa/ heVXZ [ddY! heVXZ cZl Zck^gdcbZciVa VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgVa eVgVbZiZgh# <^kZc i]gdj\] i]Z eVgVWaZh d[ XVcc^WVa^hb VcY kZgn heZX^ÒXVaan hj^ih! heVXZ bZY^X^cZ! heVXZ ZmZgX^hZ! ZiX# i]Vi ^c[dgbZY i]Z i]Z XdbeZaa^c\ jg\ZcXn [dg bdgZ hjhiV^cVWaZ [dgbh d[ hnbWda^oZY VgX]^iZXijgVa YZ[ZchZh! hjX] Vh YZVY bVaah

igVchedgiVi^dc! i]Z hijY^d idd` i]Z edh^i^dc i]Vi Zm^hi^c\

VcY YVg` WVhZbZcih# L]Vi XdjaY WZ WZiiZg4

^c[gVhigjXijgZh Å heZX^ÒXVaan i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh =^\]lVn HnhiZb Å XVc WZ gZXjeZgViZY i]gdj\] ]nWg^Y^oVi^dc l^i]

>f^k`^gm M^\agheh`b^l Zg] L^glhkr :k\abm^\mnk^l

ZbZg\Zci iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY cVhXZci [dgbh d[ eZghdcVa

Fb\a^ee^ ?hkgZ[Zb% \kbmb\

^ckZhibZci i]Vi i]Z CVi^dcVa =^\]lVn HnhiZb gZegZhZcih! ^i

LMN=BH -% LIKBG@ +))2

^h ad\^XVa id VhhjbZ i]Vi VYkVcXZY iZX]cdad\^Zh XdjaY Xd"

bdW^a^in# 8dch^YZg^c\ i]Z bVhh^kZ bViZg^Va VcY ZXdcdb^X

dei i]ZhZ Zm^hi^c\ cZildg`h! hjeZg^bedh^c\ cZl [dgbh I]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY [aVlh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ i]gdj\] i]Z

dcid daY VcY Zmead^i^c\ ZmiVci ^c[gVhigjXijgVa eViiZgch ^c

YZh^\c d[ Vc >chi^ijiZ [dg HiVcYVgYh GZhZVgX]# ;aVlh

jcegZXZYZciZY lVnh# I]Z hijY^d edh^i^dcZY ^ihZa[ Vi i]^h

Å ^beZg[ZXi^dch! [Vjaih! Zggdgh! b^hiV`Zh Å lZgZ

_jcXijgZ WZilZZc i]Z Zm^hi^c\ VcY i]Z ZbZg\Zci Å WZilZZc

Xg^i^XVaan ZmVb^cZY Vh bViZg^Va VcY XdcXZeijVa a^cZh d[

djibdYZY hnhiZbh VcY Zkdak^c\ iZX]cdÄhdX^Va eViiZgch#

aZVhi gZh^hiVcXZ idlVgYh bVc^[Zhi^c\ i]Z higVc\Z VcY

BdgZdkZg! i]Z hijY^d VYYgZhhZY i]Z eZgXZeijVa VcY heVi^Va

bnhiZg^djh! Vh \ZcZgVi^kZ VcY XgZVi^kZ [dgXZh bVc^[Zhi^c\

gZdg\Vc^oVi^dc d[ iZgg^idgn egdYjXZY Wn aVg\ZÄhXVaZ kZ]^XjaVg

i]Z ediZcÄi^Va^in d[ i]Z ZbZg\Zci dg i]Z jc[dgZhZZc# BVaegVXi^XZh! igVchaViZY [gdb i]Z <ZgbVc Kunstfehler! a^iZgVaan Vh ÆVgi b^hiV`Zh!Ç lZgZ ZmeadgZY ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] hiVcYVgYh d[ egVXi^XZ! de lege artis ^c AVi^c ÆVXXdgY^c\ id i]Z gjaZh d[ i]Z Vgi!Ç dg ^c :c\a^h] ÆhiViZ d[ i]Z Vgi!Ç id Za^X^i i]Z XgZVi^kZ ji^a^in d[ Zggdg# <a^iX]Zh i]gdj\] l]^X] edhh^W^a^in ha^eh ^cid Zm^hiZcXZ! VgX]^iZXijgVa b^hhiZeh! WajcYZgh! VcY [VjmÄeVh lZgZ jhZY id ^ciZggd\ViZ i]Z [djcYVi^dch VcY \gdjcY^c\h d[ igVY^i^dcVa VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZh# I]Z ^beZg[ZXi fjVa^i^Zh d[ dW_ZXih l^i] gZheZXi

^c[gVhigjXijgZh! egdk^Y^c\ deedgijc^i^Zh [dg gZi]^c`^c\ djg

8g^i^Xh E]^aa^e 6coVadcZ B^X]VZa 7Zaa 9Vk^Y 7Zc_Vb^c 6a^XZ 8]jc =ZgcVc 9^VoÄ6adchd B^X]ZaaZ ;dgcVWV^ Ndh]^`d HVid BVgX IhjgjbV`^

gZaVi^dc id i]Z heVXZh igVkZghZY Wn i]ZhZ cZildg`h VcY ]dl VgX]^iZXijgZ b^\]i deZgViZ l^i]^c i]ZhZ h^iZh# GZXd\c^o^c\ i]Z XdcÓjZcXZ d[ cVijgVa! iZX]cdad\^XVa! VcY XjaijgVa hnh" iZbh ^c i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ aVcYhXVeZ! Wj^aY^c\ VcY h^iZ lZgZ ]ZgZ id WZ hZZc! cdi Vh deedh^i^dcVa Zci^i^Zh! Wji Vh Xdci^\j" djh VcY ^ciZggZaViZY hnhiZbh# CZl ^ciZg[VXZh WZilZZc VgX]^" iZXijgZ VcY Zck^gdcbZci cZXZhh^iViZY i]Z gZXdch^YZgVi^dc d[ Zm^hi^c\ eVgVY^\bh VcY VXiZY Vh Vc V\Zci [dg i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ gVY^XVa heVi^Va VcY egd\gVbbVi^X edhh^W^a^i^Zh#


6

7

8 9

:

Mbfbg` bl >o^krmabg`

BjhiV[V ;Vgj`^ 9 ! 6^YVc ;aV]Zgin! HZd` =jc @^b! BVa^`V

Iabeebi :gsZehg^% \kbmb\

@^g`a^c\! 9Zk^c AV[d! 8Vb^aaV AVcXVhiZg! HVgVc\V CV`]ddYV 7$: ! ?jhi^c Bdg\Vc GZncdaYh 6$8

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


6

7

8

9 :

;

<

:[lmkZ\m3 :km Zg] Ikh]n\mbhg Fb\aZ^e ;^ee% \kbmb\% pbma MZggZk Pabmg^r

9ZgZ` 7d^gjc 6$8! A^hV :`aZ! :jc @^ @Vc\ :! 6cc^Z @jgi^c 9! :a^oVWZi] AVhViZg! =d @njc\ AZZ! Ldd ?^c AZZ! EZiZg Bdg\Vc! HiZe]Vc^Z EdlZg! GVk^ GV_ 7$;! ?dd]njc\ HZd! EZiZg HigVjhh <

C:L NDG@


6

7

8

9 :

;

Ikhh_ -3 Ma^ @Zf^

@Vi^Z 6ilViZg! ?VXdW 7Zcn^ ; ! Gji] 7Zc_Vb^c! AjXVh

=Zob] ;^gcZfbg% \kbmb\

9ZX`^c\V! GdW^c ;^io\ZgVaY"<gZZc! BZa^hhV <daYbVc! GdWZgi ?d]chidc! 9Vk^Y @ldc! OdZ BVaa^Vgdh! 6bn Cjojb! AVjgV HiZYbVc 6$8$9 ! :g^X IhZ 7$:

?D=6CC:H7JG<


6 7

8

9

:

=^lb`g ma^ ?nmnk^ h_ IeZr3 : IeZr Ma^Zm^k h_ K^g^pZ[e^ >g^k`r

6cc^Z 8ddbWh AZcV ;Vc 8]g^hid A^ Ad\Vc BZ\Vc

:eb\^ <ang% \kbmb\

6aa^hdc EVig^X` 8Ve EgVhX]! 6$7$8$9$:

AncX] GZ^]VcZ] BdoV[[Vg^ 9VcV ?ja^Vc EVcXdVhi

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


6

7

8

9

:

<Zggb[Ze Ahnl^3 Fh]^kg ?Zfber =p^eebg` :_m^k ma^ Shf[b^ PZkl

;

?d]c 7ZX`Zg 7! NjkVa 7dgdX]dk 8! NZjc :j 8]Vc\! =njc 8]Vc\ 8]d! ?jc ]d 8]d 9$:! AjXV ;Vg^cZaa^ 6!

A^kgZg =bZsÈ:ehglh% \kbmb\

BVgX AZkZgVci! CVdb^ DX`d ;! @^hZd` D]!

>kb\d <Zk\Zfh% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

C^XdaZ HZZ`Zan! >gZcZ JgbZcZiV! :kVc LViih

86A>;DGC>6


6

7

8 9

:

>f^k`^gm M^\agheh`b^l Zg] L^glhkr :k\abm^\mnk^l

:aZdcdgV :cX]ZkV! 6h]aZn <Vc\Z 6$8$: ! 8]g^hide]Zg

Fb\a^ee^ ?hkgZ[Zb% \kbmb\

9ZWW^Z A^c! EV^\Z BVYZg! 9Vc^a CV\n

<ZZ! BZa^hhV IVeeZg <daYbVc 9 ! EZigV ?Vgda^bdkV 7$; !

;


6

7 8

9

;

:

<

LiZ\^ Lmn]bh ,

@ZahZn 8VbeWZaa"9daaV\]Vc! 8]g^hi^cV 8^VgYjaad!

Rhlabdh LZmh% \kbmb\

LVncZ 8dc\Vg <! GV_^k ;ZgcVcYZo! ?Zhh^XV =Za[VcY IVaaZn 6$:! ?jc]ZZ ?jc\ 8$;! Gji] BVcYa! HZjc\ Ldc Hdc\! B^X]VZa LVaX] 7$9! C^XdaVh LZ^hh

ADL :6GI= DG7>I


7

6

Fh[be^ M^kkbmhkb^l3 Ikhmhmri^ IZkdpZr ?Z\bebmr% ?n^ebg` LmZmbhg% Zg] Fhm^e% IZeblZ]^l Bgm^klmZm^ IZkdpZr

8VgZc 6cc ;VnZ 6$7! @Z^i] <gZZclVaY 8! 6cYgZl ?VXdWh!

FZk\ MlnknfZdb% \kbmb\% pbma FZkd Dnlag^k

=VnZh H]V^g! HiZe]Vc^Z Ijc\! @ZjcWd NVc\

8

9

:

;

Bndc\ ?jc ?dd! IVanV @V]VcZ! Hjc\VW @^b :$;! Ldc H]d` AZZ! Ndjc\X]VZ AZZ 9! Ja Ndc\ Bddc!

C:L ?:GH:N


ÊLrgma^mb\ ?ehp^klË !Gh ieZlmb\" A^kgZg =bZsÈ:ehglh% \kbmb\ >kb\d <Zk\Zfh% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm ::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1

=^hidg^XVaan! VgX]^iZXijgZ WZ\Vc l^i] V XdcXZei! '

Vc dkZgVaa higViZ\n dg hdbZ `^cY d[ egZ"bZVc^c\# I]^h hijY^d egdedhZY V gZ"ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ i]Z

edhh^W^a^in d[ [dgb \ZcZgVi^dc Vh Vc Vjidcdbdjh VXi# 6h Vc ZmiZch^dc d[ i]^h ^ciZgZhi! hijYZci gZhZVgX] [dXjhZY bdgZ heZX^ÒXVaan dc i]Z YZ\gZZ id l]^X] Vjidcdbdjh \ZdbZig^XVa [dgbh XdjaY WZ ^ciZgegZiZY Vh Vc VXXjbjaVi^kZ bjiVi^dc! dg Vh ]Vk^c\ aViZci V[[ZXi^kZ ediZci^Va#

i]^c` i]gdj\] XdbbdceaVXZ ^YZVh d[ heVXZ ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa ^h ^c]ZgZcian eda^i^XVa! i]^h hijY^d ViiZbeiZY id Vbea^[n i]^h

>[ igVY^i^dcVaan! YZh^\c lVh YZg^kZY [gdb Vc ZmeZgi^hZ d[ Y^hXdjghZ VcY ]dl i]Zn VgZ ^c]ZgZcian heVi^Va^oZY# [dgb VcY egdedgi^dc! bjiVi^c\ YZh^\c ^h Vc VYkVcXZY hiVcXZ

hiVcXZ! Wdi] XdkZgian VcY dkZgian! Wn Zc\V\^c\ ^hhjZh Vi i]Z

I]Z jhZ d[ i]Z Y^\^iVa id ZcVWaZ V i]^c`^c\ i]gdj\] higjX" eZV` d[ i]Z XjggZci YZWViZ l]^aZ Veegdeg^Vi^c\ dWhZgkZY

idlVgY i]Vi igVY^i^dc/ ^i XVccdi ZhXVeZ VcY ^h i]jh Vc Zkd" ijgZh d[ ]dl heVXZ ^h XdckZci^dcVaan i]dj\]i lVh hZZc Vh XVbeV^\c iZX]c^fjZh idlVgYh djg dlc VYkVciV\Z# HjX] aji^dc d[ i]Vi igVY^i^dc# 9ncVb^X idedad\n i]Zc WZXdbZh V i]Z ed^ci! cdi dcan id Xg^i^fjZ V bdgZ dg aZhh XdbbdceaVXZ Xg^i^XVa jg\ZcXn XVaah [dg gVY^XVa VXi^dc! VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ idda i]Vi eZgiV^ch! ^c aVg\Z YZ\gZZ! id i]Z ]^\]Zhi Xdcigda d[ XdcXZei^dc d[ i]Z Y^\^iVa ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa egdYjXi^dc! Wji hZZbh id WZ ZkZgbdgZ ^ck^h^WaZ i]gdj\]dji i]^h X]VeiZg# i]Z bVc^ejaVi^dch d[ i]dhZ [dgbVa higViZ\^Zh# >[ igVY^i^dcVa Vahd id hZi dji V cZl iZggV^c ^c l]^X] id fjZhi^dc i]Z cZZY 8VbeV^\c ;ZkZg lVh bZVci id WZ V YZbdchigVi^dc# L]Vi VgX]^iZXijgZ cZZYZY id YZiZgb^cZ i]Z YZ\gZZ id l]^X] V [dg Vcdi]Zg lVn ^c l]^X] id i]^c` i]Z egdWaZbh d[ Vabdhi V l^aa ndj YZbdchigViZ4 =dl4 eVgi^XjaVg egd_ZXi ]VY VX]^ZkZY ^ih ZmiZci d[ WZVjin! i]ZhZ eg^dg^ XdcY^i^dch d[ heVXZ ^c bdhi d[ Y^\^iVa egdYjXi^dc# idedad\^Zh ZmeadgZ i]Z j\an VcY i]Z ]dgg^ÒX Vh bZi]dYh d[

=dl b^\]i Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa V\ZcYV higViZ\^XVaan e^\\n"

6 hadl gZbdkZ! Vh i]Z hijY^d egd\gZhhZY! [gdb Vc ^c^i^Va WVX` dc VcY$dg VaiZg WgdVYXVhi bZhhV\Zh ^c]ZgZci id i]^h

bViZg^Va Å i]Z j\an Vh V gZkZghZY bZX]Vc^hb d[ V bdgZ igV" XaV^b i]Vi i]Z h^iZ ldg`h h^bean dc i]Z aZkZa d[ 6gX]^iZX" engZm^Va EgZh^YZci^Va XVbeV^\c hZVhdc4 L]Vi XdjaY hjX] Y^i^dcVa WZVjin VcY i]Z ]dgg^ÒX Vh V l^aa id Vc\j^h] dg V bdgZ ijgZ Vh 9^hXdjghZ! [dgXZY i]Z hijYZcih ^cid kZgn egZX^hZ Vc V\ZcYV WZ! VcY l]Vi [dgbh b^\]i ^i iV`Z4 >c \ZcZgVa! i]Z VeeVaa^c\ ZcXdjciZg l^i] i]Z ldg`# Gddi^c\ i]^h idedad\^XVa Xg^i^XVa dg^ZciVi^dch#

^ciZci d[ i]^h hijY^d lVh id YZkZade heZXjaVi^kZ XVbeV^\ch

YZh^\c eVgVY^\b l^i]^c i]Z XdcÒcZh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZÉh V^b

[dg VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXih id Zmead^i VcY Y^hgjei i]Z hiViZ d[

<ZfiZb`g ?^o^k

eda^i^XVa ]necdh^h i]Z JH6 XjggZcian ÒcYh ^ihZa[! i]gdj\] gZ"

ZhhVgn kVg^Vi^dch i]Vi Vaadl [dg Vc ZhXVeZ idlVgY V heVi^Va D^bma DZl^fZg% \kbmb\

ÒcZY hZih d[ higViZ\^X! [dgbVa! egd\gVbbVi^X! VcY XdchigjX"

[dg egdedgi^dc VcY WZVjin! i]Z j\an VcY ]dgg^ÒX VgZ i]Z cZX" bdYZa d[ h]dX`^c\ egZhZcXZ#

FZkd ;^ZkZd% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

I]Z hijY^d igVchaViZY hnci]Zi^X dg\Vc^hb iZX]c^fjZh ::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1

i^kZ ad\^Xh VcY VXi^dch# I]^h hijY^d deZgViZY Vh V i]^c`"iVc`! cVk^\Vi^c\ i]gdj\] kVgn^c\ bdYZh d[ ^ciZgcVa XdaaVWdgVi^dc! ^c Vc Z[[dgi id ^c^i^Vaan heZX^[n ediZci fjZhi^dch i]Vi XdjaY ViigVXi

^cid [dgbVa"idedad\^XVa iZX]c^fjZh! XgZVi^c\ WVh^X iVmdcd"

b^Zh d[ V XZaa i]Vi \ZcZgViZ cZl heZX^Zh d[ [dgbVa WZ]Vk^dg# I]Z hiV`Zh lZgZ ^cXgZY^Wan ]^\] ^c i]Z '%%- JH EgZh^YZci^Va XaZVg nZi XdbeaZm VgX]^iZXijgVa egdedhVah! VcY i]Zc ^iZgVi^kZan I]Z YZh^\c iVh` lVh YZXZei^kZan higV^\]i[dglVgY/ V <gZZc ZaZXi^dc# 7ZcZVi] Vaa d[ i]Z igjan Vhidc^h]^c\ he^c VcY ]neZ YZkZade XVbeV^\c higViZ\^Zh id egdeV\ViZ hjX] VXi^dc# =djhZ 7diVc^X <VgYZc#

ajg`ZY XdjciaZhh h^\c^ÒXVci VcY hZg^djh ^hhjZh! bdhi lZaa `cdlc id i]dhZ l]d edcYZg i]Z ^bbZY^ViZ VcY adc\"iZgb

Ma^ :k\abm^\mnkZe LZehg

;bhlia^k^ Q

[jijgZ d[ i]^h cVi^dc VcY ^ih \adWVa ^beVXi# L]^aZ VgX]^iZXijgZ CZg^mm^ Dbf% \kbmb\

:eblmZbk @bee $ O^khgbdZ L\afb]% \kbmb\l

Chag <^khg^% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1

::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1

7^dhe]ZgZ M lVh V hijY^d VWdji i]Z eda^i^Xh d[

6c ÆVgX]^iZXijgVa hVadc!Ç dc i]Z h^iZ d[ E]^a^e (

?d]chdcÉh \aVhh ]djhZ ^c CZl 8VcVVc Å Wg^c\^c\

)

XdchZgkVi^dc VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ ZcZg\n Å ]dlZkZg

id\Zi]Zg Y^kZghZ \gdjeh d[ eZdeaZ! [gdb Vgi^hih id VgX]^iZXih id eVigdch! id XgZViZ heVXZh d[ YZWViZ VcY Y^hÄ XdjghZ! [dgjb! h]dlgddb! hVaZh! VcY egdYjXi^dc Å lVh hZZc Vh Vc ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z fjZhi^dc/ l]ZgZ ^h VgX]^iZXijgZ4 I]Z hVadc! Vh V heVXZ d[ ^ciZgZhi ^c V ÆWg^c\^c\ id\Zi]Zg!Ç gVi]Zg i]Vc V XdcXZgc l^i] eVgi^XjaVg^i^Zh d[ l]Vi ^h Wgdj\]i id\Zi]Zg! [dgXZY i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ egZX^hZ lVnh ^c l]^X] id

Zck^gdcbZciVa^hb# L]^aZ i]Z XVaa [dg aVcY

8g^i^Xh =ZgcVc 9^VoÄ6adchd 6ahiV^g <^aa KZgdc^`V HX]b^Y @Z^i] @VhZbVc ?VcZiiZ @^b <dgYdc @^ee^c\

XgjX^Va Å i]gZViZch id aZVkZ YZWViZ VWdji egZhh^c\ eda^i^XVa ^hhjZh hiV\cVci jcYZg V \gZZc \aVoZ! i]^h hijY^d jcZVgi]ZY hdX^Va V\ZcYVh [gdb l^i]^c Zck^gdcbZciVa XdcXZgch# Egd_ZXih ^c i]^h hijY^d VhhZgiZY i]Vi i]Z lVn lZ [gVbZ i]Z Zck^gdcbZci cZXZhhVg^an [gVbZh i]Z gdaZ d[ XdchjbZg^hb! XdgedgViZ XjaijgZ! Zck^gdcbZciVa _jhi^XZ! eVgi^X^eVi^dc! VcY hX^Zci^ÒX gZhZVgX] ^c hdX^Zin# Egd_ZXih WZ\Vc Wn Zmeadg^c\ i]Z ^YZdad\^Zh d[ ild XVbeh/ ]^ee^Zh VcY ]jciZgh# DcZ b^\]i i]^c` i]Vi kZ\ZiVg^Vc! Xdb" bjcVa ^YZVa^hih VgZ Vi dYYh l^i] eZdeaZ l]d ]jci Vc^bVah VcY hij[[ i]Zb [dg Y^heaVn# =dlZkZg! ]^ee^Zh VcY ]jciZgh h]VgZ V a^WZgiVg^Vc b^higjhi d[ \dkZgcbZci i]Vi jcYZga^Zh V WgdVYZg YZh^gZ id gZijgc ÆWVX` id cVijgZ!Ç l]^aZ XVaa^c\ jedc \dkZgc" bZci id egdiZXi l^aYZgcZhh [gdb ZcXgdVX]^c\ YZkZadebZci# I]Z iZhi^c\ \gdjcY [dg i]ZhZ ^hhjZh ^h 7^dhe]ZgZ '! V (#&)ÄVXgZ higjXijgZ (% b^aZh djih^YZ d[ IjXhdc! 6g^odcV! i]Vi ]djhZY hZkZc ÆW^dhe]Zg^VchÇ [gdb &..&"&..' ^c Vc ZcXadhZY VcY hZa["hjhiV^cZY Zck^gdcbZci id hZgkZ Vh V egdidineZ [dg

!


8g^i^Xh I]dbVh AZZhZg ;g‚Y‚g^X AZkgVi @ViZ Dg[[ BVg` GV`ViVch`n

heVXZ Xdadc^oVi^dc# IdYVn! 7^dhe]ZgZ ' ^h ed^hZY id Xdc[gdci 7^dhe]ZgZ & :Vgi] / l]^aZ i]Z higjXijgZ ^h deZgViZY Wn i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 6g^odcV [dg ZXdhnhiZbh gZhZVgX]! ^ih &+%% VXgZ h^iZ ^h XjggZcian haViZY [dg gZh^YZci^Va! XdbbZgX^Va! VcY gZhdgi YZkZadebZcih Wn ^ih dlcZg! 89D GVcX]^c\ 9ZkZa"

VcY egd_ZXiZY hXZcVg^dh [dg V hZa["hjhiV^c^c\ CN8 l^i] VbW^i^dc! gVY^XVa i]^c`^c\! VcY V hZchZ d[ jg\ZcXn# I]Z hijY^d Zc\V\ZY i]gZZ h^iZh! ZVX] deZgVi^c\ VXgdhh i]Z hXVaZh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc YZh^\c! VcY aVcYhXVeZ# I]Z ldg` lVh Yg^kZc Wn Vc ^c^i^Va eZg^dY d[ h]dgi! higjXijgZY! VcY ^ciZc"

debZci# Egd_ZXih ^c i]^h hijY^d d[[ZgZY heZXjaVi^kZ YZh^\c

h^kZ hZb^cVg gZhZVgX]# I]^h ^c^i^Va gZhZVgX] lVh heZXjaVi^kZ

egdedhVah [dg i]Z h^iZÉh [jijgZ#

VcY heVg`ZY V egd_ZXi VeegdVX] VcY YZh^\c! XdbW^c^c\ i]Zd" gZi^XVa heZXjaVi^dc VcY ]VgY ldg` ^c Zck^hV\^c\ V cZl hnci]Zi"

Ma^ G^p Rhkd Lmn]bh

^X Xdhbdeda^iVc cVijgZ i]Vi WajggZY i]Z cVijgVa VcY Vgi^Ă’X^Va#

@hk]hg Dbiibg`% \kbmb\% pbma FZkbZ Lm^_Zgb]bl $

BdgZ WgdVYan! hijYZcih ZmeadgZY i]Z gdaZ d[ aVcYhXVeZ Vh

GhkZ I^r^k $ MZb`Z Dhihg^g

Vc ZaZbZci d[ jgWVc dgYZg ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ gZi]^c`^c\ CZl

::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1

Ndg`Éh [jijgZ hZiiaZbZci eViiZgc# I]Z hijY^d ^ckZhi^\ViZY ijgVa [VciVh^Zh ^c eaVXZh a^`Z i]Z Jc^iZY 6gVW :b^gViZh VcY iZX]c^fjZh VcY deZgVi^dch d[ Vc ZXdad\^XVaan \gdjcYZY aVcY"

I]Z CZl Ndg` HijY^d edhZY i]Z fjZhi^dc/ id YZkZadeZY VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY jgWVc higViZ\^Zh d[ i]Z^g dlc hXVeZ jgWVc^hb! [gdb i]Z eZgheZXi^kZ d[ V ÆXg^i^XVa Y^hX^ea^cZ *

l]Vi ZmiZci VcY ]dl XVc ZbZg\^c\ ZaZXigdc^X i]Vi Xg^i^XVaan gZhedcYZY id i]dhZ XdcY^i^dch d[ ZXdcdb^X i]Vi ldjaY WZ XVeVWaZ d[ igVchXZcY^c\ i]Z eda^i^Xd"iZX]c^XVa ^c[dgbVi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh gZYZ[^cZ hdX^Va Zck^gdcbZci! VgX]^iZXijgVa XjaijgZ VcY WdYn eda^i^Xh#

^ciZgVXi^dc ^c e]nh^XVa ejWa^X heVXZ ^c i]Z jgWVc XdciZmi4

^beVhhZ cdl Xdc[gdci^c\ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc YZh^\c

M"H 8^in/ 6Wj 9]VW^ 8Ve^iVa <VgYZch ^h V jide^V hZiia^c\ egd[Zhh^dchÇ @ZccZi] ;gVbeidc # HijYZcih Zc\V\ZY ^c

CZl Ndg` 8^in lVh i]Z h^iZ d[ i]Z hijY^d# JgWVc ^cid gZVa^in#

gVe^Y egdidine^c\ d[ cZl ]nWg^Y"hXVeZh VcY WZ\Vc id k^hj"

^c[gVhigjXijgZ lVh i]Z hiVgi^c\ ed^ci#

Va^oZ VcY YZkZade V k^h^dc i]Vi XdjaY ^ciZ\gViZ VgX]^iZXijgZ

HijYZcih hZaZXiZY V aVnZg d[ jgWVc ^c[gVhigjXijgZ VcY

;nbe]bg` ObkmnZe K^Zebmb^l É =n[Zb Lmn]bh -

^cid Vc ZbZg\Zci bZ\V"jgWVc"aVcYhXVeZ XdcY^i^dc# >YZVh

eZg[dgbZY Vc VcVanh^h l^i] i]Z ^ciZci d[ egdYjX^c\ V Xdb" ?k†]†kb\ E^okZm% \kbmb\

lZgZ YZkZadeZY i]gdj\] Y^V\gVbh! YgVl^c\h! VcY e]nh^XVa

egZ]Zch^kZ jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ^ih ZmiZcih VcY ^ih deZgVi^dc# ::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1

bdYZah! l^i] Zbe]Vh^h dc Y^\^iVa iddah VcY iZX]c^fjZh! ^c"

>c eVgVaaZa! V h^b^aVg VcVanh^h d[ Vc ZbZg\^c\ ZaZXigdc^X

XajY^c\ jhZ d[ i]Z 8C8 b^aa VcY aVhZg"XjiiZgh# I]Z hZbZhiZg

^c[dgbVi^dc Ă“dl inedad\n! l^i] V eVgi^XjaVg [dXjh dc i]dhZ

<Zdeda^i^XVa ^ckZhibZci VcY Wg^aa^Vci bVg`Zi^c\ lVh higjXijgZY i]gdj\] V hjXXZhh^dc d[ XdaaVWdgVi^kZ VcY

i]Vi [dhiZg V cdkZa bZX]Vc^hb d[ hdX^Va ZmX]Vc\Z idd`

,

]Vh VaadlZY i]Z hbVaa X^in d[ 9jWV^ id gZXZcian ^ciZgVXi^kZ egd_ZXih! ^c Vc ViiZbei id XdbegZhh i]Z gZhZVgX] WZXdbZ dcZ d[ i]Z bV_dg bZigdeda^iVc eaVnZgh ^c e]VhZ VcY id ZcVWaZ i]Z ^bV\^cVi^dc VcY YZkZadebZci d[

eaVXZ# ;VXZWdd`! bnheVXZ! HZXdcY A^[Z! HBH bZhhV\^c\

VgZ Wji V [Zl ZmVbeaZh d[ cZl [dgbh d[ hdX^Va ZmX]Vc\Z i]Z ldgaY# ;VciVhn VcY bVg`Zi^c\ ]VkZ WZXdbZ V lVn id ViigVXi cZl egd\gVbh! dXXjeVi^dch! ejWa^Xh! VcY ZXdad\^Zh# I]Z gZ" i]Vi ]VkZ ZbZg\ZY l^i] iZX]cdad\n# 8Vc i]ZhZ dg di]Zg XVe^iVa! \ZcZgVi^c\ V X^in cdi WVhZY dc ÆYZbVcYÇ dg ÆcZXZhh^inÇ hjaih d[ i]Z hijY^d lZgZ XdaaZXiZY ^cid V ejWa^XVi^dc# iZX]cdad\^Zh WZ YZeadnZY ^c e]nh^XVa jgWVc heVXZ id i]Z i]ZgZ ^h VWhdajiZan cd adXVa edejaVi^dc cZZY Wji dc i]Z hVbZ Z[[ZXi Vh ^c k^gijVa heVXZ4 >[ hd! XdjaY cZl [dgbh d[ hVi^h[VXi^dc d[ i]Z bViZg^Va^oVi^dc d[ V Æk^gijVa Zck^gdcbZci#Ç hdX^Va ^ciZgVXi^dc ^c e]nh^XVa heVXZ WZ [VX^a^iViZY4

:kZgn XdchigjXi^dc ]Vh V cVbZ! V hidgn! V bVg`Zi^c\ bVc"

:k\abm^\mnk^ bl I^k_hkfZg\^ É !Bg"]^i^g]^gm <bg^fZ(!Bg"]^i^g]^gm :k\abm^\mnk^

HijYZcih YZkZadeZY egdidine^XVa YZh^\ch VcY gZegZhZciZY V\Zg! Vc Vhh^\cZY a^[ZhinaZ! V Æk^gijVa^in#Ç 6cY i]^h k^gijVa^in ^c FZkd KZdZmZgldr% \kbmb\ i]Zb l^i] Y^V\gVbh! gZcYZg^c\h! VcY k^YZd bdciV\Zh# ;jaa" ZkZgn lVn XdY^ÒZh VcY \ZcZgViZh ^ih e]nh^XVa^in# Cd adc\Zg XVc ::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1 hXVaZ ^ciZgkZci^dch dc i]Z h^iZ hZaZXiZY lZgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY#

lZ Xdch^YZg djg gZVa^in l^i]dji V XdcY^i^dc d[ i]Z bZciVa Ă… dg >bV\^cZ ndj VgZ i]Z Y^gZXidg d[ Vc ^cYZeZcYZci

aVWZaZY Y^[[ZgZcian d[ k^gijVa^in# GZVa^in ^h ValVnh V XdbW^cVi^dc

Q&L <bmr3 :[n =aZ[b <ZibmZe @Zk]^gl

d[ Wdi]! Wji i]Z eaVXZh l]ZgZ i]Z k^gijVa ^h hd edlZg[ja i]Vi ^i

MahfZl E^^l^k% \kbmb\

Vaadlh i]Z e]nh^XVa id WZ ^begZhh^kZ! i]Zc VgX]^iZXijgVa ^bV\^"

::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1

cVi^dc ^h hZg^djhan cZZYZY#

.

Ă’ab i]^h hjbbZg! Vgg^k^c\ ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in l^i] dcan lZZ`h id ldg` dji i]Z hidgn d[ ndjg Ă’ab!

Ă’\jgZ l]Vi \ZcgZ ldjaY WZ WZhi! XVhi i]Z X]VgVXiZgh! hXdji

I]Z ild bV^c dW_ZXi^kZh d[ i]Z hijY^d lZgZ id fjZhi^dc i]Z i]Z adXVi^dc! gZ]ZVghZ! h]ddi! ZY^i! gZĂ’cZ! VcY ZY^i ^cid V I]Z hijY^d ^ckZhi^\ViZY ^hhjZh d[ ZmXZhh^kZ gdaZ d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXi Ă… l]^X] ^h cdi _jhi id hdakZ [jcXi^dcVa Ă’cVa Xji# Cdl ^bV\^cZ i]Vi Vaa i]ZhZ hVbZ iZgbh Veean id +

jgWVc VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa higViZ\^Zh ^c Vc ZmigZbZ egdWaZbh Wji id ^ckZci cZl Zck^gdcbZcih Ă… id Xdchi^ijiZ V i]Z egdXZhh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! [dg ^cYZZY VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h V Xa^bViZ! ZmigZbZ ZXdcdb^X VcY eda^i^XVa XdciZmi! [jaa eVX`V\Z d[ k^gijVa bViZg^Va^oVi^dc Ă… l^i] i]Z cVbZ! i]Z eZg[dgbVi^kZ VXi i]Vi XVc ZcVXi ^ih dlc Y^gZXiZY VcY

VcY ^c Vc Zck^gdcbZci d[ ZmigZbZ VcY ZmXZhh^kZ YZh^\c! i]Z egdYjXi! i]Z bViZg^Vah! VcY ZkZc i]Z jhZg! VcY id Y^gZXi^c\ VW^a^i^Zh# ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ 6bZg^XVc hinaZ edejaVg XjaijgZ! Vh XVc YZkZade V YZh^\c aVc\jV\Z WVhZY dc cdc"bViZg^Va gjaZh! hjX] WZ l^icZhhZY VcY ^h XjggZcian ^c i]Z bV`^c\ ^c X^i^Zh a^`Z Vh i]Z iddah lZ ]VkZ ^c]Zg^iZY [gdb VWhigVXi gZegZhZciVi^dc# 9jWV^ VcY 6Wj 9]VW^#

L]ViÉh ndjg ^hhjZ! l]ViÉh i]Z hidgn ndj lVci id iZaa VWdji VgX]^iZXijgZ idYVn4 L]Vi egd\gVbbVi^X \ZcgZ ldjaY ^i

>c i]^h Vgi^ÒX^Va VcY k^gijVa ÆeVgVY^hZÇ! l]Vi ^h aZ[i [dg bdhi gZaViZ id4 L]ZgZ ^c CZl Ndg` ldjaY WZ i]Z bdhi egd"

HijYZcih ZmVb^cZY i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa higViZ\^Zh egZkVaZci i]Z cdc"k^gijVa! [dg i]Z e]nh^XVa egZhZcXZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ4 YjXi^kZ VcY ed^\cVci adXVi^dc4 L]Vi VgZ i]Z eg^bVgn hXZcZh ^c XdciZbedgVgn jgWVc YZkZadebZci VcY ZmXZhh^kZ VgX]^iZX" =dl YdZh dcZ ^c]VW^i i]Z ^bV\Z4 >c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] V ^c ndjg Wj^aY^c\ id iZaa i]^h hidgn4 L]Vi iZXidc^X X]VgVXiZgh YZkZadeZg ]^\]an ^ciZgZhiZY ^c i]Z ÆigVYZbVg`Ç ^bV\Z d[ l^aa ndj XVhi [dg i]Z bV^c gdaZh VcY hZXdcYVgn gdaZh VcY 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in! i]Z hijY^d cZ\di^ViZY i]Z gZVa^in d[ ]dl l^aa i]Zn ZkdakZ Vh i]Zn ZcXdjciZg ZVX] di]Zg [gdb heV" Wj^aY^c\ Vc ^bV\Z#

i^Va hXZcZ id heVi^Va hXZcZ ^c ndjg Wj^aY^c\4

G^p GZmnk^l3 OblnZebsbg` <Zk[hGR<

d[ VcY Zc\V\ZbZci l^i] i]Z gZaVi^dch WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ

DZm^ Hk__% \kbmb\% pbma ;^mlr Lmh^e

VcY Ă’ab! YZkZadeZY i]gdj\] XadhZ"gZVY^c\h d[ X]VgVXiZgh

::= LMN=BH% LNFF>K +))1

VcY i]Z^g \ZhijgZh ^c V kVg^Zin d[ Ă’ab VcY iZaZk^h^dc! anime

I]gdj\]dji i]Z hZbZhiZg i]ZgZ lVh i]ZdgZi^XVa VcVanh^h

VcY Vc^bVi^dc! ZmiZg^dg VcY ^ciZg^dg VgX]^iZXijgZ# >c EaVCN8 '%(%! CZl Ndg` 8^in hZi dji Vc VbW^i^djh -

Hd i]Zc! >cYZeZcYZci 8^cZbV4 >cYZeZcYZci 6gX]^iZXijgZ4

V\ZcYV id gZYjXZ \adWVa lVgb^c\ Zb^hh^dch Wn L]Vi lZ ZmeadgZY VgZ i]Z h^bjaiVcZdjh ^ciZgYZeZcYZcX^Zh! bdgZ i]Vc (% # L]Vi l^aa i]^h cZl edhi"8VgWdc YZeZcYZcXZh! VcY ^cYZeZcYZcXZh d[ bZY^V VcY egd\gVbh!

jgWVc^hb$X^inÄd[Äidbdggdl add` a^`Z4 I]Z hijY^d k^hjVa^oZY h^iZh VcY iZXidc^Xh! heVi^Va VcY hdX^Va eda^i^Xh# !


6

7 8

9 :

ÊLrgma^mb\ ?ehp^klË !Gh ieZlmb\"

B^X]VZa 6gZaaVcZh >>! :jchj` 7VZ! 6cVhiVh^V 8]da^!

A^kgZg =bZs :ehglh% \kbmb\

9Vk^Y 9Vk^aV 6gVfjZ! 9VZ Ldd` AZZ 6! BVg^a^^h A^adkZg!

>kb\d <Zk\Zfh% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

BVii]Zl Ajio! <VWg^Za C^X]dah! B^X]VZa GZ]b 7$9! ?VbZh H^`Zh! :bbVcdj^a HiVkgV`V`^h! 8]^"8]Zc NVc\ 8$:

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


6 7

8

9

:

Ma^ :k\abm^\mnkZe LZehg

>dVccV 6c\Za^Ydj! =ZgcVc 7ZiVcodh! EaVidc >hhV^Vh 6$9 !

:eblmZbk @bee $ O^khgbdZ L\afb]% \kbmb\l

Hddc"=njc ?jc\! 6cc^Z Ad! :[gVi C^oVc! ?dh]jV EVY\Zii 7$: ! :aZc^ EVeVcVhiVh^dj 8 ! Hjc Ndjc\ EVg`! ?Vn H]V]!

=^gdbVhV H]^WViV! 6aZmVcYgV Kdj\^V

8DCC:8I>8JI


6 7

8

9 :

;

<ZfiZb`g ?^o^k

7Zc_Vb^c 8Vgg! 7gVYaZn :c\ZahbVc ;! 6a^ ;Vg^kVg HVYg^!

D^bma DZl^fZg% \kbmb\

HZg\^d <dbZo! Bddcndjc\ @^b! ?VZ =Zdc A^b! ?d]c AdX`Z 7$8$: !

FZkd ;^ZkZd% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

<Zdg\^dh B^igd\^dg\^h! ?VbZh D BZVgV! HdcVa EViZa! :aZc^ EZiVadi^ 6$9! ?jVc"Aj^h KVaYZggVWVcd"BdciVcZh! =ZVi] LZhi


6 7

8 9

;bhlia^k^ Q

G^`V 8]VjY]gn! 9ZaVa 9Zb^gX^d\aj! =Vc @^b!

CZg^mm^ Dbf% \kbmb\

CVhZg BVYdj]! I^V\d GdbVd YZ 7Vggdh 8$9!

Chag <^khg^% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

CViVa^V GdjbZa^di^ 6$7! EVcV\^di^h HVga^h

6G>ODC6


6

7

8

9

:

Ma^ G^p Rhkd Lmn]bh

Nj"NjVc 8]Vc\! ?jc^X]^gd =dg^`VlV 8$: !

@hk]hg Dbiibg`% \kbmb\% pbma FZkbZ Lm^_Zgb]bl $

LZ^"?j AV^ 9 ! HVh`^V CV\Za! I]VY CdWj]VgV!

GhkZ I^r^k $ MZb`Z Dhihg^g

BZ\Vc Fj^cc 6$7 ! :g^X KZg\cZ! ?j^"C^ NVc\

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


6

7 8

9 :

;

Q&L <bmr3 :[n =aZ[b <ZibmZe @Zk]^gl

6YVb 7g^aa]Vgi 7VggZii 7gdlc 8$; ! :kVc\Za^V

MahfZl E^^l^k% \kbmb\

@VgVX]Va^dj! @VgZc B^ig^ 7$9 ! @^ Jc\ CV 6$: ! BVgXZad CV_ZgV <VgX^V! HVc\ =lVc EVg`! ?Zcc^[Zg ?dnXZ IVc

JC>I:9 6G67 :B>G6I:H


6 7

8

9

;nbe]bg` ObkmnZe K^Zebmb^l É =n[Zb Lmn]bh ?k ] kb\ E^okZm% \kbmb\

:

8]g^hi^cV 6`^h`Vadj 7 ! 8]Vgan 6aVogV`^! ?dhZ 6gV\jZo 8$: ! 9Vc^nV 6iiV! 9^Z\d ;ZgcVcYZo K^aaVkZgYZ! BVhV`^ Bdg^cdWj 6$9 ! EVWad EZgZo EVaVX^dh! ?dg\Z 6cYgZh HZgeV! <j^aaZgbd

HZk^aaVcd! >c]d Hj]!E^Zigd IdYZhX]^c^! 6Yg^VcV OVgg^aad

JC>I:9 6G67 :B>G6I:H


6

7

8 9

: ;

G^p GZmnk^l3 OblnZebsbg` <Zk[hGR<

8g^hidWVa 6bjcViZ\j^! 6aZmVcYgdh 6kadc^i^h! Hjc\ :jc

DZm^ Hk__% \kbmb\% pbma ;^mlr Lmh^e

8]jc! 9Vk^Y <dcoVaZo! <lZcYdanc BVX;VgaVcY ; ! :YjVgYd BVndgVa <dcoVaZo! 6Yda[d CVYVa! >\cVX^d HZcgV 6$7 ! =ZZ_dd H]^ 8$9 ! HVc\ LVc H]^c! @d`d IV`V]Vh]^! 8]VgaZh KVaaV :

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


6 7

:k\abm^\mnk^ bl I^k_hkfZg\^ É !Bg"]^i^g]^gm <bg^fZ(!Bg"]^i^g]^gm :k\abm^\mnk^ FZkd KZdZmZgldr% \kbmb\

?dg\Z 7VggV\Vc! <dcoVad 8Vh^h! HiZe]Vc^Z =VggdX] 9 ! @dhVgV @j_jcYo^X! EVig^X` AVjhZaa! H^ :jc AZZ! EVdaV BVgfjZo IdkVg! 6ccV"BVg^V BZ^hiZg! H^cV BZhYV\]^! OVX]Vgn DaXoV` 7$8$; ! 6cYgZV OVaZlh`^ 6$: ! AVjgZc OjX`Zg


8 9

:

;

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


?nkgbmnk^ Lmn]bh3 IZkZf^m^kl h_ =^lb`g Iabeebi :gsZehg^ $ <Zm^kbgZ MbZsshe]b% \kbmb\l LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

I]^h hijY^d ZmeadgZY i]Z XdccZXi^dc WZilZZc VYkVcXZY XdbejiVi^dcVa YZh^\c iZX]c^fjZh VcY i]Z Zc\V\ZbZci d[ gZVa^in ^c i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ V e^ZXZ d[ [jgc^ijgZ# 8dciZbedgVgn bZi]dYh d[ Y^\^iVa YZh^\c VcY egdYjXi^dc Å ^cXajY^c\ eVgVbZig^X ZmeadgVi^dc! eZg[dgbVi^kZ YZh^\c! hda^Y bdYZa^c\! XdbejiZg cjbZg^XVaan XdcigdaaZY [VWg^XVi^dc! VcY bViZg^Va hijY^Zh Å lZgZ jhZY id \ZcZgViZ V [jaaÄhXVaZ iZbeaViZ [dg bVcj[VXijg^c\# I]Z h`^aa id XgV[i bViZg^Va ]Vh igVY^i^dcVaan WZZc i]Z gZVab d[ ^cY^k^YjVa

8g^i^Xh E]^aa^e 6coVadcZ 9Vk^Y 7Zc_Vb^c 6a[gZYd 7g^aaZbWdjg\ =jWZgi @ajbecZg NdaVcYZ 9Vc^Zah BVg`jh 9dX]VcihX]^

I]^h lVh i]Z iZgg^idgn d[ Egdd[ I]gZZ! V YZh^\c hijY^d

ZmegZhh^dc ^c i]Z YZh^\c egdXZhh# I]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ WVhZY dc eZg[dgbVcXZ ZkVajVi^dc VcY i]Z egdXZhh d[ iZhi" bdgZ Y^gZXi [dgbh d[ h^bjaVi^dc i]^h ]Vh WZXdbZ ZVh^Zg id ^c\# >c i]^h hijY^d! hijYZcih ZmeadgZY V cZl bZi]dYdad\n/ Zc\V\Z! Wji ]VY gZbdkZY i]Z e]nh^XVa^in d[ XgV[i [gdb i]Z XgZVi^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ i]gdj\] YZh^\c d[ ZmeZg^bZcih gVi]Zg egdXZhh# 8C8 VcY eVgVbZig^X iZX]c^fjZh Vaadl i]Z jhZg id i]Vc YZh^\c d[ XdbeaZiZ hdaji^dch# WZXdbZ bdgZ ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z egdXZhh l]^aZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan

>c i]Z^g ZmeZg^bZcih! hijYZcih jhZY VYkVcXZY XdbejiVi^dc"

XdaaVeh^c\ i]Z YZh^\cZgÄXgV[iheZghdc YjVa^in# I]^h ediZci^Va Va bZi]dYh Zkdaji^dcVgn Xdbeji^c\ VcY cZl bjai^ÄdW_ZXi^kZ lVh i]Z bdYZ d[ XdcXZeijVa ZmeadgVi^dc ^c i]Z hijY^d#

dei^b^oVi^dc hd[ilVgZ bdYZ;gdci^Zg ! iZhi^c\ l^i] XdbejiZg

HijYZcih ldg`ZY h^bjaiVcZdjhan dc V eVgVbZig^X Xdb" h^bjaVi^dch Òc^iZ ZaZbZci VcVanh^h VcY XdbejiVi^dcVa Ój^Y ejiZg bdYZa! V hda^Y bdYZa id VXXjgViZan h^bjaViZ e]nh^XVa YncVb^Xh Vh lZaa Vh l^i] e]nh^XVa egdidineZh Y^\^iVa [VWg^XV" gZVa^in! VcY ^iZgVi^kZ VgX]^iZXijgVa ZmeZg^bZcih ldg`^c\ je i^dc VcY l^cY ijccZa ZmeZg^bZcih ! Vaa i]Z l]^aZ Zc\V\^c\ ^c id V [jaaÄhXVaZ egdidineZ d[ i]Z egd_ZXi [dg Zm]^W^i^dc# I]Z Vc ^c[dgbZY! Xg^i^XVa! VcY deZcÄZcYZY Y^hXjhh^dc VWdji i]Z \dVa lVh id gZi]^c` i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc YZh^\c VcY [jijgZ VcY bZVc^c\ d[ bZig^Xh! VcY i]Z [jijgZ VcY bZVc^c\ XdchigjXi^dc VcY id Zc\V\Z V Y^Vad\ i]gdj\] i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# d[ [jgc^ijgZ dW_ZXih i]Vi Zc\V\Z VgX]^iZXijgVa heVXZ#

I]Z hijY^d ldg`ZY XadhZan l^i] H`^YbdgZ! Dl^c\h

I]Z ldg` lVh Zm]^W^iZY Vi i]Z '%%. B^aVcd ;jgc^ijgZ BZgg^aa HDB VcY V eg^kViZ YZkZadeZg ^c BjbWV^ id YZh^\c ;V^g VcY i]Z CZl Ndg` >8;;# I]Z XaVhh lVh hedchdgZY Wn i]Z i]Z cZl 8]]VigVeVi^ H]^kV_^ >ciZgcVi^dcVa 6^gedgi# :VX] <H6EE 9^\^iVa ;VWg^XVi^dc AVW lll#VgX]#XdajbW^V#ZYj$[VW" hijYZci ZmeadgZY [dgbh! higjXijgVa hnhiZbh! VcY egd\gVb Xdc ! VcY i]Z CdcÄA^cZVg Hdaji^dch Jc^i lll#VgX]#Xdajb" aVndjih [dg i]Z egd_ZXi! VcY ZVX] VYYgZhhZY i]Z eda^i^XVa! W^V#ZYj$cahj lVh V gZhZVgX] hdjgXZ [dg eVgVbZig^X YZh^\c# XjaijgVa! VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa ^hhjZh ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z cZl YZ" I]Z XdbW^cZY ^ciZgZhih VcY ediZci^Vah d[ i]ZhZ aVWh egdk^YZY kZadebZci! \^k^c\ eVgi^XjaVg ViiZci^dc id i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ i]Z [gVbZldg` [dg i]Z XdcXZeijVa VcY gZVa^oZY YZh^\c#

jh^c\ XaZVc! hnci]Zi^X _Zi [jZa VcY i]Z ^beVXi ^i XdjaY ]VkZ dc i]Z Zci^gZ V^ga^cZ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ#

Ikhh_ ,3 F^mkb\l% F^Zgbg`% Fnf[Zb =Zob] ;^gcZfbg% \kbmb\

I]Z hijY^d lVh hedchdgZY Wn GdWdi B^aaZcc^jb! bdYZ;gdc" i^Zg! 86I>6! 7jgd =VeedaY! VcY H`^YbdgZ! Dl^c\h BZgg^aa#

LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

BZig^Xh! V\ZĂ„daY bZY^jb [dg ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji '

i]Z ldgaY! VgZ dc V gdaa# I]Zn Yg^kZ hegZVYh]ZZih!

[dgZbdhi ZmVbeaZh d[ hajb je\gVY^c\ egd_ZXih# I]Z hZXdcY hiV\Z add`ZY Vi VaiZgcVi^kZ iZX]cdad\^Zh gZ\VgY^c\ ZcZg\n!

Ma^ Ihp^k h_ ?nee >g`Z`^f^gm3 >qmk^f^ ;hng]Zkr G^`hmbZmbhg É IZkZbl�ihebl3 Fhk^ hk E^ll

ZaZXi^dc edaa^c\! \adWVa hjeean X]V^ch! hZVgX] :e_k^]h ;kbee^f[hnk` $ An[^km Denfig^k% \kbmb\l%

lViZg! lVhiZ! Zgdh^dc Xdcigda! VcY igVchedgiVi^dc ^c Wj^ai ZmVbeaZh d[ hjhiV^cVWaZ jgWVc^hb ldgaYl^YZ! l^i] i]Z \dVa id jcYZghiVcY i]Z ZbZg\^c\ deedgijc^i^Zh d[ bdYZgc hjh" iV^cVWaZ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ [dg i]Z YZh^\c d[ ejWa^X jgWVc heVXZ#

Zc\^cZh! hdX^Va cZildg`h! VcY XdbejiZg h^bjaVi^dch d[ Vaa pbma FZkd <heebgl $ Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ

I]Z i]^gY e]VhZ lVh V YZh^\c egd_ZXi ^c l]^X] hijYZcih

ineZh# CZlan VXXZhh^WaZ h^bjaVi^dc hd[ilVgZ Vaadlh VgX]^iZXih LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

igVch[ZggZY \gZZc ^c[gVhigjXijgZ eg^cX^eaZh id V gZVa XVhZ d[

id bdYZa VcY bZVhjgZ i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ Wj^aY^c\h# 7ji

V hajb l^i] V edejaVi^dc d[ ,%!%%% XVaaZY Æ8^in d[ =ZVkZcÇ ^c

cdl l]Vi4 L]Zc Yd lZ hide ijc^c\ i]Z cjbWZgh4 =dl Yd

I]^h hijY^d Xdch^YZgZY jgWVc XdcXZeih d[ gZigd" H d EVjad# 7VhZY dc i]Z VXijVa XdcY^i^dch! hijYZcih YZkZa"

lZ cZ\di^ViZ WZilZZc XdbeZi^c\ dW_ZXi^kZh4 L]Vi VheZXih d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ h]djaY WZ dei^b^oZY ^c i]Z Ă’ghi eaVXZ4

(

Òii^c\ Å V egdXZhh Wn l]^X] [dXjhZY! hbVaaÄhXVaZ deZY egdedhVah [dg hZaZXi ^c[gVhigjXijgZ je\gVYZh# VgX]^iZXijgVa ^ciZgkZci^dch XVc hegZVY ^iZgVi^kZan

I]Z eg^bVgn \dVa d[ i]Z hijY^d lVh id VX]^ZkZ Xdci^cj^in

i]gdj\]dji Vc ^bedkZg^h]ZY jgWVc VgZV id egdYjXZ Vc WZilZZc ^ciZgcVa VcY ZmiZgcVa Zck^gdcbZcih VcY YncVb" ZbZg\Zci hZchZ d[ dgYZg! dcZ i]Vi Z[[ZXih bVhh^kZ jgWVc ^Xh! XgjX^Va id Vcn VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi ^c]VW^ih i]Z YZchZ [VW" VcY hdX^Va X]Vc\Z# 6h hjX]! i]ZhZ YZh^\c ^YZVh YZbVcY g^X d[ i]Z ^c[dgbVa hZiiaZbZci# XZgiV^c XdciZmijVa gZVhhZhhbZci# I]Z Wj^ai ^ciZgkZci^dch XVccdi WZ a^c`ZY jcXg^i^XVaan id i]Z^g Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci Vh

Kng:pZr Ikhc^\m Lmn]bh

Xd]Zh^kZ VcY l]daZ! Wji gVi]Zg Vh jgWVc VXjejcXijgZ RheZg]^ =Zgb^el% \kbmb\% pbma =pZrg^ =Zg\r ^ciZcYZY Vh Vc ^bejgZ VXi d[ gZ\ZcZgVi^dc# >i ^h V `Zn LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1 WdjcYVgnÄineZ egdWaZb Å l]Vi YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh XVc WZ Wgdj\]i id i]Z hajb XdciZmi4

I]Z Gjc6lVn Egd_ZXi hijY^d lVh Xdbeg^hZY d[ V hZg^Zh d[

I]Z hijY^d hdj\]i id ZmeadgZ V YZZe ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ adlÄgZ" YZh^\c X]VaaZc\Zh i]Vi lZgZ egZhZciZY ^c V XdbeZi^i^dc hdjgXZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY i]Z YZh^\c d[ ^c[dgbVa X^i^Zh ^c i]gZZ [dgbVi# 8]VaaZc\Z XdciZci lVh cdi Y^hXadhZY WZ[dgZ]VcY# hiV\Zh# >c i]Z Òghi hiV\Z! hijYZcih Xg^i^XVaan ZmVb^cZY i]Z I]Z hijYZcih ]VY * id &) YVnh id XdbeaZiZ ZVX] X]VaaZc\Z# "


8g^i^Xh 9Vk^Y HVaVoVg =ZgcVc 9^VoÄ6adchd 6a^hiV^g <^aa KZgdc^XV HX]b^Y AVjg^Z =Vl`^chdc 8gV^\ @dcn`

Egd_ZXih lZgZ _jY\ZY Vi Vaa gZk^Zlh# I]gdj\]dji i]Z hZbZhiZg! i]Z X]VaaZc\Zh! ldg`! VcY _jgn gZhjaih lZgZ edhiZY dc V hijY^d Wad\# ]iie/$$lll#gjcVlVnegd_ZXihijY^d'%%-# Wad\hedi#Xdb$ ;dg i]Z ÒcVa! i]Z hijYZcih lZgZ X]VaaZc\ZY l^i] hiV\^c\ V gjclVn h]dl d[ i]Z^g XdaaZXi^dc XdbedhZY d[ ^cY^k^YjVa VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXih# I]Z hijY^d egdk^YZY ZVX] hijYZci l^i] V [gVbZldg` id YZkZade V hZa[Ä\ZcZgViZY VeegdVX] id VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c VcY V eaVi[dgb [dg egVXi^XZ# I]Z hijY^d ZmedhZY hijYZcih id Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZ i]Vi lVh gZÓZXi^kZ dg ÆXg^i^XVaÇ ^c i]Vi ^i ^cXajYZY i]Z ^ciZggd\Vi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa dW_ZXih Vh eVgi d[ i]Z egdYjXi^dc#

XjaijgVa! hdX^Va! ZXdcdb^X! VcY eda^i^XVa \gVbbVgh# I]Z ;Vaa '%%- 8]VaaZc\Zh

aViiZg eVgVY^\b ed^cih id Vc jcYZgan^c\ OZ^i\Z^hi i]Vi ^h Vi

8&/ ;addYÄaZhh =djhZ '%%- G>76 XdbeZi^i^dc

dcXZ h^\c^[^XVci id i]Z egdedhZY b^mZYÄjhZ bjhZjb!

8'/ =djhZ 8dbedcZci

gZhZVgX]! YdXjbZciVi^dc! VcY ZYjXVi^dcVa XZciZg ^c E]cdb

8(/ 6YkZgi^hZbZcih [dg 6gX]^iZXijgZ

EZc]! 8VbWdY^V# I]Z ZmeZXiVi^dch d[ i]Z hijY^d lZgZ i]ZdgZi^XVa VcY

8)/ EaVn#&/ ;dgb <ZcZgVi^c\ <VbZ 8*/ EaVn#'/ EjWa^X <gV[i dch^iZ \VbZ ^chiVaaVi^dc

egVXi^XVa ^c ZfjVa eVgih! l]ZgZWn hXgjejadjh ^iZgVi^dch

8+/ EdhiÄ=j Ld bVc Jc^i/ WZndcY i]Z WVX]Zadgh eVY$Ydaa h ]djhZ

d[ hijYZci gZhZVgX] Xjab^cViZY ^c Wj^aY^c\ YZh^\ch VcY

8,/ EaVcÄaZhh <gZZc H`nhXgVeZg

Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa Zi]dh [dg i]Z EZgbVcZci 9dXjbZciVi^dc

8-/ 6 M ide^V

8ZciZg d[ 8VbWdY^V# I]Z cZl 98Ä8Vb EZgbVcZci 8ZciZg

8./ GjclVn 8daaZXi^dc 8]VggZiiZ

l^aa Xdch^hi d[ i]gZZ eg^cX^eaZ egd\gVbbVi^X ZaZbZcih/ V

8&%/ ;Vaa%- GJCVL6N 8daaZXi^dch

bjhZjb! V \ZcdX^YZ gZhZVgX] XZciZg! VcY Vc ZYjXVi^dcVa Ldg` ^c cZ^\]Wdg^c\ Y^hX^ea^cZh eVgVaaZah i]ZhZ ^c^i^V" XZciZg [dg \ZcdX^YZ VcY gZXdcX^a^Vi^dc hijY^Zh#

Ihp^kl h_ 13 Z Fnembl\ZeZk Lrlm^f :`Zbglm AnfZgÈ<^gm^k^] =^lb`g

i^kZh# 6XidgÄCZildg` I]Zdgn h]^[ih hdX^Va V\ZcXn [gdb hZa[Ä

A^kgZg =bZsÈ:ehglh% \kbmb\

8dci^cZciVa e]^adhde]n ]Vh gVY^XVaan h]^[iZY i]Z WdjcYVg^Zh ;dg i]^gin nZVgh! cd [dgbVa _jhi^XZ hnhiZb ]Vh WZZc ZhiVW"

>kb\d <Zk\Zfh% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

d[ Vc^bVa^in ^c iZgbh d[ ZbWdY^bZci# :Xdad\^XVa hX^ZcXZ ]Vh a^h]ZY id Wg^c\ @]bZg Gdj\Z aZVYZgh gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z

LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

YZhiVW^a^oZY XdckZci^dcVa YZh^\c Zi]^Xh d[ egdYjXi^dc! VYY^" \ZcdX^YZ d[ &#, b^aa^dc eZdeaZ id ig^Va# 7n YdXjbZci^c\ i]Z

98Ä8Vb ^h Vc ^cYZeZcYZci 8VbWdY^Vc dg\Vc^oVi^dc

igVcheVgZci hjW_ZXih id ^cVc^bViZ dW_ZXih VcY XdccZXi^dch# YZY^XViZY id egdbdi^c\ bZbdgn VcY _jhi^XZ ^c 8VbWdY^V#

i^dc! VcY iZX]c^X^in ^c lVnh i]Vi bV`Z XdckZci^dcVa cdi^dch d[ ]^hidgn VcY VigdX^i^Zh d[ i]Z @]bZg Gdj\Z ZgV! ZYjXVi^c\ I]Z ^bV\^cVgn d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc VcY gZegZhZci" i]Z h^c\jaVg Wj^ai Ò\jgZ VeeZVg jiiZgan cV^kZ# Vi^dc ^h ^c cd lVn WdjcY id i]Z heZX^ÒX hXVaVg a^b^iVi^dch d[

i]Z ejWa^X! ZcXdjgV\^c\ VXXdjciVW^a^in! VcY gZVX]^c\ dji id

I]^h hijY^d ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z [dgbVa a^c`^c\ VcY higViZ" i]Z k^Xi^bh d[ 9ZbdXgVi^X @VbejX]ZV! 98Ä8Vb hZZ`h id

i]Z ]jbVc YlZaa^c\# 6g\jVWan! VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h i]Vi l]^X] \^X XdccZXi^dch WZilZZc bjai^eaZ hXVaZh VcY [jcXi^dch d[ ]Zae ]ZVa i]Z ldjcYh d[ i]Z eVhi! YZkZade V hdjcY gjaZ d[ egdYjXZh VcY Zc[dgXZh i]Z kZgn edhh^W^a^in d[ hXVaZ# BVcn ]VkZ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c dW_ZXi l^i] i]Z \dVa d[ egdYjX^c\ aVl! VcY egZkZci [jijgZ ]jbVc g^\]ih VWjhZh ^c 8VbWdY^V! Vh`ZY l]n! di]Zg i]Vc i]Z dWk^djh egd[Zhh^dcVa Xdch^YZg" Vc Z^\]iÄhXVaZ YZh^\c hnhiZb! ^cXajY^c\ cVcdbZig^X Vh" hjggdjcY^c\ 6h^V! VcY WZndcY# Vi^dch! ]Vh VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh Vc ^ciZaaZXijVa ZcYZVkdg WZZc hd hZbWaV\Z! i]Z bVbbVa dg\Vc! i]Z Vc^bVa WdYn! Xadi]^c\! X^gXjb hXg^WZY Vh ^i ]Vh Wn kVg^Vi^dch dc i]Z eg^bdgY^Va ]ji4

[jgc^ijgZ! igVchedgiVi^dc! ]djh^c\! VcY X^in#

:kmÈAhnl^ Ikh]n\mbhgl É MkZbe^k3 <bmr% BlmZg[ne% Mnkd^r

=<È<Zf3 : I^kfZg^gm =h\nf^gmZmbhg <^gm^k h_ <Zf[h]bZ

:eblmZbk @bee $ O^khgbdZ L\afb]% \kbmb\l

6\V^chi i]^h! dc i]Z bVg\^ch! VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh ValVnh Zm" eZg^bZciZY l^i] edh^i^dch XdcigVgn id i]Z Y^XiViZh d[ K^igjk^Vc Vci]gdedXZcig^hb# BdgZ gZXZci ZmVbeaZh ^cXajYZ hXg^eiZY

LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

^ckZhi^\Vi^dch d[ ^c[dgbVi^dcVa XdbeaZm^in! EZiZg :^hZcbVcÉh FZkdnl =h\aZgml\ab $ =Zob] LZeZsZk% \kbmb\l hXVaZaZhh iZXidc^X hijY^Zh! ZkZc EVdad HdaZg^ VcY HjeZghijY^dÉh LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1 bZ\VhigjXijgZh# Di]Zg ZbZg\^c\ bZY^V iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY Y^h" L]^aZ idYVnÉh hinaZÄWVhZY Æh^\cVijgZ VgX]^"

XdjghZh hjX] Vh gdWdi^Xh! cVcdiZX]cdad\n! \Zcdb^X VcY \Z" cZi^X hnhiZbh! VcY eaVcZiVgn ^c[dgbVi^dc cZildg`h Xdci^cjZ id ZmX^iZ bVcn VgX]^iZXijgVa V\ZcYVh VcY egd_ZXih VcY ZmiZcY l]Vi lZ iV`Z Æegd\gVb!Ç Æ[dgb!Ç VcY Æh^iZÇ id bZVc#

>hiVcWja! dc i]Z ÆZY\ZÇ d[ :jgdeZ! ^h a^iZgVaan hea^i *

)

Vi ^ih XZciZg Wn i]Z 7dhe]dgjh HZV# EZgX]ZY Vi i]Z ZY\Z d[ ild Xdci^cZcih Y^kZg\Zci gZa^\^djhan

iZXijgZÇ igZcYh VgZ h]Ve^c\ Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VcY ZXdcdb^XVaan! ^i ^h V X^in ^c l]^X] Vcn VXi^dc! eVgi^X^eVi^dc! edgi[da^d d[ cZl Wj^aY^c\h! i]^h hijY^d ^ckZhi" dg XdbbZciVgn! aZi VadcZ VgX]^iZXijgVa Wj^aY^c\! ^h

^\ViZY V Xg^i^XVa gZijgc id Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa aVc\jV\Z Wdgc d[ cZXZhhVg^an eda^i^XVaan [gVbZY# >c '%&% >hiVcWja deZch Vh i]Z :jgdeZVc 8^in d[ 8jaijgZ! l]^ahi gZiV^c^c\ V higVc\Z gZaVi^dc id i]Z gZhi d[ :jgdeZ# >i gZbV^ch deZc ^[ VcY l]Zc Ijg`Zn l^aa WZ VaadlZY ^cid i]Z :J# I]Z hijY^d egd\gVb lVh Vc Æ6gi =djhZ d[ VcY [dg >hiVc" WjaÇ! l^i] dcZ d[ ^ih gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh id h]dlXVhZ VcY egZh" Zci Ijg`Zn id Wdi] :jgdeZ Vh eVgi d[ ^ih YZh^gZ [dg ^cXdg" edgVi^dc VcY ^ih dlc ^ciZgcVa hea^i d[ :Vhi VcY LZhi# :VX] hijYZci [dgbZY V Xg^i^fjZ d[ Y^hXdjghZh d[ i]Z ZbZg\Zci VcY cZl! Vadc\ l^i] i]dhZ i]Vi XaV^b eda^i^XVa eZgheZXi^kZh dcid hjX]# I]Zn VeegdVX]ZY >hiVcWja ^c^i^Vaan ^c iZgbh d[ ]dl ^ih heVXZ XdjaY WZ dXXje^ZY# I]^h dXXjeVi^dc lVh ldg`ZY i]gdj\] cdi ^c iZgbh d[ V heZXiVXaZ d[ bnhiZgn! hZXgZXn! dg "


8g^i^Xh I]ZdYdgZ EgjYdc I]dbVh AZZhZg G^X]VgY Eajco ;gVc d^h GdX]Z

XdbeaZm^in d[ Z^i]Zg ^ih ]^hidgn dg bViZg^Va Zm^hiZcXZ! cdg dcZ [gVbZY Wn XaV^bh d[ eda^i^XVa eZgheZXi^kZ Z^i]Zg dcid dg ZmigVedaViZY [gdb hjX]# >chiZVY! dXXjeVi^dc d[ heVXZ lVh jcYZghiddY ]ZgZ Vh ^chXg^W^c\ di]Zg ]^hidg^Zh d[ heVXZ ^i" hZa[! dcZh Xdb^c\ [gdb ad\^Xh ^ckZciZY [gdb fjZhi^dch d[

@h @k^^g >Zlm AZke^f Lmn]bh3 Nk[Zg A^Zema% ?hh] L^\nkbmr Zg] Nk[Zg :`kb\nemnk^ Kb\aZk] Iengs% \kbmb\ ?:EE +))1

>c Xdch^YZg^c\ i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ ÆhjhiV^cVWaZ VcY

i]Z ÆZm^hi^c\Ç d[ >hiVcWja ^c i]Z Òghi eaVXZ# -

]ZVai]n X^i^Zh!Ç ^i ^h d[iZc i]Z cZ^\]Wdg]ddY i]Vi ^h

@khpbg` FZgaZmmZg3 Ihlm :ll^f[er ?Z[kb\Zmbhg _hk >qiZg]bg` Zg Ho^kÈ>qiZg]^] <bmr

VYVei id cZl YZbVcYh gZaViZY id jgWVc ZXdad\n! ejWa^X

EZnkb^ AZpdbglhg% \kbmb\% pbma L^Zg @ZeeZ`a^k

VcY heVXZh VgZ ^bedgiVci! ^i ^h i]Z XdaaZXi^kZ ZchZbWaZ i]Vi

LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

l^aa bV`Z Vc VXijVa Y^[[ZgZcXZ id i]Z ZXdad\^XVa VcY hdX^ZiVa

`Zn id jcYZghiVcY^c\ ]dl X^i^Zh XVc gZhedcY VcY ]ZVai]! VcY ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci# L]^aZ ^cY^k^YjVa Wj^aY^c\h

[ddieg^ci! VcY i]Z ZchZbWaZ gZfj^gZh V eda^i^XVa XdchZchjh Vh +

ÆI]Z CVi^dcVa EVg`h HZgk^XZ Zhi^bViZY Veegdm"

lZaa Vh heVi^Va VcY YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh# I]Z \dVa d[ i]^h hijY^d

^bViZan &.% VWVcYdcZY kZhhZah½ ]VkZ WZZc aZ[i

lVh id egdk^YZ Vc ZYjXVi^dcVa ZmeZg^ZcXZ i]Vi VaadlZY

id gdi ^c i]Z '*!%%% VXgZh i]Vi bV`Z je ?VbV^XV

hijYZcih id WZ\^c id Xjai^kViZ i]Z h`^aah cZZYZY id YZkZade

7Vn#Ç Å The New York Times! 6j\jhi '%%-

hjXXZhh[ja VcY ^ccdkVi^kZ YZh^\ch [dg hjhiV^cVWaZ VcY ]ZVai]n

7j^aY^c\ dc i]Z XjggZci Zm]^W^i^dch d[ 7jX`b^chiZg ;jaa"

X^i^Zh ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ V gZVaÄa^[Z YZh^\c X]VaaZc\Z# I]Z hijY^d

Zg Vi i]Z L]^icZn BjhZjb VcY =dbZ 9Za^kZgn Vi BdB6! ^c i]Z ]ZVgi d[ GdiiZgYVbÉh eg^bZ h]dee^c\ Y^hig^Xi# 6c d[" ^cigdYjXZY V [jgi]Zg aZkZa d[ gZVaÄa^[Z egVXi^XZ Wn ^cXajY^c\ i]Z hijY^d egdedhZY i]Z cZmi hiZeh [dg YZkZade^c\ ^YZVh! ÒXZ Wj^aY^c\ [dg i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa 7Vc` 67CÄ6BGD! l]^X] Wdi] VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ hijYZcih# egd\gVbh! VcY jai^bViZan egd_ZXih [dg ^cXgZbZciVa ZmeVc" hjgk^kZY i]Z Aj[ilV[[Z 7dbW^c\ VcY lVh gZhidgZY ^c &.).!

Id egdk^YZ i]Z gZVaÄa^[Z X]VaaZc\Z! i]Z hijY^d ldg`ZY

h^dc ^c i]^h X^inÉh VagZVYn dkZgÄZmeVcYZY jgWVc Zck^gdc" egZhZcian dXXje^Zh i]Z h^iZ# HijYZci iZVbh VhXZgiV^cZY i]Z l^i] i]Z Æ<d <gZZc :Vhi =VgaZbÇ egd\gVb# I]Z Æ<d <gZZc bZci# Jh^c\ i]Z ÓdVi^c\ WVg\Z Vh V ediZci^Va jc^i d[ ZmeVc" kVajZ d[ i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc d[ i]Z Zm^hi^c\ Wj^aY^c\! i]Z kVajZ :Vhi =VgaZbÇ egd\gVb ^h i]Z Òghi d[ V hZg^Zh d[ cZ^\]Wdg" h^dc! hijYZcih [dXjhZY dc i]Z edhiÄVhhZbWan [VWg^XVi^dc d[ ^ih gZeaVXZbZci! dg Vcn hdaji^dc ^c WZilZZc# edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY YZkZadebZci#

]ddY gZXaVbVi^dc ^c^i^Vi^kZh WZ\jc Wn BVc]ViiVc 7dgdj\]

HijYZcih ^ckZhi^\ViZY cZl YZÒc^i^dch d[ jgWVc Xdc" EgZh^YZci HXdii Hig^c\Zg# I]gdj\] Æ<d <gZZc :Vhi =VgaZbÇ

I]Z ^ciZci d[ i]Z hijY^d lVh i]gZZ[daY/ & id egdedhZ egd" iZmi! VXXZei^c\ i]Z igVY^i^dcVa YZÒc^i^dc d[ XdciZmi Vh i]Z aZVYZgh VcY gZh^YZcih d[ :Vhi =VgaZb VgZ Xdb^c\ id\Zi]Zg \gVbh i]gdj\] i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXi i]Vi YZbdchigViZ ZmiVci Wj^ai Zck^gdch d[ V egd_ZXi VcY hZZ`^c\ V YZZeZg id YZkZade V eaVc VcY Vc V\ZcYV [dg \gZZc^c\ V cZ^\]Wdg" ]dl hjhiV^cVWaZ A>;: XdjaY WZ hXg^eiZY Vi cZl lViZg h^iZh jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z jgWVc XdciZmi! WZ ^i egd\gVbbVi^X! ]ddY l]ZgZ eVhi Zck^gdcbZciVa Y^heVg^i^Zh ]VkZ WZZc VgdjcY BVc]ViiVc0 ' id YZkZade [VWg^XVi^dc higViZ\^Zh [dg iZbedgVgn! dg [jijgZ XdciZmih! dg ZkZc XdciZmih i]Vi bVn Vbdc\ i]Z bdhi VXjiZ ^c i]Z X^in# HijYZcih ldg`ZY ^c Xdc" jgWVc \gdli] jh^c\ i]Z ^cXgZbZciVa jc^i d[ V XdchigjXi^dc cdi WZ Y^gZXian VgX]^iZXijgVa# Ild ^bedgiVci XdbedcZcih hjaiVi^dc l^i] gZegZhZciVi^kZh d[ <d <gZZc :Vhi =VgaZb WVg\Z VcY ^ih VW^a^in id ]dhi ÓdVi^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ0 ( id jhZ ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ i]Z h^iZ lZgZ BVgXZa 7gZjZgÉh YZ 7^_Zc`dg[ id YZkZade ^ccdkVi^kZ egdedhVah [dg \ZcZgVi^c\ V hjhiV^c" i]Z iddah d[ i]Z Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc aVW id XgZViZ Vc ^iZgVi^kZ Wj^aY^c\ VcY GZb @dda]VVhÉh b^mZYÄjhZ YZkZadebZci! VWaZ VcY ]ZVai]n :Vhi =VgaZb# ZmeZg^bZci WZilZZc YgVl^c\$XdbejiVi^dcVa YgVl^c\ VcY XjggZcian jcYZg XdchigjXi^dc# e]nh^XVa bdYZa^c\#

I]Z h^iZ VcY ^ih adXVi^dc ^c GdiiZgYVb [gZZY hijYZcihÉ

!g"\^kmZbgmb^l [bhmhi^l +')

I]Z egZb^hZ d[ i]Z hijY^d lVh id eg^k^aZ\Z ZmeZg^bZciVa ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch id gZYZÒcZ XdciZmi# >h XdciZmi egZÄ&.)% Gdi" ?kZg hbl Kh\a^% \kbmb\% pbma FZk\ ?hkg^l bdYZa^c\ iZX]c^fjZh ^c i]Z egdXZhh d[ YZkZade^c\ i]Z VgX]^" iZgYVb4 EdhiÄLVg GdiiZgYVb4 EdhiÄ'%%- GdiiZgYVb4 LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1 iZXijgVa egd_ZXi# I]Z bdYZah lZgZ YZkZadeZY jh^c\ kVg^djh EdhiÄDB6 GdiiZgYVb4 L]Vi ^h i]Z cVijgZ d[ XdbbZgXZ ineZh d[ iddah/ ]jbVc ]VcY! aVhZg$lViZg_Zi XjiiZgh! 8C8 VcY eaVccZY h]dee^c\ Y^hig^Xih! heZX^ÒXVaan i]Z 8ddah^c\Za >ÉkZ ]ZVgY VWdji hdbZi]^c\ XVaaZY c XZgiV^ci^Zh W^dideZh b^aa^c\! VcY (9 eg^ci^c\ bVX]^cZh VkV^aVWaZ Vi i]Z <H6EE# VcY A^_cWVVc Vh ÆhigZZihÇ4

'#% i]Vi Wj^aYh je dcan i]gdj\] bjai^eaZ! ]ZiZgd\ZcZdjh!

HijYZcih ldg`ZY idlVgYh hXVaZ bdYZah! [jaaÄhXVaZ bdX`Ä

VcY XdcigVY^Xidgn hXZcVg^dh! hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi gZ_ZXih ZkZc

jeh! VcY i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ V [VWg^XVi^dc hXZcVg^d Å ji^a^o^c\

:]oZg\^] Lmn]bh .

i]Z ^YZV d[ V edhh^WaZ egZY^Xi^dc VWdji ^ih [dgb d[ \gdli] dg

V iZX]c^fjZ VcY bViZg^Va gZaVi^dch]^e Å edh^i^dcZY l^i]^c MahfZl E^^l^k% \kbmb\

[jijgZ inedad\n# HdbZi]^c\ h]VeZaZhh \gV[iZY dcid Zm^hi^c\

Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ [dg i]Z ÒcVa egd_ZXi#

LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

i^hhjZ! hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi cZZYh cd kVc^h]^c\ ed^ci id _jhi^[n

<hgm^qm3 :_m^k ;k^n^k% ;^_hk^ HF:3 Khmm^k]Zf

8dcigVgn id igVY^i^dcVa hijY^d hZiÄjeh! hijYZcih lZgZ Vh`ZY id ^c V gZVaÄi^bZ k^WgVidgn hiViZ! ]ZgZ VcY cdl#

<kZb` Dhgrd $ Ma^h]hk^ Ikn]hg% \kbmb\l

egdedhZ i]Z^g dlc egd_ZXih [gdb i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z hijY^d#

^ihZa[ Wji ^chiZVY lZaXdbZh V fj^kZg^c\ Zm^hiZcXZ ^bbZghZY

CHBGM :=O:G<>= :K<ABM><MNK> LMN=BH .(ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG =>LB@G PHKDLAHI% ?:EE +))1

IVc\aZY! ^ciZgil^cZY! ^i hZZbh id WZ V X^in! dg gVi]Zg V

I]Z hX]ZYjaZ lVh id ]VkZ hijYZcih egZhZci Vc ^YZV [dg V [gV\bZci d[ V X^in# egd_ZXi l^i]^c i]Z Òghi lZZ` d[ i]Z hijY^d# I]ZgZ lZgZ cd a^b"

I]Z bjai^ea^X^in d[ ^ih ^ciZgldkZc ZmeZg^ZcXZh VcY [dgbh

^ih hZi Vh id l]Vi i]Z egd_ZXi lVh! l]ZgZ ^i lVh ^[ Vcnl]ZgZ ! ^h bViX]ZY Wn i]Z VeeVgZci h^bea^X^in d[ ^ih bZX]Vc^hbh# I]^h ?d^ci HijY^d lVh V jc^fjZ XdbW^cVi^dc d[ nZi hijYZcih ]VY id ^YZci^[n i]Z^g \dVah! ^ciZgZhi! ^ciZci^dch! I]Z jgWVc [dgb cd adc\Zg YZeZcYh dc i]Z VgW^igVgn YZX^" ,

\gVYjViZ! VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY ]^hidg^X egZhZgkVi^dc VcY XaZVgan hiViZ i]Z ÒZaY d[ gZhZVgX]! ZmeadgVi^dc! VcY YZ" h^dch dg Xdcigda dkZg ^ih ZbZg\ZcXZ ZmZgX^hZY Wn V [Zl! hijYZcih ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z hijYn d[ V h^\c^ÒXVci ldg` h^\c i]Zn lZgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c Yd^c\# >i lVh XgjX^Va id YZkZade Wji gVi]Zg i]Z ZchZbWaZ d[ ^ih ^cY^k^YjVa Xdci^c\ZcX^Zh# >ih

d[ BdYZgc 6gX]^iZXijgZ# I]Z WgV^cX]^aY d[ EVja HeZcXZg V XaZVg XdcXZei Vh id i]Z XdcXZeijVa WVh^h VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa aVlh VgZ XdchjWhiVci^Va l^i] i]Z eaVXZ ^ihZa[! l^i] cd ldg` 7nVgY Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z ]^hidg^X egZhZgkVi^dc egd\gVb &...Ä \dVah VcY ^bea^XVi^dch d[ i]Z egd_ZXi# HijYZcih ]VY id djia^cZ d[ bZbdgn# >ih Zm^hiZcXZ ^h ^cZmig^XVWan a^c`ZY id i]Z ZcY d[ '%%- ! i]^h hijY^d XgZViZh Vc ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn VeegdVX] id l]Vi i]Z Vci^X^eViZY Xdcig^Wji^dc i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ i]Z \gVcY cVggVi^kZh! i]Z dW_ZXi^kZ gZXd\c^i^dc d[ Xa^bVi^X YZh^\c l^i] ]^hidg^X higjXijgZh# KZgn cZVgan YZhigdnZY Wn i]Z Aj[ilV[[Z VZg^Va WdbW^c\

lVh ZmeZXiZY id WZ#

X]Vc\Zh! V hjhe^X^dc d[ Vaa bdgVa^in ZkZc ZXdad\^XVa ! i]Z

6h Vc VaiZgcVi^kZ hiVgi^c\ ed^ci! hijYZcih lZgZ id hZ" k^WgVi^dc d[ hdX^Va e]ZcdbZcV VcY i]Z jg\Zci cZZY id gZcZl

d[ &.)% VcY gZWj^ai hiVgi^c\ ^c &.)-! GdiiZgYVb ^h ^c bVcn aZXi V XdciZbedgVgn Vgi^hiÉh egd_ZXi! WVh^c\ i]Z Vgi^XjaVi^dc i]Z YZbdXgVi^X bZX]Vc^hbh# ;^Xi^dc ^h ^ih gZVa^in eg^cX^eaZ/ lVnh V cZl X^in! V cZl ZmeZg^bZci ^c bdYZgc gZÄjgWVc^oV" d[ i]Z^g dlc ^YZVh! ^ciZci^dch! VcY Xg^i^fjZ dc V gZVY^c\$ l]Vi ndj ]VkZ WZ[dgZ ndjg ZnZh Xdc[dgbh id i]Z igji] d[ i]Z i^dc# I]Z h^iZ [dg i]Z hijY^d lVh adXViZY dc i]Z 8ddah^c\Za VcVanh^h d[ i]Z Vgi^hiÉh ldg`# "

jgWVc XdcY^i^dc d[ c XZgiV^ci^Zh W^dideZh '#%#


I]Z gZhZVgX] d[ i]^h hijY^d lVh id YZÒcZ i]Z h]VeZ! i]Z

I]Z egd\gVb gZfj^gZY i]Z hijYZcih VYYgZhh Wdi] Vc^bVa

Ma^ Fnl^nf h_ ma^ =bZlihkZ !Fh="

hdX^Va dg\Vc^oVi^dc! ZkZc i]Z hbZaa d[ i]^h jcegZY^XiVWaZ VcY ]jbVc gZfj^gZbZcih! Wji Vahd fjZhi^dc i]Z aZkZa d[ ^c" FZ[^e H' Pbelhg% \kbmb\ VcY edanbdge] X^in#

iZgVXi^dc WZilZZc i]Z ild# I]Z egd\gVb gV^hZY fjZhi^dch gZ" LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1 \VgY^c\/ [V`Z gZVa kh# gZVa [V`Z! eg^kViZ kh# ejWa^X! \ZcZg^X kh#

En]pb` Pbmm`^glm^bgÍl EZg`nZ`^ @Zf^ Zl Z A^nkblmb\ =^ob\^

heZX^ÒX! \adWVa kh# adXVa! eViiZgch! XVbdjÓV\Z! hXVaZ! iZX]"

R^an]Z LZ_kZg% \kbmb\% pbma Kb\Zk]h :k^bZl

\ZcZi^X VgX]^iZXijgZ! Zck^gdcbZci$hjhiV^cVW^a^in! Vbdc\ di]"

LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

Zgh# I]Z hijYZci lVh ZmeZXiZY id VYYgZhh i]ZhZ ^hhjZh l^i] 6iaVci^X G^b# L]^aZ i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z Y^VhedgV dXXjggZY

cdad\n kh# cVijgZ! W^dÄb^b^Xgn! W^dÄZhi]Zi^Xh! cZdÄdg\Vc^hb!

I]Z eZdeaZh d[ i]Z 6[g^XVc Y^VhedgV! gZhjai^c\ .

[gdb XZcijg^Zh d[ kdajciVgn VcY [dgXZY b^\gVi^dc! a^kZ l^i]^c cVi^dch VcY Xdci^cZcih WdgYZg^c\ i]Z

]^h$]Zg egdedhVa# >bV\^cZ ndj VgZ V \^gV[[Z! V ]^eedediVbjh Yjg^c\ i]Z k^daZci Y^heaVXZbZcih d[ i]Z 6iaVci^X haVkZ I]Z ,* eV\Zh d[ Tractatus Logico–Philosophicus bVYZ dg V edgXje^cZ# L]Vi ^h ndjg ndjg ^YZVa Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci4

igVYZ! V `Zn hdX^dÄZXdcdb^X [dgXZ ^beZaaZY Wn bZgXVci^aZ

L^ii\ZchiZ^c [Vbdjh VcY! Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! Z[[ZXi^kZan

VcY ^cYjhig^Va XVe^iVa^hb! ^i XVc WZ Vg\jZY i]Vi l^i] \adWVa

b^hjcYZghiddY# Hddc V[iZg! ]Z YZh^\cZY V ]djhZ [dg ]^h

Mabl Pbee Dbee MaZm

XVe^iVa^hb i]ZgZ VgZ cZl eVi]lVnh d[ ZmX]Vc\Z WZilZZc

h^hiZg ^c K^ZccV &.'+ i]Vi bVg`ZY V gZk^h^dc ^c ]^h i]^c`^c\# DZsrl OZkg^ebl% \kbmb\% pbma Kh[^km Lnfk^ee

kVg^djh gZ\^dch d[ i]Z Y^VhedgV! ZheZX^Vaan WZilZZc jgWVc

AVc\jV\Z lVh cd adc\Zg jcYZghiddY Vh V eZg[ZXi b^ggdg d[ LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

cdYZh# 8^i^Zh! V[iZg Vaa! deZgViZ Vh i]Z bdhi YncVb^X ]jWh

gZVa^in Wji XVeVWaZ d[ l]Vi ]Z YZhXg^WZY Vh V ÆaVc\jV\Z

i]gdj\] l]^X] cZildg`h d[ ZmX]Vc\Z VgZ X]VccZaZY#

\VbZ#Ç I]ZhZ cdi^dch lZgZ ZaVWdgViZY ^c (%!%%% bVcjhXg^ei Adc\ V\d! K^Xidg =j\d hj\\ZhiZY i]Vi i]Z Wdd` ldjaY `^aa I]ZgZ[dgZ i]^h hijY^d XdcXZ^kZY d[ i]Z BjhZjb d[ i]Z eV\Zh ]Z lgdiZ WZ[dgZ ]^h YZVi] ^c &.*&# Ild nZVgh V[iZg ]^h i]Z Wj^aY^c\# 6h V Ydb^cVci egdYjXZg d[ hdX^Va bZVc^c\ 9^VhedgV Bd9 Wn ^cfj^g^c\ l]Vi X^gXjaViZh i]gdj\] i]Z YZVi]! i]Z 7ajZ VcY 7gdlc Wdd`h VcY Ad\^XVa >ckZhi^\Vi^dc VcY dgYZg ^c hdX^Zin! ^i Y^Y# 7ji cdl i]Z Wdd` ^h Yn^c\ idd# \adWVa X^in! l]Vi VgZ i]Z XnXaZh d[ XdchigjXi^dc VcY gZcZlVa lZgZ ejWa^h]ZY# JcÒc^h]ZY ldg` WVhZY dc ]^h cdiZh! ^i ^h I]^h hijY^d ZmVb^cZY i]Z Xg^h^h d[ i]Z a^WgVgn! dcZ d[ i]Z l^i]^c i]Z bjai^ÄcVi^dcVa X^in4 Id Y^hXZgc i]ZhZ ÓjXijVi^dch! l^i]dji iZX]c^XVa iZgb^cdad\n VcY egdk^YZh Vc ^ch^\]i ^cid daYZhi VcY bdhi ^bedgiVci ^chi^iji^dch ^c hdX^Zin# >[ jcYZg hijYZcih gZhZVgX]ZY [djg X^i^Zh Å CZl Ndg` 8^in! HVakVYdg! i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ gZVa^in#

i]gZVi! a^WgVg^Zh VgZ ^YZVa gZhZVgX] h^iZh [dg VgX]^iZXih! 6XXgV! VcY A^kZgedda Vaa [dgbZg edgih d[ i]Z 6iaVci^X haVkZ

GVnbdcY FjZcZVj VcY i]Z bVi]ZbVi^X^Vc ;gVcXd^h AZ i]Z^g hnhiZbh d[ dg\Vc^oVi^dc XaZVg! XdcXZeijVa Y^V\gVbh d[ igVYZ! Wji cdl cdYZh d[ \adWVa ZmX]Vc\Z id Y^hXdkZg ]dl A^dccV^h XgZViZY Dja^ed DJkgd^g YZ A>iiZgVijgZ EDiZci^ZaaZ # `cdlaZY\Z# I]Z a^WgVgn ^h Vc ^YZVa eaVXZ [dg VgX]^iZXijgZ id i]Zn b^\]i WZ a^c`ZY! Wdi] ]^hidg^XVaan VcY XjggZcian! Wn I]^h \gdje WZa^ZkZY i]Vi a^iZgVijgZ ^h i]Z djiXdbZ d[ a^c\j^h" gZÄY^hXdkZg ^ih i]ZdgZi^XVa ejgedhZh# i^X YZk^XZh hjX] Vh cjbZg^XVa heZXjaVi^dch! aVWdgVidg^Zh [dg

Ódlh d[ b^\gVcih! ^c[dgbVi^dc! ÒcVcXZ! ZaZXigdbV\cZi^X

Djg hijY^d lVh XdcXZeijVa! V^bZY Vi YZkZade^c\ Vg\j" lVkZh! i^bZ! 9C6! idjg^hih! Xj^h^cZ! ^YZdad\^Zh! \Zdad\^XVa

^ckZci^dc! ^cVhbjX] Vh i]Zn XdchigjXi gVi]Zg i]Vc YZhXg^WZ# bZcih VcY edaZb^Xh! Wji ^i hZi dji id Yd hd jh^c\ i]Z iddah Yg^[i! XjaijgVa egVXi^XZh! XdaaZXi^kZ bZbdgn! `cdlaZY\Z! CZl gZVa^i^Zh VgZ egdedhZY# >cYZZY! ^i ^h ^c i]^h he^g^i lZ d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXi# 9^heZch^c\ l^i] i]Z egdheZXi d[ gZVa^o^c\ ]^hidg^XVa Vgi^[VXih! edaaji^dc! VcY XdchjbZg \ddYh i]ZhZ ldjaY a^`Z id ZmeadgZ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ i]^h egd_ZXi#

Wj^aY^c\h Vh XdchigjXi^dch d[ bViiZg! lZ ^chiZVY bV^ciV^cZY Vahd [dgbZY i]Z WVh^h d[ i]Z bjhZjbhÉ egd\gVb#

>c &.(- l^i] 6jhig^V iV`Zc dkZg Wn i]Z CVo^h! L^ii\ZchiZ^c i]Vi Wj^aY^c\h XVc WZ XdchigjXi^dch d[ i]dj\]i! XdcXZeijVa IgVchaVi^c\ i]Z i]ZbZh d[ iZbedgVa g]ni]bh VcY i^bZ igVkZaZY id 7Zga^c id hZXjgZ i]Z hdÄXVaaZY 6gnVc eVeZgh [dg bVX]^cZh i]Vi egdYjXZ Vg\jbZcih VcY hiViZ edh^i^dch! egZhhjgZ [gdb ZVga^Zg Òab VcVanh^h! hijYZcih YZkZadeZY V ]^h ild h^hiZgh l]d gZ[jhZY id aZVkZ K^ZccV# =Z dWiV^cZY bV`^c\ VWhigVXi `cdlaZY\Z ZmeZg^Zci^Va VcY XdcXZeijVa heZX^ÒX gZhZVgX] V\ZcYV i]Vi Vgi^XjaViZY i]Z XdccZXi^dch i]ZhZ eVeZgh V\V^chi &#, idch d[ \daY! l]^X] egZhZciZY Vi i]Z i]dj\]i dW_ZXi^kZ! g^\dgdjh! VcY jcYZghiVcYVWaZ#

WZilZZc i]Z [djg h^iZh VcY [dgbZY i]Z WVh^h [dg i]Z Bd9#

i^bZ &% d[ i]Z 6jhig^Vc \daY gZhZgkZ# L]Vi lZ egdedhZY [dg djg egd\gVb lVh id ^bV\^cZ i]Vi 9ZjihX]Z 7Vc`! l]^X] ^c"

Ma^ =b\mbhgZkr h_ K^\^bo^] B]^Zl

]Zg^iZY i]Z G^X]Zh 7Vc`! YZX^YZY id eVn WVX` i]^h Zcdgbdjh >gkbjn^ PZed^k% \kbmb\ hjb# I]Z [Vb^an YZX^YZY id XgZViZ V [djcYVi^dc YZY^XViZY id LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1 L^ii\ZchiZ^c# E]^adhde]^XVa >ckZhi^\Vi^dc VcY i]Z hijYZcih lZgZ ^ck^iZY id Zck^h^dc egd\gVb! h^iZ! VcY egd_ZXi#

I]^h hijY^d lVh i]Z [djgi] ^chiVaabZci ^c V YZXVYZÄadc\ egd_ZXi l]dhZ V^b ^h id ZmVb^cZ gZXZ^kZY ^YZVh Å i]Vi ^h!

BganfZg :k\abm^\mnk^

[dgbZgan cdkZa ^YZVh i]Vi! YjZ id gZXjggZci jhZ! ]VkZ WZZc

;^kgZk] Ml\anfb% \kbmb\%

YZeaZiZY d[ i]Z^g dg^\^cVa ^ciZch^in Å ^c XdciZbedgVgn

pbma IZneZ MhfblZdb $ Fb\a^Ze Rhng`

VgX]^iZXijgZ XjaijgZ# I]^h dc\d^c\ hZg^Zh d[ YZh^\c hijY^dh

LMN=BH .% ?:EE +))1

VcY i]Zdgn hZb^cVgh egdedhZY id Y^hXadhZ! YZÒcZ! VcY YViZ Å VcY ^c i]Z adc\ gjc VgX]^kZ Å gZXZ^kZY ^YZVh egZkVaZci

;Vg [gdb WZ^c\ V hijY^d ^c jceaZVhVci Zck^gdcbZcih! i]Z dkZg i]Z eVhi YZXVYZ! Wdi] ^c i]Z egd[Zhh^dcVa VcY VXVYZb^X hijY^d lVh VWdji fjZhi^dc^c\ i]Z YZÒc^i^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# gZVabh! ^c dgYZg id jai^bViZan deZc je di]Zgl^hZ egZXajYZY EZdeaZ d[iZc hVn hXjaeijgZ ^h cdi VgX]^iZXijgZ WZXVjhZ ^i ^h edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa cdi ^c]VW^iZY# 7ji l]Vi ^[ ^i ^h ^c]VW^iZY Wn cdcÄ]jbVch4 i]Zdgn# Id i]Vi ZcY! ^i [dXjhZY dc YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh VcY

8g^i^Xh NZ]jYV HV[gVc 7ZgcVgY IhX]jb^ @Vonh KVgcZa^h :cg^fjZ LVa`Zg BVWZa D# L^ahdc

I]Z l]daZ ]^hidgn d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ^ch^hih dc hXVaZ VcY i]Z XdcXZeijVa [dgbjaVi^dch! eVgi^XjaVgan ^c iZgbh d[ i]Z bZVch ]jbVc WdYn! egdedgi^dch! hnbWda^X WZVjin! ZiX# 7ji l]Vi d[ gZegZhZciVi^dc VcY i]Z aZm^Xdc i]gdj\] l]^X] i]Zn VgZ ^[ i]Z ^c]VW^iVcih VgZ cdi ]jbVc4 L]Vi ^[ Wj^aY^c\h Yd cdi gZheZXi^kZan Vgi^XjaViZY# I]^h egd_ZXi idd` Vh egZXZYZci ]VkZ V ]jbVc hXVaZ4 9d i]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\h ]VkZ id gZan jedc <jhiVkZ ;aVjWZgiÉh jcÒc^h]ZY egd_ZXi! Le dictionnaire des XjaijgVa ^YZVh igVchb^iiZY dkZg XZcijg^Zh4

idées reçues# ?jhi Vh i]Z aViiZg! ^i hZi dji id YZiZXi VcY XdaaZXi

;^[in nZVgh V\d Wj^aY^c\h [dg Vc^bVah Wn ]jbVch d[[ZgZY gZXZ^kZY ^YZVh VcY egdk^YZ YZÒc^i^dch Å dg! gVi]Zg! V jhZgÉh XjaijgVa ZmeZg^bZciVi^dch Wn i]Z WZhi VgX]^iZXih d[ i]Z bVcjVa Å hd Vh id gZcYZg i]Zb hZa[ÄZk^YZci VcY i]ZgZWn i^bZ# 6cY nZi idYVn i]Z ^ciZci d[ bdhi VgX]^iZXih ^h id ]^YZ jcYZgb^cZ i]Z^g eZgeZijVi^dc# NZi Vh deedhZY id i]Z aViiZg! WZ]^cY XVbdjÓV\Z higViZ\^Zh l]ZgZ hZii^c\h VgZ bVYZ id Vg\jVWan Vc ^ckZcidgn d[ ediZci^Va ZmXajh^dch! i]^h egd_ZXi gZhZbWaZ cVijgVa W^dXa^bVi^X ]VW^iVih#

Vahd hdj\]i id jhZ Å dg! gVi]Zg! id b^hjhZ Å i]Vi XdaaZXi^dc

;V`Z GZVa dg GZVa ;V`Z4 >c]jbVc VgX]^iZXijgZ dg EdhiÄ d[ gZXZ^kZY ^YZVh Vh i]Z hiVgi^c\ ed^ci [dg i]Z [dgbjaVi^dc d[ =jbVc^hi VgX]^iZXijgZ4

cZl VgX]^iZXijgVa deZgVi^dch# "!


6

7

8 9

: ;

?nkgbmnk^ Lmn]bh3 IZkZf^m^kl h_ =^lb`g

7g^Vc 7gjh] Ndc\ ?j AZZ 9 0 HVbjZa <gZcVYZg

Iabeebi :gsZehg^ $ <Zm^kbgZ MbZsshe]b% \kbmb\l

@VgZc B^ig^ ?VbZh H^`Zh =ZVi] LZhi ;$< 0 ?jc^X]^gd =dg^`VlV :aZc^ EZiVadi^ 7$: ! CVhZg BVYdj] <VWg^Za C^X]dah 6 0 :m]^W^i^dc 8

<


6 7

8

9

:

;

Ikhh_ ,3 F^mkb\l% F^Zgbg`% Fnf[Zb

6YVb 7g^aa]Vgi :$; ! B^X]ZaaZ 8]Vc\! B^X]VZa 8]dl!

=Zob] ;^gcZfbg% \kbmb\

:\WZgi 8]j! AVjgV 9ZhGdh^Zgh! HiZkZc <VgX^V! 9Vc^Za @^YY 6$8 ! H]Vgdc @^b! ?d]c AdX`Z 7$9 ! <lZcYdanc BVX;VgaVcY! ?Vn H]V]! BViZjho IVgXonch`^

>C9>6


6 7

8

9 :

;

Ma^ Ihp^k h_ ?nee >g`Z`^f^gm3 >qmk^f^ ;hng]Zkr G^`hmbZmbhg É IZkZbl ihebl3 Fhk^ hk E^ll :e_k^]h ;kbee^f[hnk` $ An[^km Denfig^k% \kbmb\l% pbma FZkd <heebgl $ Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ

OVX]Vgn 6YZgh ; ! <dcoVad 8Vh^h! L^aa^Vb @ZbeZg 7$: ! HdcVa EViZa! 7Zc_Vb^c GZ^X]! A^cYhZn H]ZgbVc 6$8$9 ! =^aVgn H^bdc! ?Zcc^[Zg IVc

7G6O>A


6

8

9

:

Kng:pZr Ikhc^\m Lmn]bh

Nj"NjVc 8]Vc\! 9ZaVa 9Zb^gX^d\aj! :kVc\Za^V

RheZg]^ =Zgb^el% \kbmb\% pbma =pZrg^ =Zg\r

@VgVX]Va^dj 8$9 ! @dhVgV @j_jcYo^X! LZ^"?j AV^ 6$: ! BZ\Vc Fj^cc 7 ! B^g^Vb LVgY

7


6

7

8 9

:

;

<

Ihp^kl h_ 13 : Fnembl\ZeZk Lrlm^f :`Zbglm AnfZg&<^gm^k^] =^lb`g

B^X]VZa GZ]b : ! 8]g^hi^Vc GjjY 6$8 ! =^gdbVhV H]^WViV!

A^kgZg =bZsÈ:ehglh% \kbmb\

?VbZh H^`Zh < ! @d`d IV`V]Vh]^

>kb\d <Zk\Zfh% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

?ZZ"=nZ @^b! H^ :jc AZZ 8$; ! BVhV`^ Bdg^cdWj 7 !


6

8

7

9

: ;

=<&<Zf3 : I^kfZg^gm =h\nf^gmZmbhg <^gm^k h_ <Zf[h]bZ

8]g^hi^cV 6`^h`Vadj :jchj` 7VZ HVbjZa 7g^hhZiiZ 8$90

FZkdnl =h\aZgml\ab $ =Zob] LZeZsZk% \kbmb\l

EVY\Zii :0 9Vk^Y <dcoVaZo! Hddc"=njc ?jc\! OVX]Vgn DaXoV` ;0

8]Vgan 6aVogV`^! 6aZmVcYgdh 6kadc^i^h! Di^h 7Zg`^c ?dh]jV EVWad EZgZo EVaVX^dh E^Zigd IdYZhX]^c^ 6$70 AVjgV OjX`Zg

86B7D9>6


6

7

8

9

:

:km&Ahnl^ Ikh]n\mbhgl É MkZbe^k 3 <bmr% BlmZg[ne% Mnkd^r

B^X]VZa 8VkVcYZg 9 ! B^X]VZa 8dciZcid 8$: ! 8]j`jnZbZoZ

:eblmZbk @bee $ O^khgbdZ L\afb]% \kbmb\l

=lVc EVg`! 9Vc^Za GjoZj 7

:Ydo^Z 6 ! :b^an ?d]chdc! 9VZ Ldd` AZZ! @^ Jc\ CV! HVc\

IJG@:N


6

7

8

9

:

<hgm^qm3 :_m^k ;k^n^k% ;^_hk^ HF:3 Khmm^k]Zf

G^`V 8]VjY]gn! Hjc\ :jc 8]jc 9 ! 6Vgdc 9Vk^h : !

<kZb` Dhgrd $ Ma^h]hk^ Ikn]hg% \kbmb\l

EVig^X` AVjhZaa! 6cc^Z Ad! AZV] BZ^hiZga^c! ?Z[[gZn

9^Z\d ;ZgcVcYZo K^aaVkZgYZ! =^ccV @Veddg 7$8 ! B^aaZii 6 ! HZnddc EVg`! Hjc Ndjc\ EVg`! >c]d Hj]

=DAA6C9


6 7

@khpbg` FZgaZmmZg3 Ihlm :ll^f[er ?Z[kb\Zmbhg _hk >qiZg]bg` Zg Ho^k&^qiZg]^] <bmr EZnkb^ AZpdbglhg% \kbmb\% pbma L^Zg @ZeeZ`a^k

BVgad 7gdlc! 7gVYaZn :c\ZahbVc <$= ! GnX]^ZZ :he^cdhV

H]VgdcZ E^dci`dlh`^! 9ZWdgV] G^X]VgYh!

HZi] BX9dlZaa 8$9$:$; 0 Eg^hX^aaV ;gVhZg! ?dc\ HZd @^b

AVjgZcXZ HVggVo^c!@Vi^Z H]^bV 6

@njc\ ?VZ @^b 70 =ndjc\"<ja @dd`! Ndjc?^c EVg`!


8

9

:

;

< =

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


6

7

8

9 :

:]oZg\^] Lmn]bh .

B^X]VZa 6gZaaVcZh >> : ! ?^c End :jc 6 ! ;dggZhi ?ZhhZZ! H]Vg^[

MahfZl E^^l^k% \kbmb\

@]Va_Z! Da^k^V GVbdh 9 ! ?dc Ijg`jaV! BVii]Zl Kdhh 7$8


6

7 8

9

: ;

@h @k^^g >Zlm AZke^f Lmn]bh3 Nk[Zg A^Zema% ?hh] L^\nkbmr Zg] Nk[Zg :`kb\nemnk^ Kb\aZk] Iengs% \kbmb\

?dg\Z 7VggV\Vc! =ZgcVc 7ZiVcodh! 7VggZii 7gdlc 8$9$: ! 7gZii 9dg[bVc! HVh`^V CV\Za! 6nVaV GdhZc! ?dg\Z 6cYgZh HZgeV 6$7$;

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


6

7 8

:

9

;

!g"\^kmZbgmb^l [bhmhi^l +')

?dhZ 6gV\jZo! AZj"Nj 8]Zc! 9Vk^Y 9Vk^aV 6gVfjZ! Hjc\

I]VY CdWj]VgV! BVi]Zl HiVjYi 6$7! 8]VgaZh KVaaV!

?kZg hbl Kh\a^% \kbmb\% pbma FZk\ ?hkg^l

Ndc\ AZZ! BVg^a^^h A^adkZg 8! BVii]Zl Ajio! :YjVgYd

8]^"8]Zc NVc\ 9$:$;

BVndgVa <dcoVaZo! ?dhZe] BX<gVi]! 6Yda[d CVYVa!


6

8

7

9 :

;

En]pb` Pbmm`^glm^bgテ考 EZg`nZ`^ @Zf^ Zl Z A^nkblmb\ =^ob\^ R^an]Z LZ_kZg% \kbmb\% pbma Kb\Zk]h :k^bZl

8g^hidWVa 6bjcViZ\j^ 8 ! 7Zc_Vb^c 8Vgg! ?VZ =Zdc A^b!

LVc H]^c! :bbVcdj^a HiVkgV`V`^h 6$7$9 ! ?jVc"Aj^h

<Zdg\^dh B^igd\^dg\^h! :aZc^ EVeVcVhiVh^dj :$; ! HVc\

KVaYZggVWVcd"BdciVcZh


6

7

8

9

:

;

BganfZg :k\abm^\mnk^

6ccV BVg^V 7d\VY ii^g! 6cVhiVh^V 8]da^ 8! HZg\^d <dbZo!

HZcgV =ZZ_dd H]^ 7$:$;0 BVgXZad CV_ZgV <VgX^V! L^aa^Vb

;^kgZk] Ml\anfb% \kbmb\%

?^c Ldd =Zd 9! Bddcndjc\ @^b 8a^cidc B^aaZg >\cVX^d

GdZY^\Zg"GdW^cZiiZ! ?j^"C^ NVc\! 6Yg^VcV OVgg^aad

pbma IZneZ MhfblZdb $ Fb\a^Ze Rhng`


6 7

9

Mabl Pbee Dbee MaZm DZsrl OZkg^ebl% \kbmb\% pbma Kh[^km Lnfk^ee

:

7g^\ZiiZ 7dgYZgh 6$7$:! Njc Hj` 8]d^! <gZiV =VchZc 9! =Vc @^b! EVdaV BVgfjZo IdkVg! 9Vc^Za EVncZ 8! <j^aaZgbd HZk^aaVcd! 6cYgZV OVaZlh`^

8


6 7

8

9 :

Ma^ =b\mbhgZkr h_ K^\^bo^] B]^Zl

9Vc^nV 6iiV! 8]g^hide]Zg 7VgaZn @VgZc @jWZn Igdn

6ccVÄBVg^V BZ^hiZg! H^cV BZhYV\]^! ?VbZh DÉBZVgV! CViVa^V

>gkbjn^ PZed^k% \kbmb\

I]Zgg^Zc 6$7$8$9$: ! HiZe]Vc^Z =VggdX]! GV^cV A^ @^b!

GdjbZa^di^! EVcV\^di^h HVga^h! :a^oVWZi] H]ZVgZg! :g^X KZg\cZ


6 7

8 9

:

Ma^ Fnl^nf h_ ma^ =bZlihkZ !Fh="

7g^Vc 6X`aZn! >dVccV 6c\Za^Ydj! OVX]Vgn 8daWZgi 6$7$9 !

FZ[^e H' Pbelhg% \kbmb\

E]^a^e A^c! :[gVi C^oVc! ?^ Nddc D]! 9V]a^V GdWZgih 8$:

CN8 7G6O>A <=6C6 J#@#


8g^i^Xh 6a[gZYd 7g^aaZbWdjg\ =jWZgi @ajbecZg :g^X 7jc\Z B^b^ =dVc\ AZha^Z <^aa

hijY^d i]ZgZ[dgZ VhhjbZY V XdciZmi i]Vi ^h VagZVYn gVY^XVaan Y^[[ZgZci [gdb djg dlc# I]Z c^cZ Xg^hZh ^ckZhi^\ViZY Å jcZbeadnbZci! Ze^YZb^Xh! hZXjg^in! edaaji^dc! YZeaZi^dc d[ cdcÄgZcZlVWaZ hdjgXZh d[ ZcZg\n! ]jc\Zg! g^h^c\ lViZg aZkZah VcY igV[[^X Xdc\Zhi^dc Å lZgZ ZmigVedaViZY VcY ZmV\\ZgViZY ^c i]Z ^ciZgZhi d[ YZkZade^c\ Vc ^ckZci^kZ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY V gVY^XVaan gZhigjXijgZY X^in# LZ igVkZaZY id i]Z CZi]ZgaVcYh Å Vg\jVWan i]Z bdhi ZmigZbZ XdckZg\ZcXZ d[ YZch^in! Vgi^ÒX^Va^in! YZh^\c! VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa YVc\Zg Å hZZ^c\ ^i Vh Vc VcVad\djh h^iZ# L]^aZ i]Z XdcXZeijVa hXdeZ lVh jgWVc VcY \adWVa! i]Z egdYjXi^kZ hXdeZ [dXjhZY dc V egdidine^XVa hZ\bZci d[ BVc" ]ViiVc# I]Z gZhjai^c\ Wj^aY^c\$X^in [gV\bZci ^cXdgedgViZY heVXZh [dg ]jbVc YlZaa^c\! i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc d[ ZXdhnh" iZbh! VcY di]Zg VheZXih d[ jgWVc a^k^c\ cZXZhhVg^an gZYZ" ÒcZY Wn i]Z Xg^h^h# :VX] hijYZci gZhZVgX]ZY! ZmigVedaViZY! VcY Veea^ZY l^i] ZmigZb^hi Zbe]Vh^h V h^c\aZ iZX]cdad\n! Wj^aY^c\ hnhiZb! dg ^c[gVhigjXijgZ i]Vi ]VY i]Z XVeVX^in id gZ^ckZci VgX]^iZXijgZ dc i]Z^g X]dhZc iZgbh VadcZ# >c i]Z^g WgdVY hXVaZ VcY YdbV^c! [gdb X^in id YZiV^a! i]Z egd_ZXih i]ZgZ[dgZ X]VaaZc\ZY Y^hi^cXi^dch WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb! cVijgZ VcY Vgi^ÒXZ# I]Z hijY^d hdj\]i id cZ^i]Zg ejgZan VWY^XViZ i]Z gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh d[ VgX]^iZXih ^c djg dlc i^bZ d[ Xg^h^h! cdg gZbV^c XdchigV^cZY Wn V Y^b^c^h]^c\

E^Zkgbg` _khf Bg_hkfZe Zg] ?hkfZe >gobkhgf^gml3 <ZlZ[eZg\Z% Fhkh\\h(Nmk^\am% AheeZg]

cZZY [dg djg hZgk^XZh#

XdbeaZm adXVa! eda^i^XVa! hdX^Va! ZXdcdb^X! VcY Zck^gdcbZc" iVa ^ciZgZhih l^i]^c V \^kZc gZ\^dc# =dlZkZg! i]gdj\] Vaa^"

KZm^l h_ >q\aZg`^3 Lnkienl Zg] =^Ö\bm bg Mph @eh[Ze >\hk^`bhgl

VcXZh l^i] W^dad\^XVa hX^ZcXZ! gZbdiZ hZch^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh!

:e_k^]h ;kbee^f[hnk` $ An[^km Denfig^k% \kbmb\l% pbma FZkd <heebgl $ Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ

E^leb^ @bee $ Fbd^ CZ\h[l% \kbmb\l

cZl iddah i]Vi Vaadl i]Z bVXgdÄhXVaZ id WZXdbZ k^h^WaZ VcY

FZm MZk\srgldb% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

i]Z b^XgdÄhXVaZ id WZXdbZ edhh^WaZ#

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

VcY WgdVYXVhi bZY^V! i]ZhZ dg\Vc^oVi^dch VgZ Zfj^eeZY l^i]

I]Z gZhZVgX] d[ i]^h hijY^d gVc\ZY [gdb i]Z cVijgVa ]^hid"

<adWVa ZXdcdb^X YZbVcYh VcY ]jbVc edejaVi^dc g^Zh d[ i]ZhZ gZ\^dch Å ^ih eZdeaZh! XjaijgZh! VcY eda^i^Xh Å id K^h^i^c\ Wdi] BdgdXXd VcY =daaVcY! djg V^b lVh '

id ZmiZcY i]Z [gdci^Zgh d[ `cdlaZY\Z VWdji i]Z

)

\gdli] ]VkZ aZY id i]Z XdbbdY^ÒXVi^dc d[ i]Z i]Z a^k^c\ W^dad\^XVa VcY \Zdad\^XVa hnhiZbh i]Vi ]VkZ ig^\\ZgZY ZVgi] Vi Vc jcegZXZYZciZY hXVaZ# I]Z Z[[ZXih d[ i]Z^g igVch^i^dcVa hiViZ# 6gX]^iZXijgVa higViZ\^Zh VX`cdlaZY\ZY

fjVa^in d[ jgWVc Zck^gdcbZcih VcY ]jbVc i]^h VgZ egdYjX^c\ gVe^Yan X]Vc\^c\ aVcYhXVeZh i]Vi i]Z aViZci cVijgVa bZX]Vc^Xh d[ aVcYhXVeZ VcY i]Z^g XVe^iVa^h" ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c [gV\bZciZY X^i^Zh# I]^h hijY^d ZbWZYYZY ^ihZa[ i]gZViZc id eZgbVcZcian gZhigjXijgZ i]Z cVijgVa WVaVcXZ d[ i^X XdjciZgeVgih# HijYZcihÉ egd_ZXih ViiZbeiZY id fjZhi^dc i]Z l^i]^c i]Z Ódlh d[ b^\gVcih VcY XVe^iVa WZilZZc 6[g^XV VcY ZXdhnhiZbh Vi adXVa! gZ\^dcVa! VcY \adWVa aZkZah# I]Z hijY^d aZ\^i^bVXn d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh V\ZciÄegdkdXViZjg dg h^aZci l^i" :jgdeZ! Xgdhh^c\ WdgYZgh ]VgY VcY hd[i! hdX^Va VcY e]nh^XVa# ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z gdaZ d[ \dkZgcVcXZ ^c bZY^Vi^c\ VcY cZhh id i]Z hZZb^c\an deedh^c\ V\ZcYVh d[ egZhZgkVi^dc VcY ;aZZ^c\ lVg! [Vb^cZ VcY ZXdcdb^X YZhdaVi^dc ^c 6[g^XV! V egdiZXi^c\ ild ^cXgZVh^c\an higV^cZY aVcYhXVeZh/ i]Z 6[g^XVc YZkZadebZci/ Vh Vc ZkVajVidg id V gViZ d[ ZmX]Vc\Z# YZheZgViZ bdW^aZ edejaVi^dc bdkZh cdgi]lVgY! ZcXdjciZg^c\ HV]VgV VcY i]Z 6bVodc GV^c[dgZhi# I]ZhZ iZgg^idg^Va YZ]jbVc^o^c\ hajb XdcY^i^dch ^c BdgdXXd VcY i]Zc hdX^Va ZXdgZ\^dch! ^YZci^ÒZY ^cYZeZcYZcian d[ eda^i^XVa WdjcYVg^Zh!

Ma^ IhlmanfZg3 Ikhlma^mb\ :k\abm^\mnk^

^hdaVi^dc ^c i]Z \]Ziidh d[ :jgdeZ# I]Zn VgZ V Æh]VYdlÇ VgZ WZXdb^c\ hnhiZbVi^XVaan gZXdcY^i^dcZY! V gZhjai cd FZkbh @hh]^g% \kbmb\ edejaVi^dc l]d ^c]VW^i VcY XgZViZ ZcXaVkZh d[ ^c[dgbVa h^c\aZ \dkZgcbZciVa WdYn XVc Z[[ZXi^kZan aZ\^haViZ# I]^h gViZ LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2 a^k^c\! d[iZci^bZh XaVh]^c\ l^i] cZ^\]Wdg^c\ \gdjeh VcY i]Z d[ ZmX]Vc\Z YZbVcYh WgdVYZg \adWVa ^ciZgZhi# bjc^X^eVa^in# Ldg`^c\ XadhZan l^i] i]Z X^in d[ JigZX]i! lZ

I]Z edhiÄ]jbVc XdcY^i^dc ^h cdi VWdji i]Z cZmi

Id ]Zae bZY^ViZ adXVa ^ciZgZhih VcY Z[[dgih! \adWVa Vh"

gZhdakZY id VYYgZhh i]^h Xg^h^h ^c gZkZghZ Å id XgZViZ heVi^Va hdX^Vi^dch VcY ^cYZeZcYZci C<DÉh ]VkZ hiZeeZY [dglVgY# egVXi^XZh [dg i]Z :jgdeZVc X^in i]Vi XVc hedchdg V gdWjhi L]^aZ i]ZhZ \gdjeh ]VkZ YZÒcZY i]Z^g heZX^ÒX V\ZcYVh! cd

*

Zkdaji^dcVgn hiZe ^c Zm^hiZcXZ# >i ^h cdi ZkZc VWdji l]Vi ^i bZVch id WZ ]jbVc# >i ^h eZg]Veh bdgZ

XjaijgVa hjhiV^cVW^a^in# LZ ZbWgVXZY i]Z ^c[dgbVa VcY [ZY ^ih dcZ dg\Vc^oVi^dc ]Vh WZZc [jaan Zfj^eeZY id cVk^\ViZ i]Z heZX^ÒXVaan V Xdch^YZgVi^dc d[ i]Z ^beVXi d[ iZX]cdad\^Zh dc WZcZÒih [dglVgY ^cid i]Z X^in VcY i]Zc WVX`lVgY i]gdj\]

djg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ l]Vi ^i bZVch id WZ ]jbVc! Vc

Zm^hi^c\ cZildg`h ^cid BdgdXXd VcY WZndcY#

jcYZghiVcY^c\ [jZaZY Wn ZXdcdb^X VcY XjaijgVa eda^i^Xh# =ZcXZ! i]Z fjZhi^dc [dg i]Z hijY^d ^h l]Vi ^h VgX]^iZXijgZÉh gdaZ ^c

FZgaZmmZg =rl!N"mhibZ

Xg^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZ Vh Vc ^chigjbZci [dg hZZ^c\! igVchaVi^c\! VcY

>kb\ ;ng`^ $ Fbfb AhZg`% \kbmb\l%

heVi^Va^o^c\ gZaVi^dch]^eh jcYZgan^c\ i]Z fjZhi^dch d[ i]Z WdYn!

pbma PbeebZf ?^n^kfZg

^YZci^in! VcY hiVijh dg! Æg^\]ih d[ V WdYnÇ4 =dl id Xg^i^XVaan

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

YZeadn VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c i]Z cZildg` d[ ]jbVc Ódlh! XjaijgVa VcY XdbbZgX^Va ZmX]Vc\Zh! ejWa^X heVXZ! VcY jgWVc a^[Z4

BVc]ViiVc 9nh J ide^V Zck^h^dcZY Vc VaiZgcViZ!

I]Z Òghi hZXi^dc d[ i]Z hijY^d gZhZVgX]ZY fjZhi^dch d[

]nedi]Zi^XVa! BVc]ViiVc i]Vi XdjaY ]VkZ ZkdakZY

i]Z WdYn VcY fjZhi^dch d[ ^YZci^in i]gdj\] i]Z ZmVb^cV"

dkZg i^bZ ^c gZhedchZ id V Ydb^cVci Xg^h^h# 6h

i^dc d[ ldg`h Wn 6[g^XVc Vgi^hih# I]Z gZhZVgX] \ZcZgViZY

deedhZY id Xdci^c\ZcXn eaVcc^c\ [dg edhh^WaZ Y^hVhiZgh! i]Z

hZih d[ VcVani^XVa VcY \ZcZgVi^kZ YgVl^c\h# I]Z YgVl^c\h

(

$


lZgZ [daadlZY Wn i]Z [VWg^XVi^dc d[ egdhi]ZhZh id Vj\bZci <gZVi 9ZegZhh^dc4 =dl ldjaY i]Z LE6 dg EjWa^X Ldg`h WZ id gZk^hZ igVY^i^dcVa eVgVY^\bh Wn gZYZÒc^c\ VcY ^ciZch^[n^c\ dg ÆZc]VcXZÇ WdY^an [jcXi^dch VcY ^YZci^in#

^ciZgegZiZY idYVn4 I]Z [ZYZgVa \dkZgcbZci ^h XjggZcian l]Vi lZ jcYZghiVcY Vh fjVa^in d[ a^[Z \^kZc cZl XdcXZgch

I]Z hZXdcY hZXi^dc ZciV^aZY i]Z ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ i]Z VYb^c^hiZg^c\ je id -&. W^aa^dc YdaaVgh ^c egd_ZXih id hjX] Vh Y^kZgh^in! hjhiV^cVW^a^in! VcY i]Z^g kVg^djh VhhdX^ViZY ^hhjZh gZaViZY id Æ]jbVcÇ VcY ÆedhiÄ]jbVcÇ/ WdYn VcY _jbehiVgi i]Z ZXdcdbn ^bbZY^ViZan# L]Vi VgZ djg W^\ VZhi]Zi^X ZmeZg^ZcXZh# I]Z hijY^d idd` Vc Zm^hi^c\ WadX` ^c hdX^Zin `cdlaZY\Z gZaVi^kZ id i]Z YZh^\c d[ V ;dgjb [dg egd_ZXih4 L]Vi ldjaY ndj egdedhZ [dg 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^c i]^h i]Z XZciZg d[ BVYg^Y VcY XgZViZY V ]nWg^Y XdbeaZm ^c iZgbh <adWVa ?jhi^XZ/ 6gX]^kZ [dg i]Z Igji] VcY GZXdcX^a^Vi^dc _jbehiVgi4 8djaY ^hhjZh d[ ZcZg\n! aVcY dg aVcY[^aa d[ egd\gVb! hXVaZ! YZch^in! VcY ejWa^X [VX^a^i^Zh! ^ciZ\gVi^c\ 8dbb^hh^dc ^c 8VeZ Idlc! Hdji] 6[g^XV# I]Z ^ciZci^dc d[ gZXaVbVi^dc! VcY Xdc\Zhi^dc id\Zi]Zg l^i] ejWa^X heVXZ WZ cVijgVa ZaZbZcih VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ [ZVijgZh! i]Vi XdjaY WZ i]Z ;dgjb ^h id Wg^c\ id\Zi]Zg hX]daVgh! VXi^k^hih! ZXdcd" djg [gVbZldg` [dg i]^c`^c\ VWdji VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jcYZghiddY Vh Vc ^chigjbZci id gZXnXaZ i]Z X^in! id Wj^aY V b^hih! VcY ldgaY aZVYZgh id\Zi]Zg id Y^hXjhh ZXdcdb^X! ^c[gVhigjXijgZ4 I]^h hijY^d egdedhZY cZl egd\gVbh! h^iZh! hZXdcY cVijgZ ^c l]^X] Zm^hi^c\ VcY cZl VgX]^iZXijgZ a^kZ hdX^Va! VcY XjaijgVa ^hhjZh# I]Z bV^c VgZVh d[ egd\gVb" VcY YZh^\ch id WZ ZcVXiZY [dg DWVbVÉh hi^bjajh eVX`V\Z id\Zi]Zg Vh cZl \ZcZgVi^dc d[ jgWVc dg\Vc^hbh# b^c\ VgZ Y^hXdjghZ$YZWViZ! gZhZVgX]! VcY XjaijgZ#

VcY YZbdchigViZY ]dl i]ZhZ egd_ZXih XVc ]VeeZc cdl#

:k\abm^\mhgb\l h_ Fnlb\ Ma^ Lmbfnenl Lmn]bh3 G^p B]^Zl h_ Bgm^ko^gmbhgl bg ;eh\dl h_ ma^ Bg_kZlmkn\mnk^ :k\abm^\mnk^ _hk H[ZfZÍl <^gmkZe <bmr% FZ]kb] Lmbfnenl IZ\dZ`^ GHP CnZg A^kk^khl% \kbmb\% pbma LhhÈbg RZg` EZnkb^ AZpdbglhg% \kbmb\% pbma Kn\abdZ Fh]b

Lm^o^g Ahee% \kbmb\% pbma AZbdh <hkg^ebll^g LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h hijY^d lVh i]Z [djgi] ^c V hZg^Zh d[ hijY^dh

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

-

I]^h hijY^d lVh V gZhZVgX] egd_ZXi i]Vi Xg^i^XVaan 8Vc 6gX]^iZXijgZ WZ i]dj\]i d[ Vh aZVY^c\ dg +

Vadc\h^YZ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z

,

[dXjhZY dc bjh^X VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ! YZh^\cZY id YZkZade XgdhhÄY^hX^ea^cVgn ^che^gVi^dc id egdkd`Z

gZi]dj\]i XdaaZXi^kZ ]djh^c\ ^c i]Z X^in XZciZg! ldg` dc cZl VgX]^iZXijgVa aVc\jV\Z VcY Y^gZXi^dch# XdkZg^c\ Vaa i]Z hXVaZh ^ckdakZY [gdb gZ\jaVi^dch 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY bjh^X Wdi] ]VkZ V iZXidc^Xh d[ bViZg^Vah!

V[iZgi]dj\]i4 8djaY 6gX]^iZXijgZ \VakVc^oZ je id i]Z^g XVeVX^in id igVch[dgb jgWVc Zck^gdcbZcih# I]Z higjXijgZ! VcY YZiV^a# Jca^`Z V hXjaeijgZ dg V eV^ci^c\ i]Vi egd_ZXih VgdjcY W^\ ^YZVh [dg ejWa^X heVXZ VcY ZhhZci^Va ^YZV ^h i]Z gZijgc id i]Z XZciZg VcY i]Z egdbdi^dc dcZ XVc ijgc VlVn [gdb! VgX]^iZXijgZ [dgbh heVXZh dcZ XVc ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! bjX] a^`Z i]Z egd_ZXih d[ i]Z Ldg`h d[ V gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] i]Z X^in i]Vi lVh YZhigdnZY Wn i]Z g^hZ bdkZ i]gdj\]# Bjh^X ^h V h^b^aVgan ^bbZgh^kZ ZmeZg^ZcXZ# 6h Egd\gZhh 6Yb^c^higVi^dc LE6 ZhiVWa^h]ZY Yjg^c\ i]Z d[ i]Z eZg^e]Zgn VcY i]Z hjWjgWVc lVn d[ a^[Z# I]Z V^b lVh ?d]c 8V\Z dcXZ hV^Y! Æ6 Xdbedh^i^dc ^h a^`Z V ]djhZ i]Vi ndj XVc lVa` VgdjcY ^c#Ç HijYZcih ^YZci^[^ZY! ZmeadgZY! VcY ji^a^oZY ZaZbZcih d[ bViZg^Va! YZiV^a! VcY iZXidc^Xh id Zcg^X] VcY XaVg^[n V egd\gVbbVi^X heVXZ Vh Vc ZcVWa^c\ XdcY^i^dc eVgVaaZa id bjh^X# 6 cZl [VX^a^in [dg bjh^X ZYjXVi^dc lVh Zck^h^dcZY Vh V XjaijgVa XViVanhi [VX^a^in [jcYZY Wn V cZl [ZYZgVa egd\gVb [dXjhZY dc ^ccZg X^in h^iZh VXgdhh i]Z JH6#

8g^i^Xh BVg^d <ddYZc AVjg^Z =Vl`^chdc ?jVc =ZggZgdh HiZkZc =daa ?Z[[gZn >cVWV ?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc

HijYZcih X]dhZ dcZ d[ ild XdgcZg jgWVc h^iZh ^c 7gdd`anc! hZaZXiZY [dg i]Z^g egdidine^XVa fjVa^i^Zh# 6 eVgVaaZa lZZ`an hZb^cVg 6gX]^iZXidc^Xh d[ Bjh^X! Xdc" YjXiZY Wn XdbedhZg GVe]VZa BdhiZa! lVh gZfj^gZY d[ Vaa hijY^d eVgi^X^eVcih#

Mabg`l Pbee @^m Phkl^ ;^_hk^ Ma^r @^m ;^mm^k C^__k^r BgZ[Z% \kbmb\ MZmbZgZ ohg Ik^nll^g% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

>ciZgZhi Wn VgX]^iZXih ^c hjhiV^cVW^a^in ]Vh iV`Zc dc .

hZkZgVa [dgbh# =ZgZ VgZ ild/ & i]Z Xdbb^iiZY ZXdad\^XVaan XdcXZgcZY VgX]^iZXi [dg l]db

Zck^gdcbZciVa gZhedch^W^a^in ^h VcY ]Vh WZZc V adc\ÄhiVcY^c\ eg^dg^in! VcY ' i]Z egV\bVi^X VgX]^iZXi l]d jcYZghiVcYh i]Vi! [dg V ]dhi d[ gZVhdch! ZXdad\^XVa ^beZgVi^kZh VgZ jcVkd^YVWaZ VcY ]VkZ id WZ VYYgZhhZY ^c djg YVn VcY V\Z# <ZcZgVaan $!


8g^i^Xh @Z^i] @VhZbVc :Y @ZaaZg ;g Y g^X AZkgVi 6YV IdaaV

jgWVc edejaVi^dc \d^c\ id WZ ]djhZY4 L]Vi edhh^WaZ hdX^Vaan ZmiZcYh [Vg WZndcY i]Z a^b^ih d[ jgWVc^hb VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ½ VcY Zck^gdcbZciVaan hjhiV^cVWaZ hdaji^dch XVc WZ ^ckZciZY [dg I]Z :XdaZ YZh Edcih Zi 8]VjhhZZh½ >i lVh cdi VgX]^iZXih! VXXdbbdYVi^c\ i]Z gVe^Y jgWVc \gdli]4 8Vc i]ZhZ cZl ineZh Wji Zc\^cZZgh VcY Wj^aYZgh d[ Wg^Y\Zh! gdVYh! k^VYjXih! WZ ZmedgiZY id di]Zg gVe^Yan jgWVc^o^c\ gZ\^dch d[ i]Z ldgaY4

gV^alVnh½ l]d i]dj\]i dji heVXZ PVh i]ZR i]Z iZX]c^X^Vch dg

I]Z XjggZci YZ[Vjai hdaji^dc ^c 8]^cV [dg ]djh^c\ i]Z b^a" Zc\^cZZgh d[ i]Z i]gZZ \gZVi kVg^VWaZh Å iZgg^idgn! a^dch d[ cZl jgWVc ^c]VW^iVcih ^h hjeZgWadX` YZkZadebZci# Xdbbjc^XVi^dc! VcY heZZY#Ç Å B^X]Za ;djXVjai! Space, I]ZhZ YZkZadebZcih! XdchigjXiZY Vi V gViZ d[ dkZg &% ZVX] YVn Knowledge, and Power l^i] h^iZ VgZVh gVc\^c\ [gdb - id )% ]ZXiVgZh! VgZ iV`^c\ dkZg

I]^h egdkdXVi^kZ hiViZbZci hZgkZY Vh i]Z WVh^h [dg i]Z

i]Z [VWg^X d[ 8]^cZhZ X^i^Zh# I]Z BZ\VWadX` ^h V b^XgdXdhb d[ hijY^d Å Vh V aVjcX]^c\ eaVi[dgb [dg V XdciZbedgVgn Zc" i]Z X^in! VXXdbbdYVi^c\ ^bbZchZ edejaVi^dch i]gdj\] Y^" \V\ZbZci l^i] i]Z XdgZ XdcXZeih Yg^k^c\ bdYZgc heVXZ/ kZghZ egd\gVbh VcY hjeedgi ^c[gVhigjXijgZh! Wji ^i ^h ine^XVaan heZZY! iZgg^idgn! VcY Xdbbjc^XVi^dc# Vc ^hdaViZY VcY ^cigdkZgiZY jgWVc ^haVcY Y^hXdccZXiZY [gdb

I]Z hijY^d ldg`ZY idlVgY V cZVg [jijgZ gZYZÒc^i^dc d[

i]Z X^in VcY ^ih cZ^\]Wdgh# I]Z X]VaaZc\Z d[ i]Z hijY^d lVh id VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc^hb! VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ# 6gX]^iZXijgVa gZÄXdcXZeijVa^oZ i]Z BZ\VWadX`# =dl XVc i]Z BZ\VWadX` WZ gZhZVgX] VcY YZh^\c lVh gZh^ijViZY VcY Xg^i^XVaan ZmeVcYZY# gZYZÒcZY id Y^hig^WjiZ edh^i^kZ! aVg\ZÄhXVaZ igVch[dgbVi^dch 6c ^ciZch^kZ hijYn d[ egZXZYZci ^c[dgbZY i]^h gZhZVgX] Å ^c 8]^cVÉh jgWVc XdciZmi! VcY Zmedgi V hjhiV^cVWaZ VcY a^kVWaZ Zc\V\^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa$jgWVc ZmVbeaZh! iZX]cdad\n! iZmih! bdYZa d[ jgWVc^hb [dg i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z ldgaY4

VcY Òabh# I]Z hijY^d Vh`ZY `Zn fjZhi^dch/ L]Vi iZgg^idg^Zh Yd lZ ]VkZ VXXZhh id cdl i]Vi VgZ jiiZgan cZl4 L]Vi cZl

<hg\^b\ h Abee3 Lm^Zemar =^fhglmkZmbhgl% Kbh ]^ CZg^bkh% ;kZsbe D^bma DZl^fZg% \kbmb\

[dgbh d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc XVc lZ igVchb^i VcY gZXZ^kZ4 L]Vi VgZ i]Z iZX]cdad\^Zh [dg Xdcigda VcY gZegZhZciVi^dc4 I]Z hijY^d VYYgZhhZY Zkdak^c\ [dgbh d[ \adWVa bZY^V VcY

KZne Lfbma% \nemnkZe \hhk]bgZmhk

i]Z b^\gVi^dc d[ ]jcYgZYh d[ b^aa^dch VXgdhh i]Z eaVcZi Vh

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

XViVanhih! VcY Zc\V\ZY gZhdjgXZ VcY ZcZg\n hXVgX^in! Vh lZaa Vh Vc i]Z cZZY [dg V gZYZÒc^i^dc d[ ]jbVc g^\]ih ^c V edhiÄ

8g^i^XVa id hijY^d deZgVi^dch ^h i]Z hiVcXZ i]Vi cVi^dcVa ldgaY! id egd_ZXi i]Z lVnh V iZX]cdad\^oZY X^in VcY

heZV`^c\! ^c Wdi] XVhZh! VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c ]Vh V egZiin YZÒcZY gdaZ# >c i]Z Òghi! ^i ^h XVgg^ZY dji l^i] i]Z V^b d[

'&

gZVa^o^c\ adlÄ^beVXi Wj^aY^c\h# 9Zh^\c ^h hjWdgY^cViZ id! VcY

XjaijgVa ZmX]Vc\Z ^h [jcYVbZciVaan i^ZY id VgX]^iZXijgZ XdjaY eaVn V gdaZ ^c bVcV\^c\ i]ZhZ gZaVi^dch# YZbdchigVi^dc! i]gdj\] Vaa d[ ^ih [VXZih! VcY i]Vi

^c i]Z hZgk^XZ! d[ Vc Zck^gdcbZciVa V\ZcYV# >c i]Z aViiZg! dcZ gZhedch^W^a^in lZ ]VkZ Xdb^c\ ^c [gdb i]Z djih^YZ ^h id

Dghpe^]`^ <bmr É :[n =aZ[b

hjhiV^cVW^a^in ^h eVgi d[ Vc V\ZcYV XdcXZgc^c\ YZh^\c# 9Zh^\c XdjeaZ higViZ\^X YZh^\c bdkZh l^i] YZZe VcY ^bV\^cVi^kZ ?k ] kb\ E^okZm% \kbmb\ ^h i]Z Ydb^cVci Y^hXjgh^kZ [dXjh# >c i]^h XVhZ! V YZh^\cÄ h^cXZg^in# I]Z ^ciZci d[ i]Z hijY^d lVh id Wdi] Vbea^[n VcY LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2 dg^ZciZY ZmeadgVi^dc Z#\#! gZaViZY id iZX]cdad\n! [dgb! WgdVYXVhi XjaijgVa XdcÓjZcXZh ^cig^ch^X id G^d YZ ?VcZ^gd 6Wj 9]VW^ ]Vh YZX^YZY id igVch[dgb ^ihZa[ [gdb

jgWVc^hb bVn ^cXajYZ hjhiV^cVW^a^in Vh dcZ d[ hZkZgVa ^ceji i]gdj\] i]Z YZkZadebZci VcY hjg\^XVa YZeadnbZci d[ dg YZbVcYh# Dg YZh^\c VZhi]Zi^Xh ^ihZa[ XdjaY WZ gZ\VgYZY Vh VYkVcXZY VgX]^iZXijgVa higViZ\^Zh ^c V iVg\ZiZY odcZ i]Vi i]Z eg^bVgn kZ]^XaZ [dg hdak^c\ Vc Zck^gdcbZciVa X]VaaZc\Z#

]daYh Wdi] \gZVi jg\ZcXn VcY \gZVi deedgijc^in# 7n

'(

Vc d^a ZXdcdbn ^cid V ÆX^in d[ `cdlaZY\Z#Ç >i ]Vh Vh`ZY hdbZ d[ i]Z ldgaYÉh bdhi [Vbdjh

L^i] Wdi] \ZcZgVa edh^i^dch! i]Z WZcZÒi d[ hjhiV^cVW^a^in ^bbZgh^c\ djghZakZh YZZe ^cid G^dÉh k^iVa [VWg^X! lZ gZXZ^kZY VgX]^iZXih id Wj^aY [djg \^\Vci^X XjaijgVa XZciZgh dc Vc [dg VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h cdi Zmea^X^ian VYYgZhhZY# >c djg hijY^d! egd[djcY ^ch^\]ih [gdb ^ih g^X] XjaijgVa! heVi^Va! bViZg^Va! Zci^gZan cZl XjaijgVa ^haVcY# 6 a^WZgVa Vgih XVbejh lZ ZmeadgZY ]dl hjhiV^cVW^a^in XVc Zcg^X] VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY hdX^Va b^m! i]jh XdchigjXi^c\ bjai^eaZ aZchZh i]gdj\] VhhdX^ViZY l^i] CNJ VcY V bng^VY eVk^a^dch ÆV aV KZc^XZ YZh^\c# >chiZVY d[ Z^i]Zg VXXZei^c\ hjhiV^cVW^a^in Vh Vc ZcY l]^X] hijY^d egd_ZXih lZgZ ^iZgVi^kZan VaiZgZY! Zc]VcXZY! 7^ZccVaZÇ VgZ XdbeaZi^c\ i]Z e^XijgZ d[ i]Z Vgi^ÒX^Va cZl \dVa! dg i]Vi YZh^\c XVc VcY h]djaY ^cXdgedgViZ hjhiV^c" VcY gZÒcZY# LZ VXi^kZan Zc\V\ZY cjbZgdjh X^k^X! VXVYZb^X! ^haVcY$XjaijgVa cZ^\]Wdg]ddY! a^c`ZY id i]Z bV^c gZh^YZci^Va VW^a^in [dg ^ih dlc ZcYh! lZ ZmVb^cZY ]dl hjhiV^cVW^a^in Xdbbjc^in! VcY XjaijgVa aZVYZgh i]gdj\] eg^kViZ bZZi^c\h! X^in Wn ild hbVaa Wg^Y\Zh# 7ji YdZh XjaijgZ Zm^hi dcan ^c XVc Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z Y^hXdjghZ VWdji YZh^\c! fjZhi^dc^c\ aZXijgZh! idjgh! VcY V YVnÄadc\ gdjcYiVWaZ hZhh^dc Vi i]Z YZh^\cViZY VgZVh4 6gZcÉi XjaijgZ VcY XgZVi^k^in gVi]Zg l]Vi lZ VhhjbZ id WZ \^kZch VWdji i]Z Wj^aY^c\ ZckZadeZ! VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY eaVcc^c\ hX]dda d[ EJ8 Jc^kZgh^in# Djg \dVa ^ckdakZY ^c V egdXZhh d[ gZh^hiVcXZ4 8Vc bdcZn XgZViZ Y^hig^Wji^dc d[ heVXZh! egd\gVb! k^Zl! VcY ejWa^X heVXZ! lVh id ^YZci^[n VcY VXi jedc deedgijc^i^Zh i]Vi bVn egdk^YZ `cdlaZY\Z VcY XjaijgZ4 VcY id egdedhZ VaiZgcVi^kZ VeegdVX]Zh id i]Z^g YZh^\c#

cZl heVg`h l^i]^c i]Z WgdVY heZXigjb d[ 8Vg^dXV eg^YZ VcY

I]Z egd\gVb [dg i]Z Æ`cdlaZY\Z X^in XZciZgÇ ^h Vc ^ciZg"

gVY^ViZ hjX] edh^i^kZ ZmZgi^dc l^i] \adWVa gZVX] VcY ^beVXi# [VXZ! WZilZZc hidgZY `cdlaZY\Z Å hjX] Vh lg^iiZc dg Y^\^"

F^`Z[eh\d Nk[Zgblfl% ;^bcbg`% <abgZ

6aa Vibdhe]Zg^X hjeedh^i^dch! higViZ\^X heVi^Va XdchigjXih! iVa ^c[dgbVi^dc Å VcY i]Z ]jbVc WdYn# >i ^h V b^m WZilZZc

C^__k^r Chaglhg% \kbmb\% pbma F^k\r Phg`

VcY edaZb^XVa VcY deZgVi^dcVa edh^i^dch ^c ]VcY jedc djg Vc ^ciZgVXi^kZ a^WgVgn! V ejWa^X heVXZ! VcY V bjhZjb# Hij"

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

Vgg^kVa ^c G^d lZgZ X]VaaZc\ZY i]gdj\] i]^h ^ciZchZ lZZ` d[ YZcih gZhZVgX]ZY i]ZhZ ineZh d[ jgWVc ^ciZg[VXZh VcY YZ" gZXdccV^hhVcXZ# :fj^eeZY l^i] i]^h cZl ^ch^\]i! [VcVi^XVa h^\cZY V heZX^ÒX Wj^aY^c\ Å b Y^Vi]ZfjZ! XjaijgVa XZciZg!

6h i]Z ldgaY Xdci^cjZh id jgWVc^oZ! ^c bVcn gZ\^dch g^\dg hZgkZY Vh i]Z eg^bVgn bZX]Vc^hb [dg ZVX] hijY^d XV[ ! X^in hfjVgZ! ZiX# Å Vh lZaa Vh ^ih gZaVi^dc l^i] i]Z dji" /

Vi Vc Vhidc^h]^c\ eVXZ! VcY ]dl lZ jcYZghiVcY eVgi^X^eVci id XaVg^[n VcY gZÒcZ VgX]^iZXijgVa higViZ\^Zh h^YZ heVXZ hjggdjcY^c\ ^i# 6 heZX^Va Zbe]Vh^h lVh \^kZc id i]^h e]ZcdbZcdc ^h Xg^i^XVa id djg VW^a^in id heZX^ÒXVaan i^ZY id djg h^iZ ^c 8dcXZ^X d =^aa#

eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z [jijgZ jgWVc^oVi^dc d[ i]Z ldgaY# LZ bjhi ^ckZci cZl lVnh d[ i]^c`^c\ VWdji X^i^Zh VcY WZ V\^aZ Zcdj\] id

i]Z bZbWgVcZ d[ i]Z ZckZadeZ! [dg Wdi] ^ih [jcXi^dc Vh Vc ^ciZg[VXZ hZeVgVi^c\ VcY XdccZXi^c\ ^ch^YZ VcY djih^YZ VcY

Li^^]% M^kkbmhkr% <hffngb\Zmbhg

^ih ediZci^Va Æ]neZghjg[VXZÇ fjVa^in! Vh V kZ]^XaZ id igVch"

Xdci^cjVaan VYVei VcY$dg Y^hXVgY ZkZc i]Z bdhi gZXZcian >] D^ee^k% \kbmb\

b^i VcY ediZci^Vaan \ZcZgViZ ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY `cdlaZY\Z#

YZkZadeZY i]Zdg^Zh# I]Z XdciZbedgVgn 8]^cZhZ X^in XVc LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

I]Z hijY^d ldg`ZY ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] V cjbWZg d[ `Zn

egdk^YZ jh l^i] V l^cYdl ^cid ]dl i]Z ldgaYÉh [jijgZ jgWVc

Ò\jgZh ^c 6Wj 9]VW^! [gdb i]Z <j\\Zc]Z^b BjhZjb id

aVcYhXVeZ b^\]i WZ [dgbZY# 8]^cVÉh jgWVc edejaVi^dc ^h

ÆL^i] i]Z W^gi] d[ i]ZhZ cZl iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY CNJ! VcY V aVg\Z ^chi^iji^dcVa YZkZadeZg! Xdchi^iji^c\ V g^X]

XjggZcian VWdji *'% b^aa^dc jgWVc ^c]VW^iVcih# 7n '%(%! i]^h cjbWZg XdjaY WVaaddc id Vabdhi & W^aa^dc# =dl ^h i]^h cZl $"

''

i]ZhZ cZl ZXdcdb^X egdXZhhZh! dcZ hZZh i]Z Y^Vad\jZ WZilZZc VXVYZb^X gZhZVgX] VcY i]Z [Vhi Zkdak^c\ W^gi] d[ V hdgi d[ i]^c`^c\ VWdji heVXZ½ i]Vi gZVa^in dc i]Z \gdjcY#


EHMÈ>D Fhgh`kZia Lmn]bh

gVi]Zg i]Vc <gdhh 9dbZhi^X EgdYjXi Å ^h ZheZX^Vaan

:]Z MheeZ $ @bnl^ii^ Eb`gZgh% \kbmb\l%

X]VaaZc\^c\# I]^h bdYZa d[ hdX^Va VcY ZXdcdb^X egd\gZhh ]Vh

=?(=blmkbmh ?^]^kZe% hk =hpgmhpg ?hk`hmm^g É F^qb\h <bmr

pbma MahfZl ]^ Fhg\aZnq

id WZ bZVhjgZY V\V^chi ^ciZaa^\Zci VcY i]dj\]i[ja Y^hXgZi^dc @ZebZ Lhehfhgh__% \kbmb\

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

i]Vi VYYgZhhZh i]Z ^bbZY^ViZ cZZYh d[ i]Z Xdjcign l]^aZ LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2 Vahd Xdch^YZg^c\ i]Z adc\ iZgb ^bea^XVi^dch#

Cd VgX]^iZXi ^h XdbeaZiZ l^i]dji V bdcd\gVe]# ')

ƽ^c BZm^Xd! eZdeaZ Wjn V ]djhZ ^c V hdX^Va

6 bdcd\gVe] ^h ndjg eZghdcVa k^hjVa bVc^[Zhid#

?bgZg\bZe BfZ`bgZkb^l3 Fnf[Zb É G^p Rhkd

6 bdcd\gVe] ^h cdi V edgi[da^d#

K^bgahe] FZkmbg% \kbmb\% pbma =bZgZ FZkmbg^s

',

]djh^c\ YZkZadebZci ZmeZXi^c\ id h]VgZ ^cid V bdYZgc lVn d[ a^[Z½ Wji i]Zn \Zi [gjhigViZY WZ^c\

6 edgi[da^d ^h XdbegZ]Zch^kZ0 V bdcd\gVe] ^h YZa^WZgViZan LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

ild ]djgh [gdb i]Z^g _dWh! ^c cZl YZkZadebZcih l^i]

^cXdbeaZiZ#

i]djhVcYh d[ ]djhZh l^i]dji Vcni]^c\ ZahZ! l^i]dji X^in½ I]^h hijY^d ZmeadgZY i]Z X^in Vh V h^iZ [dg i]Z > XVaa i]ZhZ eaVXZh/ Vci^ÄX^in#Ç Å 6gijgd Dgi^o

6 edgi[da^d ^h dW_ZXi^kZ0 V bdcd\gVe] ^h hjW_ZXi^kZ# 6 edgi[da^d ZmeaV^ch0 V bdcd\gVe] bnhi^ÒZh# 6 edgi[da^d heZZYh i]gdj\]0 V bdcd\gVe] ]Zh^iViZh#

'+

X^gXjaVi^dc d[ ÒcVcXZ XVe^iVa! Vh ^i ^h ^bV\^cZY!

6gX]^iZXih d[iZc XdcXZcigViZ i]Z^g ViiZci^dc dc i]Z jg"

gZegZhZciZY! VcY bViZg^Va^oZY ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# WVc XdgZ Ydlcidlch! XdbbZgX^Va VcY XjaijgVa XZciZgh 0

6 edgi[da^d ^h hiVWaZ0 V bdcd\gVe] ^h jchiVWaZ#

H^ijViZY eg^bVg^an ^c BjbWV^ l^i] CZl Ndg` ^c i]Z l]^aZ hjWjgWh! djiZg Wdgdj\]h! WVca^ZjZ! VcY \]Ziidh \gdl

6 edgi[da^d ^h igVjbVi^X0 V bdcd\gVe] ^h i]ZgVeZji^X#

WVX`\gdjcY ! i]Z hijY^d adXViZY VgX]^iZXijgZ l^i]^c V hnhiZb l^i]dji bjX] ^ceji# 7n bdhi VXXdjcih i]ZhZ gZegZhZci ($)

6 edgi[da^d ^h gZhedch^kZ0 V bdcd\gVe] ^h egZÄZbei^kZ#

d[ ÆÒcVcX^Va ^bV\^cVg^ZhÇ/ gZVa YgZVbh# I]ZhZ VgZ XjaijgVa d[ bdhi X^i^ZhÉ iZgg^idgn VcY edejaVi^dc! VcY a^iiaZ ZmeZgi^hZ

6 edgi[da^d ^h ZXdcdb^XVa0 V bdcd\gVe] ^h ZmeZch^kZ#

XdchigjXi^dch i]gdj\] l]^X] X^gXjaViZ di]Zg XdchigjXi^dch! \dZh id YZh^\c^c\ i]Zb# I]^h ^h i]Z Vci^ÄX^in VcY i]Z hij"

I]^h ^h i]Z hijY^d l]ZgZ ndj ÒcVaan bV`Z ndjg bdcd\gVe]#

a^`Z ÆbdcZnÇ VcY ÆXgZY^i#Ç Id\Zi]Zg l^i] VgX]^iZXijgZ! i]ZhZ Y^d h^iZ# 9^hig^id ;ZYZgVa 9; [VXZh hZg^djh Zck^gdcbZciVa

&# Ndjg HZa[

]Zae id YZÒcZ i]Z gZVab d[ ÒcVcXZ XVe^iVa! l]^X] ^h l^YZan X]VaaZc\Zh i]Vi gVc\Z [gdb hXVgXZ cVijgVa [gZh] lViZg!

:kZgn ]Zgd bjhi ]VkZ V hidgn# :kZgn hidgn bjhi ]VkZ V Wdd`# Ndj jcYZghiddY Vh V `Zn [VXidg ^c h]Ve^c\ Æ\adWVa X^i^ZhÇ VcY V^g edaaji^dc! lVhiZlViZg igZVibZci! YZhZgi^ÒXVi^dc! VcY l^aa ^ckZci i]^h ]Zgd# Ndj l^aa WZXdbZ i]^h X]VgVXiZg# I]gdj\] V ÆbZ\VÄX^i^Zh#Ç ;^cVcXZ XVe^iVa XdjghZh i]gdj\] h`nhXgVeZgh g^h^c\ iZbeZgVijgZh# I]Z BZm^XVc \dkZgcbZci Xdch^YZgh egdXZhh d[ Wdi] Xg^i^XVa VcY ^cij^i^kZ hiZeh! ndj l^aa hnci]Zh^oZ VcY hajbh Va^`Z0 ^ih egZhZcXZ dg VWhZcXZ YZÒcZh i]ZhZ i]Z hXVgX^in d[ cVijgVa [gZh] lViZg V cVi^dcVa hZXjg^in ^h" hZa[! hidgn! VcY Wdd`# Ndj l^aa YdXjbZci ndjg k^h^dc# '# Ndjg =dbZ

e]nh^XVa [dgbh! Wji ^h Vahd YZÒcZY Wn i]Zb# >c^i^Vaan ZmigVXiZY hjZ# NZi BZm^Xd ^h dcZ d[ i]Z [Zl egZhZcian i]g^k^c\ \adWVa [gdb ]jbVc aVWdg! i]Z kVajZ d[ hjX] XVe^iVa g^hZh VcY [Vaah ZXdcdb^Zh &( Wn <9E VcY _jhi ZciZgZY i]Z ig^aa^dcÄYdaaVg

:kZgn Wj^aY^c\ bjhi ]VkZ V Wdd`# :kZgn VgX]^iZXi bjhi ]VkZ dc i]Z WVh^h d[ ^ih X^gXjaVi^dc i]gdj\] kVg^djh ^bV\^cVg^Zh! XaVhh# I]Z \gZVi bVhh d[ eZdeaZ VcY ZmiZch^dc d[ BZm^Xd V ]djhZ# Ndj l^aa WZ\^c l^i] YZh^\c^c\ ÒkZ ]djhZh ^c ÒkZ Vh lZaa Vh i]gdj\] i]Z X^gXj^ih d[ egdYjXi^dc VcY ZmX]Vc\Z 8^in \ZcZgViZY i]Z eZg[ZXi XdcY^i^dc [dg Vc jgWVc^in i]Vi ^h lZZ`h/ V ]djhZ d[ A^\]i! V ]djhZ d[ KdajbZ! V ]djhZ d[ i]Vi i]Zn hjeedgi# >c i]^h gZheZXi! VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb XdchiVcian [VX^c\ ]djh^c\! ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! VcY igVchedgiV" HigjXijgZ! V ]djhZ d[ BViZg^Vah! V ]djhZ d[ HeVXZ#

[dgb dcZ Wji Wn cd bZVch i]Z dcan ZaZbZci ^c V XdbeaZm i^dc h]dgiV\Zh# I]Z 9; hijY^d X]VaaZc\Z lVh id VYYgZhh Vh

6[iZg hZfjZci^Vaan ^hdaVi^c\ VcY Xjai^kVi^c\ i]ZhZ ÒkZ cZildg` d[ XjaijgVa egdXZhhZh i]Vi bV`Z [^cVcX^Va bVcn d[ i]Z XdchigV^cih d[ i]Z XdciZmi Vh edhh^WaZ! id ^ciZ" AKHBH kVg^VWaZh! ndj l^aa VeegdVX] i]Zb hnci]Zi^XVaan ^c V \adWVa^oVi^dc edhh^WaZ ^c i]Z [^ghi eaVXZ# 6gX]^iZXijgZ \gViZ bVcn Y^kZghZ [dgXZh VcY eZdeaZh ^cid V higjXijgZY h^c\aZ ]djhZ! Y^k^Y^c\ ndjghZa[ ^cid VgX]^iZXi VcY Xa^Zci# Ndj i]ZgZ[dgZ deZgViZh ^c i]Z ldgaY Wn lVn d[ ^ih hiVijh Vh jgWVc^in! id Y^b^c^h] i]Z Vci^ÄX^in! VcY id gZdg\Vc^oZ VcY l^aa WZ [jgi]Zg Y^k^YZY ^cid Vji]dg VcY Xg^i^X! YZkZade^c\ VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ# JcYZghiddY Vh V XjaijgVa [dgb! ^i \^kZh bZVc^c\ ZmiZcY i]Z X^in Vh XdchZfjZcXZ# Y^heaVn^c\ i]Z ]djhZ VcY ^ih VciZXZYZcih l^i]^c V Wdd`#

id i]Z bViZg^Va ^c[gVhigjXijgZh i]Vi ^i ^c]VW^ih VcY i]Vi ]Zae

I]^h l^aa WZ ndjg bdcd\gVe]# Ndjg bdcd\gVe] l^aa WZ ndj# id egdYjXZ ^i! i]ZgZWn ]Zae^c\ id egdYjXZ i]Zb ^c ijgc# I]^h Ndj l^aa WZ lZaa dc ndjg lVn id ÒcVaan Zm^hi^c\ Vh Vc VgX]^iZXi#

Ma^ =b\mbhgZkr h_ K^\^bo^] B]^Zl

lVh i]Z ]nedi]Zh^h d[[ZgZY id i]Z hijYZcih! ZVX] d[ l]db >gkbjn^ PZed^k% \kbmb\ YZkZadeZY V ÆegdidÄi]Zh^hÇ ^c gZhedchZ#

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

;nbe]bg` =^fh\kZ\r bg ;anmZg L\hmm FZk[e^% \kbmb\% pbma ;^g Dkhg^

I]^h hijY^d lVh i]Z Ò[i] ^chiVaabZci ^c V YZXVYZÄ

LMN=BH /% LIKBG@ +))2

'-

adc\ egd_ZXi l]dhZ V^b ^h id ZmVb^cZ gZXZ^kZY ^YZVh Å i]Vi ^h! [dgbZgan cdkZa ^YZVh l]^X]! YjZ id

I]^h hijY^d XdbW^cZY i]Z hdX^Vaan VcY XjaijgVaan '*

gZXjggZci jhZ! ]VkZ WZZc YZeaZiZY d[ i]Z^g dg^\^cVa ^ciZch^in

XdbeaZm egdWaZb d[ Wj^aY^c\ ZYjXVi^dcVa gZhZVgX] ^chi^ijiZh ^c 7]jiVc l^i] i]Z ediZci^Vah d[

VYkVcXZY Y^\^iVa YZh^\c VcY egdYjXi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh# 7]jiVc! V hbVaa Xdjcign WZilZZc >cY^V VcY 8]^cV! gZXZcian WZXVbZ i]Z cZlZhi Xdchi^iji^dcVa YZbdXgVXn ^c i]Z ldgaY V[iZg &%% nZVgh Vh Vc VWhdajiZ bdcVgX]n VcY ^h XVji^djhan WZ\^cc^c\ id bdYZgc^oZ VcY YZkZade eda^X^Zh id WZXdbZ eVgi d[ V \adWVa Xdbbjc^in# 6 h^\c^ÒXVci eVgi d[ i]^h X]Vc\Z l^aa WZ i]Z

Å ^c XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXijgZ XjaijgZ# I]^h dc\d^c\ hZg^Zh

8g^i^Xh <^jhZeeZ A^\cVcd I]dbVh YZ BdcX]Vjm HXdii BVgWaZ GZ^c]daY BVgi^c <Va^V Hdadbdcd[[ :cg^fjZ LVa`Zg

d[ YZh^\c hijY^dh VcY i]Zdgn hZb^cVgh egdedhZh id Y^hXadhZ! YZÒcZ! VcY YViZ Å VcY ^c i]Z adc\ gjc VgX]^kZ Å gZXZ^kZY ^YZVh egZkVaZci dkZg i]Z eVhi YZXVYZ! Wdi] ^c i]Z egd[Zhh^dcVa VcY VXVYZb^X gZVabh! ^c dgYZg id jai^bViZan deZc je di]Zgl^hZ egZXajYZY edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa i]Zdgn# Id i]Vi ZcY! ^i [dXjhZh dc YZh^\c deZgVi^dch VcY XdcXZeijVa higViZ\^Zh! eVgi^XjaVgan ^c iZgbh d[

YZkZadebZci d[ ^chi^iji^dch id Wj^aY VcY hjeedgi V higdc\

i]Z bZVch d[ gZegZhZciVi^dc VcY i]Z aZm^Xdc i]gdj\] l]^X]

ZYjXVi^dcVa hnhiZb l]^X] lVh i]Z [dXjh d[ i]^h hijY^d# DcZ d[

i]Zn VgZ gZheZXi^kZan Vgi^XjaViZY# I]^h egd_ZXi iV`Zh Vh

i]Z XgjX^Va Xdch^YZgVi^dch l]Zc egdedh^c\ egd\gZhh^kZ VcY

egZXZYZci <jhiVkZ ;aVjWZgiÉh jc[^c^h]ZY egd_ZXi! Le

^ccdkVi^kZ YZh^\c ^c 7]jiVc lVh ^ciZ\gVi^c\ VYkVcXZY

dictionnaire des idées reçues# ?jhi Vh i]Z aViiZg! ^i hZih dji id

iZX]c^fjZh l^i] i]Z ZhiVWa^h]ZY adXVa Wj^aY^c\ igVY^i^dch i]Vi

YZiZXi VcY XdaaZXi gZXZ^kZY ^YZVh VcY egdk^YZ YZÒc^i^dch Å dg!

VgZ Vc ZhhZci^Va eVgi d[ ^ih cVi^dcVa ^YZci^in# BVcV\^c\ i]Z

gVi]Zg! V jhZgÉh bVcjVa Å hd Vh id gZcYZg i]Zb hZa[ÄZk^YZci

eVXZ VcY egdXZhh d[ bdYZgc^oVi^dc ^h XZcigVa id i]Z [jijgZ

VcY i]ZgZWn jcYZgb^cZ i]Z^g eZgeZijVi^dc# NZi Vh deedhZY id

\dVah d[ 7]jiVc VcY i]Z YZh^\ch YZkZadeZY ^c i]Z hijY^d ]VY

i]Z aViiZg! Vg\jVWan Vc ^ckZcidgn d[ ediZci^Va ZmXajh^dch! i]^h

id WZ Xd\c^oVci d[ i]^h# >c V bdbZci d[ \adWVa ZXdcdb^X

egd_ZXi Vahd hdj\]i id jhZ Å dg! gVi]Zg! id b^hjhZ Å i]Vi

Xg^h^h! egdedh^c\ hiZeh idlVgY bdYZgc^oVi^dc ^c V eaVXZ a^`Z

XdaaZXi^dc d[ gZXZ^kZY ^YZVh idlVgYh i]Z [dgbjaVi^dc d[ di]Zg

7]jiVc Å l^i] ^ih e]^adhde]n d[ <gdhh CVi^dcVa =Vee^cZhh

YZh^\c deZgVi^dch VcY di]Zg XdcXZeijVa higViZ\^Zh# $#


6 7

8

9 :

E^Zkgbg` _khf Bg_hkfZe Zg] ?hkfZe >gobkhgf^gml

8]Vgan 6aVogV`^! =ZgcVc 7ZiVcodh! ?^c Ldd =Zd 9$: ! :b^an ?d]chdc 7$8 ! =Vc @^b 6 ! E^Zigd IdYZhX]^c^

:e_k^]h ;kbee^f[hnk`% An[^km Denfig^k% \kbmb\l% pbma FZkd <heebgl $ Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ

=DAA6C9


E^Zkgbg` _khf Bg_hkfZe Zg] ?hkfZe >gobkhgf^gml DBGG> MK:O>E

BDGD88D


6

7

8

9

: ;

FZgaZmmZg =rl!N"mhibZ

<

OVX]Vgn 6YZgh! 6cVhiVh^V 8]da^! 9Vk^Y 9Vk^aV 6gVfjZ

>kb\ ;ng`^ $ Fbfb AhZg`% \kbmb\l%

:kVc\Za^V @VgVX]Va^dj 7 ! Bddcndjc\ @^b! H]Vgdc @^b!

pbma PbeebZf ?^n^kfZg

CVhZg BVYdj]! HZi] BX9dlZaa 6$:$< ! CViVa^V GdjbZa^di^ 9 ! A^cYhZn H]ZgbVc 8$; ! =^aVgn H^bdc! :g^X KZg\cZ

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


FZgaZmmZg =rl!N"mhibZ DBGG> MK:O>E

=DAA6C9


6

7

8

9 :

KZm^l h_ >q\aZg`^3 Lnkienl Zg] =^Ö\bm bg Mph @eh[Ze >\hk^`bhgl

8]g^hide]Zg 7VgaZn! BVgad 7gdlc : ! B^X]VZa 8]dl!

E^leb^ @bee $ Fbd^ CZ\h[l% \kbmb\l

:[gVi C^oVc! B^g^Vb LVgY

;

7gZii 9dg[bVc 8$; ! ;dggZhi ?ZhhZZ 6$7 ! 8a^cidc B^aaZg 9 !

H6=6G6 G6>C ;DG:HI


KZm^l h_ >q\aZg`^3 Lnkienl Zg] =^Ö\bm bg Mph @eh[Ze >\hk^`bhgl DBGG> MK:O>E

7G6O>A


6

7 8

9

: ;

Ma^ IhlmanfZg3 Ikhlma^mb\ :k\abm^\mnk^

B^X]ZaaZ 8]Vc\! ?ZZ"=nZ @^b! 6ccV"BVg^V BZ^hiZg!

FZkbh @hh]^g% \kbmb\

6cYgZV OVaZlh`^ 6$7

<VWg^Za C^X]dah! I]VY CdWj]VgV :$;! 8]g^hi^Vc GjjY 8$9!


Ma^ IhlmanfZg3 Ikhlma^mb\ :k\abm^\mnk^ DBGG> MK:O>E

HDJI= 6;G>86


6 7

8

9 :

Ma^ Lmbfnenl Lmn]bh3 G^p B]^Zl h_ Bg_kZlmkn\mnk^ :k\abm^\mnk^ _hk H[ZfZテ考 Lmbfnenl IZ\dZ`^ GHP

9Vc^Za @^YY 6$7$; 0 6Vgdc 9Vk^h! H]Vg^[ @]Va_Z! Ndc\ ?j AZZ!

EZnkb^ AZpdbglhg% \kbmb\% pbma Kn\abdZ Fh]b

L^aa^Vb GdZY^\Zg"GdW^cZiiZ 8$: ! HVc\ LVc H]^c

7g^\ZiiZ 7dgYZgh B^X]VZa 8VkVcYZg 9 0 OVX]Vgn 8daWZgi <lZcYdanc BVX;VgaVcY! AZV] BZ^hiZga^c! H^cV BZhYV\]^!

;


Ma^ Lmbfnenl Lmn]bh3 G^p B]^Zl h_ Bg_kZlmkn\mnk^ :k\abm^\mnk^ _hk H[ZfZテ考 Lmbfnenl IZ\dZ`^ GHP DBGG> MK:O>E

8=>C6 ?6E6C


6

8

9 :

;

Bgm^ko^gmbhgl bg ;eh\dl h_ ma^ <^gmkZe <bmr% FZ]kb]

8g^hidWVa 6bjcViZ\j^ 6 ! ?dhZ 6gV\jZo 9$; ! 9Vc^nV 6iiV!

CnZg A^kk^khl% \kbmb\% pbma Lhh&bg RZg`

BVgfjZo IdkVg! <Zdg\^dh B^igd\^dg\^h! OVX]Vgn DaXoV`! ?dh]jV

AZj"Nj 8]Zc! 9ZaVa 9Zb^gX^d\aj! GV^cV A^ @^b 7$8$: ! EVdaV EVY\Zii! :aZc^ EZiVadi^! ?jVc"Aj^h KVaYZggVWVcd"BdciVcZh

7


Bgm^ko^gmbhgl bg ;eh\dl h_ ma^ <^gmkZe <bmr% FZ]kb] DBGG> MK:O>E

HE6>C


6

7

8 9

:

;

:k\abm^\mhgb\l h_ Fnlb\ Lm^o^g Ahee% \kbmb\% pbma AZbdh <hkg^ebll^g

HVbjZa 7g^hhZiiZ :bbVcdj^a HiVkgV`V`^h 6$80 <dcoVad 8Vh^h! GnX]^ZZ :he^cdhV 9V]a^V GdWZgih :$;0 Eg^hX^aaV ;gVhZg ?dhZe] BX<gVi] 7$90 @VgZc @jWZn! 6cc^Z Ad! Hjc Ndjc\ EVg`! ?Vn H]V]! 6Yg^Vc Hb^i]!

7GDD@ANC


:k\abm^\mhgb\l h_ Fnlb\ DBGG> MK:O>E

;G6C8:


6

7

8 9

:

Mabg`l Pbee @^m Phkl^ ;^_hk^ Ma^r @^m ;^mm^k

:\WZgi 8]j E]^a^e A^c 8$: 0 8]j`jnZbZoZ :Ydo^Z 7gVYaZn

C^__k^r BgZ[Z% \kbmb\

@dhVgV @j_jcYo^X! @VgZc B^ig^! 7Zc_Vb^c GZ^X]! 9Vc^Za GjoZj

MZmbZgZ ohg Ik^nll^g% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

:c\ZahbVc 7$9 0 <gZiV =VchZc 8]Zgna L^c\"O^ Ldc\ 6$; 0

;


Mabg`l Pbee @^m Phkl^ ;^_hk^ Ma^r @^m ;^mm^k DBGG> MK:O>E

J6: DB6C ?DG96C :<NEI


6

7

8

9

:

F^`Z[eh\d Nk[Zgblfl% ;^bcbg`% <abgZ

8]g^hi^cV 6`^h`Vadj! G^`V 8]VjY]gn! 9^Z\d ;ZgcVcYZo

C^__k^r Chaglhg% \kbmb\% pbma F^k\r Phg`

K^aaVkZgYZ! 9VZ Ldd` AZZ! >\cVX^d HZcgV <j^aaZgbd HZk^aaVcd 7$9$: 0 >c]d Hj]! BVii]Zl Kdhh 6$8 ! 6Yg^VcV OVgg^aad


F^`Z[eh\d Nk[Zgblfl% ;^bcbg`% <abgZ DBGG> MK:O>E

8=>C6


8

6

7

:

;

9

<hg\^b\ツド Abee3 Lm^Zemar =^fhglmkZmbhgl% Kbh ]^ CZg^bkh% ;kZsbe

:jchj` 7VZ! ?dg\Z 7VggV\Vc! HiZkZc <VgX^V 8$: !

D^bma DZl^fZg% \kbmb\

HVh`^V CV\Za! BVgXZad CV_ZgV <VgX^V! H]VgdcZ E^dci`dl`h^!

KZne Lfbma% \nemnkZe \hhk]bgZmhk

:a^oVWZi] H]ZVgZg 6$7 ! ?dc Ijg`jaV! 8]^"8]Zc NVc\

?jc^X]^gd =dg^`VlV! LZ^"?j AV^ 9$; ! EVig^X` AVjhZaa!


<hg\^b\ツド Abee3 Lm^Zemar =^fhglmkZmbhgl% Kbh ]^ CZg^bkh% ;kZsbe DBGG> MK:O>E

7G6O>A


6

7 8

9

:

; <

Li^^]% M^kkbmhkr% <hffngb\Zmbhg

B^X]VZa 8dciZcid ;$< ! HiZe]Vc^Z =VggdX]!

>] D^ee^k% \kbmb\

?d]c AdX`Z 7$9$: ! BVii]Zl Ajio! 6Yda[d CVYVa 6$8 ! ?VbZh H^`Zh! AVjgZc OjX`Zg


Li^^]% M^kkbmhkr% <hffngb\Zmbhg DBGG> MK:O>E

?6E6C 8=>C6


6 7

8

9

Dghpe^]`^ <bmr É :[n =aZ[b

B^X]VZa 6gZaaVcZh >> 6 ! ?^c End :jc 9 ! =^ccV @Veddg!

?k ] kb\ E^okZm% \kbmb\

?dc\ HZd @^b! Hjc\ Ndc\ AZZ 7$8$: ! Ndjc?^c EVg`

:


Dghpe^]`^ <bmr É :[n =aZ[b DBGG> MK:O>E

J6:


6 7

8 :

;

<

EHMÈ>D Fhgh`kZia Lmn]bh

7g^Vc 6X`aZn! 6aZmVcYgdh 6kadc^i^h! Nj"NjVc 8]Vc\!

:]Z MheeZ $ @bnl^ii^ Eb`gZgh% \kbmb\l%

H^ :jc AZZ! :aZc^ EVeVcVhiVh^dj 8$9! HdcVa EViZa!

pbma MahfZl ]^ Fhg\aZnq

EVWad EZgZo EVaVX^dh! Da^k^V GVbdh ;$< ! EVcV\^di^h HVga^h! AVjgZcXZ HVggVo^c 6$7$:! @d`d IV`V]Vh]^

9


EHMÈ>D Fhgh`kZia Lmn]bh DBGG> MK:O>E

BDGD88D


6 7

8

9

:

;

<

;nbe]bg` =^fh\kZ\r bg ;anmZg

7Zc_Vb^c 8Vgg 8$; ! HZg\^d <dbZo! =ndjc\"<ja @dd` 9$:$< !

L\hmm FZk[e^% \kbmb\% pbma ;^g Dkhg^

?VbZh D BZVgV! BZ\Vc Fj^cc! 6nVaV GdhZc! @Vi^Z H]^bV 6$7


;nbe]bg` =^fh\kZ\r bg ;anmZg DBGG> MK:O>E

>C9>6 C:E6A 7=JI6C


6

7 8

9

:

?bgZg\bZe BfZ`bgZkb^l3 Fnf[Zb É G^p Rhkd

Di^h 7Zg`^c 7$8$:! Hjc\ :jc 8]jc! 9Vk^Y <dcoVaZo! @njc\ ?VZ @^b!

K^bgahe] FZkmbg% \kbmb\% pbma =bZgZ FZkmbg^s

=ZZ_dd H]^! BVi]Zl HiVjYi! Igdn I]Zgg^Zc! @Vg^c NVc\

?VZ =Zdc A^b! ?Z[[gZn B^aaZii! 9Vc^Za EVncZ! 9ZWdgV] G^X]VgYh 6$9!


?bgZg\bZe BfZ`bgZkb^l3 Fnf[Zb É G^p Rhkd DBGG> MK:O>E

>C9>6


6

=?(=blmkbmh ?^]^kZe% hk =hpgmhpg ?hk`hmm^g É F^qb\h <bmr @ZebZ Lhehfhgh__% \kbmb\

7

8

9

:

Njc Hj` 8]d^ 9$: ! L^aa^Vb @ZbeZg 6$7$8 ! BVg^a^^h A^adkZg! BVhV`^ Bdg^cdWj! ?^ Nddc D]! =^gdbVhV H]^WViV


=?(=blmkbmh ?^]^kZe% hk =hpgmhpg ?hk`hmm^g É F^qb\h <bmr DBGG> MK:O>E

B:M>8D


6 7

8

9

:

Ma^ =b\mbhgZkr h_ K^\^bo^] B]^Zl >gkbjn^ PZed^k% \kbmb\

>dVccV 6c\Za^Ydj! 7VggZii 7gdlc! 6YVb 7g^aa]Vgi! :YjVgYd BVndgVa <dcoVaZo ?dg\Z 6cYgZh HZgeV 6$9$:0 HddcÄ=njc ?jc\ @^ Jc\ CV HVc\ =lVc EVg` ?Zcc^[Zg IVc 7$80 B^X]VZa GZ]b! 8]VgaZh KVaaV! =ZVi] LZhi


Ma^ =b\mbhgZkr h_ K^\^bo^] B]^Zl DBGG> MK:O>E

?6E6C


^beVXi YZh^\c0 id jcYZghiVcY ]^hidg^XVa gZaVi^dch]^eh Vbdc\ iZX]cdad\n! e]^adhde]n! eda^i^Xh! VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ0 VcY id iV`Z VYkVciV\Z d[ CZl Ndg`Éh egd[Zhh^dcVa egVXi^i^dcZgh ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z iZX]cdad\^XVa ÆhiViZ d[ i]Z Vgi#Ç I]Z Y^kZg" h^in d[ k^Zlh gZ\VgY^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa iZX]cdad\n gZegZhZciZY Wn i]Z hX]ddaÉh YZh^\c VcY iZX]cdad\n [VXjain ^h gZÓZXiZY ^c! VcY i]ZgZWn higZc\i]Zch! i]Z ZaZXi^kZ d[[Zg^c\h#

:k\abm^\mnkZe M^\agheh`r B :gmahgr P^[lm^k Zg] Iabeebi :gsZehg^% bglmkn\mhkl ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% ?:EE +))1

;nbe]bg` M^\agheh`b^l

6gX]^iZXijgVa IZX]cdad\n > hZgkZY Vh Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id

Iabeebi :gsZehg^% ]bk^\mhk

higj X ijgVa e]nh^Xh VcY Vh V inedad\^XVa hijYn d[ higjXijgZ

:gmahgr P^[lm^k% Zllh\bZm^ ]bk^\mhk

VcY ZcXadhjgZ Vi i]Z Wj^aY^c\ hXVaZ# I]Z XdjghZ ^cXajYZY Vc ^cigd YjXi^dc id higjXijgVa VcY ZcZg\n hd[ilVgZ! higjXijgVa

I]Z 7j^aY^c\ IZX]cdad\^Zh Xjgg^Xjajb ^h WVhZY dc i]Z WZa^Z[ YZbdc higVi^dc aVWh! VcVanh^h d[ XVhZÄhijYn ZmVbeaZh! i]Vi VgX]^iZXih WZcZÒi [gdb ]Vk^c\ V WVh^X `cdlaZY\Z d[ ÒZaY ig^eh id Wj^aY^c\h ^c XdchigjXi^dc! VcY _jg^ZY YZh^\c iZX]c^XVa hnhiZbh! cdi dcan Vh ji^a^iVg^Vc ZcYh ^c i]ZbhZakZh! Vhh^\cbZcih# Wji Vahd Vh V bZVch id ]Zae YZkZade V Wj^aY^c\Éh heVXZh! [dgbh!

>c i]^h XdjghZ! hijYZcih aZVgcZY i]Z YZÒc^i^dc d[ higjXijgVa

VcY ZmegZhh^dc# I]Z h^mÄXdjghZ gZfj^gZY hZfjZcXZ WZ\^ch Wn YZh^\c VcY ]dl ^i Y^[[Zgh [gdb VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c# HijYZcih djia^c^c\ i]Z Zck^gdcbZciVa XdcY^i^dch id l]^X] ]VW^iVWaZ lZgZ ^cigdYjXZY id WVh^X higjXijgVa hnhiZbh! higjXijgVa VcY heVXZh gZhedcY VcY YZhXg^W^c\ i]Z e]nh^XVa YZiZgb^cVcih d[ cdcÄhigjXijgVa XdbedcZcih! Vm^Vaan VcY igVchkZghZan adVY" iZX]c^XVa Wj^aY^c\ hnhiZbh# CZmi! ^cY^k^YjVa Wj^aY^c\ hnhiZbh ZY higjXijgVa ZaZbZcih! \gVe]^Xh VcY hiVi^Xh d[ higjXijgVa Å ^cXajY^c\ higjXijgZ! Wj^aY^c\ ZcXadhjgZ! Zck^gdcbZciVa VcVanh^h VcY YZh^\c! VcY eZg[dgbVcXZ VcY Veea^XVi^dch d[

>chigjXidgh 6ci]dcn LZWhiZg E]^aa^e 6coVadcZ C^Xd @^Zcoa ;^dcV 8djh^ch Idcn LZWhiZg 9Vk^Y LVaaVcXZ

XdcY^i^dc^c\! VcY ^c[dgbVi^dc bVcV\ZbZci Å VgZ ZmeadgZY higjXijgVa bViZg^Vah# 6aa higjXijgVa hnhiZbh VcY XdbedcZcih ^c YZei]# ;dg ZVX] hnhiZb hijY^ZY! kVg^djh YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh! hijY^ZY lZgZ egZhZciZY ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ XdciZbedgVgn Vg" bViZg^Vah! [VWg^XVi^dc iZX]c^fjZh! VcY Y^YVXi^X Wj^ai ldg`h X]^iZXijgZ VcY gZVa VgX]^iZXijgVa egdWaZbh# VgZ ZmeadgZY# ;^ZaY ig^eh! aVWdgVidgn YZbdchigVi^dch! VcY

I]Z XdjghZ Vahd egdk^YZY V Wg^Z[ ]^hidg^XVa ^cigdYjXi^dc

h]dgi YZh^\c egdWaZbh VgZ jhZY id Vj\bZci ^cÄXaVhh hijYn# id i]Z Wj^aY^c\ ZckZadeZ! ^ih [jcXi^dc Vh V bZY^Vidg d[ Vi" 6h Wdi] V fjVa^iVi^kZ VcY V WVh^X fjVci^iVi^kZ jcYZghiVcY^c\ bdhe]Zg^X XdcY^i^dch! ^ih gZaVi^dch]^e id di]Zg Wj^aY^c\ÄeZ" d[ ZaZbZciVgn hnhiZbh VgZ bVhiZgZY! i]Z Xjgg^Xjajb h]^[ih g^bZiZg hnhiZbh! i]Z eg^cX^eaZh d[ e]nh^Xh VcY egdeZgi^Zh d[ ^ih [dXjh dcid ^cXgZVh^c\an XdbeaZm hnhiZbh hZgk^c\ Zci^gZ bViZg^Vah ZbeadnZY id eZg[dgb ^ih [jcXi^dch! ZckZadeZ YZh^\c Wj^aY^c\h# I]Z hZfjZcXZÉh aVhi ild XdjghZh 7j^aY^c\ HnhiZbh Xg^iZg^V VcY ZcZg\n Xdch^YZgVi^dch! i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ Xdb" & VcY ' YZkZade Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ]dl iZX]c^XVaÄji^a^iVg^Vc bdc ZcXadhjgZ hnhiZbh! VcY i]Z iZX]cdad\^XVa VcY ZXdcdb^X hnhiZbh VgZ gZhdakZY! ]dl i]Zn VgZ ^ciZ\gViZY l^i] di]Zg [dgXZh Yg^k^c\ ^ih YZkZadebZci# 6hh^\cbZcih ^aajhigViZY ]dl hnhiZbh! VcY ]dl i]Zn ^c[dgb V Wj^aY^c\Éh heVXZh VcY iZX]c^XVaÄji^a^iVg^Vc hnhiZbh ]VkZ WZZc jhZY id XgZViZ iZX" WVhZY dc i]Z e]nh^XVa aVlh i]Vi \dkZgc i]Z ZmX]Vc\Z [dgbVa ZmegZhh^dc Å Òghi i]gdj\] ^cÄYZei] XVhZ hijY^Zh d[ idc^XVaan hig^`^c\ higjXijgZh VcY ZcXdjgV\Z hijYZcih id Xdc" d[ ZcZg\n WZilZZc Wj^aY^c\ VcY Zck^gdcbZci VcY ]dl Zci^gZ Wj^aY^c\h! VcY i]Zc Wn i]Z egZa^b^cVgn YZh^\c d[ Vc h^YZg i]Z ediZci^Va d[ iZX]c^XVaÄji^a^iVg^Vc hnhiZbh id ^c[dgb i]Zn gZaViZ id ]jbVc Xdb[dgi# :aZXig^XVa! eajbW^c\! ÒgZ ^cYjhig^VaÄad[i WadX`# >c Wdi] XdjghZh! hijYZcih ldg` ^c iZVbh i]Z heVXZh VcY [dgbVa ZmegZhh^dc d[ i]Z^g dlc YZh^\ch#

egdiZXi^dc VcY X^gXjaVi^dc lZgZ ^cigdYjXZY ^c i]^h XdciZmi Vh

l^i] higjXijgVa! bZX]Vc^XVa! VcY Wj^aY^c\ÄZckZadeZ ZmeZgih#

gZfj^gZY hnhiZbh id bV`Z Wj^aY^c\h Òi [dg dXXjeVi^dc#

I]gdj\]dji i]Z 7j^aY^c\ IZX]cdad\^Zh hZfjZcXZ! hijYZcih

:k\abm^\mnkZe M^\agheh`r +

I]Z \dVa d[ i]^h XdjghZ lVh id ZcVWaZ hijYZcih id jc"

VgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id Veean i]Z^g \gdl^c\ `cdlaZY\Z id YZh^\c Gb\h Db^gse% bglmkn\mhk

YZghiVcY i]Z ^ciZgVXi^dc d[ cVijgVa VcY XdchigjXiZY Zc"

egdWaZbh edhZY ^c hijY^d# DXXVh^dcVaan! hijY^dh [dXjh^c\ dc ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

k^gdcbZcih ^c dgYZg id YZkZade VcY fjVci^[n Veegdeg^ViZ

kVg^djh VheZXih d[ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc iZX]cdad\n VcY

gZhedchZh i]Vi XgZViZ Xdb[dgiVWaZ VcY Z[ÒX^Zci Wj^aY^c\h#

heVXZ VcY [dgbVa YZh^\c VgZ d[[ZgZY [dg i]^gYÄnZVg hijYZcih# I]^h XdjghZ VYYgZhhZY i]Z [jcYVbZciVah VcY Veea^XVi^dc I]gdj\] i]Z [dXjh d[ i]^h XdjghZ dc i]Z YncVb^X gZaVi^dc" I]Z \dVah d[ i]Z 7j^aY^c\ IZX]cdad\^Zh ZaZXi^kZh VgZ i]gZZ" d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa Xdcigda hnhiZbh ^c Wj^aY^c\h# =ZVi^c\! h]^e d[ ZmiZgcVa Zck^gdcbZciVa [dgXZh! Wj^aY^c\! VcY dXXj" [daY/ id ZmeadgZ i]Z ediZci^Va d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa hnhiZbh id Xdda^c\! kZci^aVi^dc! a^\]i^c\! VcY VXdjhi^Xh lZgZ Y^hXjhhZY eVcih hijYZcih aZVgcZY ]dl id bVc^ejaViZ i]^h gZaVi^dch]^e


i]gdj\] Wj^aY^c\ [dgb VcY dg^ZciVi^dc! XdchigjXi^dc VcY

iZX]c^fjZh [dg i]Z [Vh]^dc^c\ VcY YZeadnbZci d[ bViZg^Va!

bViZg^Va^in! VcY bZX]Vc^XVa! ZaZXig^XVa VcY ]nYgdc^X hnh"

Wji Vahd [dg i]Z YZhXg^ei^dc VcY Xdbbjc^XVi^dc d[ i]ZhZ

iZbh# I]Z VW^a^in VcY XdcÒYZcXZ ^c bV`^c\ Wdi] fjVci^iV"

bViZg^Va gZaVi^dch]^eh# I]Z XaVhh ViiZbeiZY id deZgViZ l^i]^c

i^kZ VcY fjVa^iVi^kZ hiViZbZcih VWdji Wj^aY^c\ eZg[dgbVcXZ

V hZg^Zh d[ Y^\^iVa VcY e]nh^XVa b^\gVi^dch/ WZilZZc Y^[[ZgZci

l^aa ]Zae hijYZcih ^c ^ciZ\gVi^c\ i]ZhZ Xdch^YZgVi^dch ^cid

hd[ilVgZ VcY \ZdbZig^X eaVi[dgbh! WZilZZc YZh^\c VcY

i]Z^g [jijgZ YZh^\c ldg`# >i l^aa ZcVWaZ i]Zb id YZkZade YZ"

YdXjbZciVi^dc! VcY WZilZZc ZmiZch^kZ egdeZgi^Zh lZ^\]i!

h^\c hdaji^dch i]Vi VgZ YZg^kZY [gdb [jcYVbZciVa eg^cX^eaZh

h^oZ! [dgb VcY ^ciZch^kZ eZg[dgbVcXZh# ;dXjh^c\ dc V Y^\^iVa

VcY Yd cdi ]VkZ id gZan dc [dgbVa^hi^X dg Zbe^g^X hdaji^dch#

ldg`Ódl i]Vi XVc YZa^kZg igjZ ^ccdkVi^dc ^c Wj^aY^c\ hnhiZbh!

Jai^bViZan hijYZcih l^aa WZ VWaZ id jcYZghiVcY i]Z ^beVXi d[

i]Z ldg` d[ i]Z XaVhh ^h hjeeaZbZciZY i]gdj\] i]Z [VX^a^i^Zh

i]Z^g YZh^\c YZX^h^dch dc Wj^aY^c\ eZg[dgbVcXZ#

d[ i]Z 6kZgn ;VW8dc VcY 8Vgaidc AVWdgVidg^Zh id YZkZade egdd[Äd[ÄXdcXZei egdidineZh# Id i]^h ZcY! i]Z XaVhh egZhZciZY

>g\ehlnk^l Zg] >gobkhgf^gml +

V [gVbZldg` [dg gdWjhi egdidine^c\! jh^c\ V eajgVa^in d[

>chigjXidgh 6a^XZ 8]jc BVg` 8daa^ch Idgj =VhZ\VlV GdWZgi =Z^ci\Zh

?bhgZ <hnlbgl% bglmkn\mhk ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% ?:EE +))1

>c i]^h XdjghZ! hijYZcih lZgZ Vh`ZY id YZh^\c VcY VcVanoZ V kVg^Zin d[ ZaZbZcih VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z XdcY^i^dc^c\ d[

hd[ilVgZ id ZcXdjgV\Z hijYZcihÉ egdedhVah i]gdj\] bjai^eaZ hiV\Zh d[ YZh^\c! egdidine^c\! VcY h^bjaVi^dc# Egd_ZXih lZgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id bdkZ idlVgYh V bjai^ÄbdYVa deZgVi^dc ^c Wdi] bViZg^Va^in VcY hXVaZh d[ egdYjXi^dc# EajgVa^hb lVh hZZc Vh V [gVbZldg` ^c l]^X] V bVc^[daY d[ hd[ilVgZ!

^c]VW^iZY heVXZ# Ajb^cVgZh! [jgc^ijgZ! VcY ZcXadhjgZh lZgZ

bViZg^Vah! VcY bVcj[VXijg^c\ egdXZhhZh XdjaY WZ Wgdj\]i

Vaa hijY^ZY ^c gZaVi^dc id i]Z^g k^hjVa! VXdjhi^XVa VcY i]ZgbVa

^cid V egdYjXi^kZ cZmjh#

^beVXi! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z ZXdad\^XVa XdchZfjZcXZh d[ i]Z^g

:]oZg\^] <nkmZbg PZee

bVcj[VXijgZ VcY bV^ciZcVcXZ#

Kh[^km A^bgm`^l% bglmkn\mhk

;nbe]bg` Lrlm^fl *

;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

Mhgr P^[lm^k $ C' :kmank Ab[[l% bglmkn\mhkl ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

VcY [dXjh^c\ dc i]Z gZaZkVci VheZXih d[ ZVX] ZgV! Wdi] 6YkVcXZY 8jgiV^c LVaa ^h i]Z ÒcVa d[[Zg^c\ ^c i]Z <H6EE iZX]c^XVaan VcY ^c iZgbh d[ YZh^\c# :m^hi^c\ [VX^a^i^Zh ^c iZX]cdad\n hZfjZcXZ VcY d[[Zgh Vc ^ciZchZ ZmedhjgZ id i]Z

7j^aY^c\ HnhiZbh & Wj^ai jedc i]Z Y^hXjhh^dc d[ WVh^X i]Z CZl Ndg` bZigdeda^iVc VgZV lZgZ iV`Zc Vh Æh^iZ k^h^i Xjhidb XjgiV^c lVaa# >i ^h i]Z ^ciZci d[ i]Z XdjghZ id egdk^YZ higjXijgVa hnhiZbh WZ\jc ^c HigjXijgZh '# HigjXijgVa gZhZVgX] aVWh!Ç l^i] i]Z hjeedgi d[ i]Z Edgi 6ji]dg^in d[ \gVYjVi^c\ hijYZcih l^i] V XdbegZ]Zch^kZ jcYZghiVcY^c\ hnhiZbh YZh^\cZY id ZchjgZ hVi^h[VXidgn eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ CZl Ndg` VcY CZl ?ZghZn# Vc Zci^gZ Wj^aY^c\ ^c i]Z [VXZ d[ \gVk^in VcY ]dg^odciVa l^cY

d[ i]Z iZX]c^XVa XdcXZeih VcY heZX^ÒX h`^aah cZXZhhVgn

6[iZg Zmeadg^c\ i]Z ]^hidg^X Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z iZgb^cVa! id jcYZgiV`Z ^c VXijVa egVXi^XZ i]Z YZh^\c! YZiV^a^c\!

VcY ZVgi]fjV`Z adVYh lZgZ egZhZciZY [dg Wdi] [gVbZY dg hijYZcih jcYZgidd` Vc ZmeZg^bZciVa ZmZgX^hZ! ViiZbei^c\ id heZX^[^XVi^dc! VcY XdchigjXi^dc VYb^c^higVi^dc d[ i]Z lVaaZY hnhiZbh VcY cdcÄ[gVbZY hnhiZbh# LddY! hiZZa! gZi]^c` i]Z iZgb^cVaÉh [jcXi^dcVa^in# HijYZcih ^YZci^ÒZY i]Z Xjhidb XjgiV^c lVaa# XdcXgZiZ! VcY bVhdcgn higjXijgVa hnhiZbh lZgZ XdbeVgZY# kVg^djh XdbedcZcih d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\Éh egd\gVb VcY VcVanoZY

L]^aZ i]Z XdjghZ Zbe]Vh^oZh ZbZg\^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh!

I]Z XdjghZ Xjab^cViZY ^c V Wj^aY^c\ VcVanh^h egd_ZXi! ^c i]Zb Vi i]Z hXVaZ d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ XdbedcZci VcY i]Z hXVaZ d[ Y^hXjhh^dc d[ heZX^ÒX iZX]c^XVa ^hhjZh VcY bZi]dYdad\^Zh l]^X] \gdjeh d[ hijYZcih YdXjbZciZY i]Z bViZg^Vah! i]Z [jgc^ijgZ XdcXZei# I]ZhZ ild hXVaZh lZgZ YZkZadeZY VcY [dXjhZh dc i]dhZ VheZXih i]Vi Y^gZXian ^c[dgb XdciZbed" XdchigjXi^dc bZi]dYh! VcY eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ V edhi LL>> YZh^\cZY ^cYZeZcYZcian! Vh iZXidc^X! ^cYjhig^Va dW_ZXih! [jaan gVgn VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c# 8VhZ hijY^Zh d[ XdciZbedgVgn 6bZg^XVc egd_ZXi# FjVa^iVi^kZ jcYZghiVcY^c\ VcY WVh^X ^ciZ\gViZY ^cid i]Z XdbeaZm [jcXi^dcVa^in d[ i]Z iZgb^cVa# ZmVbeaZh VgZ jhZY i]gdj\]dji id ^aajhigViZ i]Z iZX]c^XVa fjVci^iVi^kZ h`^aah lZgZ higZhhZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z XdjghZ#

:VX] YZh^\c iZVb egdYjXZY V hZi d[ XdchigjXi^dc YdXjbZcih XdciZci d[ i]Z XdjghZ# HijYZcih Vahd ZmeadgZY ]jcYgZYh d[ Å ^cXajY^c\ bViZg^Vah! Xdadgh! heZX^ÒXVi^dch! VcY XdchigjX" bdX`Äjeh VcY hVbeaZh Vi Egd[# =Z^ci\ZhÉ Ògb VcY k^h^iZY

;nbe]bg` Lrlm^fl +

i^dc egdXZYjgZh Å Vh i]Z ÒcVa YZa^kZgVWaZ [dg i]Z XdjghZ#

egd_ZXih jcYZg XdchigjXi^dc#

Lmb\dl $ Lmhg^l3 FZm^kbZe Ikhmhmribg`

hijYZcih Y^Y cdi YZh^\c ex nihilo# GVi]Zg! ZVX] WZ\Vc i]Z

:eb\^ <ang% bglmkn\mhk

egd_ZXi l^i] V \^kZc! ]^\]an hX]ZbVi^X VgX]^iZXijgVa ^ciZci#

C' :kmank Ab[[l $ =Zob] PZeeZg\^% bglmkn\mhkl ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% ?:EE +))1

>c i]Z hZbZhiZgÄadc\ IZX]c^XVa HijY^d 9Zh^\c EgdWaZb!

I]Z c^cZÄlZZ` egdWaZb lVh id YZh^\c VcY YZiV^a V bjai^Ä ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

>c ZmZXji^c\ i]^h egd_ZXi! hijYZcih lZgZ XVaaZY dc id ^c"

hidgn ^cYjhig^Va ad[i WadX`# HijYZcih lZgZ Vh`ZY id [dXjh

iZ\gViZ i]Z^g cZlanÄ\V^cZY iZX]c^XVa ZmeZgi^hZ l^i] i]Z^g

eg^bVg^an dc i]Z Wj^aY^c\Éh iZX]c^XVa ji^a^iVg^Vc hnhiZbh I]^h XdjghZ gZhZVgX]ZY VcY YZkZadeZY bViZg^Va egdidineZh d[ VW^a^i^Zh id ^ciZgegZi VcY YZkZade Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c# Å ^cXajY^c\ higjXijgZ! ZcXadhjgZ! VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa VYVeiVWaZ! ÓZm^WaZ! VcY ^ciZaa^\Zci VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi iVeeZY ^cid HijYZcih egZeVgZY YZiV^a YgVl^c\h VcY djia^cZ heZX^ÒXV" XdcY^i^dc^c\ Å VcY id ^ciZ\gViZ i]Z^g gZhdaji^dc ^cid i]Z i]Z ZbZg\^c\ Ójm d[ ÆXaZVcÄiZX]cdad\nÇ VcY eZghdcVa hZchdgn i^dch [dg V jc^fjZ! Xjhidb XjgiV^c lVaa YZh^\c i]Vi i]Zn Wj^aY^c\Éh [dgbVa ZmegZhh^dc VcY heVi^Va YZÒc^i^dc#

ZmeZg^ZcXZ Wn Zc\V\^c\ i]Z Wjg\Zdc^c\ [^ZaY d[ iZX]c^XVa YZ[ZcYZY ^c V ÒcVa [dgbVa gZk^Zl# iZmi^aZh# HdbZ d[ i]Z cZl higdc\Zg! a^\]iZg! [VhiZg! bdgZ YjgVWaZ

Ma^ M^kfbgZe3 MkZglihkmZmbhg =^lb`g :gZerlbl

ZmVbeaZh d[ iZX]c^XVa VcY Xdbbdc [VWg^Xh lZgZ gZhZVgX]ZY id YZkZade cZl ediZci^Vah [dg Veea^XVi^dch ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ#

>fbebh <aZ\ g% bglmkn\mhk ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% ?:EE +))1

=b`bmZe =^mZbebg`3 LbfneZmbhg Zg] :gZerlbl FZkd <heebgl $ Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ% bglmkn\mhkl

6 kVg^Zin d[ XdchigjXi^dc ZaZbZcih XdbZ id\Zi]Zg ^c i]Z ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% ?:EE +))1 iZgb^cVa! l]Zi]Zg ldg`^c\ dc V WgVcY cZl [VX^a^in dg dc Vc Zm^hi^c\ Wj^aY^c\ gZcdkVi^dc egd_ZXi# >c i]^h XdjghZ! V Wg^Z[ I]Z Xdci^cjZY VYkVcXZ d[ 7>B! hXg^eiZY egdXZhhZh! VcY ]^hidg^X hijYn XdkZgZY i]Z bV^c iZgb^cVah Wj^ai VgdjcY XdbejiVi^dcVa YZh^\c ]Vh deZcZY cZl iZgg^idg^Zh d[ ldg` i]Z ldgaY! VcVano^c\ ]dl iZgb^cVa YZh^\c ]Vh X]Vc\ZY [dg VgX]^iZXih# I]ZhZ deedgijc^i^Zh gZh^YZ cdi dcan ^c Y^\^iVa


FZm^kbZel F^mah]l bg :k\abm^\mnk^3 !Ab`aer" ?bgbla^] <hglmkn\ml

:k\abm^\mnkZe =Zreb`ambg`

XViVanoZY i]gdj\] i]Z V\ZcXn d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]ZgZ VgZ

=Zob]lhg Ghkkbl% bglmkn\mhk

cd hiVgVX]^iZXih! YZkZadeZg YVga^c\h! XdgedgViZ hiVW^a^in dg

D^bma DZl^fZg% bglmkn\mhk

;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

hZXjg^i^oVi^dc l^i]dji i]Z Wj^ai XdjciZgeVgi! Vh Wg^X`h VcY

;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

\daY VgZ XdaaViZgVa Y^gZXi WVX`Zgh d[ XgZY^i! eg^ciZY VcY ÆCVijgVa a^\]i ^h i]Z dcan a^\]i i]Vi bV`Zh VgX]^iZXijgZ bV\cZi^X bdcZn#

Ejh]^c\ V bViZg^Va VhhZbWan id V ]^\] hiViZ d[ Òc^h]ZY 6gX]^iZXijgZ½Ç Å Adj^h @V]c fjVa^in gZfj^gZh ^cXgZY^WaZ Y^a^\ZcXZ VcY eZgh^hiZci

DkZg i]Z nZVgh VgX]^iZXijgZ Ògbh ]VkZ YZkZadeZY hjgk^k"

I]^h XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc YVna^\]i Vh V eg^bZ \ZcZgVidg VcY Va h`^aah VcY bZi]dYh [dg ZmXZaaZcXZ# LZ ]VkZ ]VY , ÒcVcX^Va

egVXi^XZ# HZii^c\ dji id eZg[dgb gZhZVgX] VcY YZkZadebZci Vgi^XjaVidg d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa heVXZ# HijYZcih ZmeadgZY i]Z WVh^X XgVh]Zh ^c &%% nZVgh VcY i]ZgZ ^h adi id aZVgc VcY Y^hXjhh# i]gdj\] hnhiZbVi^X VcY g^\dgdjh ]VcYhÄdc bViZg^Va VXi^dc! bZVch Wn l]^X] YVna^\]i ^ciZgVXih l^i] Wdi] i]Z Zck^gdcbZci =dl YdZh i]^h V[[ZXih jh! ]dl Yd lZ \d dc id Wj^aY V Ògb eVgi^X^eVcih ^c i]^h hZb^cVg lZgZ iVh`ZY id YZkZade! gZÒcZ! VcY i]Z Wj^aY^c\! i]Z ZmiZg^dg bZi]dYh [dg i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY l]Vi ineZ d[ Ògb ^h cZZYZY VcY k^VWaZ4 L]Vi ineZh d[ VcY [VWg^XViZ ]^\]an [^c^h]ZY e]nh^XVa XdchigjXih# I]^h b^i^\Vi^dc VcY bVc^ejaVi^dc d[ i]^h ^ciZgVXi^dc! VcY i]Z kVg^" Ògbh VgZ i]ZgZ! l]Vi Yd i]Zn Yd! ]dl Yd i]Zn bV`Z bdcZn4 XdaaZXi^kZ ZmeadgVi^dc hZgkZY Vh V kZ]^XaZ i]gdj\] l]^X] djh eZg^bZiZg a^\]ih]ZakZh VcY XdgZ YVna^\]i^c\ higViZ\^Zh =dl bjX] bdcZn ^h ndjg ldg` ldgi] id i]Zb4 L]Vi bV`Zh iZX]c^XVa ^ch^\]i lVh id WZ \V^cZY! iZhiZY! VcY YZeadnZY# Vig^V i]Vi V[[ZXi i]Z Wj^aY^c\ h`^c Vh lZaa Vh kVg^djh VYkVcXZY V Ògb hjXXZhh[ja4 =Vh i]Vi X]Vc\ZY dkZgi^bZ4 6h hjX]! i]Z deZgVi^dcVa hiVcXZ lVh \ZVgZY id igVch[Zg YVna^\]i^c\ hnhiZbh VcY iZX]cdad\^Zh# HijYZcih YZkZadeZY V ]^\] aZkZah d[ [dgbVa VcY bViZg^Va dWhZhh^dc ^cid ZaZ\Vcian ldg`^c\ `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z Hjc 6c\aZ 8VaXjaVidg! jhZY [dg hd" egZX^hZ! YjgVWan WZVji^[ja bViZg^Va ldg`#

aVg Vc\aZ XVaXjaVi^dch VcY i]Z YZh^\c d[ h]VY^c\ YZk^XZh! Vh

HijYZcih hjgkZnZY cjbZgdjh Òc^h]^c\ iZX]c^fjZh! VcY lZaa Vh V [Vb^a^Vg^in l^i] i]Z 7G: 9Vna^\]i EgdigVXidgh! jhZY i]Zc YZeadnZY V iVg\ZiZY a^hi d[ egdXZYjgZh VcY Veea^XV" [dg i]Z XVaXjaVi^dc d[ ^aajb^cVcXZ ^c h^beaZ heVXZh# L]^aZ i]^h i^dch i]gdj\] Vc ^iZgVi^kZ! hnhiZbVi^X! VcY ]VcYhÄdc Ve" lVh V iZX]c^XVa XdjghZ! ^i ZmeadgZY YVna^\]i^c\ iZX]cdad\n VcY egdVX]# Ji^a^o^c\ Vc VggVn d[ Y^\^iVaan VcY bVcjVaan Yg^kZc higViZ\^Zh Vh i]Zn Veean id i]Z Vgi^XjaVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa iddah VcY iZX]c^fjZh! eVgi^X^eVcih lZgZ jai^bViZan ZmeZXi" heVXZ Å bViiZgh d[ edZign VcY VZhi]Zi^Xh# ZY id egdYjXZ ZaZ\Vci XdchigjXih VX]^Zk^c\ ZmigVdgY^cVg^an ]^\] aZkZah d[ Òc^h]ZY fjVa^in# >i lVh ^bedgiVci id cdiZ i]Vi i]ZhZ e]nh^XVa XdchigjXih

?khf ma^ `khng] ni3 ma^ rhng` hi^kZmhk bg Zk\abm^\mnk^

lZgZ cdi id WZ [jcXi^dcVa! egd\gVbbVi^X! ^cYjhig^Va dW_ZXih @ZebZ Lhehfhgh__% bglmkn\mhk ^#Z#! aVbe ÒmijgZh! [jgc^ijgZ! YZh` VXXZhhdg^Zh! ZiX# Wji ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% LIKBG@ +))2 gVi]Zg V e]nh^XVa gZXdgY d[ g^\dgdjh bViZg^Va h ! \ZdbZig^X! [dgbVa! VcY Òc^h] higViZ\^Zh hiVcY^c\ dc i]Z^g dlc bZg^i# I]Z XjggZci ZXdcdb^XVa Xg^h^h Å VcY i]Z hdaji^dc id ^i >c di]Zg ldgYh! i]Z [jcXi^dc d[ i]ZhZ XdchigjXih lVh id Å ^h [jaan ^ciZgil^cZY l^i] i]Z Wj^aY^c\ VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ iVX`aZ l^YZgÄgZVX]^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa ediZci^Vah i]gdj\] i]Z ^cYjhign# 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^h cdi Xdch^YZgZY V ÆW^\ ÒZaYÇ! nZi egdYjXi^dc d[ Òc^h]ZY YZbdchigVi^dch#

^i ^h Vi i]Z Ze^XZciZg d[ Vcn \gdl^c\ ZXdcdbn# I]Z Æ7^aWVd :[[ZXiÇ ]Vh bdi^kViZY X^i^Zh VXgdhh i]Z \adWZ id \Zi V eaVXZ

>gobkhgf^gmZe L\b^g\^ _hk LnlmZbgZ[e^ =^o^ehif^gm

^c i]Z bVe l^i] V Æh^\c^ÒXVciÇ e^ZXZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# IV`Z

Chag Fnmm^k% bglmkn\mhk

i]Z h^oVWaZ egZeVgVi^dch i]Vi VgZ iV`^c\ eaVXZ ^c AdcYdc#

L<B>G<> ?HK LNLM:BG:;E> =>O>EHIF>GM% ?:EE +))1

IV`Z 9jWV^ VcY i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z Zci^gZ gZ\^dc

I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id cVijgVa hX^ZcXZ Ve egdVX]Zh ZhhZci^Va id jcYZghiVcY^c\ XZcigVa ^hhjZh d[ hjhiV^cVWaZ YZkZadebZci# Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY/ Xa^bViZ! ZXdad\n$V\g^XjaijgZ$W^d Y^kZgh^in! ZcZg\n! cVijgVa Y^hVhiZgh! edejaVi^dc YncVb^Xh! ejWa^X ]ZVai] VcY lViZg gZhdjgXZh# IgZVibZci ^cXajYZY WVX`\gdjcY! bZi]dYh VcY Veea^XVi^dch [gdb hZaZXiZY hZii^c\h i]gdj\]dji i]Z ldgaY! iVj\]i Wn heZX^Va^hih ^c V cjbWZg d[ ÒZaYh#

LnlmZbgZ[e^ =^lb`g =Zob]lhg Ghkkbl% bglmkn\mhk ;NBE=BG@ M><AGHEH@B>L% ?:EE +))1

I]^h XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc egV\bVi^X ZcZg\n VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa egdWaZbÄhdak^c\ bZi]dYh VcY iddah i]Vi VYYgZhh i]Z ^hhjZ d[ ]jbVc Xdb[dgi ^c i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci l]^aZ VYYgZhh^c\ i]Z gdaZ VcY gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh d[ i]Z ZXdad\^XVa VgX]^iZXi VcY hjh iV^cVWaZ VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c ^c i]Z WgdVYZg hdX^Va! ZXdcdb^X VcY eda^i^XVa XdciZmi# I]Z XdjghZ XdbW^cZY aZXijgZh Wn i]Z ^chigjXidg VcY k^h^i^c\ ZmeZgih l^i] XVhZ hijY^Zh VcY YZh^\c Vhh^\c bZcih i]Vi VaadlZY i]Z hijYZcih id ZmeadgZ i]Z ZmeZg^Zci^Va VcY edZi^X ^bea^XVi^dch d[ ZXdad\^XVaan ^c[dgbZY VgX]^iZXijgZ#

i]Z Danbe^X <VbZh ^c 7Z^_^c\ VcY i]Z VhXZci d[ 8]^cV! VcY

>chigjXidgh @Z^i] @VhZbVc ?d]c BjiiZg 9Vk^Yhdc Cdgg^h <Va^V Hdadbdcd[[


6

7 8

9

:

;

>g\ehlnk^l Zg] >gobkhgf^gml +

@Vi^Z 6ilViZg Ndjc\X]VZ AZZ BZ\Vc AncX] Ja Ndc\

<gZZclVaY EZigV ?Vgda^bdkV EV^\Z BVYZg 60 ?Zhh^XV

?bhgZ <hnlbgl% bglmkn\mhk

Bddc ;0 BZa^hhV <daYbVc IVanV @V]VcZ ?ja^Vc EVcXdVhi

=Za[VcY IVaaZn 9ZWW^Z A^c Gji] BVcYa :g^X IhZ 90

6aa^hdc EVig^X` :0 GdW^c ;^io\ZgVaYÄ<gZZc @Z^i]

7dg^ @Vc\ 9Zk^c AV[d HVgVc\V CV`]ddYV GVk^ GV_ 7$8


6

8

7

9

:

;

<

;nbe]bg` Lrlm^fl *

AjXVh 9ZX`^c\V 9Zk^c AV[d HVgVc\V CV`]ddYV

LVncZ 8dc\Vg ?jc]ZZ ?jc\ @dd]d ?jc\ 90

Mhgr P^[lm^k $ C' :kmank Ab[[l% bglmkn\mhkl

?ja^Vc EVcXdVhi 6$7$8 0 A^hV :`aZ 8]g^hide]Zg <ZZ

?VXdW 7Zcn^ BVa^`V @^g`a^c\ GVk^ GV_ ?jhi^c Bdg\Vc

6cc^Z @jgi^c HiZe]Vc^Z Ijc\ ;$<0 =njc 8]Vc\ 8]d

GZncdaYh :$=$>$?$@


=

>

?

@


6

7 8

9

:

;nbe]bg` Lrlm^fl +

B^X]VZa 8dciZcid ?dhZe] BX<gVi] 7Zc_Vb^c GZ^X]

B^X]VZa 8]dl H]Vgdc @^b BVii]Zl Kdhh 6$70

CZr Ab[[l $ =Zob] PZeeZg\^% bglmkn\mhkl

A^cYhZn H]ZgbVc 8$>0 BVgad 7gdlc HiZkZc <VgX^V

OVX]Vgn 6YZgh 6Vgdc 9Vk^h H]Vg^[ @]Va_Z

:b^an ?d]chdc 9Vc^Za GjoZj :0 B^X]ZaaZ 8]Vc\

L^aa^Vb GdZY^\Zg"GdW^cZiiZ =0 HVbjZa 7g^hhZiiZ


; <

=

NZjc :j 8]Vc\ ?jc =d 8]d @njc\ ?VZ @^b ;0 7gZii 9dg[bVc GnX]^ZZ :he^cdhV HZi] BX9dlZaa 8]g^hi^Vc GjjY <$9

>


6

7

8

Ma^ M^kfbgZe3 MkZglihkmZmbhg =^lb`g :gZerlbl >fbebh <aZ\ g% bglmkn\mhk

6Vgdc 9Vk^h 6! 8]^ÄLZ^ 6g^Zh A^Vc\ 8! ?Vn H]V] 7


6 7

9 :

=b`bmZe =^mZbebg`3 LbfneZmbhg Zg] :gZerlbl FZkd <heebgl $ Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ% bglmkn\mhkl

=j^ 9dc\ Cjd Mj 6$90 @Zk^c LZ^ 7$8$:

8


6

7 8

:

;

:]oZg\^] <nkmZbg PZee

6Vgdc 9Vk^h 6 ! 8VgZc 6cc ;VnZ 8 !

Kh[^km A^bgm`^l% bglmkn\mhk

A^cYhZn H]ZgbVc :$; ! 6Yg^Vc Hb^i] 7$9

9


6

8

9 :

FZm^kbZel F^mah]l bg :k\abm^\mnk^3 !Ab`aer" ?bgbla^] <hglmkn\ml D^bma DZl^fZg% bglmkn\mhk

?dc\ HZd @^b >c]d Hj] 6$7 ! =ndjc\Ä<ja @dd` Ndjc_^c EVg` 8$9$:

7


6 7

8

9

LnlmZbgZ[e^ =^lb`g =Zob]lhg Ghkkbl% bglmkn\mhk

?VXdW 7Zcn^ 6$7$8$9


6

7

:k\abm^\mnkZe =Zreb`ambg` =Zob]lhg Ghkkbl% bglmkn\mhk

8

NZjc :j 8]Vc\ 6$8$9 ! @dhVgV @j_jcYo^X 7

9


Ablmhkr(Ma^hkr

^c^i^Vi^kZh XdjaY ZmeVcY i]Z^g aZkZgV\Z VcY i]Z^g aZ\^i^bVXn Wn

D^gg^ma ?kZfimhg% ]bk^\mhk

^YZci^[n^c\ VcY gZhedcY^c\ id ]djh^c\ cZZYh ^c egZkZciVi^kZ

>chigjXidgh @ZccZi] ;gVbeidc B^X]VZa 7Zaa ;gVcXZhXd 7ZcZaa^ 7Vggn 7Zg\Ydaa CdV] 8]Vh^c ?dc 8dcVgY

lVnh# I]^h XdjghZ ViiZbeiZY id [dgZXVhi VcY gZkZVa Xdchi^ij" I]Z =^hidgn$I]Zdgn Xjgg^Xjajb d[ i]Z <H6EE higZhhZh V ZcX^Zh i]Vi VgZ Vi g^h` VcY h]dl i]^h ^c eVgVaaZa id V l^YZ gVc\Z WgdVY hdX^Va VcY XjaijgVa VeegdVX] id VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^h" d[ ldgaY Xdchi^ijZcX^Zh# I]Z jai^bViZ \dVa lVh id _jhi^[n i]Z XdjghZ# 6gX]^iZXijgZ ]^hidgn ^h cdi hZZc eg^bVg^an Vh hina^hi^X egZkZci^dc d[ ]djh^c\ Xg^hZh Wn ZaVWdgVi^c\ VcY bV`^c\ k^h^WaZ Zkdaji^dc! Wji gVi]Zg Vh i]Z XdchZfjZcXZ d[ V XdbeaZm i]Z XdbeaZm hZi d[ di]Zg hdX^Va Xg^hZh i]Vi gZhjai [gdb jchiVWaZ ^ciZgVXi^dc WZilZZc Vgi^hi^X! hdX^dÄZXdcdb^X! iZX]cdad\^XVa ]djh^c\# I]^h hZbZhiZgÉh XdjghZ eaVXZY eVgi^XjaVg Zbe]Vh^h VcY ^YZdad\^XVa kZXidgh# Bdhi ^chigjXidgh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ dc i]Z ZXdcdb^X Xg^h^h VcY ^ih ^bea^XVi^dch [dg ]djh^c\# ]^hidgn Vi <H6EE ]VkZ Wdi] egd[Zhh^dcVa VcY VXVYZb^X YZ\gZZh# I]Z dkZgVaa ^ciZci ^h id eaVXZ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc

K^gZbllZg\^ :k\abm^\mnk^% Ablmhkr $ Ma^hkr

i]Zdgn VcY egVXi^XZ ^c V WgdVY ]^hidg^XVa eZgheZXi^kZ#

?kZg\^l\h ;^g^eeb% bglmkn\mhk

I]Z XdjghZ d[[Zg^c\h VgZ higjXijgZY id egdk^YZ hijYZcih :KM ABLMHKR% LIKBG@ +))2 l^i] Vc deedgijc^in id VXfj^gZ V \ZcZgVa dkZgk^Zl d[ XdciZb" edgVgn VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn VcY! Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! V YZ\gZZ I]^h XdjghZ lVh V hjgkZn d[ GZcV^hhVcXZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^c d[ heZX^Va^oZY `cdlaZY\Z ^c VgZVh d[ i]Z^g dlc X]ddh^c\# >iVan i]gdj\] ^ih Wj^aY^c\h VcY ^ih i]Zdgn! [gdb 7gjcZaaZhX]^ L]ZgZ i]Z [dgbZg ^h YZVai l^i] i]gdj\] V gZfj^gZY aZXijgZ id EVaaVY^d VcY i]Z ^cÓjZcXZ id di]Zg :jgdeZVc Xdjcig^Zh# hZfjZcXZ! i]Z aViiZg ^h bZi i]gdj\] heZX^Va^oZY hZb^cVgh# I]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ ]^hidgn XaVhhZh l^i]^c i]Z <H6EE VgZ hjeeaZbZciZY Wn XaVhhZh ^c i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 6gi =^hidgn

Ablmhkr h_ :k\abm^\mnkZe Zg] =^lb`g >qab[bmbhgl Zm ma^ FhF:

VcY 6gX]VZdad\n# >c i]^h gZ\VgY hijYZcih VgZ ZheZX^Vaan Zc" ;Zkkr ;^k`]hee% bglmkn\mhk XdjgV\ZY id iV`Z Vgi ]^hidgn XdjghZh ZmVb^c^c\ egZÄ&,*% :KM ABLMHKR% LIKBG@ +))2 VcY cdcÄLZhiZgc ide^Xh# HijYZcih bVn Vahd iV`Z XdjghZh ^c di]Zg YZeVgibZcih d[ i]Z Jc^kZgh^in! hjX] Vh ]^hidgn VcY ;gdb ^iÉh Òghi hZb^cVa Zm]^W^i^dc dc i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HinaZ e]^adhde]n! egdk^Y^c\ i]Zn bZZi WVh^X Y^hig^Wji^dc gZfj^gZ" XjgViZY Wn =ZcgnÄGjhhZaa =^iX]XdX` VcY E]^a^e ?d]chdc ^c V XdaaZXi^kZ! l]Zc i]Z eZdeaZ gZegZhZcih ^ihZa[ id ^ihZa[ bVn bZcih d[ i]Z <H6EE egd\gVb#

&.(' id i]Z ÆA^\]i 8dchigjXi^dcÇ VcY ÆJcÄeg^kViZ =djhZÇ d[[Zg V lVn id gZi]^c` VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY eda^i^XVa jide^V# I]Z Zm]^W^i^dch dg\Vc^oZY Wn IZgZcXZ G^aZn ^c i]Z &..%h! i]Z hZb^cVg lVh Vc ViiZbei id ZmeadgZ i]Z gZkdaji^dcVgn jide^V

G^p LiZ\^l h_ Ahnlbg`3 K^ĂˆLmkn\mnkbg` ma^ =^o^ehif^gm Zg] =^lb`g h_ In[eb\ Ahnlbg`

6gX]^iZXijgZ 9Zh^\c 9ZeVgibZci Vi BDB6 ]Vh eaVnZY Vc ]VgWdgZY Wn i]Z [Zhi^kVa VcY XdciZbeaViZ V h^beaZ nZi gVY^XVa

Fb\aZ^e ;^ee $ I^m^k AZg\^% bglmkn\mhkl

YZeVgibZci! ^ih gdaZ ^c YZh^\c^c\ VcY XdcXZ^k^c\ Zm]^W^i^dch Vi

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

ZkZgn hXVaZ [gdb e]did\gVe]n Y^heaVnh id i]Z ]djhZh Wj^ai ^c

^bedgiVci gdaZ ^c YZĂ’c^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ Wdi] [dg egVXi^X^dcZgh egdedh^i^dc/ i]Z [Zhi^kVa bVn WZ i]Z bdbZci d[ VeeZVgVcXZ d[ VcY V l^YZg ejWa^X# I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z ]^hidgn d[ i]Z i]Z XdcXgZiZ ^YZV d[ [gZZYdb#

Mhdrh Zg] CZiZg^l^ Nk[Zgblf

i]Z \VgYZc Wn 7gZjZg VcY 6^c! VcY ^ih gZXZei^dc VcY ^cÓjZcXZ# Ergg^ ;k^lebg% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

J#H# ]djh^c\ eda^Xn ]Vh ^cXgZVh^c\an bdkZY idlVgY aZhh gZa^VcXZ dc Y^gZXi hjWh^Yn d[ adlÄ^cXdbZ VcY edkZgin gZciVa

Ma^ ?^lmboZe3 :k\abm^\mnk^ Zg] ma^ >o^gm

]djh^c\ Yjg^c\ i]Z eVhi '% nZVgh# 7ZilZZc &..+ VcY '%%&! <^lZk^ ;bkb`gZgb% bglmkn\mhk

Jh^c\ Vc ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn VeegdVX]! i]^h hZb^cVg ZmeadgZY

bdgZ i]Vc *&!%%% [ZYZgVa ejWa^X ]djh^c\ jc^ih lZgZ gVoZY dg ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LNFF>K +))1

?VeVcZhZ jgWVc^hb VcY Id`nd# JgWVc i]Zdg^Zh! ]^hidgn!

XdckZgiZY id fjVh^Ă„igVY^i^dcVa [dgbh d[ bVg`Zi gViZ dlcZg"

\Zd\gVe]n! [^Xi^dch! [^abh! hdX^dad\n! VcY Vci]gdedad\n

h]^e ]djh^c\# I]Z hXdeZ VcY heZZY d[ i]^h igVch[dgbVi^dc L]Vi ^h V [Zhi^kVa4 L]Zc VcY l]Vi Yd lZ XZaZWgViZ4 =dl Vadc\ l^i] XjaijgVa Xg^i^fjZh ]ZaeZY h^ijViZ i]Z bdgZ ^chi^\ViZh V Xg^i^XVa hZi d[ fjZhi^dch VcY hj\\Zhih i]Vi ^i ldjaY Yd lZ XZaZWgViZ4 L]Vi heVi^Va egVXi^XZh YdZh i]Z [Zhi^kVa eZghdcVa ZmeZg^ZcXZh d[ i]Z bZigdeda^h VcY i]Z cZl Æ\adWVa WZ VYkVciV\Zdjh [dg J#H# ]djh^c\ id cdl WZ jcYZghiddY Vh egdYjXZ4 L]Vi eda^i^XVa egVXi^XZh XVc WZ [dhiZgZY Wn V X^in#Ç >c Xdch^YZg^c\ i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ jgWVc$\Zd\gVe]^XVa eVgVaaZa id XdcY^i^dch ^c ZbZg\^c\ ZXdcdb^Zh ldgaYl^YZ! Æ[Zhi^kZÇ VgX]^iZXijgZ4 I]Z VcVanh^h d[ [Zhi^kVa VgX]^iZXijgZ Zci^i^Zh! ^ih ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! VcY jcYZgan^c\ ^YZdad\^Zh d[ l]ZgZ i]Z hV[Zin cZi d[ ejWa^X dg hiViZ Vhh^hiVcXZ ]Vh cZkZg d[[Zgh i]Z \gdjcY id Xdch^YZg VcZl hdbZ d[ i]Z [jcYVbZciVa i]ZhZ jgWVc XdchigjXih! i]Z XdjghZ ViiZbeiZY id jcXdkZg WZZc VkV^aVWaZ id Xdchi^ijZcX^Zh higj\\a^c\ ^c i]Z [VXZ d[ egdWaZbh d[ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ! gZZmVb^cZ i]Z Y^hXdjghZ dc i]Z i]Z bZX]Vc^hbh d[ i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ XdaaZXi^kZ ^YZci^i^Zh YZbVcY^c\ VcY hjg\^c\ bVg`Zi [dgXZh#

gZaVi^dc WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY i]Z ZkZci! VcY Xdc[gdci VcY ^cY^k^YjVa gZXdcX^a^Vi^dch# I]ZdgZi^XVa gZVY^c\h Ă… =Zcg^

I]Z hZb^cVg gZa^ZY dc hijYZci gZhZVgX] VcY djih^YZ VY" [gdb V cZl kVciV\Z ed^ci i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ i]Z eda^i^XVa gdaZ AZ[ZWkgZ ^c eVgi^XjaVg Å VcY igVY^i^dcVa higViZ\^Zh [dg k^hdgh! ^cXajY^c\ C^X]daVh 8VaVXZ! CVY^cZ BVaZ]! VcY 7g^Vc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# 6h Wdi] V heVi^Va VcY eda^i^XVa egVXi^XZ! i]Z eZcZigVi^c\ X^i^Zh lZgZ _jmiVedhZY l^i] a^iZgVijgZ! Òab! VcY Adj\]a^c! id ZmVb^cZ ]dl adlÄ^cXdbZ VcY edkZgin ]djh^c\ [Zhi^kVa ^#Z#! i]Z bdbZci l]Zc V XdaaZXi^kZ XdbZh id\Zi]Zg Vh eZghdcVa iZhi^bdc^Zh# "


I]^h hZb^cVg WZ\Vc Wn ^cigdYjX^c\ hijYZcih id i]Z ad\^X d[ lZhiZgc bVg`Zi YZkZadebZci Vh ^i ^h Veea^ZY \adWVaan VcY id i]Z bZVch VcY bZi]dYh ^c l]^X] XdciZbedgVgn jgWVc [dgb ^h XdcXZeijVa^oZY! XgZViZY! VcY XdcigdaaZY# CdgbVi^kZ YZkZadebZci eViiZgch lZgZ Xdch^YZgZY ^cXajY^c\ hegVla! \ZcZg^X aVcYhXVeZh! ^c[dgbVa hZiiaZbZcih! egZhZgkVi^dc Y^hig^Xih VcY bVg\^cVa^oZY XZciZgh VcY ^cYjhig^Va odcZh# I]Z hZXdcY ]Va[ d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg Xdch^YZgZY i]Z bZVch Wn l]^X] VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc YZh^\c XVc ^ciZgXZYZ ^c i]Z XdbeaZm" ^in d[ XdciZbedgVgn jgWVc^hb l^i] i]Z ^ciZci^dc d[ YZkZade" ^c\ Wdi] i]Z^g VW^a^in id Xg^i^fjZ VcY id [dgbjaViZ higViZ\^X VcY egdkdXVi^kZ egZÒ\jgVi^dch id XdbeaZm jgWVc egdXZhhZh#

>chigjXidgh K^YnV 9Z]Z_^V K^iidg^V 9^ EVabV 6cYgZl 9da`Vgi

Kh\dÈ<nm :k\abm^\mnk^ h_ Bg]bZ Ob]rZ =^a^cbZ% bglmkn\mhk :KM ABLMHKR% ?:EE +))1

;dg V eZg^dY d[ dkZg V i]djhVcY nZVgh! V [VkdgZY bdYZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ VXgdhh >cY^V lVh id XgZViZ bdcjbZcih Wn ZmXVkVi^c\ ^cid i]Z gdX` d[ i]Z bdjciV^ch^YZ# I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z gdX`ÄXji bdYZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! VYdeiZY Wn 7jYY]^hih! =^cYjh! VcY ?V^ch! l]^X] gZbV^cZY edejaVg g^\]i je id i]Z iZci] XZcijgn l]Zc ^i n^ZaYZY egZXZYZcXZ id higjXijgZh Wj^ai Wn e^a^c\ hidcZ jedc hidcZ# VggVc\ZY i]ZbVi^XVaan VcY! ^c V aVg\Zg XdciZmi! X]gdcdad\^XVaan# I]Z g^hZ d[ V cZl jgWVc^hb Vh V gZhjai d[ gVe^Yan egda^[ZgVi^c\

>b`am^^gmaÈ<^gmnkr ?k^g\a :k\abm^\mnk^

iZX]cdad\^XVa VcY ^cYjhig^Va VYkVcXZh lVh hZZc Vh i]Z ObmmhkbZ =b IZefZ% bglmkn\mhk WVX`Ygde V\V^chi l]^X] kVg^djh jgWVc YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh :KM ABLMHKR% ?:EE +))1 lZgZ YZeadnZY# ;gdb hjWjgWVc hegVla id i]Z IZVb M Xg^i^fjZ d[ ^ciZglVg [jcXi^dcVa^hb! [gdb bZ\VhigjXijgZh id hZb^di^X I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY YZkZadebZcih VcY XdcigdkZgh^Zh bdYZah! [gdb CZl JgWVc^hb id MÄJgWVc^hb! i]^h XdjghZ ^c &-i]ÄXZcijgn :jgdeZVc VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc^hb! VcY bZVhjgZY i]Z bZg^ih d[ kVg^djh eVgVY^\bh VcY i]Z^g Xg^i^fjZh aVcYhXVeZ YZh^\c# Ide^Xh ^ckZhi^\ViZY ^cXajYZ/ i]Z <gVcY V\V^chi dcZ Vcdi]Zg ^c Vc Z[[dgi id jcYZghiVcY i]Z egdXZhhZh Idjg VcY i]Z kd\jZ [dg gj^ch0 i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ ^chi^iji^dch i]Vi egdk^YZ i]Z higjXijgZh VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgZh [dg Wj^ai a^`Z eg^hdch! ]dhe^iVah! VcY VXVYZb^Zh0 XdcXZeih d[ cVijgZ Zck^gdcbZcih# D[ eVgi^XjaVg XdcXZgc lVh! dc i]Z dcZ ]VcY! VcY hZch^W^a^in0 i]Z hZVgX] [dg dg^\^ch0 i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z eVgVYdm^XVa cVijgZ d[ YZh^\c^c\ [dg Vc jc`cdlc [jijgZ i]Z YdbZhi^X gZVab0 edejaVg heZXiVXaZh! jgWVc [ZiZh! VcY Id`nd lVh hijY^ZY VcY h^ijViZY ^c i]Z hZZb^c\ XdcigV" edejaVi^dc! VcY dc i]Z di]Zg! i]Z gdaZ d[ hZa[Ädg\Vc^oVi^dc i]Z g^hZ d[ i]Z ejWa^X he]ZgZ# Y^Xi^dc d[ jc^kZghVa^o^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY gdbVci^XVaan egZ" Vh Vc ^cXgZVh^c\ k^VWaZ hdjgXZ [dg jgWVc bdge]dad\n# BVndg hZgkZY eVgi^XjaVg^i^Zh# I]Z XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc i]Z bdYZgc 7addbWZg\Éh '%(% EaVc [dg CZl Ndg` 8^in lVh hZZc Vh V

:f^kb\Zg :k\abm^\mnk^ ;^_hk^ *10/

X^in VcY i]Z iZch^dc d[ lZhiZgc ^cÓjZcXZ VcY bdYZgc^hb# [jijgZ ÆX]ZX`ed^ciÇ ^chd[Vg Vh ^i gZegZhZcih VcY ZbWdY^Zh :g]k^p =hedZkm% bglmkn\mhk Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ eda^i^Xh! i]Z e]nh^XVa V Y^[[ZgZcian lZ^\]iZY hX]ZbVi^oVi^dc d[ jgWVc XdcY^i^dch Vh ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1 ZVgi]fjV`Zh ! i]Z [dgbVa! VcY i]Z ZXdcdb^X ^c Zmeadg^c\ i]Zn b^\]i WZ ZmeZXiZY ilZcinÄÒkZ nZVgh ]ZcXZ# I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ 6bZg^XVc

i]Z gZbVg`VWaZ VcY gVe^Y igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z X^in0 i]Z YgVbVi^X hdaji^dch id i]Z XdbeaZm^in d[ i]Z bdYZgc X^in0 ^cYjhig^Zh [gdb idjg^hb! X^cZbV! VYkZgi^h^c\! VcY Xdb^Xh0

Ma^ Ik^Ö`nkZmbhg h_ <hgm^fihkZkr Nk[Zg ?hkf3 LmkZm^`b^l Zg] Ikhoh\Zmbhgl

VgX]^iZXijgZ [gdb i]Z ZVga^Zhi :jgdeZVc hZiiaZbZcih id i]Z XZciZcc^Va ^c &-,+# 7Z\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z ZVga^Zhi HeVc^h]!

Xg^bZ! hV[Zin! YZch^in! XdbbdY^ÒXVi^dc! i]Z ^c[dgbVa VcY Chg <hgZk]% bglmkn\mhk

;gZcX]! 9jiX]! VcY :c\a^h] Xdadc^Va VgX]^iZXijgZ! hijYZcih

i]Z ^aaZ\Va! VcY \gdli] VcY heZZY0 i]Z gZegZhhZY VcY i]Z Zm" NK;:G =>LB@G% ?:EE +))1

ZmeadgZY i]Z 6bZg^XVc VYVeiVi^dc d[ :jgdeZVc [dgbh VcY ^YZVh

ead^iZY fjVa^in d[ i]Z X^in Vh ^i eaVnh dji ^c i]Z hjWlVn! h]de"

VcY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V Y^hi^cXian 6bZg^XVc VgX]^iZXijgZ#

e^c\! VcY ZciZgiV^cbZci# I]gdj\] i]ZhZ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch! i]Z HlZZe^c\ XjaijgVa X]Vc\Zh Vi i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z '%i] XZcijgn XdjghZ V^bZY id jcYZghiVcY i]Z [VXidgh WZ]^cY i]Z jhZh VcY Yg^kZc Wn i]Z egda^[ZgVi^dc d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh egdYjXi^dc d[ hdX^Va heVXZ ^c i]Z ?VeVcZhZ X^in#

VcY hZgk^XZ ^cYjhig^Zh ]VkZ X]VaaZc\ZY i]Z eg^bVgn gdaZh d[ ]^hidgn! i]Zdgn! VcY e]^adhde]n ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa! jgWVc

Nk[Zg Ma^hkr Zg] =^lb`g *2-.È+),)3 ?khf @Zk]^g @k^^g mh @eh[Ze @k^^g

YZh^\c! VcY eaVcc^c\ Y^hXdjghZ# I]Z Ydb^cVci hdjgXZh d[ i]Z

GhZa <aZlbg% bglmkn\mhk

e]did\gVe]n! \gVe]^X YZh^\c! edejaVg XjaijgVa bZY^V! VcY

NK;:G =>LB@G% LNFF>K +))1

hiVi^hi^X^Vch# BZiVe]dgh d[ X]Vdh! XdbeaZm^in! W^dÄjgWVc^hb!

bdhi ^cÓjZci^Va jgWVc higViZ\^hih VcY egdkdXViZjgh VgZ cdl

Ój^Y^in! igVcheVgZcXn! VcY YncVb^hb ]VkZ Ódjg^h]ZY# NZi I]^h hZb^cVg lVh ^ciZcYZY Vh Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id i]Z i]Zd " i]Z ^bea^XVi^dch d[ i]^h cZl g]Zidg^X dc jgWVc [dgb! ^hhjZh! gZi^XVa! Xg^i^XVa! VcY [dgbVa kdXVWjaVg^Zh d[ edhilVg jgWVc^hb VcY eda^Xn gZbV^c jcXaZVg# 6gZ i]ZhZ bdYZah Z[[ZXi^kZ i]gdj\]dji :jgdeZ! i]Z J#H#! VcY WZndcY# I]Z XaVhh lVh egZÒ\jgVi^dch! dg VgZ i]Zn [Vh]^dc4 #


CZdeaVhi^X^hb! Gjhh^Vc 8dchigjXi^k^hb! i]Z LZ^bVg GZejWa^X higjXiZY XViZ\dg^Zh i]Vi [gVbZ egd[Zhh^dcVa jcYZghiVcY^c\ VcY i]Z CZl DW_ZXi^k^in! B^Zh kVc YZg Gd]Z VcY i]Z CZl VcY ^ciZgkZci^dch ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb# BdcjbZciVa^in! >iVa^Vc GVi^dcVa^hb! i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HinaZ ^c 6bZg^XV! VcY 6akVg 6Vaid VcY ;^cc^h] GdbVci^X CVi^dcVa^hb#

I]Z XdjghZ ^ciZ\gViZY V ]^hidg^XVa VcY XjaijgVa jcYZg" hiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb d[ heZX^ÒX eaVXZh l^i] i]ZdgZi^XVa Y^hXjhh^dch d[ XdcXZeih hjX] Vh bdYZgc^in!

G^hÈ<hg\^imnZe3 :km% Ihebmb\l Zg] :k\abm^\mnk^ bg ma^ <hgl^koZmbo^ >kZ *20*È*22/

igVY^i^dc! XjaijgZ! edhiXdadc^Va^in! \adWVa^oVi^dc! gZegZhZciV"

FZkbh @hh]^g% bglmkn\mhk

heVi^Va ZmegZhh^dch hjX] Vh ]^hidg^X fjVgiZgh! ejWa^X heVXZh!

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

Xdadc^Va jgWVc^hb! eaVccZY XVe^iVah! hfjViiZg hZiiaZbZcih! i]Z

i^dch! cVi^dcVa^hb! VcY ^YZci^in# HijYZcih ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z eaj" gVa aVcYhXVeZh d[ ÆcdcÄLZhiZgcÇ X^i^Zh i]gdj\] i]Z hijYn d[

Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZcih d[ gZÄ^ciZgegZiZY igVY^i^dch VcY XjaijgVa I]Z hZb^cVg ZmVb^cZY cZdÄXdcXZeijVa Vgi VcY egdYjXi^dc idjg^hb! VcY i]Z YZÄiZgg^idg^Va^oZY aVcYhXVeZh d[ \adWVa^hb# I]Z XdjghZ aZXijgZh VcY gZVY^c\h ZmVb^cZY ]^\] hinaZ VcY Yjg^c\ i]Z g^hZ VcY ]Z^\]i d[ XdchZgkVi^kZ 6bZg^XVc eda^i^Xh kZgcVXjaVg VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c gjgVa VcY jgWVc Zck^gdcbZcih WgVX`ZiZY Vi dcZ ZcY Wn i]Z <daYlViZg GZkdaji^dc VcY i]Z i]gdj\]dji i]Z hZiiaZY eVgih d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# I]Z XdjghZ aVjcX] d[ XdciZbedgVgn XdchZgkVi^kZ eda^i^Xh ^c i]Z &.,%Éh

IZkm :gbfZe3 ?hkfl h_ :k\abm^\mnk^% ?hkfl h_ Eb_^

lVh hjeeaZbZciZY l^i] idjgh VcY i]Z ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ dg^\^cVa VcY Xjab^cVi^c\ Vi i]Z di]Zg ZcY Wn i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ <Zma^kbg^ Bg`kZaZf% bglmkn\mhk YgVl^c\h VcY ZVgan VgX]^iZXijgVa ejWa^XVi^dch ^c 6kZgn A^WgVgn# Xdci^cjdjh ViiZbeih Wn HZc# ?ZhhZ =Zabh id ZbVhXjaViZ ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2 i]Z CVi^dcVa :cYdlbZci [dg i]Z 6gih VcY gZhidgZ kVajZh id

;nbe]bg` G^p Rhkd

6bZg^XVc hdX^Zin WZ\^cc^c\ ^c i]Z aViZ &.-%Éh i]gdj\] i]Z I]^h XdjghZ VYYgZhhZY V gVc\Z d[ XdciZbedgVgn VcY ]^h "

:g]k^p =hedZkm% bglmkn\mhk

b^Y &..%Éh# L]^aZ i]Z \ZcZVad\n d[ i]^h WdYn d[ ldg` gjch idg^XVa Y^hXjhh^dch dc VgX]^iZXijgZ! ^c[dgbVi^dc i]Zdgn!

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1

[gdb 9VYV i]gdj\] 9jX]Vbe! i]^h hZXdcY cZdÄVkVciÄ\VgYZ W^dad\n! \ZcZi^Xh! W^dbdYZgc^in! eda^i^XVah VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa hdj\]i id ZmiZcY ^ih egVXi^XZh id ^chi^iji^dcVa egdbeih VcY e]^adhde]n ^c dgYZg id gZi]^c` i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc

I]^h XdjghZ lVh YZh^\cZY id [Vb^a^Vg^oZ hijYZcih l^i] XgZVi^kZ VcVanh^h d[ i]Z a^b^iVi^dch d[ Wdi] ]^hidg^XVa VcY ad\^Xh d[ a^[Z VcY ad\^Xh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# GZVY^c\h VcY i]Z ]^hidgn d[ i]Z bV_dg Wj^aY^c\ ineZh i]Vi Xdbeg^hZ Òghi cZdÄVkVciÄ\VgYZh# CZdÄXdcXZeijVa Vgi^hih bdkZY [gdb egd_ZXih ^cXajYZY <ZgVaY :YZabVc! <gZ\dgn 7ViZhdc! i]Z e]nh^XVa [VWg^X d[ CZl Ndg` 8^in# I]Z YZkZadebZci dW_ZXih i]Vi ejgedgiZY id WZ igVch\gZhh^kZ id YZk^XZh i]Vi <^dg\^d 6\VbWZc! Gd\Zg 8V^aad^h! GZncZg 7Vc]Vb! Idnd d[ Wj^aY^c\ ineZh lVh jhZY Vh V aZch i]gdj\] l]^X] id VYYgZhhZY i]Z hZg^Va^in d[ dW_ZXih VcY ^bV\Zh ^c VYkVcXZY >id! <^aaZh 9ZaZjoZ! i]Z BZiVWda^hih! 6gViV >hdhV`^! ;gVcXd^h ZmVb^cZ kVg^djh CZl Ndg` cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh VcY i]Z lVnh ^c XVe^iVa^hb0 id egdedh^i^dch i]Vi ZmeadgZY i]Z a^c\j^hi^X ?VXdW! <Zdg\Zh 8Vc\j^a]Zb! VcY di]Zgh# l]^X] i]Zn ]VkZ YZkZadeZY VcY X]Vc\ZY#

Y^bZch^dc d[ i]Z ldg` d[ Vgi0 id bVg`Zgh d[ e]nh^XVa

I]Z e]nh^XVa VcY hina^hi^X Zkdaji^dc d[ i]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\ ineZh egZhZcXZ VcY bViZg^Va YZÒc^i^dc! h^iZ e]nh^XVa! hdX^Va! VcY

<hgm^fihkZkr <abg^l^ Nk[Zgblf

lZgZ Y^hXjhhZY! VcY! i]gdj\] lVa`^c\ idjgh ^c kVg^djh CZl a^c\j^hi^X ! VcY fjZhi^dch d[ bdYZ d[ VYYgZhh VcY VjY^ZcXZ0 C^__k^r Chaglhg% bglmkn\mhk Ndg` cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh! hijYZcih ZmVb^cZY ]dl i]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\h id i]Z [jcXi^dc d[ VZhi]Zi^X egVXi^XZ l^i] i]Z ^chi^iji^dch d[ Qn <a^g% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm ldg`ZY l^i]^c i]Z Zkdak^c\ [dgb d[ i]Z X^in VcY ^ih cZ^\]Wdg" BdYZgc^hb i]Vi cZZYZY id WZ ^ckZgiZY ^c dgYZg id VYYgZhh ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1 ]ddYh# 6bdc\ di]Zg ineZh d[ Wj^aY^c\h! hijYZcih add`ZY Vi ^YZdad\^XVa Y^hXdjghZh djih^YZ i]Vi [gVbZldg`0 VcY id i]Z i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ gZh^YZci^Va VgX]^iZXijgZ! eVgi^XjaVgan gdl egdWZ d[ hZmjVa! Zi]c^X! VcY hdX^Va Y^[[ZgZcXZh i]gdj\] i]Z 9jg^c\ i]Z eVhi ild YZXVYZh! 8]^cVÉh ZXdcdb^X \gdli] ]Vh ]djhZh! idlc]djhZh! VcY bjai^eaZ YlZaa^c\h0 i]Z X]Vc\^c\ YZeadnbZci d[ ^chiVaaVi^dc Vgi! eZg[dgbVcXZ Vgi! VcY k^YZd$ [jZaZY Vc jcegZXZYZciZY jgWVc ZmeVch^dc# CZkZg WZ[dgZ! Vi cVijgZ d[ XdbbZgX^Va VgX]^iZXijgZ [gdb bdYZhi adl g^hZ ZaZXigdc^X Vgi VcY i]Z^g ^cÓjZcXZh jedc XdcXjggZci VkVciÄ i]^h hXVaZ VcY hjhiV^cZY eVXZ! ]Vh i]Z ldgaY ZmeZg^ZcXZY higjXijgZh id \gZVi h`nhXgVeZgh0 VcY i]Z Zkdaji^dc d[ ejW" \VgYZ VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZh# a^X VcY ^chi^iji^dcVa VgX]^iZXijgZ [gdb i]Z hbVaa Wj^aY^c\h d[ d[ 6bZg^XV# 6ahd Y^hXjhhZY lZgZ ^hhjZh d[ YZh^\c! eaVcc^c\!

>qhmb\ Fh]^kgl3 <bmr% LiZ\^% Zg] ÊHma^kË Fh]^kgbmb^l

VcY egZhZgkVi^dc ^c i]Z cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh k^h^iZY#

Crhmb AhlZ`kZaZk% bglmkn\mhk

i]Z ZVgan X^in id hdbZ d[ i]Z \gZVi VgX]^iZXijgVa XdbeaZmZh

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

Ablmhkr h_ :k\abm^\mnk^ +3 Mp^gmb^ma <^gmnkr :k\abm^\mnk^% *12.È*2/.

I]^h hZb^cVg ZmeadgZY i]Z [gV\bZciZY! XdbeaZm! VcY

D^gg^ma ?kZfimhg% bglmkn\mhk

eVgVYdm^XVa jgWVc^hb d[ XdciZbedgVgn X^i^Zh djih^YZ

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

i]Z XdckZci^dcVa LZhi# 9d Vaa X^i^Zh ]VkZ id gZhZbWaZ i]Z jgWVc^hb d[ LZhiZgc :jgdeZ VcY Cdgi] 6bZg^XV id WZ

I]^h XdjghZ igVXZY i]Z ]^hidgn d[ bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ bdYZgc4 >c Vc ^ciZgXdccZXiZY ldgaY d[ \adWVa Ódlh! XVc i]gdj\] ^ih igVch[dgbVi^dc [gdb &-.* id &.+* jcYZg i]Z i]ZhZ X^i^Zh WZ hZZc Vh bdYZgc! VaWZ^i! V Y^[[ZgZci bdYZgc4 ^cÓjZcXZ d[ ild bV_dg [dgXZh/ i]Z egdXZhh d[ bdYZgc^oVi^dc I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY l]Vi ]VeeZch l]Zc \adWVa bdYZgc^in VcY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ ^YZdad\n# I]Z Òghi d[ i]ZhZ YZg^kZh Zc\V\Zh l^i] eVgi^XjaVg eaVXZh! adXVa^i^Zh! VcY igVY^i^dch# [gdb i]Z bViZg^Va X]Vc\Zh Wgdj\]i VWdji Wn iZX]cdad\n VcY

I]Z XdjghZ WZ\Vc l^i] i]Z egZb^hZ i]Vi bdYZgc^in!

^cYjhig^Va^oVi^dc0 i]Z hZXdcY hiZbh [gdb i]Z gZXZ^kZY ^YZV d[ XaV^bZY VcY YZÒcZY Wn i]Z LZhi! lVh [jcYVbZciVaan \adW" egd\gZhh VcY [gdb i]Z jide^Vc aZ\VXn d[ i]Z :ca^\]iZcbZci# Va VcY i]Vi Xdadc^Va^hb VcY bdYZgc^in VgZ XdccZXiZY# I]Z I]Z eZg^dY XdkZgZY gjch [gdb i]Z ]^\] ed^ci d[ i]Z 6gi CdjkZVj hZb^cVg [dXjhZY dc i]Z lVnh ^c l]^X] \adWVa^in VcY adXVa^in id i]Z YZVi] d[ AZ 8dgWjh^Zg# GVi]Zg i]Vc ViiZbei^c\ V XdcÄ gZXdcX^aZ l]Zc adXVa hZiiaZbZci egVXi^XZh$heVi^Va XjaijgZh i^cjdjh X]gdcdad\^XVa VXXdjci! i]Z XdjghZ lVh higjXijgZY ZcXdjciZg \adWVa bdYZgc^in# L]^aZ gZXd\c^o^c\ i]Z hjW_ZX" VWdji V hZg^Zh d[ i]ZbVi^X Ze^hdYZh Å ;jijg^hb! 8aVhh^XVa i^kZ edh^i^dc d[ i]Z LZhiZgc VXVYZbZ! hijYZcih Xg^i^XVaan Zm" GVi^dcVa^hb! i]Z 9ZjihX]Z LZg`WjcY! 6Yda[ Addh VcY Vb^cZY YjVa^i^Zh hjX] Vh ÆigVY^i^dcVaÇ VcY ÆbdYZgc!Ç ÆLZhiÇ K^ZccV! ;gVc` AadnY Lg^\]i! AZ 8dgWjh^Zg VcY Ejg^hb! 9jiX] VcY ÆcdcÄLZhi!Ç ÆDg^ZciÇ VcY ÆDXX^YZci!Ç Vh XjaijgVaan Xdc" $

>chigjXidgh @ZccZi] ;gVbeidc BVg^d <ddYZc ?ndi^ =dhV\gV]Vg 8Vi]Zg^cZ >c\gV]Vb ?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc


hjX] V egd_ZXi# I]^h \gdli] ^h egd_ZXiZY id Xdci^cjZ Vi Vc VXXZaZgViZY eVXZ Vh bdgZ VcY bdgZ gjgVa 8]^cZhZ b^\gViZ id i]Z jgWVc VgZVh# 7n '%(%! 8]^cVÉh jgWVc edejaVi^dc XdjaY

>chigjXidgh GZ^c]daY BVgi^c BVgn BXAZdY

WVaaddc id Vabdhi & W^aa^dc eZdeaZ! cZVgan YdjWaZ l]Vi Zm^hih idYVn# I]^h hZb^cVg ZmeadgZY ]dl i]Z bZX]Vc^hbh d[ i]^h gVe^Y jgWVc^oVi^dc ]VkZ XgZViZY cZl jgWVc bdYZah! VcY ]dl i]Z gZhjaiVci [dgbh VcY eViiZgch ^cÓjZcXZ X^i^Zh d[ i]Z [jijgZ Vh i]Z ldgaY WZXdbZh ZkZg bdgZ jgWVc^oZY# I]Z hZb^cVg lVh dg\Vc^oZY ^cid iZc ide^Xh! l^i] ZVX] hZhh^dc YZY^XViZY id V heZX^ÒX hjW_ZXi dg e]ZcdbZcdc# I]Z XdjghZ ji^a^oZY bjai^eaZ hdjgXZ Y^hX^ea^cZh id Y^hXjhh ZVX] ide^X! ^cXajY^c\ Òab! VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc eaVcc^c\! aVcY" hXVeZ! eda^i^Xh! gZVa ZhiViZ! ZiX# GZaZkVci id i]Z ide^X d[ Y^h"

I]Z ]^hidgn d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi YjgVWaZ! I]^h ^h Vc jcidaY hZXgZi d[ WZVjin WZ]^cY igVY^i^dcVa ?VeVcZhZ

Xjhh^dc! \jZhi heZV`Zgh eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z hZb^cVg id d[[Zg [jcYVbZciVa! VcY XdbeaZm [VXZih d[ bViZg^Va XjaijgZ# 6eVgi VgX]^iZXijgZ# >iÉh Vc Zi]^X d[ a^k^c\# i]Z^g ^ch^\]i VcY ZmeZgi^hZ# EVgVaaZa l^i] i]Z XdjghZ ide^Xh [gdb V\g^XjaijgZ! VgX]^iZXijgVa egdYjXi^dc ^h dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi lZgZ k^Zl^c\h d[ XdciZbedgVgn 8]^cZhZ Òabh [gdb V cZl WVh^X [dgbh d[ hdX^Va ^ciZgVXi^dc gZfj^g^c\ i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc \ZcZgVi^dc d[ jgWVcZ ÒabbV`Zgh#

VcY bdW^a^oVi^dc d[ ldg`[dgXZh# 6c ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ i]Z YZ"

:k\abm^\mnk^ Zg] >geb`am^gf^gm bg ma^ Ngbm^] LmZm^l *0.)Ăˆ*2.)

\gZZ id l]^X] VgX]^iZXijgVa egdYjXi^dc ^h hnhiZbVi^oZY ^c Vcn K^bgahe] FZkmbg% bglmkn\mhk

MkZ]bmbhgZe CZiZg^l^ :k\abm^\mnk^

]^hidg^XVa eZg^dY egdk^YZh ZhhZci^Va ^c[dgbVi^dc XdcXZgc^c\ ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1

Dngbh Dn]h% bglmkn\mhk

i]Z aZkZa d[ hdX^Va higVi^Ă’XVi^dc! XZcigVa^oVi^dc d[ edlZg! VcY

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

^YZdad\^XVa Ydb^cVcXZ# I]Z ?VeVcZhZ XVgeZciZgh XdbeaZiZY I]^h gZhZVgX] hZb^cVg [daadlZY i]Z [ViZ d[ ÆZca^\]iZcbZciÇ i]Z ]^\]Zhi YZ\gZZ d[ heVi^Va VcY Y^bZch^dcVa bdYjaVi^dc hd Vh Vc VZhi]Zi^X! e]^adhde]^XVa! hdX^Va! VcY eda^i^XVa egd_ZXi ^c

Jci^a fj^iZ gZXZcian ^c ldgaY ]^hidgn! ?VeVc lVh V adXVa VcY i]Vi eZdeaZ XdjaY egdYjXZ jca^b^iZY kVg^Vi^dch l^i]^c V hnh" i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh Wn ZmVb^c^c\ ^c YZiV^a hZaZXiZY ldg`h d[ gVi]Zg ^ck^h^WaZ ZkZci# >i lVh V hadl! \ZciaZ! VcY \gVYjVa iZb l^i] i]Z bVm^bjb YZ\gZZ d[ ZXdcdbn VcY VZhi]Zi^Xh# VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb! [gdb i]Z aViZ Z^\]iZZci] XZcijgn Zkdaji^dc ^c Vc ^hdaViZY ^haVcY d[ ;Vg :Vhi [dg ild i]djhVcY

id i]Z ZVgan ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn! l^i] Vc Ze^ad\jZ dc i]Z edhiÄ

nZVgh! XdbeVgZY l^i] ild ]jcYgZY nZVgh ^c 6bZg^XVc ]^hidgn

LdgaY LVg >> eZg^dY# :ca^\]iZcbZci lVh jcYZghiddY ]ZgZ ^c

d[ YgVbVi^X X]Vc\Zh# >c i]^h ^hdaVi^dc! i]Z ?VeVcZhZ ]VkZ

V YjVa hZchZ! Vh YZh^\cVi^c\/ & i]Z ]^hidg^XVa ZedX]! bV^can

h^aZcian ZkdakZY i]Z^g Vgih WVhZY dc [ZZa^c\ gVi]Zg i]Vc gZVhdc#

:jgdeZVc ^c X]VgVXiZg! i]Vi heVch i]Z Z^\]iZZci] XZcijgn

I]Z^g fjZhi ^c Vgih lVh id gZVa^oZ l]Vi CVijgZ YZh^gZY id WZ#

l^i] Vc V[iZga^[Z ^cid i]Z ilZci^Zi]0 VcY ' V hZi d[ egdedh^i^dch

I]ZgZ lVh CVijgZ# CVijgZ lVh l^i] <dY! <dY lVh CVijgZ#

gZ\VgY^c\ i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ `cdlaZY\Z VcY i]Z hiVijh VcY

I]Z ?VeVcZhZ d[iZc VeeZVg id WZ XdcigVY^Xidgn0 i]Z^g

ZmZgX^hZ d[ gZVhdc ^c i]Z ZkZgnYVn V[[V^gh d[ ]jbVch#

XjaijgZ gZbV^ch kZgn cV^kZ dc i]Z dcZ ]VcY VcY kZgn hd"

I]gdj\] i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z jc^kZgh^in! [gdb I]dbVh

e]^hi^XViZY dc i]Z di]Zg# >i VeeZVgh id WZ h^beaZhi! VcY Vi

?Z[[ZghdcÉh Jc^kZgh^in d[ K^g\^c^V! id BX@^b BZVY VcY L]^iZÉh

i]Z hVbZ i^bZ i]Z bdhi XdbeaZm#

8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in! id i]Z gZhZVgX] aVWdgVidg^Zh d[ i]Z b^a"

>i ^h Vc Vci^Ä=VbaZi odcZ# >i ^h i]Z aVcY d[ IdÄ7Z 6C9 CdiÄIdÄ7Z# Hd ^h CVijgZ# Hd ^h ?VeVcZhZ VgX]^iZXijgZ#

^iVgnÄ^cYjhig^VaÄVXVYZb^X XdbeaZm! lZ ZciZgZY V Y^hXjgh^kZ ÒZaY ^c l]^X] `cdlaZY\Z ^ciZgVXih l^i] gZa^\^dc! XVe^iVa! i]Z [Vb^an! VcY i]Z hiViZ# I]^h ^ciZgVXi^dc aZY jh id i]Z VgX]^iZX" ijgZ d[ i]ZhZ di]Zg ^chi^iji^dch Vh lZaa# Ldg`h Wn i]Z [da" adl^c\ lZgZ VcVanoZY/ ?Z[[Zghdc! 7jaÒcX]! AVigdWZ! B^aah! G^X]VgYhdc! ;jgcZhh! 7jgc]Vb! BX@^b BZVY VcY L]^iZ! Hjaa^kVc! Lg^\]i! 8gZi! HVVg^cZc! ;jaaZg! @V]c! H`^YbdgZ Dl^c\h BZgg^aa! Vbdc\ di]Zgh#

:k\abm^\mnk^ Ablmhkr *//)Ăˆ*1/) FZkr F\E^h] ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1

I]Z dW_ZXi^kZ d[ i]Z ildÄhZbZhiZg 6gX]^iZXijgZ =^hidgn hZfjZcXZ ^h id egdk^YZ hijYZcih l^i] V WVh^X Xg^i^XVa jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ bV_dg YZkZadebZcih ^c :jgdeZVc VcY id V aZhhZg ZmiZci! 6bZg^XVc VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn Yjg^c\ l]Vi ^h hdbZi^bZh Xdch^YZgZY i]Z bdYZgc eZg^dY! [gdb i]Z aViZ hZkZciZZci]ÄXZcijgn id i]Z edhiÄLdgaY LVg >> ZgV# I]Z XdjghZ Zbe]Vh^oZh bdbZcih d[ h^\c^ÒXVci X]Vc\Z ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ! l]Zi]Zg i]Zn VgZ i]ZdgZi^XVa! ZXdcdb^X! iZX]cdad\^XVa! dg ^chi^iji^dcVa ^c cVijgZ# :VX] aZXijgZ jhjVaan [dXjh dc V i]ZbZ! hjX] Vh edh^i^kZ kZghjh VgW^igVgn WZVjin! Zca^\]iZcbZci jgWVc eaVcc^c\! ]^hidg^X^hb! higjXijgVa gVi^dcVa^hb! hdX^Va jide^Vc^hb! ZiX# Ide^Xh hdbZi^bZh ^ckdakZY X]Vc\Zh \ZcZgViZY Wn YZkZadebZcih ^ciZgcVa id %


>chigjXidgh <ZZiV BZ]iV 7gZcYVc 9# BdgVc GVe]VZa BdhiZa HiZe]Zc BjggVn @ViZ Dg[[ ?dg\Z DiZgdÄEV^adh

Wj^aY^c\h Vb^Y aVg\Z VgZVh i]Vi VgZ hi^aa higj\\a^c\ id XdbZ dji d[ edkZgin# I]Z bV_dg^in d[ eZdeaZ ^c 6h^Vc X^i^Zh a^kZ Vh hfjViiZgh! VcY i]Z^g cjbWZg ^h ZmeZXiZY id YdjWaZ Wn '%*%# I]jh 6h^Vc X^i^Zh VgZ Vahd i]Z VgZcVh l]ZgZ i]Z B^aaZcc^jb 9ZkZadebZci <dVah d[ edkZgin gZYjXi^dc VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa hjhiV^cVW^a^in l^aa WZ Z^i]Zg VX]^ZkZY dg b^hhZY# I]Z jgWVc [dgb! e]nh^XVa VcY hdX^dÄZXdcdb^X ^c[gV" higjXijgZ! VcY [jijgZ eaVch ^c ZVX] bZigdeda^h lZgZ Xg^i^XVaan VcVanoZY# LVnh ^c l]^X] i]ZhZ X^i^Zh gZhedcY id VcY VgZ ^cÓjZcXZY Wn i]Z ^hhjZh d[ \adWVa^oVi^dc! \dkZgcVcXZ! Zck^" gdcbZciVa hjhiV^cVW^a^in VcY hdX^Va Zfj^in lZgZ XdbeVgZY id ZVX] di]Zg! Vh lZaa Vh di]Zg ldgaY X^i^Zh# VgX]^iZXijgZ ^ihZa[! di]Zg i^bZh Wn ZkZcih ZmiZgcVa id i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ! Vi aZVhi Vh ^i lVh XdcXZ^kZY Vi i]Vi bdbZci ^c

Bgmh Zg] Hnm h_ :k\abm^\mnk^ Ma^hkr

i^bZ# I]Z gZVY^c\h VcY aZXijgZh higZhhZY i]Z a^c` WZilZZc ;k^g]Zg =' FhkZg% bglmkn\mhk i]Zdgn VcY egVXi^XZ! VcY bdgZ \ZcZgVaan! i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LNFF>K +))1 WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY i]Z WgdVYZg XjaijgVa! hdX^Va! VcY eda^i^XVa XdciZmi#

I]Zdgn! heZX^ÒXVaan VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Zdgn! ^ciZg[VXZh l^i] di]Zg ineZh d[ `cdlaZY\Z0 i]Zdgn ^ihZa[ ^h V heZX^ÒX [dgb d[ `cdl"

<hgm^fihkZkr Ma^hkr Zg] <kbmb\blf h_ :k\abm^\mnk^% *2/)ÈIk^l^gm

aZY\Z! h^bjaiVcZdjhan VcVani^X! heZXjaVi^kZ VcY ^chigjbZciVa#

FZkr F\E^h]% bglmkn\mhk

^ciZghZXi^dch d[ bViZg^Va^in! i]dj\]i! VcY ZkZcih#

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1

>c Z[[ZXi! i]Zdgn Wdi] Y^[[ZgZci^ViZh VcY ^h Y^[[ZgZci^ViZY Wn L]^aZ cdi Vc dW_ZXi ^c egZX^hZan i]Z hVbZ bVccZg Vh V Wj^aY^c\ dg V YgVl^c\! VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Zdgn cZkZgi]ZaZhh ^h

I]^h hZb^cVg ZmVb^cZY hdbZ d[ i]Z i]ZdgZi^XVa VcY Xg^i^XVa ZfjVaan egdYjXi^kZ d[ gZaVi^dch]^eh! Wdi] ^ciZgcVa Vbdc\ ^ih

FZiibg` @hmab\ ?kZg\^

VeegdVX]Zh XjggZci ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ YZWViZ [gdb &.+% id i]Z XdbedcZcih VcY ZmiZgcVa WZndcY ^ih WdgYZgh # <ZcZgVi^c\ Lm^ia^g FnkkZr% bglmkn\mhk egZhZci# I]Z XdjghZ [dXjhZY ^c eVgi^XjaVg dc i]Z fjZhi^dc cdi heVXZh dg ^bV\Zh Wji ^chiZVY XdcXZeih! i]Zdgn ^h k^iVaan ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2 d[ bZVc^c\ ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ! WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] VeegdVX]Zh jhZ[ja [dg VhXZgiV^c^c\ l]Vi ^h iV`^c\ eaVXZ! l]Vi dXXjggZY! ^cÓjZcXZY Wn hZb^dad\n VcY higjXijgVa^hb id ZhiVWa^h] Vc VcY Å bdhi ^bedgiVcian Å l]Vi nZi XdjaY ZbZg\Z# VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ \gZViZg h^\c^ÒXVi^dc! VcY XdcXajYZY l^i]

BVee^c\ <di]^X ;gVcXZ X]VaaZc\ZY igVY^i^dcVa gZegZhZciV"

I]^h hZb^cVg ^ckdakZY i]gZZ eVgi^XjaVg i]gZZÄlZZ` Zm" i^dch d[ i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ <di]^X VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi Xdc[dgb

gZXZci igZcYh ^cÓjZcXZY Wn edhihigjXijgVa^hi i]Zdg^Zh i]Vi Xjgh^dch! [daadl^c\ Vc ^cigdYjXidgn WaVhiÄd[[ hZhh^dc# I]Z" id i]Z Y^VX]gdc^X higjXijgZ d[ i]Z aZXijgZg d[ i]Z a^cZVg X]VaaZc\Z i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ bZVc^c\# I]Z aVhi dgZi^XVa iZmih lZgZ djg \j^YZh VcY djg bZVch d[ igVchedgi# jc[daY^c\ d[ V Wdd`# L^i] i]Z ]Zae dg V heVi^Va YViVWVhZ XaVhh VYYgZhhZY i]Z XjggZci gZVXi^dc V\V^chi i]Zdgn VcY :VX] ZmXjgh^dc lVh hZZc Vh Z^i]Zg V _djgcZn ^cid dg dji d[ XjggZcian jcYZg XdchigjXi^dc lZ ZmeadgZY i]Z hVbZcZhh i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ Vci^Äi]ZdgZi^XVa Æi]Zdg^ZhÇ iZX]cdad\^XVa VgX]^iZXijgZÉh Y^hX^ea^cVgn heZX^ÒX^in0 i]Zn b^\]i ]VkZ ZkZc VcY Y^[[ZgZcXZ ^c V ]jcYgZY X]jgX]Zh jcYZg XdchigjXi^dc YZiZgb^c^hb! CZdÄEgV\bVi^hb! ZiX# # 8ZgiV^c XaVhhZh WZZc iV`Zc Vh Wdi]# BZZi^c\h XdkZgZY V hZi d[ gZVY^c\h [gdb i]Z b^YÄilZa[i] XZcijgn id i]Z b^YÄi]^giZZci] XZcijgn Xdch^YZgZY \ZcZgVa i]ZdgZi^XVa VeegdVX]Zh! jhjVaan jhjVaan ild! hdbZi^bZh i]gZZ ! l^i] iZmih eg^bVg^an [gdb VcY i]Z Xd^cX^YZcXZ d[ i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ Vc VeeVgZcian dg^\^cVi^c\ ^c e]^adhde]n dg a^iZgVgn Xg^i^X^hb0 di]Zgh l^i]^c i]Z YdbV^c d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ0 [dg i]Z bdgZ VYkZcijgZ" jc^ÒZY VgX]^iZXijgVa ÆhinaZÇ VcY i]Z VeeZVgVcXZ d[ i]Z ZmVb^cZY heZX^ÒX XjggZcih ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c gZaVi^dc id hdbZ hijYZcih! hjeeaZbZciVgn gZVY^c\h lZgZ hj\\ZhiZY! cVi^dcVa$XjaijgVa jc^i i]Vi lZ XVaa ;gVcXZ# i]ZhZ i]ZdgZi^XVa VeegdVX]Zh# HZb^cVgh lZgZ higjXijgZY d[iZc [gdb djih^YZ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cVgn XdcÒcZh d[ VgX]^iZX" eg^bVg^an VgdjcY i]Z Vhh^\cZY gZVY^c\h! l]^X] ^cXajYZY/ ijgZ# I]gdj\] i]^h higjXijgZ Å VcY i]Z dkZgVaa XdjghZ dg"

EZg]l\Zi^% Bg_kZlmkn\mnk^% Bgm^ko^gmbhg

GdaVcY 7Vgi]Zh! ? g\Zc =VWZgbVh! ?# AndiVgY! 6cYgZVh \Vc^oVi^dc Å kVg^djh deedgijc^i^Zh [dg a^c`V\Z! Y^[[ZgZci^V" DZm^ Hk__% bglmkn\mhk =jnhhZc! ?VXfjZh 9Zgg^YV! <^aaZh 9ZaZjoZ VcY ;Za^m i^dc VcY bdkZbZci WZilZZc i]Z XdcXZeih VcY Vg\jbZcih ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1 <jViiVg^! 6aVc 8dafj]djc! GdWZgi KZcijg^! 6aYd Gdhh^! XdciV^cZY ^c i]Z X]dhZc iZmih lZgZ gZcYZgZY VkV^aVWaZ# I]^h hZb^cVg ZmeadgZY ]dl i]Z e]nh^XVa! bViZg^Va VcY

GVe]VZa BdcZd! EZiZg :^hZcbVc! 7ZgcVgY IhX]jb^! BVgX L^\aZn! VcY <gZ\ Ancc#

:lbZg Nk[Zgblf Ghp

:k\abm^\mhgb\l h_ Fnlb\

XdcXZeijVa jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ aVcYhXVeZ XVc Zcg^X] XjggZci

KZiaZ^e Fhlm^e% bglmkn\mhk

[dgbh d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY jgWVc YZh^\c egVXi^XZ! VcY

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

id ^cigdYjXZ aVcYhXVeZ i]^c`^c\ ^cid hijYZcihÉ YZh^\c

@^^mZ F^amZ% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

kdXVWjaVg^Zh# <^kZc i]Vi ided\gVe]n VcY ZXdad\n VgZ ild I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z heVi^Va! higjXijgVa! VcY [dgbVa Y^hXdjghZh i]Vi ^cXgZVh^c\an ^be^c\Z dc i]Z [^ZaYh d[ fjVa^i^Zh d[ bjh^X Å fjVa^i^Zh i]Vi gZkZVa i]Z XdccZXi^dch VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc YZh^\c idYVn! ^i bVn WZ Vg\jZY

I]gZZ X^i^Zh i]Vi lZgZ i]Z [dXjh d[ i]^h XaVhh Å Id`nd! WZilZZc bjh^X VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ# Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY Zbein i]Vi aVcYhXVeZ ^c i]Z WgdVYZhi hZchZ d[ i]Z iZgb WZ\^ch H]Vc\]V^! VcY BjbWV^ Å VgZ Vbdc\ i]Z aVg\Zhi bZ\VÄX^i^Zh heVXZ! gZhdcVcXZ! VcY ma0 VeegdVX]Zh id i]Z XdcXZei id VhhjbZ V cZl hiVijgZ Vh V YZh^\c Y^hX^ea^cZ! Wdi] ^c i]Z ldgaY# I]Zn VgZ i]Z Zc\^cZh d[ ZXdcdb^X \gdli] VcY d[ e^iX]0 VeegdVX]Zh id i]Z XdcXZeih d[ i^bZ VcY [dgb0 a^iZgVaan VcY bZiVe]dg^XVaan# I]^h ^h eVgi^XjaVgan VeeVgZci XjaijgVa ^ccdkVi^dc [dg i]Z^g Xdjcig^Zh Wji VgZ kZgn Y^[[ZgZci 7Vgid` VcY i]Z ;^WdcVXX^ hZg^Zh0 6gcdaY HX]dZcWZg\! l]ZgZ aVcY[dgb VcY Wj^ai [dgb VgZ XdbW^cZY id\Zi]Zg ^c ^c [dgb VcY XdciZci [gdb i]Z^g lZhiZgc XdjciZgeVgih VcY 6cidc LZWZgc! VcY i]Z &'ÄidcZ hnhiZb0 ^cYZiZgb^cVXn ^c[gVhigjXijgVa ^ciZgkZci^dch Vi Vc jgWVc dg gZ\^dcVa hXVaZ# [gdb ZVX] di]Zg# 6h 6h^Vc X^i^Zh Zc\V\Z hjXXZhh[jaan ^c VcY ^ciZgeZcZigVi^dc Å i]Z eg^cX^eaZh d[ ?d]c 8V\Z0

6 eVgVaaZa dW_ZXi^kZ d[ i]Z hZb^cVg lVh id WZ\^c id YZ"

i]Z \adWVa ZXdcdbn! i]Zn VgZ Vahd YZVa^c\ l^i] Xg^i^XVa MZcV`^h VcY AZ 8dgWjh^Zg0 Bdgidc ;ZaYbVc VcY lZVk^c\0 kZade V h]VgZY aVc\jV\Z VcY ]^hidg^XVa cVggVi^kZ WVhZY ^c ^hhjZh jc^fjZ id i]Z^g Xdjcig^Zh# L]^aZ Id`nd YZVah l^i] Da^k^Zg BZhhV^Zc! g]ni]b^X XnXaZh! VcY cdcÄgZigd\gVYVWaZ Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z jgWVc iZgg^idgn Vh aVcYhXVeZ! VcY i]Z YZZeZc^c\ ZXdcdb^X Xg^hZh VcY V\^c\ edejaVi^dc! i]Z ^ckZgh^dch0 heVi^Va bjh^X! Z#\# <VWg^Zaa^! BdciZkZgY^! id XgZViZ V \gdjcY [dg ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn egVXi^XZ i]Vi gZXd\" h`na^cZ d[ H]Vc\]V^ VcY BjbWV^ VgZ g^h^c\ l^i] ^Xdc^X 7Zga^do! VcY ?d]c 8V\Z#

c^oZh! Vh 7dW Hdbda ejih ^i! Æi]Z egda^[ZgVi^dc d[ i]Z jgWVc


ZkZgnl]ZgZ#Ç 8aVhh bZZi^c\h lZgZ dg\Vc^oZY ide^XVaan VcY

cVZV I^aaZii! VcY Wn i]Z ldg` d[ i]Z hijYZcih i]ZbhZakZh!

VaiZgcViZY WZilZZc ild ineZh# DcZ ineZ ldg`ZY l^i] gZVY"

l]d egZhZciZY i]Z^g ^cY^k^YjVa egd_ZXih id i]Z Zci^gZ XaVhh#

^c\h YgVlc [gdb aVcYhXVeZ VgX]^iZXijgZ! Vgi! ZXdad\n! VcY VcY XaVhh Y^hXjhh^dc# I]ZhZ hZhh^dch lZgZ ejcXijViZY Wn

CZiZg^l^ :k\abm^\mnk^ _khf ma^ fb]È*2ma <^gmnkr mh ma^ Ik^l^gm

hijYZci egZhZciVi^dch d[ jgWVc aVcYhXVeZ gZhZVgX] egd_"

ChgZmaZg K^rghe]l

ZXih! l]^X] VeegdVX]ZY i]ZhZ ^hhjZh i]gdj\] i]Z XdcXgZiZ

:KM ABLMHKR% LIKBG@ +))2

\Zd\gVe]n! VcY ^cXajYZY egZhZciVi^dch Wn ^ck^iZY heZV`Zgh

eVgVbZiZgh d[ Wj^ai ldg`# I]^h XaVhh ZmVb^cZY i]Z ]^hidgn d[ ?VeVcZhZ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY

:f^kb\Zg :k\abm^\mnk^ +

jgWVc eaVcc^c\ [gdb i]Z b^YÄ&.i] XZcijgn id i]Z egZhZci#

Chk`^ Hm^khÈIZbehl% bglmkn\mhk

Hma^k =^lb`g% hkÁ ;kZg] Zl MhmZe =^lb`g

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

i^dc id i]ZhZ bjai^Y^hX^ea^cVgn gZVa^i^Zh! lZ \V^cZY V g^X]Zg Fb\aZ^e Kh\d% bglmkn\mhk 6h 6bZg^XV VhXZcYZY id ^ih XjggZci edh^i^dc d[ ]Z\Zbdcn hZchZ d[ i]Z ]^hidg^XVa X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh i]Vi ]VkZ ^c[dgbZY ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2 Yjg^c\ i]Z aViZ &.i] VcY '%i] XZcijg^Zh! ^ih VgX]^iZXih ]ZaeZY ^ih Zkdak^c\ cVijgZ# =Vh WgVcY gZeaVXZY ^YZdad\n Vh i]Z Ydb^cVci Zc\^cZ d[

gZ[Vh]^dc i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci id hZgkZ i]Z cZZYh d[ V \gdl^c\ VcY ZkZgÄY^kZghZ edejaVi^dc# =VcY ^c ]VcY l^i] i]Z

?Z[kb\l Zg] Mriheh`b^l3 G^p Rhkd(@eh[Ze

YZh^\c4 >[ YgZVbh d[ i]Z ÆidiVa ldg` d[ VgiÇ dcXZ [jZaZY

hVi^h[VXi^dc d[ egV\bVi^X gZfj^gZbZcih! 6bZg^XVc VgX]^iZXih Kb\aZk] Iengs% bglmkn\mhk

Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa ^bV\^cVi^dc i]Vi heVccZY [gdb i]Z

lZgZ XVaaZY jedc id [ja[^aa YZZeZg ehnX]dad\^XVa lVcih! NK;:G =>LB@G% ?:EE +))1

ÆiZVheddc id i]Z X^inÇ! i]Z XdciZbedgVgn WgVcY bVcjVa ^h

hjX] Vh i]Z XdjcignÉh YZh^gZ id ]VkZ V cVi^dcVa ]^hidgn# I]Z

i]Z Vedi]Zdh^h d[ i]Vi [VciVhn# 7gVcY^c\ ^h! id Wdggdl BVg`

6bZg^XVc XdbeaZm VWdji i]Z WgZk^in! Vgi^ÒX^Va^in! VcY ZmiZg^dg I]^h hZb^cVg k^ZlZY CZl Ndg` 8^in Vh V XViVanhi [dg L^\aZnÉh YZÒc^i^dc! Wdi] Zmeadh^kZ VcY ^beadh^kZ0 ^i gZ\jaViZh YZeZcYZcXn d[ ^ih ]^hidgn! higjXijgZY! l^i] kVgn^c\ YZ\gZZh fjZhi^dc^c\ i]dhZ XVcdch d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY jgWVc i]Z ]neZgÄXdcigdaaZY ^ciZg^dg VcY XgZViZh V cZildg` id d[ ^ciZch^in! i]Z Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hX^ea^cZ# Dji ]^hidg^d\gVe]n i]Vi iZcY id dkZgZbe]Vh^oZ i]Z ^hdaViZY gZea^XViZ YZh^\c ^YZVh Vi ZkZgn hXVaZ# I]Z XdciZbedgVgn d[ i]^h YZZe hZViZY! VcY Wn cd bZVch Zm]VjhiZY! Vcm^Zin bdcjbZci# HijYZcih hXgji^c^oZY i]Z Zkdaji^dcVgn WgVcYZY Zck^gdcbZci VhhjbZh ZkZgn \ZhijgZ [gdb i]Z VWdji egdYjX^c\! egZhZgk^c\! VcY ^YZci^[n^c\ 6bZg^XVc ]^hidgn d[ Vcdcnbdjh jgWVc [VWg^X! d[iZc XgZViZY Wn i]Z b^cjiZ id i]Z jc^kZghVa bjhi WZ XdcigdaaZY VcY aZkZgV\ZY# ]^hidgn! XVbZ V hde]^hi^XViZY VgX]^iZXijgVa XjaijgZ0 dcZ jcXZaZWgViZY VgX]^iZXi dg Wj^aYZg! i]Vi Xdbeg^hZh i]Z

I]Z hZb^cVg ViiZbeiZY id add` Vi i]Z WgVcY e]ZcdbZcdc

XVeVWaZ d[ [d^a^c\! Zmead^i^c\! hjWkZgi^c\! VcY bVc^ejaVi^c\ bV_dg Wj^aY^c\ kdajbZ d[ i]^h VcY Vaa X^i^Zh# I]Z [dXjh Vi V kVg^Zin d[ hXVaZh! [gdb Wdd`h VcY Wj^aY^c\h id X^i^Zh! cZi" i]Z kVg^djh XdcigVY^Xi^dch d[ bdYZgc^in#

lVh dc i]Z XjaijgZ d[ ]djh^c\ l^i] i]Z ^ciZci id \gVhe i]Z ldg`h VcY cVi^dch# I]Z XaVhh lVh Xdbeg^hZY d[ egZhZciV"

LZ VcVanoZY i]Z 6bZg^XVc VgX]^iZXijgVa higj\\aZ id eda^i^XVa VcY iZXidc^X YZk^XZh i]Vi aZVY id heZX^ÒX [VWg^Xh i^dch Wn V hZg^Zh d[ k^h^i^c\ YZh^\cZgh! ZVX] YZVa^c\ l^i] i]Z WZ egd\gZhh^kZ VcY VXXZeiZY! ZmXZei^dcVa VcY XjhidbVgn! ^c heZX^ÒX jgWVc XdciZmih# I]Z X^in WZXdbZh V XgjX^WaZ id hjW_ZXi [gdb V Y^[[ZgZci cdc VgX]^iZXijgVa eZgheZXi^kZ# VcY id h^bjaiVcZdjhan XVeijgZ i]Z [jijgZ VcY i]Z eVhi# WZ jcYZghiddY Wdi] [dglVgYh VcY WVX`lVgYh ^c i^bZ! [gdb

:VX] hijYZci dg hijYZci iZVb ldg`ZY Vh Vc ZY^idg l^i]

I]Z fjZhi^dc d[ =^hidgn ]ZaeZY jh Y^hXZgc i]Z iZgbh d[ ZmiVci egZhZciÄYVn gZVa^i^Zh id jcYZgan^c\ [dgbVi^dcVa dcZ d[ i]Z \jZhih id YZkZade i]Z^g egZhZciVi^dc ^cid bViZ" Zc\V\ZbZci WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ dkZg i^bZ! hjX] Vh/ XVjhZh VcY k^XZ kZghV# I]^h ZmZgX^hZ ^c jgWVc [dgZch^Xh g^Va [dg Vc Vgi^XaZ# egZhZgkVi^dc! eaVcc^c\! gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci! eda^i^Xh! lVh eaVnZY WVX` [dg di]Zg \adWVa X^i^Zh! igVchaViZY [gdb ]ZVai]! ZXdad\n! hdX^dad\n! VcY e]^adhde]n# 7n Xdch^YZg^c\ CZl Ndg` Wn i]Z eVgi^X^eVcih l]d Veea^ZY i]Z iZX]c^fjZ 6bZg^XVc VgX]^iZXijgZÉh hjXXZhhZh VcY [V^ajgZh ^c gZaV" VcY kVajZh id XVhZÄhijY^Zh ZbWZYYZY ^c i]Z^g dlc adXVa

Mp^eo^ =bZeh`b\Ze Zg] Ih^mb\ LmkZm^`b^l _hk ma^ Fbee^ggbnf

`cdlaZY\Z! Xjab^cVi^c\ ^c V [dgjb ^c l]^X] XdbeVgVi^kZ R^an]Z LZ_kZg% bglmkn\mhk egd_ZXiZY VgX]^iZXijgVa igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ [VWg^Xh WZXdbZh ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2 i]Z WVh^h d[ Xg^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZ# >che^gZY Wn i]Z ^ch^\]i i]Vi h^bean i]^c`^c\ d[ V XZgiV^c

>e^f^gml h_ EZg]l\Zi^ :k\abm^\mnk^

bjh^XVa e]gVhZ V[[ZXih dcZÉh WdYn cd aZhh i]Vc ^[ dcZ VXijVaan

Gb\aheZl Jn^gg^e% bglmkn\mhk

]ZVgh ^i! i]^h hZb^cVg hZi dji id ^cigdYjXZ i]Z edhh^W^a^in

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

d[ Vc 6gX]^bZYZVc ed^ci i]Vi Vaadlh ZVX] ^cY^k^YjVa id Zmig^XViZ ]^b$]ZghZa[ [gdb Vcn hZi d[ XdckZci^dch!

>h aVcYhXVeZ i]Z heVXZ aZ[i WZilZZc VcY VgdjcY Wj^aY^c\h4 egZXdcXZ^kZY ^YZVh! eVgVY^\bh! ZiX# :VX] lZZ` V eV^g d[ H]djaY Wj^aY^c\h WZ hjWhjbZY id i]Z cVijgVa ldgaY! dg Y^VaZXi^XVaan XdccZXiZY XdcXZeih lVh Xdch^YZgZY# HijYZcih h]djaY i]Zn Ydb^cViZ ^i4 I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY i]ZhZ egVXi^XZY V XdcXZeijVa VcVanh^h Å hdbZi]^c\ ^c i]Z he^g^i fjZhi^dch Wn ZmVb^c^c\ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Wj^aY^c\h d[ EVja ;ZnZgVWZcYÉh ÆVcni]^c\ \dZhÇ dc dcZ ]VcY! VcY VcY i]Z aVcY jedc l]^X] i]Zn VgZ h^iZY VcY Wn Y^hXjhh^c\ i]Z kVg^djh [VXidgh i]Vi ^cÓjZcXZ i]Z YZh^\c d[ Wj^aY^c\h ^c i]Z aVcYhXVeZ VcY d[ i]Z aVcYhXVeZ ^ihZa[# L]^aZ bjX] d[ i]Z hjW_ZXi bViiZg ^cXajYZY XVbZ [gdb i]Z adc\ÄhiVcY^c\ igVY^i^dc d[ aVcYhXVeZ YZh^\cÉh WVh^h ^c cVijgVa hnhiZbh! hiVgi^c\ l^i] i]Z ldg` d[ ;gZYZg^X` AVl DabhiZY ^c i]Z &.i] 8Zcijgn VcY Xdci^cj^c\ l^i] i]Z ldg` d[ >Vc BX=Vg\

>chigjXidgh G^X]VgY Eajco C^X]daVh FjZccZa B^X]VZa GdX` NZ]jYV HV[gVc

^c i]Z &.+%Éh! i]Z XdjghZ Vahd Xdch^YZgZY WgdVYZg ide^Xh d[ hjhiV^cVW^a^in VcY i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ jcYZghiVcY^c\ ]dl Xdc" XZgc [dg i]Z Zck^gdcbZci XVc V[[ZXi i]Z eaVXZh lZ YZh^\c# I]Z WVh^X Xjgg^Xjajb lVh hjeeaZbZciZY Wn \jZhi aZX" ijgZgh! ^cXajY^c\ BVg` 7jccZaa! 6cYgZl BddgZ! VcY A^c"


>chigjXidgh ;Za^X^in 9# HXdii <gV]VbZ H]VcZ 9Vc^Za H]ZgZg

^h! ]dl i]Zn b^\]i iV`Z gZhedch^W^a^in# HZhh^dch ^cXajYZY/ CVi^dcVa! >ciZgcVi^dcVa! EdhicVi^dcVa0 9ZbdXgVXn! G^\]ih! ?jhi^XZ! EjWa^X HeVXZ0 =jbVc^iVg^Vc^hb VcY ^ih 9^hXdciZcih0 :migViZgg^idg^Va HeVXZ$8Vbeh0 Cdc<dkZgcbZciVa Eda^i^Xh0 BZY^V$8dcigda HeVXZ$CZildg`h0 IZX]cdad\^Zh d[ DXXjeVi^dc 7dgYZgh > 0 IZX]cdad\^Zh d[ HZeVgVi^dc 7dgYZgh >> 0 EjWa^X HeVXZ$EgdiZhi$Eda^i^XVa 6Xih0 8^i^Zh Vi LVg0 JgW^X^YZ0 VcY GZhedchZh id .$&& VcY IZggdg#

In[eb\ LiZ\^ Zg] K^\hf[bgZgm Nk[Zgblf @kZaZf^ LaZg^% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h hZb^cVg ZmVb^cZY ]dl X^i^Zh \gdl VcY YZkZade dkZg i^bZ# >i ZbeadnZY V i]Zdgn d[ jgWVc VXidgh VcY XdcXZeijVa bdYZah Vh iddah [dg i]Z VcVanh^h d[ i]Z X^in# IgVch[dgbVi^dch ^c i]ZhZ VXidgh VcY bdYZah lZgZ bVeeZY Vi kVg^djh hXVaZh dkZg i^bZ ^c i]Z XdjghZ# 8dcXZeijVa bdYZah egdk^YZY V a^c` WZilZZc i]Z aVg\Zg [dgXZh h]Ve^c\ V X^in cZildg` VcY i]Z e]nh^XVa! Wj^ai X^in bdge]dad\^Zh eji ^c eaVXZ Wn VXidgh Y^gZXi^c\ i]Z gZhdjgXZh Vi V eVgi^XjaVg bdbZci ^c i^bZ# HijYZcih XdchigjXiZY V X^in bdYZa d[ V X^in d[ i]Z^g dlc X]ddh^c\ VcY ZbeadnZY bdYZah YZg^kZY [gdb i]Z XdjghZ id ^aajhigViZ i]Z higjXijgZ VcY \gdli] d[ i]Vi X^in! ^cXajY^c\ ^ih i]Z hnhiZbVi^X bZY^iVi^dch d[ =jhhZgaÉh E]ZcdbZcdad\^XVa &.*%h VcY ^bedgiVci igV_ZXidg^Zh d[ ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc l^i] gZegZhZciVi^kZ ejWa^X heVXZh VcY [VWg^Xh# GZYjXi^dc id\Zi]Zg l^i] L^ii\ZchiZ^cÉh jchnhiZbVi^X egZ[VWg^XVi^dc! XdbejiZg^oVi^dc! VcY hX^Zci^ÒX bZi]dY0

I]Z XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc i]Z gjaZh i]Vi \ZcZgViZY i]Z ^c^i^Va

Zbe^g^X^hi gZÓZXi^dc dc aVc\jV\Z dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY# >cYZZY! i]Z ZmeZg^bZciVa VcY ÆEdeÇ VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z &.+%h! \gdli] VcY dc ]dl i]Zn VgZ igVch[dgbZY ^c aViZg ^iZgVi^dch! hdbZi^bZh ^c bdgZ gZXZci lg^iZgh Å EVja YZ BVc! ?VXfjZh hjX] Vh BZ\VhigjXijgZ! BZiVWda^hb! VcY i]Z YZkZadebZci ^ccdkVi^dch! dg gZeZi^i^dch# 6 bV_dg [dXjh lVh dc i]Z gZaV" 9Zgg^YV Å hZkZgVa Xg^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZh VcY edZi^Xh XVc WZ d[ cdi^dch d[ ÆZck^gdcbZciÇ0 Zc\V\ZbZcih l^i] a^c\j^hi^X i^dch WZilZZc i]Z ejWa^X heVXZ ^c Y^[[ZgZci \gdli] eViiZgch [djcY l]^X] lZgZ YZg^kZY Ze^hiZbdad\^XVaan [gdb =jhhZgaÉh i]Zdgn VcY cdi^dch d[ ÆbZVc^c\!Ç i]Z cZdÄbdYZgc^hb d[ i]Z ^c i]Z X^in VcY i]Z h]^[i^c\$X]Vc\^c\ gZaVi^dch WZilZZc i]ZhZ ^ch^\]i Å cdi jca^`Z Vc ZVga^Zg \ZcZgVi^dc d[ Gjhh^Vc CZl Ndg` ;^kZ! ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch ^cid inedad\n! VcY i]Z g^hZ d[ \gdli] XZciZgh# I]Z hZb^cVg ViiZbeiZY id YgVl dji ]dl ;dgbVa^hb! dg Dja^ed# 6WdkZ Vaa! l^i] i]Z ^cigdYjXi^dc d[ V hZbVci^X VcY ]^hidg^X^hi edhibdYZgc^hb Yjg^c\ i]Z aViZ i]ZhZ gZaVi^dch]^eh YZkZade dkZg i^bZ VcY l]Vi i]Z ^beVXih hZkZgVa edZih VcY lg^iZgh id\Zi]Zg l^i] VgX]^iZXih VcY É+%h VcY &.,%h0 VcY i]Z edhiÄedhibdYZgc ijgc! [gdb i]Z d[ i]ZhZ X]Vc\Zh ]VkZ dc heZX^ÒZY VgZVh d[ i]Z X^in VcY ^ih eV^ciZgh! i]Z XdjghZ V^bZY id \gVhe bdgZ XaZVgan i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ YZXdchigjXi^dc id i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ ÆZkZci#Ç Wj^ai [dgb! ejWa^X heVXZ! dg [VWg^X# KVg^djh hXZcVg^dh VcY X^in edhh^W^a^in d[ aZVgc^c\ V bZVhjgZ d[ HdXgVi^X ^gdcn ^c dgYZg id XgZViZ di]Zg edZi^X higViZ\^Zh#

bdYZah lZgZ Xdch^YZgZY [gdb VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY#

:k\abm^\mnk^' AnfZg Kb`aml' LiZmbZe Ihebmb\l ?^eb\bmr =' L\hmm% bglmkn\mhk

:k\abm^\mnk^ :_m^k *2-.

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

?^eb\bmr =' L\hmm% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

BmZebZg K^gZbllZg\^ :k\abm^\mnk^% *-))È*/))3 K^`heZ Zg] Bgo^gsbhg^ =Zgb^e La^k^k% bglmkn\mhk

I]^h hZb^cVg ^ckZhi^\ViZY l]Vi gdaZ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1 jgWVc^hb eaVn dg b^\]i eaVn ^c XjggZci YZWViZh dkZg

I]^h aZXijgZ XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc i]Z eZg^dY [gdb &.)* fjZhi^dch d[ eda^i^XVa gZegZhZciVi^dc! ]jbVc g^\]ih! I]Z XdjghZ egdk^YZY V ]^hidg^XVa dkZgk^Zl d[ i]Z bV_dg jci^a i]Z ZVgan &..%h! ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ ]dl VgX]^iZXih VcY i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc d[ iZgg^idgn! hjgkZ^aaVcXZ! lVg[VgZ! Ò\jgZh d[ >iVa^Vc GZcV^hhVcXZ VgX]^iZXijgZ [gdb &)%% id `Zn VgX]^iZXijgVa ^chi^iji^dch hX]ddah! bjhZjbh! eda^i^XVa XdcÓ^Xi! YZ[ZchZ! VcY XjaijgVa ]Zg^iV\Z Vh lZaa &+%%# HigZhh^c\ i]Z Y^VaZXi^X d[ gjaZ VcY ^ckZci^dc ^bea^X^i ejWa^XVi^dch gZhedcYZY id ]^hidg^XVa [dgXZh Vi ldg` ^c V Vh ^c fjZhi^dch d[ X^i^oZch]^e! Y^VhedgV! ]jbVc^iVg^Vc ^c i]Z gZk^kVa d[ XaVhh^XVa [dgbh# I]Z XdjghZ ZmeadgZY eVgi^XjaVg ]^hidg^XVa XdciZmi VZhi]Zi^X! hdX^dÄZXdcdb^X! ^ciZgkZci^dc! _jhi^XZ! VcY YZbdXgVXn# GZXZci VgX]^iZXijgVa i]Z Y^kZghZ XjaijgVa VcY Vgi^hi^X [VXidgh ^c [dg\^c\ V eda^i^XVa! iZX]cdad\^XVa! iZgg^idg^Va # >i Vahd ^ciZggd\ViZY ejWa^XVi^dch lZgZ hijY^ZY Vadc\ l^i] `Zn iZmih [gdb gZXZci cZl aVc\jV\Z WVhZY dc Vci^fj^in nZi bdk^c\ WZndcY ^ih ]dl VcY l]ZgZ dcZ XVc igVXZ i]Z aZ\VXn d[ i]^h eZg^dY YZWViZh l^i]^c ]jbVc g^\]ih! eda^i^XVa i]Zdgn! VcY heVi^Va ZmVbeaZ# Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY i]Z a^c` WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY d[ ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc l^i] cZl egd\gVbh! h^iZh! bViZg^Vah! eda^i^Xh ^c dgYZg id hZi dji V [gVbZldg` Wdi] [dg Xdch^YZg^c\ ]jbVc^hb0 i]Z gdaZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c cZl jgWVc higViZ\^Zh0 VcY bZY^V l^i]^c XjggZci egVXi^XZ! d[[Zg^c\ hijYZcih Wdi] i]^h ldg` VcY i]gdj\] l]^X] id ^YZci^[n cZl a^cZh d[ i]Z hZVgX] [dg V cZl ineZ d[ XVcdc i]Vi h^bjaiVcZdjhan ]^hidg^XVa `cdlaZY\Z VcY Xg^i^XVa iddah k^iVa id edh^i^dc^c\ gZhZVgX] VcY [jgi]Zg Xg^i^XVa egdheZXih# >[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh egZhjeedhZY VcY X]VaaZc\ZY i]Z Vji]dg^in d[ K^igjk^jh VcY i]Z^g dlc ldg` l^i]^c i]Z ZkZgÄh]^[i^c\ ÒZaY d[ XdciZbedgVgn Vi i^bZh WZZc ^YZci^ÒZY l^i] ^YZVah d[ hdX^Va VcY eda^i^XVa i]Z hijYn d[ VcX^Zci Wj^aY^c\h0 i]Z g^hZ d[ cZl iZX]c^fjZh VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]Z XaVhh XdkZgZY Wdi] i]Z Xdci^cjVi^dc VcY egd\gZhh Å WZ^c\ ZbWgVXZY Wn i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch Vh d[ \gVe]^X gZegZhZciVi^dc WVhZY dc dgi]d\gVe]^X VcY igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ V[iZg i]Z lVg Å ]Vk^c\ V gdaZ id eaVn ^c g^\]ih ^hhjZh hjX] Vh ]djh^c\ Å i]Z eZgheZXi^kVa egd_ZXi^dc0 i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ i]Z igZVi^hZ VcY ^cXajY^c\ CZl 7gjiVa^hb! IZVb &%! XdgedgViZ bdYZgc^hb! Y^hX^ea^cZ ]Vh Vahd egdk^YZY iZX]c^XVa hjeedgi VcY heVXZh ^ih Vgi^XjaVi^dc d[ jc^kZghVaan Veea^XVWaZ i]ZdgZi^XVa cdgbh0 gZ\^dcVa^hb! igde^XVa bdYZgc^hb! CZdgZVa^hb! aViZ bdYZgc [dg Xdadc^oVi^dc! VeVgi]Z^Y eaVcc^c\! ZcXVbebZci! VcY i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa XjaijgZ Wn eg^cibV`^c\! [dgbVa^hb! VcY <ddY 9Zh^\c Å Vh lZaa Vh i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ di]Zg [dgbh d[ k^daZcXZ# I]Z eg^bVgn fjZhi^dc ejghjZY l]dhZ bZX]Vc^XVa gZegdYjXi^dc d[ ^bV\Z VcY iZmi d[ di]Zg egVXi^XZh i]Vi X]VaaZc\ZY i]Z bdYZgc^hi aZ\VXn Yjg^c\ i]Z XdjghZ lVh ]dl i]Z VgX]^iZXi b^\]i edh^i^dc gZkdaji^dc^oZY i]Z Y^hhZb^cVi^dc d[ i]Zdgn0 i]Z i]Zdg^oVi^dc dg ZkZc hZi dji id egdXaV^b ^ih ZcY# 6bdc\ i]Z aViiZg ]^h dg ]Zg ldg` l^i] gZheZXi id i]Z Xdbea^XViZY Zi]^XVa VcY d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi YgZl Wdi] dc i]Z egZXZeih d[ cVijgZ lZgZ/ i]Z ijgc id hnhiZbh i]Zdgn VcY XnWZgcZi^Xh d[ i]Z eda^i^XVa fjZhi^dch gV^hZY Wn i]ZhZ ÒZaYh d[ ^cfj^gn Å i]Vi VcY dc i]Z ZmVbeaZ d[ i]Z di]Zg Vgih0 i]Z VhhZgi^dc d[


jcegZXZYZciZY XjaijgVa hiVijh [dg i]Z VgX]^iZXi0 VcY i]Z gZaVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ id cZl jhZh d[ k^hjVa gZegZhZciVi^dc i]Vi ]ZaeZY ^cVj\jgViZ i]Z bdYZgc ZgV#

Nk[Zg Ablmhkr *3 <hgÖ`nkZmbhgl h_ ma^ <bmr _khf :gmbjnbmr mh *1)) =Zgb^e La^k^k% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h XdjghZ igVXZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z :jgdeZVc X^in [gdb XaVhh^XVa Vci^fj^in id i]Z i]gZh]daY d[ i]Z >cYjhig^Va GZkdaji^dc# ;dXjh^c\ dc i]Z XdcÒ\jgVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c jgWVc heVXZ! i]Z XdjghZ [daadlZY i]Z Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z X^in :jgdeZ VcY i]Z JH6# I]^h lVh V gjeijgZ i]Vi! ^c XdcXZgi i]gdj\] V XdbeaZm hZg^Zh d[ ^ciZgVXi^dch Vbdc\ inedad\^XVa! l^i] i]Z YZbd\gVe]^X Zmeadh^dc d[ &-%%! egdeZaaZY i]Z X^in bdge]dad\^XVa! VcY ided\gVe]^XVa [VXidgh# 7Z\^cc^c\ l^i] WZilZZc igVY^i^dcVa bdYZh d[ inedad\^XVa! bdge]dad\^XVa! i]Z inedad\^XVa igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z V\dgV VcY VXgdeda^h VcY ided\gVe]^XVa hnci]Zh^h Wn XdcigVhi^c\ i]Z ZXdcdb^X VcY i]Z XdcXdb^iVci ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ eVgVY^\bVi^X jgWVc WZcZ[^ih d[ iZX]c^XVa gVi^dcVa^in id i]Z VZhi]Zi^X VcY [dgbh [gdb *i] XZcijgn 6i]Zch id i]Z g^hZ d[ i]Z GdbVc e]^adhde]^XVa kVajZh d[ cVijgVa^hb VcY i]Z e^XijgZhfjZ# gZejWa^X! i]Z XdjghZ lZci dc id ZmVb^cZ i]Z [dgbVa VcY [jcXi^dcVa Y^bZch^dch d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z GdbVc :be^gZ0 i]Z bZY^ZkVa eZg^dY! l^i] ^ih Xdci^cj^i^Zh VcY

=^lb`g% GZmnk^ LnlmZbgZ[bebmr3 : Ablmhkb\Ze Zg] Ma^hk^mb\Ze <hgm^qm

Y^hXdci^cj^i^Zh WZilZZc XaVhh^XVa VcY 8]g^hi^Vc XdcXZeih BhZggZ Ma^h\aZkhihnehn% bglmkn\mhk d[ i]Z forma urbis0 cZl jgWVc higViZ\^Zh! VgX]^iZXijgVa ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1 aVc\jV\Zh! VcY Y^hXjgh^kZ XdYZh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] jide^Vc hX]ZbZh! Vg^hidXgVi^X VcY XdbbjcVa jhZh d[ ejWa^X heVXZ! 6h kVhi VgZVh d[ i]Z \adWZ VgZ gVe^Yan WZXdb^c\ bdgZ jgWVc ^c hjhiV^cVW^a^in ^c gZaVi^dc id VgX]^iZXijgZ# >c VYY^i^dc! lZ add`ZY VcY i]Z g^hZ d[ cZl idlch ^c i]Z >iVa^Vc GZcV^hhVcXZ0 i]Z Wdi] eaVccZY VcY Æ^c[dgbVaÇ lVnh! ^i ^h XaZVg i]Vi bjX] d[ i]Z Vi ]dl XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXih VcY Xg^i^Xh ]VkZ gZhedcYZY ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ cZl jgWVc bdYZah VcY gZaViZY VgX]^iZXijgVa Z[[dgi ^c bV`^c\ djg hdX^Zi^Zh bdgZ hjhiV^cVWaZ l^aa ]VkZ id id i]Z XdcXZei d[ hjhiV^cVW^a^in# HdbZ d[ i]Z fjZhi^dch lZ ^ciZgkZci^dch [gdb i]Z ^cXZei^dc d[ i]Z 7VgdfjZ ZgV id i]Z iV`Z eaVXZ ^c X^i^Zh# NZi X^i^Zh VgZ Vbdc\ i]Z W^\\Zhi edaajiZgh Xdch^YZgZY ^cXajYZY i]Z [daadl^c\/ YdZh hjhiV^cVW^a^in hiVcY ^c ZcY d[ i]Z VcX^Zc g \^bZ0 i]Z gdaZ d[ inedad\^XVa ^ccdkVi^dc VcY XViVanhih d[ Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z# 7j^aY^c\h Xdcig^WjiZ Vi deedh^i^dc id VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh Vc ^chigjbZci d[ YZkZadebZci4 ^c i]Z jgWVc [VWg^X d[ AdcYdc [gdb >c^\d ?dcZh id i]Z <gZVi aZVhi )%Ä*% d[ i]Z \gZZc]djhZ \VhZh i]Vi Wg^c\ VWdji i]Z >h ÆhjhiV^cVWaZ YZkZadebZciÇ Vc dmnbdgdc4 >h hjhiV^cVW^a^in ;^gZ d[ &+++0 i]Z :ca^\]iZcbZci YZWViZ dc cVijgZ! gZVhdc! lVgb^c\ d[ i]Z ZVgi]# >i ^h jg\Zci [dg VgX]^iZXih id Xdch^YZg V lVn d[ egZhZgk^c\ eg^k^aZ\Z [dg i]Z YZkZadeZY ldgaY l]^aZ VcY i]Z X^in0 VcY V XdbeVg^hdc d[ i]Z Xdcig^Wji^dch id i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e d[ YZh^\c id i]Z Zck^gdcbZci ^c Vc deZcÄ ÆdjihdjgX^c\Ç edaaji^c\ ^cYjhig^Zh VcY ÆZÄlVhiZÇ id eddgZg jgWVc [dgb d[ AVj\^Zg! AZYdjm! VcY 7djaa Z id i]Z jgWVc b^cYZY [Vh]^dc# 7n lZVk^c\ id\Zi]Zg YZh^\c gZhZVgX] l^i] Xdjcig^Zh4 =dl XVc i]Z kVajZh d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa^hb VcY egd_ZXih d[ <Zdg\Z 9VcXZ ?g#! AÉ:c[Vci VcY ?Z[[Zghdc# I]Z lg^i^c\h VWdji cVijgZ VcY i]Z Zck^gdcbZci! VcY `Zn bdbZcih hjhiV^cVW^a^in WZ ^ciZ\gViZY ^cid i]Z lVnh ^c l]^X] VgX]^iZXih XdjghZ ZcYZY l^i] V XdbeVgVi^kZ VcVanh^h d[ i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa eda^Xn VcY VXi^k^hb! i]^h hZb^cVg hdj\]i id i]^c`4 8Vc i]ZhZ kVajZh egdk^YZ XgZVi^kZ deedgijc^i^Zh! VcY d[ ^cYjhig^Va^oVi^dc dc i]Z jgWVc XZciZgh d[ LZhiZgc egdk^YZ hijYZcih l^i] i]Z ^ciZaaZXijVa [gVbZldg` id i]^c` d[ ZkZc [dgbVa g^\dg! gVi]Zg i]Vc a^b^iVi^dc4

Nk[ZgbsZmbhg% LnlmZbgZ[bebmr% Zg] In[eb\ LiZ\^ BhZggZ Ma^h\aZkhihnehn% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

I]Z ilZcinÄ[^ghi XZcijgn l^aa WZ V XZcijgn d[ X^i^Zh# 6agZVYn! [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ ^c ]jbVc ]^hidgn! bdgZ eZdeaZ VgZ a^k^c\ ^c jgWVc VgZVh i]Vc ^c i]Z Xdjcignh^YZ# I]^h hZb^cVg Xdch^YZgZY l]Vi i]Z [jcYVbZciVa h]^[i [gdb V egZYdb^cVcian gjgVa ldgaY ^cid Vc jgWVc dcZ l^aa bZVc [dg i]Z XjaijgZ d[ X^i^Zh# >c VYY^i^dc id i]Z cZZY [dg bdgZ ]djh^c\! i]Z jcegZXZYZciZY \gdli] ^c jgWVc edejaVi^dc l^aa eaVXZ Vc ^cXgZVhZY YZbVcY dc jgWVc ^c[gVhigjXijgZh hjX] Vh lViZg! i]Z egdk^h^dc d[ [ddY! ZcZg\n! hVc^iVi^dc! VcY igVchedgiVi^dc# >[ ÆejWa^X heVXZÇ ^h hZZc Vh V Æh]VgZY XdckZghVi^dc! V odcZ d[ XdcXZgc VcY V odcZ d[ h]VgZY XdchZfjZcXZhÇ! Vh 7gjXZ GdWW^ch ]Vh Vg\jZY! b^\]i i]ZhZ jgWVc ^c[gVhigjXijgZh Xdchi^ijiZ i]Z ejWa^X heVXZh dg ÆXdbbdchÇ d[ i]Z ilZcinÄÒghi XZcijgn4 =dl bVn lZ

>chigjXidgh >dVccV I]ZdX]Vgdedjadj 7ZgcVgY IhX]jb^ @Vonh KVgcZa^h

XdchigjXi Vc ^ciZaaZXijVa [gVbZldg` ^c dgYZg id jcYZghiVcY i]ZhZ `^cYh d[ fjZhi^dch4 =dl Yd lZ WZXdbZ bdgZ VlVgZ VWdji i]Z ^hhjZh hjhiV^cVW^a^in Wg^c\h je Å hjX] Vh i]Z Y^hig^Wji^dc d[ gZhdjgXZh YjZ id WZXdbZ Vaa i]Z bdgZ


hXVgXZ! Zck^gdcbZciVa edaaji^dc! VcY i]Z h^bjaiVcZdjh bdYZgc^hb ]VY WZ\jc id iV`Z YVbV\Z ^c i]Z Xdjgi d[ ejWa^X ^ciZch^ÒXVi^dc d[ ZmigZbZ edkZgin dc i]Z dcZ ]VcY! VcY de^c^dc# JchjgZ d[ ^ih edh^i^dc! aViZ bdYZgc^hb h^ih WZilZZc ^cXgZVhZY Xdchjbei^dc dc i]Z di]Zg4 6gZ i]ZgZ lVnh ]^\] bdYZgc^hb VcY edhibdYZgc^hb! WZilZZc ;dgY^hb VcY id bVcV\Z \gdli] VcY id ZcVWaZ aVg\ZÄhXVaZ jgWVc EdhiÄ;dgY^hb# ;VXZY l^i] i]Z hiVg` `cdlaZY\Z i]Vi V[iZg i]Z YZkZadebZci i]Vi ^h cdi hd YZhigjXi^kZ4 6gZ i]ZgZ cdi^dch k^Xidgn d[ bdYZgc^hb! i]Z WViiaZ d[ i]Z VkVciÄ\VgYZ lVh dkZg! d[ _jhi^XZ VcY Zfj^in i]Vi XVc ldg` dc V \adWVa hXVaZ4 H^cXZ aViZ bdYZgc^hih ViiZbeiZY id ÒcY lVnh d[ egVXi^X^c\ ^c Vc ZgV Vaa jgWVc \gdli] ^h egd_ZXiZY id iV`Z eaVXZ ^c ÆYZkZade^c\Ç ^c l]^X] ^ccdkVi^dc ]VY hZZb^c\an XdbZ id Vc ZcY# 7ZXVjhZ Xdjcig^Zh! lZ Xdch^YZgZY V hZg^Zh d[ XVhZ hijY^Zh [gdb X^i^Zh d[ ^ih gZaVi^dc id XVe^iVa! aViZ bdYZgc^hi VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h d[iZc VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY! eg^bVg^an l^i] V cdcÄLZhiZgc [dXjh#

YZZean Xdbegdb^hZY! Wji ^c i]dhZ [V^ajgZh! i]ZgZ VgZ Vahd aZh" hdch! VcY Ă… _jhi eZg]Veh Ă… V `Zn id i]Z XjggZci XdcY^i^dc#

:k\abm^\mnk^3 Ma^ <hgm^fihkZkr !_khf *2/1 mh ma^ ik^l^gm"

G^mphkd <bmr

;^kgZk] Ml\anfb% bglmkn\mhk

DZsrl OZkg^ebl% bglmkn\mhk

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LIKBG@ +))2

I]Z Æ&.+- id i]Z EgZhZciÇ hZb^cVg idd` V cZl [dgbVi i]^h CZildg` 8^in ZmeadgZY `Zn jgWVc VgZVh Vh ZXdhnhiZbh hZbZhiZg# LZ ZmeadgZY VgX]^iZXijgVa XdcXZeih VcY ^YZVh ^c i]Z d[ XdbeZi^c\ cZildg`h# IgVchedgiVi^dc ^c[gVhigjXijgZh! [dgb d[ V Æ[dgÇ dg ÆV\V^chiÇ YZWViZ# LZ idd` Vh djg hiVgi^c\ iZaZXdbbjc^XVi^dch hnhiZbh! VcY ÒcVcX^Va cZildg`h ]VkZ Vhhjbei^dc i]Vi ZVX] d[ djg iZc ]^hidg^XVa bdbZcih ]VY ^ih h^bjaiVcZdjhan XZcigVa^oZY VcY Y^heZghZY X^i^Zh l^i]^c a^`Zh VcY Y^ha^`Zh! ^ih Æ[dgÇ VcY ÆV\V^chiÇ Vg\jbZcih# NZi! aVg\Zg edhijgWVc ÒZaYh# 6gZVh hjX] Vh i]Z Cdgi]ZVhiZgc ilZcin dg i]^gin nZVgh aViZg! i]ZhZ bV_dg ^hhjZh d[ i]Z i^bZ hZVWdVgY VcY Hdji]Zgc 8Va^[dgc^V [dgb i]Z XdgZ d[ \adWVa bVn dg bVn cdi WZ gZaZkVci idYVn# ;dg ZVX] ]^hidg^XVa bdbZci XVe^iVa! egdYjX^c\ i]Z \Zd\gVe]n d[ Ódlh i]Vi higjXijgZh jcYZg ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc! lZ ig^ZY id ^YZci^[n dcZ bV_dg ÆbVc^[ZhidÇ ZXdcdb^Zh VcY hdX^Zi^Zh idYVn# ^hhjZ i]Vi ]Vh WZXdbZ ]deZaZhhan dji d[ YViZ ÇV\V^chiÇ VcY

6 [jcYVbZciVa i]Zh^h d[ i]Z XdjghZ lVh i]Vi Wj^aY^c\h

Vcdi]Zg ÆbVc^[ZhidÇ ^hhjZ i]Vi ^h hi^aa dg ZkZc bdgZ gZaZkVci Vahd [jcXi^dc Vh cZildg`h# HijYZcih ZmeadgZY i]Z YZbVcYh bng^VY ZcXdjciZgh i]gdj\] i]Z ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn! Wdi] idYVn Ç[dgÇ # 9jg^c\ ZVX] hZb^cVg hZhh^dc! lZ YZWViZY i]ZhZ d[ X^i^Zh VcY e]nh^XVa VcY hdX^Va cZildg`h dc egd\gVb! XViZ\dg^Zh Å i]Z bZigdeda^h VcY i]Z VkVciÄ\VgYZh Å Æ[dgÇ VcY ÆV\V^chiÇ ^hhjZh Vh bZVhjgZY ^c gZaVi^dc id idYVnÉh ZckZadeZ! VcY eaVc h^cXZ i]Z aViZ c^cZiZZci] XZcijgn! eVg" ]VkZ WZXdbZ k^gijVaan jcgZXd\c^oVWaZ# >c i]Z^g eaVXZ aViZhi hiVcYVgYh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ l^i] i]Z bdgVa! ^YZdad\^XVa! i^XjaVgan ^c i]Z d[ÒXZ Wj^aY^c\! i]Z h^iZ d[ Xdchjbei^dc! VcY ]VkZ ZbZg\ZY cZl XdcÒ\jgVi^dch! cZl X]VaaZc\Zh! VcY ZXdcdb^X! dg [dgbVa eg^dg^i^Zh i]Zn egZhZci# 6aiZgcVi^kZan! lZ i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa YlZaa^c\ jc^i! VcY i]Z gZX^egdXVa ^cÓjZcXZh cZl edhh^W^a^i^Zh# I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z Vg\jbZcih ]deZY id ^YZci^[n l]Vi X]VgVXiZg^oZh djg XjggZci XdcY^i^dc ^c d[ hjX] X]Vc\Zh ^c i]ZhZ inedad\^Zh dc i]Z jgWVc XdciZmi# VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh [dgbjaViZY [dg Å VcY i]gdj\] Å i]Z gZaVi^dc id i]Z ]^hidgn d[ i]Z aVhi )% nZVgh#

HijYZcih Vahd add`ZY Vi i]Z [gVj\]i gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc X^in V[iZg bZigdeda^h# I]^h ^h i]Z \adWVa X^in! i]Z ÒcVcX^Va h^\cVijgZ VgX]^iZXijgZ Å i]Z hdÄXVaaZY 7^aWVd Z[[ZXi Å VcY XVe^iVa d[ VYkVcXZY XVe^iVa^hb# 7ji ^i ^h Vahd i]Z X^in V[iZg

EZm^ Fh]^kgblf

i]Z edhiÄ;dgY^hi X^in ^c l]^X] VgX]^iZXijgZ ^cXgZVh^c\an i]Z X^in Å i]Z gZhjai d[ bVhh^kZ jgWVc^oVi^dch hiZbb^c\

DZsrl OZkg^ebl% bglmkn\mhk

hZZbh dWhdaZiZ#

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1

[gdb gZ\^dcVa VcY \adWVa b^\gVi^dch! Vh lZaa Vh bVhh^kZ

CZildg` 8^in igZViZY i]Z \gdli] d[ Wdi] X^in VcY hjWjgW^V Y^heZghVah i]Vi igVXZ WVX` id i]Z YZXVYZh ^bbZY^ViZan VcY bdgZ gZXZcian edhihjWjgW^V VcY ZmjgW^V cdi Vh hZeV" [daadl^c\ i]Z HZXdcY LdgaY LVg# I]Z XdjghZ hXgji^c^oZY ^c

I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z aViZ bdYZgc^hi VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z gViZ VcY deedhZY e]ZcdbZcV Wji gVi]Zg Vh ^cig^ch^XVaan ^c" YZiV^a VgX]^iZXijgVa dW_ZXih VcY i]Z YZWViZh hjggdjcY^c\ &.+%h VcY &.,%h# 7gVX`ZiZY Wn B^Zh kVc YZg Gd]ZÉh HZV\gVbÉh iZgil^cZY# ;dg i]Z^g ÒcVa egd_ZXih! hijYZcih egdYjXZY Wdd`h i]Zb! edh^i^dc^c\ i]ZhZ dW_ZXih l^i]^c i]Z X^i^Zh i]Zn Wj^aY^c\! i]Z jai^bViZ bdcjbZci d[ ]^\] bdYZgc^hb! VcY ^ciZ\gVi^c\ k^hjVa VcY iZmijVa Vg\jbZcih#

^bV\^cZ# >c ZVX] XVhZ! lZ igVXZY bjai^eaZ! \ZcZVad\^XVa

E]^a^e ?d]chdcÉh 6I I Wj^aY^c\! l]^X] YZXaVgZY i]Z VYkZci

V[[^a^Vi^dch Ă… i]Z Vaa^VcXZh ^i [dg\Zh! i]Z hjW_ZXih ^i

d[ edhibdYZgc^hb! i]^h eZg^dY egdYjXZY i]Z kVhi bV_dg^in d[

F^mkhihebl

Xdc_jgZh! i]Z eVhih ^i XdchigjXih! i]Z [jijgZh ^i egd_ZXih!

i]Z bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ XjggZcian ^c Zm^hiZcXZ#

>gkbjn^ PZed^k% bglmkn\mhk

i]Z di]Zgh ^i ZmXajYZh Ă… VcY [djcY V YZX^h^kZ gZVa^\cbZci

IZcY^c\ idlVgY aVg\Z Xdbb^hh^dch [dg XdgedgViZ VcY ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LNFF>K +))1 ^chi^iji^dcVa Xa^Zcih! aViZ bdYZgc^hb ^h cdi VkVciÄ\VgYZ#

d[ i]Z lVnh ^c l]^X] VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb deZgViZ! Vh lZaa Vh bjai^eaZ deedgijc^i^Zh id gZĂ„^bV\^cZ i]Z X^in Ă…

Cdg XdjaY ^i WZ# L]^aZ i]Z ]Zgd^X bdYZgc^hb d[ i]Z &.'%h I]Z bdYZgc bZigdeda^h Å XVjaYgdc d[ hdX^Va igVch [dgbVi^dc! VgX]^iZXijgZÉh gZXjgg^c\ YgZVb Å nZi V\V^c idYVn# VcY &.(%h Vg\jZY [dg Vc ^bb^cZci! Jide^Vc dg! ^c ;gZjY^Vc iZX]cdad\^XVa ^ccdkVi^dc! VcY VZhi]Zi^X ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc iZgbh! dXZVc^X [jijgZ VcY i]Z ]^\] bdYZgc^hb d[ i]Z edhi" Å ^h ^chZeVgVWaZ [gdb i]Z ZfjVaan bdYZgc cdi^dc d[ Vc

KhZ] Mkbi ?b^e] Phkd3 Hnmlb]^ :k\abm^\mnk^

lVg ZgV VccdjcXZY ^ih Vgg^kVa! aViZ bdYZgc^hb deZgViZY V[iZg ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VkVciÄ\VgYZ# =dlZkZg! ^c i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]Z^g FZkd PZlbnmZ% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% LNFF>K +))1

I]Z ]nedi]Zh^h d[ i]Z hZb^cVg lVh i]Vi Vbdc\ i]Z egda^[ZgVi^dc d[ gZhZVgX] dWa^\Vi^dch VcY bZi]dYh Vi edhilVg jc^kZgh^i^Zh! i]Z bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci VgX]^iZXijgVa gZhZVgX] ]Vh dXXjggZY djih^YZ i]Z hijY^d! VlVn [gdb i]Z jc^kZgh^in! VcY dc i]Z gdVY# ÆGdVY ig^eÇ VcY ÆÒZaY ldg`Ç lZgZ jhZY id YZÒcZ VcY iZhi i]^h gZhZVgX] ]nedi]Zh^h [gdb ild Y^gZXi^dch! Zmedh^c\ bni]dad\^Zh d[ a^WZgVi^dc! hZchVi^dc! VcY ZmeZg^ZcXZ [gdb dcZ h^YZ VcY Vhhjbei^dch VWdji iZX]c^fjZh d[ dWhZgkVi^dc! YViV XdaaZXi^dc! VcY Zbe^g^XVa VcVanh^h [gdb i]Z di]Zg#


>chigjXidgh :cg^fjZ LVa`Zg BVg` LVh^jiV BVg` L^\aZn <lZcYdanc Lg^\]i EVja HZ\Va

hjX] fjZhi^dch# HijYZcih add`ZY Vi XdbeZi^c\ Vgih VcY eda^Xn egd[Zhh^dch l^i]^c i]Z h]VgZY YdbV^c d[ i]Z X^in! X]Vc\^c\ XZciZgh VcY eZg^e]Zg^Zh! i]Z h]VeZ d[ cVijgZ VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! gZYZÒc^i^dch d[ ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ heVXZ! kVg^djh ineZh d[ ^ciZgkZci^dch! i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ l]Vi Zm^hih VcY l]Vi ^h gZbZbWZgZY! VcY i]Z ^Xdc^X VcY i]Z jcZmeZXiZY#

Fh]^kgblf bg :f^kb\Z @p^g]herg Pkb`am% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1

BdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ! a^`Z Vaa [dgbh d[ bdYZgc^hb! ^h hjeedh ZYan jc^kZghVa# 6aa i]Z hVbZ! heZX^ÒX ^chi^iji^dch! bdYZh d[ Y^hhZb^cVi^dc VcY egdXZhhZh d[ egdYjXi^dc V[[ZXi l]Vi ^h gZVa^oZY VcY ZkZc l]Vi ^h ^bV\^cZY# I]^h hZb^cVg ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z Y^kZghZ nZi Y^hi^cXi^kZ XdcY^i^dch d[ bdYZgc^hb ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh Å Vh ^i ]Vh WZZc ZmeZg^ZcXZY ]ZgZ VcY hZZc ZahZl]ZgZ i]gdj\]dji i]Z ldgaY# DWk^djhan i]ZgZ ^h cd [dgbjaV dg ZhhZci^Va^hi YZÒc^i^dc Wji gVi]Zg V WgdVY! Y^[[jhZ VcY h]^[i^c\ eVgVY^\b# LZ [dXjhZY dc ]^hidg^XVa XdcY^i^dch! bni]h! VcY gZVa^i^Zh ^c dgYZg id VYYgZhh XdciZbedgVgn fjZhi^dch ^c V XdciZhiZY! ^cXgZVh^c\an ]dbd\ZcZdjh ldgaY# BV_dg i]ZbZh ^cXajYZY bdYZah d[ ^ccdkVi^dc0 V YZh^gZ [dg Vjidcdbn0 VZhi]Zi^X VcY YZeadnZY Vi ZkZgn aZkZa d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ [gdb aVc\jV\Zh0 ^cY^k^YjVa VgX]^iZXih VcY bVhh VjY^ZcXZh0 VcY [dgbVa lg^iiZc Vg\jbZcih id i]Z hZZb^c\an XVhjVa Y^hXjhh^dch i]Z XjaijgVa ^bV\^cVg^Zh VWdji i]Z [jijgZ# ^c i]Z YZh^\c hijY^d# 6 hZg^Zh d[ XVhZ hijY^Zh! [gdb K^igjk^jh i]gdj\] id 8nWZgÄ8]Vi! [gdb VcX^Zci igZVi^hZh dc eVgX]bZci id Ó^X`Zg^c\ lZW eV\Zh! lZgZ jhZY id h]dl ]dl i]Z YZWViZ

Ikh_^llbhgZe IkZ\mb\^3 Mnkgbg` =^lb`gl bgmh ;nbe]bg`l

`ZZeh VYVei^c\ ^ihZa[ id cZl XdcY^i^dch l]^aZ egZhZgk^c\ IZne L^`Ze% bglmkn\mhk hdbZ gZaZciaZhh dWhZhh^dch# 6gX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ lVh IKH?>LLBHG:E IK:<MB<> % ?:EE +))1 jcYZghiddY Vh V l^YZ VggVn d[ ^ciZgadX`^c\ ^chi^iji^dch! ZVX] d[ l]^X] ]Vh ^ih dlc bjai^eaZ ]^hidg^Zh VcY jc^fjZ Z[[ZXih# =dl ZmVXian Yd YZh^\ch WZXdbZ Wj^aY^c\h4 ;^ghi! gZaVi^dch]^eh =dl VcY l]n i]ZhZ kVg^djh ^chi^iji^dch lZgZ eji ^c eaVXZ lVh bjhi WZ [dg\ZY Vbdc\ dlcZgh! VgX]^iZXih! VcY XdcigVXidgh! ZhiVWa^h]ZY! VcY i]Z^g ]^hidg^XVa igVch[dgbVi^dch je jci^a i]Z ZhiVWa^h]^c\ i]Z Yji^Zh! dWa^\Vi^dch! g^\]ih! VcY gZbZY^Zh d[ egZhZci lVh igVXZY id hZZ l]^X] XaV^bh VWdji VgX]^iZXijgZ ZVX]# HZXdcY! Vaa eVgi^Zh ^ckdakZY bjhi Xdch^YZg VcY VW^YZ Wn I]Z hZb^cVg Zbe]Vh^oZY i]Z [dgbjaVi^dc d[ Vc VgX]^" ]VkZ WZZc egZhZgkZY VcY l]^X] ]VkZ X]Vc\ZY# iZXijgVa djih^YZ! Xdchi^ijiZY Wn ZcXdjciZgh l^i] ZmiZgcVa adXVi^dch! jgWVc XdcÒ\jgVi^dch! edejaVi^dch VcY heVi^Va dg" \Vc^oVi^dch# L]Zi]Zg i]Z iZgbh d[ i]^h djih^YZ VgZ ]ZaY ^c

i]Z ejWa^X XdchigV^cih VcY i]Z ejWa^X$eg^kViZ gZaVi^dch]^eh Wn l]^X] ^cY^k^YjVah ]VkZ i]Z^g g^\]ih a^b^iZY [dg i]Z hV`Z d[ i]Z

Ablmhkr h_ ma^ :f^kb\Zg <bmr3 IZmm^kgl h_ :f^kb\Zg Nk[Zg Eb_^ Zg] Nk[Zg =^lb`g

ejWa^X \ddY# I]Z ejgedhZ d[ i]^h XdjghZ lVh id \^kZ hijYZcih Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]ZhZ igVch[dgbVi^dcVa egdXZhhZh Å

eaVXZ! ZmiZgcVa id VgX]^iZXijgZ egdeZg! dg XnXaZY WVX` ^c! i]Z @p^g]herg Pkb`am% bglmkn\mhk

]dl id egdiZXi YZh^\ch! [gdb XdcXZei id gZVa^oVi^dc! VcY ]dl

hZb^cVg ^aajb^cViZY V eZgkVh^kZ VgX]^iZXijgVa ÒmVi^dc dc i]Z ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1

id YZkZade V hZch^i^k^in id i]Z Zi]^XVa VcY bdgVa ^hhjZh d[

XdcXZeijVa VcY higjXijgVa ^bedgiVcXZ d[ i]Z djih^YZ! l^i] Vi"

egVXi^X^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ#

iZcYVci cdi^dch d[ XdciZmi! gZ[ZgZcXZ! VcY i]Z^g VWZggVi^dch# 6aa X^i^Zh gZhedcY id Y^kZghZ [dgXZh/ \gVcY bVhiZg eaVch! I]Z hZb^cVg lVh V^YZY Wn heZXjaVi^dch dc ÆigVkZa jcgZ\jaViZY ÆXdlWdn YZkZadebZci!Ç bjai^aVnZgZY eda^i^Xh! V\ZcXn!Ç i]Vi Veean id WdY^Zh VcY gZhZVgX] eVgi^Zh! Vh lZaa VbVa\Vbh d[ igVY^i^dch! ^ckZci^dch! VcY ^cZk^iVWaZ Vh id igVkZa^c\ i]Zdg^Zh VcY X^gXjaVi^c\ egVXi^XZh! ^ciZg^dg jcZmeZXiZY Xdci^c\ZcX^Zh# 6bZg^XVc X^i^Zh ZmZbea^[n i]^h VcY ZmiZg^dg id VgX]^iZXijgZ# IgVkZa V\ZcXn Vahd deZch ^h" [gZcZi^X YncVb^X! ]Vk^c\ ZbWdY^ZY i]Z bdYZgc bZigdeda^h hjZh d[ WdgYZgh VcY Xdcigdah! VcY i]Z ^cXZhhVci ig^ee^c\ VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY [dg dkZg V XZcijgn# I]^h bdYZgc^hb ^h cdi V\V^chi cZl [dgbh d[ heVi^Va gZ\jaVi^dc i]Vi cdl VeeZVg Vh V hina^hi^X ^Y^db Wji dcZ d[ egdXZhhZh! ]jbVc ZmeZg^ZcXZh! i]Z XdciZbedgVgn ^ckZghZ d[ Vc Zca^\]iZcbZci [VciVhn d[ VcY [dgbVa inedad\^Zh i]Vi i]Vi ]VkZ bjX] ^c Xdbbdc a^b^iaZhh e]nh^XVa VcY eda^i^XVa bdW^a^in#

l^i] djg XdciZbedgVgn ldgaY# 8ZgiV^c eViiZgch XVc WZ Y^hXZgcZY! Wji cd h^c\aZ [dgbjaV XVc [jaan YZhXg^WZ i]ZhZ

Ma^ Ablmhkr h_ :k\abm^\mnkZe Ma^hkr

YncVb^X egdXZhhZh# 6bZg^XVc jgWVc^in kVg^Zh VXgdhh i^bZ

FZkd Pb`e^r% bglmkn\mhk

VcY heVXZ! ZkZc Vh ^i Wdggdlh [gdb VcY Zmedgih id di]Zg

ABLMHKR(MA>HKR% ?:EE +))1

cVi^dch# Bjai^eaZ VcVani^X bZi]dYh VgZ i]ZgZ[dgZ gZfj^gZY id jcYZghiVcY Wdi] i]Z eVgi^XjaVg^i^Zh VcY i]Z aVg\Zg ^hhjZh#

6gX]^iZXijgZ ZbZg\Zh dji d[ eVhh^dcViZ VcY jcZcY^c\ YZWViZ# =dl YdZh VgX]^iZXijgZ gZaViZ id adXVi^dc VcY hjggdjcY^c\h4 :kZgn YZh^\c ^ckdakZh i]Zdgn# >cYZZY! VgX]^iZXih iVa` Vh bjX] Vh Id ^c[gVhigjXijgZ VcY deZc heVXZ4 L]d YZX^YZh l]Vi \Zih i]Zn YgVl# I]^h XaVhh ZmeadgZY i]Z lVn i]Vi i]Zdgn ^h egdYjXZY Wj^ai4 =dl YdZh ^i X]Vc\Z dkZg i^bZ4 I]^h XaVhh iVX`aZY !


OblnZe Lmn]b^l Bgmkh EZnkZ Dnk`Zg% ]bk^\mhk Chla Nae% \hhk]bgZmhk >c i]Z aVhi Ò[iZZc nZVgh! VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh WZZc ZmedhZY id V gVY^XVa hZi d[ X]Vc\Zh ^c ^ih k^hjVa idda`^ih VcY ^ih iZX]cdad\^XVa Zck^gdcbZcih# CZl ]VgYlVgZ VcY hd[ilVgZ! d[iZc ^bedgiZY [gdb di]Zg [^ZaYh VcY ZbZg\^c\ Vi V Y^oon^c\ eVXZ! ]VkZ Y^\^i^oZY VcY VjidbViZY iZX]c^fjZh d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa YgVl^c\! bdYZa^c\! VcY egdYjXi^dc0 bjai^ea^ZY cZildg`h d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc ^cid Y^kZghZ ^c[gVhigjXijgZh VcY bZY^V0 ^cXgZVhZY i]Z VXXjgVXn d[ VcVani^X ^bV\^c\0

>chigjXidgh AVjgV @jg\Vc ?dh] J]a 8VhZn 6ai BVg` 7ZVgV`

VcY ZmeVcYZY YViVWVhZh VcY bZi]dYh d[ YViV XdaaZXi^dc# 6gX]^iZXijgZ! WZXVjhZ ^ih XdgZ iZX]c^fjZh VgZ cdi h^bean ^ih dlc! XVccdi lVaa ^ihZa[ d[[ [gdb i]Z bVcn di]Zg Y^hX^ea^cZh VcY egVXi^XZh Å ZXdad\n! i]Z b^a^iVgn! hX^ZcXZ! \Zd\gVe]n! edejaVg XjaijgZ Å l^i] l]^X] ^i h]VgZh! VcY [gdb l]^X] ^i

gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z dei^XVa YZhXg^ei^dc d[ V Wj^aY^c\# I]Z YZÒc^iZ gZaVi^dch]^e d[ Wj^aY^c\ VcY Zck^gdcbZci ^c Wdi] VZhi]Zi^X VcY egVXi^XVa iZgbh! ZheZX^Vaan egdb^cZci ^c XdciZbedgVgn \aVhh VgX]^iZXijgZ! lVh Vahd VYYgZhhZY# I]Z VeegdVX] d[ kVg^djh egdb^cZci VgX]^iZXijgVa e]did\gVe]Zgh idlVgYh i]ZhZ \dVah hZgkZY Vh V XdbeVgVi^kZ VcVani^XVa idda#

d[iZc Wdggdlh! ^ih iddah# IdYVn! l]Vi XVc WZ YZÒcZY Vh k^hjVa ^c YZh^\c ]Vh bja"

ea^cZh d[ i]Z <H6EE! hjX] i]Vi V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ iddah VcY

IZkZf^mkb\ K^ZebsZmbhgl3 >qiehkbg` ma^ Bgmkbglb\ K^eZmbhglabi [^mp^^g IZkZf^mkb\ :e`hkbmafl Zg] FZm^kbZe >qiehkZmbhgl

iZX]c^fjZh VgZ VkV^aVWaZ ^c Vc ZmeVcYZY bVig^m d[ XdjghZh#

FZkd ;^ZkZd% bglmkn\mhk

i^ea^ZY ZmedcZci^Vaan VcY [dgXZY jh id gZi]^c` Vaa d[ djg egd_" ZXih VcY egVXi^XZh# K^hjVa hijY^Zh cdl heVch Vaa i]Z Y^hX^"

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1

I]Z XdgZ d[ i]Z Xjgg^Xjajb Zbe]Vh^oZh XdaaVWdgVi^dc VXgdhh VcY WZilZZc Y^hX^ea^cZh! hijY^dh! VcY hZb^cVgh#

bV`Z k^h^WaZ i]Z iVX^i bViZg^Va^in d[ dW_ZXiÄdg^ZciVi^dc

VcY ZmeadgZ ^ih ^bea^XVi^dch [dg VgX]^iZXijgVa i]Zdgn VcY EVgVbZig^X bdYZaZgh VgZ Xdbbdcan jhZY ^c i]Z YZkZade"

H[c^\ml h_ Hnk :__^\mbhg

egVXi^XZ# 6h VgX]^iZXijgZ bdkZh ZkZg bdgZ ^cid i]Z gZVab d[ bZci d[ Y^\^iVa VgX]^iZXijgVa bdYZah! Wji i]Zn VgZ gVgZan

<Zl^r :em% bglmkn\mhk

Y^\^iVa egdYjXi^dc! i]Z jcYZgan^c\ edlZg VcY eda^i^Xh ^bea^X^i iV`Zc id i]Z ed^ci d[ WZXdb^c\ e]nh^XVa gZVa^i^Zh# I]^h XdjghZ

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

^c i]Z dW_ZXiÄdg^ZciZY eVgVY^\b WZXdbZ [Zgi^aZ iZgg^idg^Zh add`ZY Vi i]Z egdXZhh d[ \ZcZgVi^c\ eVgVbZig^X Va\dg^i]bh [dg Wdi] VgX]^iZXijgVa Xg^i^fjZ VcY ^che^gVi^dc# I]gdj\] VcY ijgc^c\ i]dhZ bdYZah ^cid e]nh^XVa gZVa^i^Zh# HijYZcih

;^ghi egdedhZY Vh V gVY^XVaan ZmeZg^bZciVa VeegdVX] [dg ]^hidg^XVa VcY i]ZdgZi^XVa gZVY^c\h! ^cÄXaVhh Y^hXjhh^dch ldg`ZY ^c \gdjeh id YZh^\c Vc ^chiVaaVi^dc i]Vi lVh i]Z hdak^c\ XdbeaZm XdbejiVi^dcVa egdWaZbh ^c i]Z ZVgan VcY k^hjVa ZmeZg^bZcih jh^c\ i]Z EgdXZhh^c\ egd\gVbb^c\ e]nh^XVa gZVa^oVi^dc d[ i]Z^g hXg^eiZY egdidXda# <gdjeh &.,%h! dW_ZXiÄdg^ZciVi^dc ]Vh \gdlc id WZXdbZ cdi dcan Zck^gdcbZci! hijYZcih \V^cZY Xg^i^XVa! egVXi^XVa! VcY k^hjVa YZkZadeZY bVi]ZbVi^XVa Va\dg^i]bh jh^c\ eVgVbZig^X i]Z egZYdb^cVci XdbejiVi^dcVa eVgVY^\b Wji Vahd i]Z ÓjZcXn ^c i]Z VZhi]Zi^Xh d[ dW_ZXiÄdg^ZciVi^dc#

bdYZaZgh hjX] Vh G]^cd#hXg^ei! <gVhh]deeZg VcY <ZcZgVi^kZ

eg^bVgn VZhi]Zi^X ^bejahZ d[ djg i^bZ# DW_ZXiÄdg^ZciVi^dc

8dbedcZcih# 8dcXjggZcian hijYZcih iZhiZY bdYZa^c\

Zbe]Vh^oZh V bVhh^kZan eVgVaaZa! WdiidbÄje VeegdVX]

:k\abm^\mnkZe Iahmh`kZiar

iZX]c^fjZh ^c dgYZg id XgZViZ V egdidineZ [dg i]Z^g ÒcVa

id bdYZa^c\ VcY egdWaZb hdak^c\! ^c l]^X] Vjidcdbdjh >kb^mZ :mmZeb% bglmkn\mhk

e]nh^XVa hnhiZb# HijYZcih i]Zc idd` i]Z^g Y^\^iVa bdYZah!

YViV dW_ZXih l^i] ^ciZgcVa^oZY WZ]Vk^dgh ^ciZgVXi l^i] dcZ OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

gVi^dcVa^oZY i]Zb! VcY e]nh^XVaan XdchigjXiZY i]Z hnhiZb

Vcdi]Zg id egdYjXZ XdbeaZm ZbZg\Zci hnhiZbh# DW_ZXiÄ

jh^c\ V bViZg^Va egdXZhh [gdb i]Z^g egdidineZ#

dg^ZciVi^dc ]Vh! [gdb ^ih ^cXZei^dc! WZZc ^cZmig^XVWan a^c`ZY I]^h XdjghZ d[[ZgZY Wdi] V iZX]c^XVa VcY V i]ZdgZi^XVa l^i] Wdi] Y^\^iVa bZY^V VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa bZiVe]dgh# jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa e]did\gVe]n# I]Z Xdbedh^idgn

Ebobg` :k\abm^\mnk^

=dlZkZg! dW_ZXiÄdg^ZciVi^dc bjhi cdi bZgZan WZ jcYZghiddY bVc^ejaVi^dc d[ a^\]i VcY heVXZ VcY i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ [dgb VcY =Zob] ;^gcZfbg $ LhhÈbg RZg`% bglmkn\mhkl Vh i]Z XdbejiVi^dcVa eVgVY^\b jcYZgan^c\ Vaa XdciZbedgVgn iZmijgZ ^ciZgVXi^dc lZgZ VcVanoZY Vh eg^bVgn ZmegZhh^kZ OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2 Y^\^iVa bZY^V hd[ilVgZ0 gVi]Zg dW_ZXiÄdg^ZciVi^dc ^h Y^\^iVa iddah# BdgZ VWhigVXi e]ZcdbZcV a^`Z Xdadg VcY igVcheVgZcXn bZY^V ^ciZg[VXZ# 6h Vaa VheZXih d[ XdciZbedgVgn XjaijgZ lZgZ Vahd Y^hXjhhZY Vh eVgih d[ i]Z e]did\gVe]^X eVaZiiZ# WZXdbZ ^cXgZVh^c\an Y^\^iVaan bZY^ViZY! dW_ZXiÄdg^ZciVi^dc

>c i]Z eVhi [^[iZZc nZVgh! hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi k^WgVci Zm"

Dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! ^i ^h d[ bV_dg ^ciZgZhi id aZVgc ]dl eZg^bZcih ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ]VkZ jhZY XdbejiZg iZX] cdad\^Zh

]Vh WZXdbZ djg gZ^\c^c\ ad\^X d[ hZchZ! hjWhjb^c\ Wdi] id V^b Vi i]Z XgjX^Va VcY ZmegZhh^kZ VheZXih d[ V XdchigjX" id/ & YZkZade cZl ineZh d[ \ZdbZig^Zh VcY ' [VWg^XViZ bZY^jb VcY bZhhV\Z# I]Z ejgedhZ d[ i]^h XdjghZ ^h id i^dc VcY ]dl id Y^[[ZgZci^ViZ WZilZZc XdckZn^c\ i]Z ZhhZcXZ VgX]^iZXijgVa ZaZbZcih Y^gZXian [gdb Y^\^iVa [^aZh l^i]dji "


ZgVi^kZ egdXZhh! i]Z YZh^\ch lZgZ YZkZadeZY! [VWg^XViZY! VcY iZhiZY jh^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa bViZg^Vah Vi [jaa hXVaZ# 7n Zc\V\" ^c\ XdbejiVi^dcVa bVcj[VXijg^c\ iZX]c^fjZh ^c i]Z egdYjX" i^dc d[ [jaaÄhXVaZ XgZVi^dch! ediZci^Vah lZgZ gZVa^oZY [dg i]Z ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ Y^\^iVa YZh^\c ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZ#

Li^\bZe Mhib\l bg ?Z[kb\Zmbhg3 ?hkfphkdl ChlanZ =kZi^k% bglmkn\mhk OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LNFF>K +))1% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

9^\^iVa ;VWg^XVi^dc ^h V ]nWg^Y dg\Vc^hb l]dhZ \ZcZVad\n a^Zh ^c gdWdi^Xh VcY YgVl^c\# :kZgn bVX]^cZ lZ jhZ ^h V ^ciZggZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc ÆYZkZadebZciÇ VcY ÆWZ]Vk^dgÇ `^cY d[ YgVl^c\ gdWdi# I]Z YZ\gZZ d[ Xdcigda d[ i]Z YgVl^c\! V\V^chi V WVX`Ygde d[ edejaVi^dc YncVb^Xh! hZVgX] heVXZh d[ Vji]dgh]^e! ^h Vi kVg^djh aZkZah d[ gZbdkZ VcY! Vh djg VcY ÒicZhh aVcYhXVeZh#

h`^aah! iZX]c^fjZh VcY iZX]cdad\^Zh ZkdakZ! ^c Ójm#

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh ?Z[kb\Zmbhg

l^i] \gV[Òi^ Vh djg ed^ci d[ Zcign! hijYZcih ZmeadgZY edhh^"

ChlanZ =kZi^k $ Chl^ia Ob]b\a% bglmkn\mhkl

W^a^i^Zh ^c XVhi^c\ Å XVhi^c\ i]Vi X]VaaZc\Zh ^ih dlc gZeZi^"

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LNFF>K +))1% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

i^kZ cVijgZ Wn WZXdb^c\ eVgVbZig^X# Hd! l]^aZ ^i ^h YncVb^X

Jh^c\ i]Z YgVl^c\ edhh^W^a^i^Zh d[ i]Z (ÄVm^h gdjiZg VcY

^i bjhi Vahd WZ heZX^ÒX# I]^h ldg`h]de V^bZY id Y^hXdkZg i]Z ]^YYZc Y^hXdci^cj^i^Zh

6h hijYZcih egdidineZY i]Z [dgbldg`h! i]Zn ZmeVcYZY

^c i]Z YZh^\c id bVcj[VXijgZ id VhhZbWan egdXZhh! l]Zc i]Z kdXVWjaVgn d[ i]Z b^aa Vh V YgVl^c\ bVX]^cZ Wn ^c" ldg` ZbWZYYZY l^i]^c i]Z egZX^h^dc d[ i]Z BVX]^cZ ^h XdgedgVi^c\ cZl ineZh d[ eVi]^c\! Y^[[ZgZci ZcYb^aa \Z" [dgXZY id eZg[dgb ^c i]Z ldgaY d[ CVijgZ# EgdYjXi^dc ^h dbZig^Zh! [dgbldg` bViZg^Vah! VcY XdcÒ\jgVi^dch# I]Zn ldg`^c\ YgVl^c\h# HdbZ d[ i]ZhZ Y^\^iVa egdXZhhZh VgZ cdl i]Z [^icZhh iZhi d[ XdciZbedgVgn Y^\^iVa YZh^\c# GjaZÄ egd\gZhhZY id h^a^XdcZ bdaYh i]Vi XVc egdYjXZ ]^\] fjVa^in XdbeaZiZan ^ciZ\gViZY ^cid egVXi^XZ l]^aZ di]Zgh VgZ hi^aa WZ^c\ WVhZY \ZcZgVi^kZ bdge]dad\^Zh WZXdbZ V idda [dg i]Z XVhi^c\h [gdb V kVg^Zin d[ bViZg^Vah ^cXajY^c\ gZh^c! adl YZkZadeZY VcY gZYZÒcZY# 7j^aY^c\ dc i]ZhZ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch! k^hjVa^oVi^dc d[ [VWg^XViZY ediZci^Vah i]Vi VgZ ZbWZYYZY iZbeZgVijgZ Vaadnh! lVm! XdcXgZiZ! VcY eaVhiZg# V cZl ineZ d[ edhiÄY^\^iVa ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc ]Vh XVaaZY l^i] i]Z Æ^ciZaa^\ZcXZÇ d[ i]Z bViZg^Va ldgaY# ^cid fjZhi^dc i]Z ÆbjiZcZhh VcY ^cZgicZhhÇ d[ igVY^i^dcVa

8Vhi^c\h ]nWg^Y^oZY i]Z XdchigV^cih VcY edhh^W^a^i^Zh d[ i]Z

I]^h ldg`h]de ji^a^oZY i]Z Zfj^ebZci d[ i]Z 9^\^iVa b^aa l^i] i]dhZ d[ \gV[Òi^ VcY di]Zg jgWVc YViV# I]Z X]VaaZc\Z

bViZg^Vah# GZXZcian! hdbZ VgX]^iZXih ]VkZ WZZc jh^c\ cZl ;VWg^XVi^dc AVW Vh V iZhiÄWZY [dg i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc d[ 8C8 lVh id i]Zc gZÄh^iZ i]^h ]nWg^Y XVhi^c\ ^c Vc jgWVc XdciZmi# iZX]cdad\^Zh id ZmeadgZ VcY gZVa^oZ gVY^XVaan Y^[[ZgZci `^cYh egdYjXi^dcÉh gdaZ ^c XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZ# d[ heVXZh i]Vi gZhedcY id i]Z^g Zck^gdcbZci ^c gZVa i^bZ/ HijYZcih ldg`ZY ^cY^k^YjVaan dg ^c iZVbh id YZkZade V Xdc" gZhedch^kZ `^cZi^X VgX]^iZXijgZ#

F^labg`

igdaaZY VgX]^iZXijgVa VhhZbWan WVhZY dc V hZi d[ XdchigV^cih =Zob] ?Zgh $ FZkd @k^^g% bglmkn\mhkl

Djg ]VcYhÄdc aVWdgVidgn jc[gdoZ Wj^aY^c\h VcY XgZViZY YZkZadeZY id [gVbZ i]Z gZhZVgX]# I]Z YZh^\ch ]VY Xdcigda OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LNFF>K +))1% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2 [jcXi^dc^c\ ^ciZgVXi^kZ Zck^gdcbZcih# I]Z XaVhh d[[ZgZY Vc bZX]Vc^hbh i]Vi Vci^X^eViZY gZVa^oVi^dc i]Z bViZg^Va ldgaY! ^bbZgh^kZ ^cigdYjXi^dc id i]Z ^hhjZh d[ gZhedch^kZ `^cZi^X l]ZgZ cVijgZ WZXdbZh i]Z YZX^h^dc bV`Zg# I]gdj\] Vc ^i" 6h i]Z VgX]^iZXiÉh XdbejiZg hl^iX]Zh bdYVa^i^Zh [gdb V VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY i]Z iZX]c^fjZh d[ YZh^\c^c\ l^i] ZaZXigdc^X

idda i]Vi ^ciZ\gViZh YZh^\c VcY i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ YViV [dg

X^gXj^ih# 7n i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg! hijYZcih Wgdj\]i V gVc\Z

VXijVa^oVi^dc! cZl egdXZhhZh VcY iZX]c^fjZh id bdgZ XVeVWan

d[ ZmX^i^c\ [jaaÄhXVaZ YZbdchigVi^dch [dg Vc Zm]^W^i Vi i]Z

iV`Z VYkVciV\Z d[ i]^h h]^[i bjhi WZ ZmeadgZY VcY h`^aa[jaan

hX]dda# LZ jhZY i]Z hiVcYVgY Wj^aY^c\ WadX`h d[ ^cZmeZch^kZ

ji^a^oZY# I]^h ldg`h]de X]VaaZc\ZY igVY^i^dcVa bZi]dYh d[

hZchdgh! h^beaZ b^XgdXdcigdaaZgh! VcY h]VeZ bZbdgn Vaadn

YgV[i^c\ VcY e]nh^XVa bdYZa Wj^aY^c\ VcY ZmeadgZY V bdgZ eVgVbZig^X VeegdVX]# K^gijVa (Y bdYZah lZgZ YgV[iZY VcY

VXijVidgh id _jbeÄhiVgi i]Z egdXZhh d[ YZh^\c^c\ l^i] ZaZX" igdc^Xh# HijYZcih lZgZ VWaZ id jhZ i]ZhZ bdYjaVg XdbedcZcih l^i]dji ZmiZch^kZ igV^c^c\ dg V aVWdgVidgn ^c[gVhigjXijgZ#

L^Zk\a3 :]oZg\^] :e`hkbmafb\ =^lb`g FZkd <heebgl $ Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ% bglmkn\mhkl OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

>chigjXidgh 9Vk^Y 7Zc_Vb^c Hdd"^c NVc\ BVg` 8daa^ch Idgj =VhZ\VlV ?dh]jV 9gVeZg 9Vk^Y ;Vcd

hjW_ZXiZY id bjai^eaZ ^iZgVi^kZ igVch[dgbVi^dch VcY iZhiZY [dg YZh^\c ÒicZhh ^c i]Z gZVab d[ i]Z hd[ilVgZ VcY djieji [dg iZhi^c\ ^c gZVa heVXZ# GZhjaih d[ i]^h hijYn ^cXajYZY egVXi^XVa `cdlaZY\Z d[ ]dl XZgiV^c \ZdbZig^Zh V[[ZXi i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ YZh^\ch# K^gijVa bdYZah lZgZ ZbWZYYZY l^i] ^ciZaa^\Zci Xg^iZg^V Zh"

I]^h ldg`h]de ZmeadgZY \ZcZgVi^kZ YZh^\c bZi]dYdad\^Zh i]gdj\] i]Z Veea^XVi^dc d[ Va\dg^i]b^X iZX]c^fjZh# BdgZ heZX^ÒXVaan! lZ add`ZY Vi [jcYVbZciVa XdY^c\ eg^cX^eaZh gZXjgh^dc! [ZZYWVX`! bdYjaVg^in VcY >$D l]^aZ iZVh^c\ dji V g^X] iVmdcdbn d[ Va\dg^i]b^X iZX]c^fjZh# 6gi^ÒX^Va a^[Z! bViZg^Va ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ! ^ciZgVXi^k^in! VcY di]Zg hZXdcYÄ dgYZg eg^cX^eaZh lZgZ VeegdVX]ZY [gdb i]Z kVciV\Z ed^ci d[ ÆYncVb^XhÇ VcY ÆhZVgX]Ç Å dg i]Z ^cigdYjXi^dc d[ Y^gZXiZY ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ ^cid V YncVb^X egdXZhh d[ bV`^c\# 6h lZ Xdci^cjZ id Æ[ZZYWVX`Ç ZmeZg^ZcXZh [gdb egZk^djh ^iZgVi^dch d[ i]Z XdjghZ! lZ [dXjhZY i]^h hZbZhiZg dc i]Z #


>chigjXidgh HVWg^ ;Vgdj`^ 7g^Vc =djhZ ?ZhhZ H]Ve^ch ?Vhdc >kVa^di^h C^X]daVh @di]Vg^ B^iX]Zaa ?dVX]^b

iVWa^h]ZY Wn i]Z YZh^\cZg id egdYjXZ bdgZ XdcigdaaZY VcY heZX^ÒX gZhjaih! bdk^c\ VlVn [gdb i]Z VWhigVXi gZhjaih d[ i]Z \ZcZgVi^kZ [dgbVa ZmeZg^bZcih d[ i]Z aViZ .%h VcY ZVgan É%%h# I]Z [gZfjZci jhZ d[ (Y eg^ciZgh VcY aVhZg XjiiZgh ZchjgZY V XadhZ gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z k^gijVa eVgVbZig^X bdYZa h VcY i]Z^g e]nh^XVa XdjciZgeVgih! ZcVWa^c\ i]Z YZh^\cZg id iZhi YZh^\c XdcXZeih ^c gZVa heVXZ ^c V h]dgi i^bZ VcY VY_jhi i]Z YZh^\c h VXXdgY^c\an#

Hk\a^lmkZmbhg =Zob] ?Zgh% bglmkn\mhk OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1

>c i]^h ldg`h]de lZ YZkZadeZY V i]dgdj\] jcYZghiVcY" I]Z gZXZci dWhZhh^dc l^i] Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c\ d[ 7>B! bdhi ^bedgiVcian ]dl XVc lZ ^ciZgkZcZ ^c i]Z hX]ddah ]Vh [dXjhZY dc i]Z gZijgc d[ i]Z ÆbVhiZg Wj^aYZgÇ egdXZhh id cdi aZi ^i WZ hig^Xian VWdji Z[ÒX^ZcXn# =dl ^h i]Z i]gdj\] Y^gZXi egdYjXi^dc d[[ZgZY Wn XdbejiZg cjbZg^XVa i^bZ \V^cZY [gdb i]ZhZ iddah gZÄVeegdeg^ViZY4 =dl XVc Xdcigda# L]^aZ i]^h [dgb d[ egdYjXi^dc ]Vh gZhjaiZY ^c V i]Z XdcXZeih d[ eVgVbZig^X bdYZa^c\ ^cÒaigViZ i]Z YZh^\c gZhjg\ZcXZ d[ [jaaÄhXVaZ egdidine^c\! ^i Zbe]Vh^oZh Vc egdXZhh4 8Vc lZ aZVgc [gdb hd[ilVgZ i]Vi [dgXZh g^\dg VcY ^hdaViZY hijYn d[ iddah VcY iZX]c^fjZh dkZg Xdbbjc^XVi^dc gZÄVeean i]dhZ ad\^Xh id di]Zg VheZXih d[ l]Vi lZ Yd4 Hij" VcY XdaaVWdgVi^dc# L^i]dji Vg\jbZci i]Z bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci YZcih jhZY 6jidYZh` GZk^i! id XgZViZ V eVgVbZig^X VgX]^" X]Vc\Z [VX^a^iViZY Wn ^c[dgbVi^dc iZX]cdad\n ]Vh WZZc i]Z iZXijgVa hnhiZb l^i] ZbWZYYZY kVg^VW^a^in# DcXZ i]Z hnhiZb bZVch Wn l]^X] VgX]^iZXih Xdbbjc^XViZ l^i] i]Z^g eZZgh lVh YZh^\cZY! GZk^i lVh jhZY id XgZViZ bdYZah i]Vi lZgZ ^ckdakZY ^c Wj^aY^c\ egdYjXi^dc# I]^h ldg`h]de hdj\]i id igVchaViZY ^cid YgVl^c\h [dg [VWg^XVi^dc# gZVa^\c Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc [gdb egdidine^c\ id egdYjXi^dc VcY h^bjaViZ V [dgb d[ Y^\^iVa ZmX]Vc\Z \gdjcYZY ^c VXijVa

BfZ`bgbg` ma^ NemkZk^Ze

Å h`ZiX]! k^hjVa^oZ! VcVanoZ! fjVci^[n! hnci]Zh^oZ Å ]VkZ

egVXi^XZ# >c i]^h XVhZ! Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc h]^[ih [gdb YZh^\c LZ[kb ?Zkhndb% bglmkn\mhk

ZcVWaZY i]Z XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXi id ZbWZY bdgZ

WVhZY dc V eVgi^XjaVg idda VcY Vc ^cY^k^YjVa `cdlaZY\Z OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

^c[dgbVi^dc! l^i] \gZViZg ^ciZci! ^cid V h^c\aZ ^bV\Z# DcZ eVgi YZh^\c! dcZ eVgi iZX]c^XVa ^chigjXi^dc! i]^h

d[ iZX]c^fjZ id YZh^\c WVhZY dc gjaZh d[ egdYjXi^dc l^i]

V cZildg` d[ ZmeZgi^hZ Xdcig^Wji^c\ id i]Z ÒcVa djiXdbZ# 6h V bZVch d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc! cd di]Zg k^hjVa bZY^V g^kVah ldg`h]de lVh higjXijgZY VgdjcY i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ i]gZZ =ZgZ YZh^\cZgh cZZY id ZbWZY i]Z YdlchigZVb ad\^X d[ i]Z h]dgi Vc^bVi^dc ^c ^ih Z[ÒXVXn# >i XVc bV`Z ndj aVj\]! Xgn! ejWa^XVi^dc fjVa^in ^bV\Zh# HijYZcih Òghi YZh^\cZY V `^cZi^X egdYjXi^dc ^cXajY^c\ ad\^hi^Xh! bVcj[VXijg^c\! VhhZbWa^c\! WZ ]dgg^ÒZY! WZa^ZkZ! VcY Y^hWZa^ZkZ! Vaa l^i]^c (% hZXdcYh# VgX]^iZXijgVa heVXZ! jh^c\ V (Ä9 ^ciZg[VXZ ^c XdbW^cVi^dc ^chiVaaVi^dc! ZiX½ ^cid i]Z jehigZVb iddah d[ YZh^\c! l]^aZ I]Z jc^fjZ higjXijgZ Å a^cZVg i^bZ! Òab^X _jmiVedh^i^dch! l^i] Vcn di]Zg bZVch Å 'Ä9 hd[ilVgZ! e]did\gVe]n! ]VcY h^bjaiVcZdjhan higZVba^c^c\ i]Z Xdbbjc^XVi^dc eVi]lVnh cVggVi^kZ! VcY VWhigVXi Xdbedh^i^dc Å ]Vh WZXdbZ i]Z YgVl^c\h! ZiX Å VcY WadX`ZY dji i]Vi ^YZV ^cid i]gZZ hZeV" l^i] i]Z eZdeaZ VcY bVX]^cZh i]Vi XVggn dji i]^h egdYjXi^dc# YgVl^c\ d[ XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY YZh^\c# @^cZi^X Wn gViZ ^bV\Zh# DcXZ [dgbjaViZY! i]Z XdcXZei lVh YZkZadeZY cVijgZ! Vc^bVi^dc XVc gZkZVa i]Z lVn ^c l]^X] Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa jh^c\ VYkVcXZY (Ä9 iZX]c^fjZh [dg bdYZa^c\! a^\]i^c\! bV"

K^ÈMabgdbg` ;BF

heVXZ X]Vc\Zh dkZg i]Z i^bZ# 8]Vc\Z dXXjgh ^c bjai^eaZ iZg^Va Veea^XVi^dc! VcY Xdbedh^i^c\! egdk^Y^c\ V WgdVYÄWVhZY

=Zob] ?Zgh% bglmkn\mhk

lVnh/ ^i bVn WZ bdi^dc d[ WdY^Zh ^c heVXZ0 ^i XdjaY WZ i]Z jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ XjggZci Y^\^iVa gZcYZg^c\ iZX]c^fjZh#

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

YncVb^X fjVa^in d[ a^\]i VcY bViZg^Vah0 ^i b^\]i WZ i]Vi ^i ^h ^beZgXZei^WaZ jcYZg ÆcdgbVaÇ XdcY^i^dch! Z^i]Zg idd hadl dg

L]Vi ^h i]Z eaVXZ d[ 7>B ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ4 >h ^i dcan bZVci [dg idd [Vhi [dg djg hZchZh Å Wji i]Vi X]Vc\Z XVc WZ gZkZVaZY egdYjXi^dc! dg XVc VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c WZcZÒi [gdb i]Z gZVa i]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ Vc^bVi^dc# I]^h ldg`h]de lVh higjXijgZY

<kbmb\Ze Nk[Zg F^]bZ3 :g >qi^kbf^gmZe Phkdlahi bg Nk[Zg K^l^Zk\a% FZiibg`% Zg] K^ik^l^gmZmbhg

i^bZ [ZZYWVX` VkV^aVWaZ [gdb 7j^aY^c\ >c[dgbVi^dc BdYZah4 Wn i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ ^ih ÒcVa Vhh^\cbZci Å V h]dgi Vc^bVi^dc ;kbZg Ahnl^ $ C^ll^ LaZibgl% bglmkn\mhkl 7>B XVc VcY l^aa X]Vc\Z i]Z egd[Zhh^dc0 i]^h \ZcZgVi^dc ^h i]Vi ^bV\^cZh ]dl V heVXZ X]Vc\Zh dkZg i^bZ# HijYZcih OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LNFF>K +))1 gZhedch^WaZ [dg ]dl i]Vi l^aa WZ# Cdi ]Vk^c\ id YZVa l^i] YgZl Vc^bViZY h`ZiX]Zh d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa heVXZ jh^c\ V egd[Zhh^dcVa YZbVcYh! hijYZcih VgZ VWaZ id ZmeadgZ 7>B (Ä9 ^ciZg[VXZ ^c XdbW^cVi^dc l^i] Vcn di]Zg \gVe]^X bZVch c# EZg^eajb/ :ogV EdjcY jhZh i]Z iZgb eZg^eajb ^c ]^h higViZ\^Zh i]Vi ^c i]Z ldg` eaVXZ VgZ cdi edhh^WaZ# I]ZhZ cZXZhhVgn# I]Z XdcXZei lVh i]Zc YZkZadeZY VcY gZ[^cZY 8Vcidh id YZhXg^WZ V [dgb d[ bVebV`^c\ VcY ]^hidgn XgZViZY k^gijVa Wj^aY^c\h VgZ gZfj^g^c\ i]Vi VgX]^iZXih WZ bjX] i]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ VYkVcXZY (Ä9 iZX]c^fjZh! egdk^Y^c\ V cdi [gdb V XdckZci^dcVa W^gYÉhÄZnZ k^Zl d[ i]Z XVgid\gVe]Zg bdgZ VlVgZ d[ Vaa VheZXih d[ YZh^\c#

WgdVY WVhZY `cdlaZY\Z d[ XjggZci Y^\^iVa Vc^bVi^dc egVXi^XZ# dg ]^hidg^Vc! Wji gVi]Zg [gdb i]Z edZiÉh ed^ci d[ k^Zl l]ZgZ i]Z edZi ^h V kdnV\Zg cVk^\Vi^c\ heVXZ VcY ]^hidgn eZghdcVaan#

M^\agbjn^l h_ ma^ NemkZk^Ze

c# EZg^eajgWVc/ I]Z egd_ZXi EZg^eajgWVc igVchaViZh

LZ[kb ?Zkhndb% bglmkn\mhk

EdjcYÉh edZi^X XdcXZei d[ XVgid\gVe]n VcY ]^hidgn id i]Z

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LNFF>K +))1% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

jgWVc Zck^gdcbZci jh^c\ bdW^aZ e]dcZh VcY i]Z ^ciZgcZi id [VX^a^iViZ cZl bdYZh d[ h^iZÄheZX^ÒX hidgniZaa^c\#

I]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa gZcYZg^c\ Å WZ ^i e]didÄgZVa^hi^X! VcVani^X!

I]^h XdjghZ d[[Zgh hijYZcih Vc ^ciZch^kZ ^cigdYjXi^dc

dg VWhigVXi Å XVeijgZh i]Z ZcZg\n d[ Vc ^YZV VWdji heVXZ id i]Z Zkdak^c\ ÒZaY d[ jgWVc bZY^V Vgih# I]Z ldg`h]de VcY i]Z [dgXZh i]Vi VXi l^i]^c ^i# I]Z X]VaaZc\Z ^h id XdckZn XdbW^cZh Wdi] XaVhhgddb eZYV\d\n VcY ]VcYhÄdc ldg` i]Vi YncVb^hb Å l]Zi]Zg ^i ^h i]Z bdkZbZci d[ V hZi d[ ^c i]Z X^inÉh higZZih id [dhiZg Vc Zcg^X]ZY VW^a^in id Xg^i^XVaan WdY^Zh! V X]Vc\Z ^c a^\]i^c\ VcY bViZg^Va fjVa^i^Zh! dg Vcn ZmVb^cZ! ^ciZgegZi! Zc\V\Z! VcY gZegZhZci i]Z jgWVc Zck^" di]Zg YncVb^X fjVa^in d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ Å l^i] V hZi d[ hiVi^X gdcbZci# HijYZcih WZXVbZ lZaa kZghZY ^c i]Z edhh^W^a^i^Zh ^bV\Zh# I]Z bjai^eaZ iZX]c^fjZh VcY iVXi^Xh d[ gZcYZg^c\ d[[ZgZY Wn cZl bZY^V VcY Y^\^iVa^in Wji Vahd YZkZadeZY V $


>chigjXidgh :Y @ZaaZg >Vc @Zdj\] BVii BZacn` ?VcZiiZ @^b

]ZVai]n hjhe^X^dc d[ idYVnÉh gVbeVci XjaijgZ d[ iZX]cd[Z" i^h]^hb# I]Z XdjghZ gZhjaiZY ^c V ÒcVa egdYjXi! i]Z jckZ^a" ^c\ d[ EZg^eajgWVc! V XZaaÄe]dcZ VcY lZWÄWVhZY eaVi[dgb [dg ZmeZg^bZciVa bVee^c\! hidgniZaa^c\! gZhZVgX]! VcY gZe" gZhZciVi^dc YZh^\cZY id \gdl dkZg i^bZ i]gdj\] dc\d^c\

\^kZc e]ZcdbZcdc$h^ijVi^dc# I]^h Òab X]VaaZc\ZY i]Z ^YZV d[ YdXjbZciVgn ÒabbV`^c\/ ^i ^h V egdWaZbVi^X Vgi^[VXi i]Vi XdcÓViZh [VXi VcY ÒXi^dc! egZhZci! eVhi! VcY [jijgZ# 6aa k^YZd ldg` lVh VhhZbWaZY ^cid V ÒcVa ZY^i Xdbe^aVi^dc Vi i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg VcY Vcn iZmih lZgZ VhhZbWaZY

hijYZci VcY ejWa^X egd_ZXih#

^cid Wdd` [dgb VcY dca^cZ YdXjbZciVi^dc#

;^rhg] Ikhmhmri^

:]Zimbo^ ?hkfneZmbhgl

CZlhg BoZebhmbl $ Gb\aheZl DhmaZkb % bglmkn\mhkl

BZg D^hn`a $ FZmm F^egrd% bglmkn\mhkl

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

I]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z XdbedcZcih d[ higjXijgZ VcY

I]^h ldg`h]de ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z [dgbjaVi^dc d[ Vc VYVei^kZ

i]Z XdbedcZcih d[ ZcXadhjgZ ^h XdckZci^dcVaan Xdch^YZgZY hijY^Zh# >i ^h i]gdj\] [dgbVa ZYjXVi^dc! Vh V XdchX^djh hnhiZb WVhZY dc dei^b^oVi^dc bZi]dYdad\^Zh# =ZgZ! i]Z id WZ bjijVaan ZmXajh^kZ# =dlZkZg! ^c Vc Zck^gdcbZci Z[[dgi Wn YZh^\c hdX^Zin id ^beVgi i]Z h`^aah VcY gZXZei^k^in cdi^dc d[ dei^bVa^in Å \ZcZgVaan jcYZghiddY id WZ V h^c\jaVg! l]ZgZ bViZg^Va Z[[^X^ZcXn VcY heZZY d[ [VWg^XVi^dc ^h Xdch^YZgZY ZhhZci^Va [dg hdX^Va Zck^gdcbZciVa YlZaa^c\# I]^h bVi]ZbVi^XVa b^c^bjb Å lVh gZXdch^YZgZY Vh V XViVanhi WZXdb^c\ bdgZ ^bedgiVci! i]ZgZ Zm^hih Vc deedgijc^in [dg XaVhh V^bZY id XgZViZ V Xjgg^Xjajb id ZYjXViZ egd[Zhh^dcVah [dg YZh^\c# 6 g^\dgdjh YZÒc^i^dc d[ dei^b^oVi^dc lVh Veea^ZY i]Z VgX]^iZXi id ^ciZgkZcZ l^i]^c i]Z [VWg^XVi^dc egdXZhh id dc i]Z hZch^W^a^i^Zh d[ \gZZc YZh^\c#

igVchaVi^c\ V Æ\ZcZgVa^oZY YZh^\c bdYZaÇ ^cid V ÆeZg[dgbVcXZ

Vhh^b^aViZ Wdi] higjXijgZ VcY ZckZadeZ ^cid dcZ ]nWg^Y^oZY

YZh^\c bdYZaÇ# I]Z hijYZci hVl ]dl i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ bdYZa

hnhiZb i]Vi VWda^h]Zh ZmXajh^k^in VcY ViiV^ch V ]^\]Zg aZkZa

:[lmkZ\m FZ\abg^l

^h ZVh^an iZhiZY VcY ZkVajViZY V\V^chi V kVg^Zin d[ eZg[dgbVcXZ

d[ Z[ÒX^ZcXn# I]^h XdjghZ ZcXdjgV\ZY VcY ZcVWaZY hijYZcih >] D^ee^k% bglmkn\mhk

bZVhjgZh! ^cXajY^c\ iZhi^c\ Wn higjXijgVa VcVanh^h# HijYZcih

id jhZ Y^\^iVa hd[ilVgZ Vh V \ZcZgVi^kZ idda VcY i]Z aVhZg OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

Vahd ^ckZhi^\ViZY ]dl i]^h VeegdVX] gZkZVah gZaVi^dch]^eh

XjiiZg! 8C8 B^aa! eaVhi^X WZcYZg! VcY lZaYZg Vh V bZVch

WZilZZc ZaZbZcih d[ YZh^\c VcY$dg YZeZcYZcX^Zh WZilZZc

id Wg^c\ k^gijVa hnhiZbh ^cid i]Z e]nh^XVa gZVab# :be]Vh^h >c VgX]^iZXijgZ! i]Z Y^V\gVb ]Vh ^c i]Z eVhi YZXVYZ d[iZc hZZb^c\an jcgZaViZY VheZXih d[ Wj^aY^c\ XdchigjXi^dc# lVh eaVXZY dc jh^c\ i]ZhZ bVX]^cZh id ZmigVXi [dgbh [gdb VX]^ZkZY V `^cY d[ cdidg^Zin ^c ^ih jhZ Vh Wdi] Vc VcVani^XVa XdckZci^dcVa! ÓVi h]ZZi hidX` i]Vi XVc WZ igVch[dgbZY VcY V egd_ZXi^kZ YZh^\c idda# >i ]Vh WZZc gZcZlZY Vh V

;Zk`Zbgbg` MZ[e^

jh^c\ Xjii^c\! WZcY^c\! VcY [daYZY bVc^ejaVi^dc ^c dgYZg id YZk^XZ [dg i]^c`^c\ Xg^i^XVaan! Vh lZaa Vh id ^ccdkViZ [dgbVaan CZg^mm^ Dbf% bglmkn\mhk XgZViZ V idedad\^XVa cZildg` d[ ZaZbZcih/ V ]dbd\Zcdjh! VcY V bVX]^cZ id ^chiVaa cZl iZbedgVa bdYZh ^c i]Z Wj^ai OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2 hZa[ hjeedgi^c\ bZh]# HeZX^Va Zbe]Vh^h lVh eaVXZY dc i]Z Zck^gdcbZci# I]^h ldg`h]de l^aa hijYn VcY Xg^i^XVaan YZkZadebZci d[ XdccZXi^dc YZiV^ah VcY i]Z^g ^cXdgedgVi^dc ZmeZg^bZci l^i] V gVc\Z d[ ÆY^V\gVbb^c\Ç iZX]c^fjZh! I]^h ldg`h]de egdYjXZY V idda [dg ejWa^X YZWViZ VWdji ^cid i]Z dkZgVaa aVc\jV\Z d[ i]Z cZildg`# >c i]^h lVn i]Z jh^c\ Wdi] e]nh^XVa VcY Y^\^iVa iddah# I]ZgZ l^aa WZ ild ZXdad\n VcY jgWVc YZkZadebZci jh^c\ 6YdWZ ;aVh]# hijYZcih lZgZ VWaZ id ZmeadgZ VcY YZh^\c V XdbeaZm! XdbedcZcih id i]Z ldg`h]de# ]dbd\Zcdjh cZildg` dg bZh] d[ V h^c\aZ bViZg^Va i]Vi eZg[dgbZY Z[ÒX^Zcian Vh Wdi] higjXijgZ VcY ZcXadhjgZ#

HijYZcih gZXdcÒ\jgZY Vc Zm^hi^c\ :ck^gdcbZciVa >beVXi

I]Z Òghi ]Va[ d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg lVh V hZb^cVg YZkdiZY id V HiViZbZci :>H [dg V egdedhZY CZl Ndg` 8^in YZkZadebZci ]^hidgn VcY i]Zdgn d[ VWhigVXi bVX]^cZh VcY Xdch^YZgZY i]Zb ^cid V lZW h^iZ i]Vi XVc WZ jhZY Vh V ÆWVg\V^c^c\ iVWaZÇ [gdb V gVc\Z d[ ed^cih d[ k^Zl/ Vh gZegZhZciVi^dcVa iZX]" Vi Xdbbjc^in [dgjbh VcY bZZi^c\h Vbdc\ egd_ZXi

Mbeebg` >]n\Zmbhg3 :g >\h :^lma^mb\ :iikhZ\a

c^fjZh! e]^adhde]^XVa bdYZh d[ ^cfj^gn! [dgbVa YZk^XZh! heV" hiV`Z]daYZgh# I]Z :>H ^h V gZhZVgX] YdXjbZci egdYjXZY Wn

Fbm\a^ee ChZ\abf% bglmkn\mhk

hZbZhiZg! hijYZcih Wj^ai V gVc\Z d[ VWhigVXi bVX]^cZh VcY VcY cZ\Vi^kZ Zck^gdcbZciVa Z[[ZXih d[ V egdedhZY [ZYZgVa

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

YZeadnZY i]Zb ^c hijY^d egd_ZXih dg dc i]Z^g dlc Vh Vjidcd" XdchigjXi^dc egd_ZXi# I]Z :>H VcY hjWhZfjZci Xdbbjc^in

i^Va iddah! XdbejiVi^dcVa iddah! ZiX# >c i]Z hZXdcY ]Va[ d[ i]Z [ZYZgVa V\ZcX^Zh id ^c[dgb i]Z ejWa^X VWdji ediZci^Va edh^i^kZ

bdjh Zci^i^Zh ^c i]Z X^in dg dca^cZ# Iddah ^cXajYZY >aajhigVidg [dgjbh d[iZc ^ck^iZ XdciZci^djh YZWViZh! e^ii^c\ [ZYZgVa 6\ZcYV [dg <gZZcZg VcY <gVcYZg/ 6[iZg ^beaZbZci^c\ VcY BVnV! EgdXZhh^c\! CZiAd\d! Hjg[VXZ :kdakZg! Y^\^iVa k^Y" V\ZcX^Zh! Zck^gdcbZciVa^hih! YZkZadeZgh! C>B7N Xdbbjc^in Zck^gdcbZciVa hiVcYVgYh! l]n YdZh \gZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ add` Zd! hdjcY YZh^\c iddah! VcY bViZg^Vaan ^ciZch^kZ iZX]c^fjZh dg\Vc^oVi^dch! V[[dgYVWaZ ]djh^c\ VYkdXViZh! VcY aVWdg hd WaVcY4 EVhh^kZ Xdda^c\! adl Ójh] id^aZih! VcY ]VgkZhiZY hjX] Vh YZXVaXdbVc^Vc eV^ci^c\ dg i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ hdjcY jc^dch ^c deedh^i^dc id dcZ Vcdi]Zg# >c gZ_ZXi^dc d[ i]ZhZ ajbWZg Yd cdi [dgZ\gdjcY ZkdXVi^kZ YZh^\c# 9jg^c\ i]Z aVhi bVX]^cZh [dg gZ\^hiZg^c\ bViZg^Va hnhiZbh ^c Ójm#

[VahZ deedh^i^dch! i]^h ldg`h]de ZmeadgZY i]Z ediZci^Va

ild YZXVYZh! i]Z egZkVaZci X]VaaZc\Z [dg i]Z hjhiV^cVWaZ

[dg ^ciZgVXi^kZ bZY^V id ^YZci^[n Xdbbdc \gdjcY WZilZZc

YZh^\c bdkZbZci ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ]Vh WZZc id haj\\^h]an bdY^[n i]Z WZ]Vk^dg d[ i]Z YZkZadeZgh! VgX]^iZXih! VcY

=kb_m <bg^fZ3 Ma^hkr !IhlmÈ>fibk^ =kb_m <bg^fZ"

Zck^gdcbZciVa VcY hdX^Va ^hhjZh# 6YdWZ ;aVh]! V bZY^jb XdckZci^dcVaan jhZY [dg VYkZgi^hZbZcih VcY k^YZd \VbZh!

eaVccZgh gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z h^oVWaZ bV_dg^in d[ cZl egd_ZXih# >] D^ee^k% bglmkn\mhk

lVh jhZY [dg ^ih VW^a^in id XgZViZ ^ccdkVi^kZ VcY bZVc^c\[ja

;gdb i]^h djiadd`! ^iÉh cdi hVa^Zci ZchZbWaZh Wji jc^[dgb OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

fjVci^iVi^kZ! k^hjVa! VcY heVi^Va gZaVi^dch]^eh Vbdc\ dW_ZXih!

XdckZci^dch i]Vi dj\]i id hiVcY Vh i]Z eZV` dW_ZXi^kZ [dg

^cY^k^YjVah! Zck^gdcbZcih! VXi^dch! VcY ZXdcdb^X [VXidgh#

\gZZc VYkdXViZh# HjX] hiVcYVgY^oZY Vhe^gVi^dch iZcY id WZ >c i]Z [^ghi ]Va[ d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg! ZVX] XaVhh gVc Vh V a^b^i^c\ VcY bnde^X# 6Yb^iiZYan i]^h ^h cdi ^c ijcZ l^i] l]Vi hZb^cVg! l^i] V )*Äb^cjiZ aZXijgZ [daadlZY Wn V &Ä]djg

Eb_^ Lniihkm

ldjaY cVijgVaan WZ VhhjbZY dg ZmeZXiZY d[ \gZZc YZh^\cZgh# gdjcYiVWaZ Y^hXjhh^dc# LZ WZ\Vc djg ldg` l^i] V kZgn CZg^mm^ Dbf% bglmkn\mhk I]^h ^h cdi id Y^hgZ\VgY i]Z^g \gVYjVa VeegdVX]! dcan [dXjhZY! XadhZ gZVY^c\ d[ [djg `Zn iZmih VcY [djg Òabh# OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2 ldcYZg^c\ l]ZgZ ^i VgdjhZh i]Z XdchigjXi k^hjVaan# =dl XVc Di]Zg hjeeaZbZciVa iZmih VcY Òabh lZgZ Y^hXjhhZY# YZh^\c XdbeaZbZci djg XgZVi^kZ _jY\bZci VcY VXXdjci [dg

>c i]Z hZXdcY ]Va[ d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg! hijYZcih iZVbZY je ^c I]^h ldg`h]de ZmeadgZY i]Z cdi^dc d[ XdciV^cbZci VcY hZa[Ä

i]Z Zck^gdcbZci4 L]Vi YdZh ^i iV`Z id gZÄXgZViZ i]Z Æ7^aWVd \gdjeh d[ (Ä* VcY lgdiZ! h]di VcY ZY^iZY V h]dgi Òab P&% Ä&* hjhiZcVcXZ ^c XdciZbedgVgn ZXdad\^XVa VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa Z[[ZXiÇ Vgi^[VXi Vh hi^bjaVi^c\ XVi]Vgh^h ZXdad\^XVaan4 b^cjiZhR ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ V eVgi^XjaVg VheZXi d[ i]Z cZl jgWVc i]Zdg^Zh Wn ZmeZg^bZci^c\ l^i] i]Z iZX]c^fjZ d[ kVXj[dgb^c\ I]Z egd[Zhh^dc ]Vh id gZhigjXijgZ ^ih eZYV\d\^XVa \dVah! VgX]^eZaV\d# :VX] iZVb YgZl i]Z^g i]ZbZh [gdb V h]dgi eaVhi^X# HijYZcih YZh^\cZY VcY [VWg^XViZY V [jaaÄhXVaZ eVgi^XjaVgan Vhhjb^c\ V WVaVcXZ VcY gZhedch^W^a^in d[ \^k^c\ a^hi d[ edhh^WaZ iZggV^ch id hijYn# Egd_ZXih lZgZ igZViZY Vh VfjVedc^X higjXijgZ i]Vi XdbW^cZY V Òh] ]VW^iVi VcY eaVci Vhe^gVcih V hj[ÒX^Zcian WdcV ÒYZ XdbbVcY d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa Æb^c^ i]Zh^hÇ ldg`h VcY ZhiVWa^h]ZY XaZVg edh^i^dch dc V cjghZgn ^c V hZa[ÄgZ\jaVi^c\ ZXdhnhiZb# LZ add`ZY Xg^i^XVaan %


>chigjXidgh E]^a^e EVg`Zg 9Vk^Y GZ^c[jgi B^X]VZa GdX` 7gVYaZn HVbjZah ?dh H{cX]Zo

BfiZ\m h_ ?hkf

gZÄegZhZci^c\ i]Z X^in WVX` i]gdj\] Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa aZch#

FZkd Iheeh\d% bglmkn\mhk

GZVeegdeg^Vi^c\ Òab^X iZX]c^fjZh i]Vi h]^[i [gdb i]Z edZi^X

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

id i]Z VcVani^XVa VcY i]Z Zmea^XVi^kZ id i]Z \ZcZgVi^kZ! hijYZcih XgZViZY bdk^c\ ^bV\Z ldg`h i]Vi egd_ZXiZY VcY

>c idYVnÉh eda^i^XVa VcY hdX^Va Xa^bViZ! bdgZ ViiZci^dc ^h WZ^c\ gZXVaaZY bZbdg^Zh ZbWZYYZY l^i]^c i]Z X^in# HijYZcih heZci h]^[iZY id Zck^gdcbZciVa VcY \gZZc XdcXZgch# 6gX]^iZXih VcY i^bZ ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z XVbZgV VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ iZX]c^fjZh YZh^\cZgh XVc cd adc\Zg hiVcY dc i]Z h^YZa^cZh# 6gX]^iZXih d[ X^cZbVid\gVe]n! Y^\^iVa ZY^i^c\! cVggVi^kZ higjXijgZh! VcY! VgZ cdl Vh`ZY id YZh^\c Wj^aY^c\h gZhedch^kZ id h^iZ! Xa^bViZ! l]ZgZ cZXZhhVgn! edhi egdYjXi^dc ldg`# VcY jhZ VXgdhh i]Z Zci^gZ heZXigjb d[ i]Z Wj^ai [dgb! [gdb ^ih ^beVXi dc i]Z h^iZ! ZcZg\n! VcY bViZg^Va jhZ Vaa i]Z lVn

OblbhgZkr F^mah]l h_ IkZ\mb\^

Ydlc id i]Z dXXjeVcihÉ eZghdcVa ZmeZg^ZcXZ# D[ÒXZh VgZ cdl FZmaZg KZmbgZf% bglmkn\mhk VeegdVX]^c\ i]Z YZh^\cÄVcVanoZ bdYZa ^cid i]Z ldg`Ódl OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2 d[ i]Z YZh^\c cd adc\Zg _jhi ^c edhiÄgVi^dcVa^oVi^dc# >c i]^h ldg`h]de lZ ZmeadgZY i]Z [ZZYWVX` adde d[ YZh^\c Å VcVanoZ I]^h XdjghZ V^bZY id fjZhi^dc i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Å gZVhhZhh Å gZYZh^\c i]gdj\] :XdiZXi VcY ^ih VW^a^in id VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY ^ih gZegZhZciVi^dc VcY bdgZ heZX^ÒXVaan VcVanoZ VcY ^c[dgb i]Z YZh^\c egdXZhh [gdb i]Z ZVgan hiV\Zh i]Z gdaZ d[ Vc^bVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# d[ hX]ZbVi^X YZh^\c id ÒcVa YZh^\c kZg^ÒXVi^dc#

I]Z Carceri Eg^hdch hZg^Zh d[ ZiX]^c\h Wn E^gVcZh^

HijYZcih ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z Y^gZXi gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Vg" bVg`ZY V h^\c^ÒXVci ijgc^c\ ed^ci ^c i]Z &-i] XZcijgn d[ X]^iZXijgVa [dgb VcY ^ih Zck^gdcbZci Vi i]Z hXVaZ d[ Vc ^cY^" k^hjVaan gZegZhZci^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa heVXZh# 7gZV`^c\ [gdb k^YjVa Wj^aY^c\# I]^h egdedhVa lVh i]Zc gZXdch^YZgZY! gZÒcZY! i]Z g^\^Y bVi]ZbVi^XVa gjaZh d[ a^cZVg eZgheZXi^kZ i]Vi ]VY dg gZ_ZXiZY jh^c\ :XdiZXiÉh VcVani^XVa [jcXi^dch [dg YVna^\]i" Ydb^cViZY VgX]^iZXijgVa gZegZhZciVi^dc h^cXZ i]Z GZcV^h" ^c\! i]ZgbVa bdYZa^c\! heVi^Va k^h^W^a^in! VcY VXdjhi^Xh# 7j^aY" hVcXZ! E^gVcZh^ hdj\]i id [dXjh dc i]Z ZkdXVi^kZ fjVa^i^Zh d[ ^c\ dc i]^h [djcYVi^dc! hijYZcih hl^iX]ZY [gdb jh^c\ :XdiZXi ^bV\Zh gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z \ZdbZig^X dgYZg i]Vi lVh eg^k^aZ\ZY Vh Vc ZkVajVi^dc idda id V egd_ZXi^kZ YZh^\c idda# Ldg`^c\ l^i] Wn i]Z XdckZci^dch d[ eZgheZXi^kZ# I]Z i]ZVig^XVa cVijgZ d[ Vi cdi^dch d[ ^hdaVi^dc! Zfj^a^Wg^jb! VcY hjgk^kVa^hb WZ]^cY hdbZ d[ :XdiZXiÉh ZbWZYYZY hXg^ei^c\ XVeVW^a^i^Zh dg Y^gZXian ]^h ZiX]^c\h ]VkZ h^cXZ WZZc cdi^XZY Wn bVcn djih^YZ i]Z egd_ZXih hjX] Vh i]Z >chi^ijiZ d[ :XdiZX]c^XÉh 7^dhe]ZgZ ' [gdb i]Z gVl lZVi]Zg YViV! hijYZcih ^ckZhi^\ViZY [dgbVa egd" Y^hX^ea^cZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY lZgZ d[ \gZVi ^cÓjZcXZ id Òab" VcY G# 7jX`b^chiZg ;jaaZgÉh egdedhVa [dg V YdbZ dkZg b^YÄ edhVah i]Vi VYYgZhhZY V heZX^ÒX Zck^gdcbZciVa [VXidg# BVc]ViiVc# :bWZYYZY ^c i]^h ldg` lVh V ad\^X d[ XdciV^cbZci eaVnZY dji ^c i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ ZcXadhjgZh! hZVah! kVakZh! deZc^c\h! VcY [ZZYWVX` addeh i]Vi gZXnXaZ lViZg! V^g! VcY

bV`Zgh hjX] Vh :^hZchiZ^c VcY bdgZ gZXZcian He^ZaWZg\# I]^h XdjghZ lVh ^ciZgZhiZY ^c i]Z ]^\]an ^chigjbZciVa"

= c on3 <bg^fZmb\ G^p Rhkd Makhn`a Zg :k\abm^\mnkZe E^gl

^oZY egVXi^XZ d[ Y^\^iVa gZegZhZciVi^dc VcY V^bZY id ZmeadgZ bZi]dYh i]Vi [gVXijgZ i]Z bV`^c\ egdXZhh d[ XdciZbed"

cjig^Zcih# HijYZcih lZgZ ^ck^iZY id \ZcZgViZ cZl higViZ\^Zh FZmaZg KZmbgZf% bglmkn\mhk

gVgn Y^\^iVa ^bV\Zh ^c Vc Z[[dgi id YZhXg^WZ i]Z edZi^X Vhe^"

d[ ZcXadhjgZ Wn Zmeadg^c\ kVXj[dgb^c\Éh VW^a^in id egdYjXZ OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LNFF>K +))1

gVi^dch d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa egdedh^i^dc VWdkZ ^ih \ZdbZig^X

V^gÄ VcY lViZgi^\]i ^ciZg^dgh! VcY hZVbaZhh igVch^i^dch [gdb

YZhXg^ei^dc# LZ bVYZ h]dgi Vc^bVi^dch egdYjXZY i]gdj\]

XdciV^cZg id deZc^c\ id Y^hig^Wji^dc hnhiZb#

L]Zc dcZ Vgg^kZh id i]^h X^in i]Z ÒXi^dcVa CZl Ndg` d[ X^cZbV jcXdckZci^dcVa Y^\^iVa VcY egVXi^XVa iZX]c^fjZh# ^h d[iZc ldcYZg[jaan [dgZ^\c VcY [Vb^a^Vg id i]Z CZl Ndg` i]Vi

:k\abm^\mnk^ =kZpbg` $ K^ik^l^gmZmbhg +3 MkZ\^ <nm Ikhc^\m ?he]

dcZ hZZh0 ^i XgZViZh bdbZcih dcZ dXXVh^dcVaan Xdc[jhZh l^i]

Iabebi IZkd^k% \hhk]bgZmhk

X^inÉh VW^a^in id gZÄX]VgVXiZg^oZ ^ihZa[ [dg ZkZgn \ZcgZ d[ Òab OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

;Z[Zd ;krZg% Iabebi IZkd^k% Ka^mm Knllh%

bV`^c\ i]Vi aZVYh id i]^h Xdc[jh^dc# IgVchXZcY^c\ WZilZZc

Gb\he^ Kh[^kmlhg% MZmbZgZ ohg Ik^nll^g%

VXi^dc! YgVbV! gdbVci^X XdbZYn! hX^Ä[^! YdXjbZciVgn! I]Z egZkV^a^c\ bdYZa d[ egd[Zhh^dcVa Wdd` egdYjXi^dc ^h

Fb\a^Ze Rhng`% bglmkn\mhkl

i]g^aaZg! bjh^XVa! ^i ^h V X^in bVYZ [dg ZkZgndcZ VcY ZkZgn Ògban ZcigZcX]ZY ^c i]Z ;dgY^hi 6hhZbWanÄA^cZ# Lg^i^c\!

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

h^ijVi^dc# 6h i]^h X^in hj\\Zhih ^i XVc WZ Vaa i]^c\h [dg Òab! dcZ YZh^\c! egdYjXi^dc! eg^ci^c\! VcY Y^hig^Wji^dc VgZ ZVX]

IhkmZ[e^ =h\nf^gm ?hkfZml

dcZÉh dlc bZbdg^Zh VcY ZmeZg^ZcXZh# >i ^h jcYdjWiZYan i]Z =Zob] K^bg_nkm% bglmkn\mhk

XVccdi ]Zae Wji ldcYZg VWdji Vaa i]Z Y^[[ZgZci lVnh ^i XdjaY ]VcYaZY Y^hXgZiZan Wn heZX^Va^hih Vh i]Z egd_ZXi egdXZZYh 6gX]^iZXijgZ! gZegZhZciVi^dc! VcY YgVl^c\ ]VkZ WZXdbZ WZ gZÄgZVY [dg VgX]^iZXijgZ# L^i]^c i]Z aVg\Zg fjZhi^dc d[ i]Z i]gdj\] V X]V^c d[ XdbbVcY VcY egdYjXi^dc! l]ZgZ dkZg i^bZ hd ^ciZgYZeZcYZci VcY bjijVaan YZiZgb^c^c\ Vh gdaZ d[ Vc^bVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ i]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY ]dl ZXdcdb^ZhÄd[ÄhXVaZ VcY i]Z^g gZfj^gZY XVe^iVa ^ckZhibZci id bV`Z ^i Vaa Wji ^bedhh^WaZ id hZeVgViZ i]ZhZ ^cid Y^hi^cXi i]Z X^in XVc WZ gZ[gVbZY id Xdbbjc^XViZ bjai^eaZ V\ZcYVh cZXZhhVg^an a^b^i l]d VcY l]Vi XVc WZ ejWa^h]ZY# GZXZcian! [jcXi^dch dg XViZ\dg^Zh# :VX] lVh jhZY ]ZgZ id ldg` dc i]Z i]gdj\] bdk^c\ ^bV\Z# >i hdj\]i id YZiZgb^cZ V X^cZbVi^X aVhZgeg^ciZgh! XZaae]dcZh! e]didXde^Zgh! eV\ZÄaVndji di]Zgh VcY id egn addhZ i]dhZ k^iVa higVcYh [gdb dcZ Vcdi]Zg aVc\jV\Z bdgZ V`^c id VgX]^iZXijgVa gZegZhZciVi^dc Wn hd[ilVgZh! ^chiVci bZhhV\^c\! ldgY egdXZhhdgh! VcY i]Vi gZXdbW^cZ ^c Xg^i^XVa deZgVi^kZ ldgaYh# 9gVl^c\ l]Zc

^cXgZVh^c\an [aj^Y Xdbbjc^XVi^dch cZildg`h ]VkZ

hZZc Vh i]Z VXih d[ ldg`^c\ ^c V eVgi^XjaVg bZY^jb l^i] Vaa

[VX^a^iViZY i]Z h]^[i id V _jhiÄ^cÄi^bZ bdYZ d[ eg^ci

d[ i]Z a^b^ih i]Vi i]^h ^ch^YZ ^bea^Zh VcY d[ hZZ^c\ dg ldg`^c\

egdYjXi^dc0 Wdd`h XVc WZ egdYjXZY Wn V l^YZg cjbWZg d[

i]gdj\] V bZY^jb l^i] ^ih ^bea^XVi^dch d[ V eVhhV\Z

aZhhÄheZX^Va^oZY ^cY^k^YjVah! YZh^\c gZk^h^dch XVc WZ bVYZ

WZilZZc Vc ^ch^YZ VcY Vc djih^YZ dg Vc di]ZgÄh^YZ ^h aZhh

dcÄi]ZÄÓn! fjVci^i^Zh XVc WZ hbVaaZg! VcY i]Z Y^hig^Wji^dc

V fjZhi^dc d[ XdckZci^dc dg Xdbbdc jhV\Z i]Vc ^i ^h dcZ d[

cZildg` XVc WZ bdgZ gZhedch^kZ# 6 Wdd` b^\]i gZVhdcVWan

[jcYVbZciVa ZkZc ^ci^bViZ `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]^c\h#

WZ lg^iiZc Wn i]Z YZh^\cZg l]d WZ\^ch V aVndji VcY ldg`h

Djg fjZhi^dch Vh` Å Vh VgX]^iZXih ldg`^c\ idYVn ]dl Yd lZ ZhiVWa^h] i]^h ldg`^c\ heVXZ dg l]Vi di]Zgh b^\]i ]VkZ

l^i] Vc ZY^idg l]d Xdbb^hh^dch V lg^iZg VcY hdjgXZh V eg^ciZg id egdYjXZ Ò[in Xde^Zh Wn cZmi LZYcZhYVn#

XVaaZY V heVXZ d[ djg ^bV\^cVi^dch4 L]Vi VgZ i]Z iZgbh VcY

8d^cX^YZci l^i] i]^h h]^[i! i]ZgZ ^h Vc deedgijc^in [dg hZa[Ä

bZY^V i]Vi l^aa \^kZ VXXZhh id i]Z kVg^ZY VcY ^ciZghZXi^c\ a^cZh

ejWa^h]^c\! ZXdcdb^ZhÄd[ÄhXdeZ! VcY VaiZgcViZ cZildg`h

d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! YgVl^c\! gZegZhZciVi^dc! VcY egdYjXi^dc4

d[ Y^hig^Wji^dc id [dgb Vc VXXZhh^WaZ! edlZg[ja VcY edgiVWaZ

!


>chigjXidgh :Y HX]adhhWZg\ GdaVcY Hcdd`h

Egd! VcY C6H6 L]^gal^cY Vh lZaa Vh XdciZbedgVgn \ZdheV" ZgViZ V ÆhigjXijgZÇ d[ [dgbh i]Vi ^cXdgedgViZ heVXZÄ[dgb i^Va iZX]c^fjZh VcY iddah hjX] Vh Y^\^iVa ZaZkVi^dc bdYZa^c\! gZaVi^dch# I]Z bdge]dad\n id WZ hijY^ZY dg Vc^bViZY XVc YViV ^ciZgedaVi^dc `g^\\^c\ ! A>96G hXVcc^c\! VcY VYkVcXZh Vahd WZ WVhZY dc Vc dW_ZXi! V hnhiZb! dg V cZildg` l]dhZ ^c hViZaa^iZ ^bV\^c\# Jh^c\ i]ZhZ VcY di]Zg iZX]c^fjZh! hij" bdge]dad\n ^h ^c ^ciZgVXi^dc l^i] V idedad\^XVaan Zfj^kVaZci YZcih lZgZ Vh`ZY id X]ddhZ V h^iZ [gdb l]^X] id XgZViZ VcV" Zci^in# <ZcZgVi^kZ eZgXZei^dc XVc WZ WVhZY dc i^bZÄWVhZY ani^XVa bVeh i]Vi ZmeadgZ lVnh id k^hjVa^oZ Y^heVgViZ aVnZgh bViZg^Va Z[[ZXih eZg[dgb^c\ dc egZÄYZÒcZY \ZdbZign# >c d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc# GZVY^c\ ^cXajYZY i]Z ldg` d[ :nVa LZ^obVc! i]^h XVhZ i]Z bdge]dad\n ^h gZkZVaZY dkZg i^bZ Wn Vc^bVi" 9ZgZ` <gZ\dgn! BVcjZa 9ZaVcYV VcY di]Zgh#

^c\ k^hjVa egdeZgi^Zh d[ Vc dW_ZXi! V hnhiZb! dg V cZildg`#

LbfneZmbhg Zl ma^ Hkb`bg h_ MZg`b[e^ ?hkf <hffngb\Zmbg` <hfie^q Chl L g\a^s % bglmkn\mhk B]^Zl mh EZk`^ @khnil OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1

>] L\aehll[^k`% bglmkn\mhk OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

eaVi[dgb [dg bdYZa^c\ YZh^\c ^YZVh# I]^h ldg`h]de egdk^YZY V WVX`\gdjcY ^c i]Z \gVe]^X YZh^\c VcY egdYjXi^dc d[ h]dgi >c i]^h ldg`h]de lZ hijY^ZY i]Z \ZcZgVi^dc d[ k^hjVa

Wdd`h VcY ZmeadgZY VaiZgcVi^kZ eg^ci^c\! ejWa^h]^c\! VcY Y^h" XdchigjXih YZVa^c\ l^i] i]Z cdi^dc d[ h^bjaVi^dc VcY >c i]^h XdjghZ lZ XdaaVWdgVi^kZan ZmeadgZY i]Z gVi^dcVaZh VcY ig^Wji^dc higViZ\^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ V cjbWZg d[ cZl VaiZgcVi^kZh gZegZhZciVi^dc# LZ jcYZgidd` h^bjaVi^dc Vh i]Z dg^\^c d[ dW_ZXi^kZh [dg XgZVi^c\ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc iddah i]Vi Z[[ZXi^kZan ^cXajY^c\ Eg^ciÄDcÄ9ZbVcY! Dca^cZ 6gX]^kZh! ^E]did 7dd`h! V gZVa^in! cdi Vh V gZegZhZciVi^dc d[ V [dgbVa XdchigjXi! Wn ldg` ^c aVg\Z \gdjeh# CZl Xdbbjc^XVi^dc higViZ\^Zh VcY E9;h! 9^\^iVa D[[hZi! VcY HjWhXg^ei^dc hZgk^XZh#

\ZcZgVi^c\ WZ]Vk^dgVa bdYZah VcY VWhigVXi ZkZcih l^i]dji iddah i]Vi X]Vc\Z ZmeZXiVi^dch VcY ZmeZg^ZcXZh Wdi] l^i] V iVXi^aZ dg^\^c# I]Z h^bjaVi^dc \VkZ dg^\^c id hZfjZci^Va i]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY i]Z di]Zg bZbWZgh d[ i]Z \gdje VgZ

@kZiab\ GZkkZmbo^l

gZegZhZciVi^dc d[ Vc jc`cdlc ZkZci i]Vi egd\gZhh^kZan Xg^i^XVa id ZcVWaZ aVg\Z \gdjeh id YZkZade cZl lVnh id aZVgc

Fb\aZ^e Kh\d% bglmkn\mhk

n^ZaYh id i]Z \ZcZgVi^dc d[ V iVc\^WaZ k^hjVa [VWg^X#

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1

VcY Xdbbjc^XViZ# BVcn d[ i]Z higViZ\^Zh VcY iddah i]Vi

I]Z eg^bVgn bZi]dYh d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc jhZY ^c i]^h XdjghZ VgZ XjggZcian jhZY VgZ YZg^kZY [gdb ZVga^Zg i^bZh l]Zc lZgZ i]gZZ[daY# I]Z Òghi ^ckdakZY i]Z cdi^dc i]Vi V h^bjaV" i]ZgZ lZgZ [ZlZg eZdeaZ VcY [ZlZg VaiZgcVi^kZ bZi]dYh d[

I]Z cdi^dc d[ egd\gVb ^c <gVe]^X 9Zh^\c ^h ^c]ZgZcian i^dc XdjaY \^kZ dg^\^c id hZfjZci^Va gZegZhZciVi^dc# >c i]^h Xdbbjc^XVi^c\# HijYZcih ldg`ZY id ^begdkZ i]Z lVn i]Vi kV\jZ! VcY i]Z [jcXi^dch YZbVcYZY d[ ^i VgZ bjai^kVaZci XVhZ h^bjaVi^dc lVh i]Z jc`cdlc ZkZci i]Vi egd\gZhh^kZan Xdbbjc^XVi^dc XVc WZ jhZY VcY Veegdeg^ViZan hXVaZY id VcY d[iZc XdcigVY^Xidgn/ hZaa hdbZi]^c\ l]^aZ VeeZVg^c\ cdi n^ZaYZY id i]Z gZegZhZciVi^dc d[ V iVXi^aZ [VWg^X# I]Z hZXdcY aVg\ZÄhXVaZ \gdje ZmeZg^ZcXZh# id! YZbVcY Xdc[dgb^in l]^aZ egdb^h^c\ [gZZYdb! ZiX# 7ji jhZY gZegZhZciVi^dcVa XdchigjXih id \ZcZgViZ cZl eZgXZe" l]ViZkZg i]Z egd\gVbbVi^X YZbVcY! i]Z \gVe]^X VchlZg ^h i^kZ gZVa^i^Zh0 V gZegZhZciZY Zck^gdcbZci lVh WZci Wn VcV"

:e`hkbmafb\ =^lb`g Zg] >f^k`^gm :__^\ml

Vabdhi ^ckVg^VWan cVggVi^kZ# <gVe]^X YZh^\c! ^c i]Vi ^i h]VeZh bdge]^X VgX]^iZXijgVa ZkZcih# ;^cVaan! k^hjVa cVggVi^kZ lVh KheZg] Lghhdl% bglmkn\mhk iZmih! dg\Vc^oZh ^c[dgbVi^dc Ódl! higjXijgZh ]^ZgVgX]^Zh! jhZY Vh V \ZcZgVi^kZ [dgbVi^dc d[ V h^bjaVi^dc! Vc Zck^gdc" OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LNFF>K +))1 VcY cVk^\ViZh heVXZh! ^h YdaZY dji ^c X]jc`h i]Vi ÒcY i]Z^g bZci l^i]dji Vibdhe]ZgZ dg eZgXZei^kZ dg^\^c# I]^h ldg`h]de YZkZadeZY Va\dg^i]b^X YZh^\c iZX]c^fjZh VcY

XdbeaZi^dc ^c Vc ^bV\^cZY ejWa^X# I]^h XaVhh ZmVb^cZY i]Z [g^Xi^dc \ZcZgViZY l]Zc \gVe]"

Mhiheh`b\Ze Lmn]r h_ ?hkf

deZgViZY Vh V Xg^i^XVa ^cigdYjXi^dc id Va\dg^i]b^X VgX]^iZXijgZ#

^X YZh^\c VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ dkZgaVe dg l]Zc \gVe]^X YZh^\c Chl L g\a^s% bglmkn\mhk

I]Z ZmeadgVi^dc XdcXZcigViZY dc ]dl VgX]^iZXijgVa [dgb!

^h ^c_ZXiZY ^cid dg hegZVY dcid VgX]^iZXijgZ# =dl ^h i]Z OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

dg\Vc^oVi^dc! VcY X]VgVXiZg XVc ZbZg\Z [gdb i]Z deZgVi^dc d[

Ze^hdY^X VheZXi d[ YZh^\cZY heVXZ X]Vc\ZY! ^ciZch^ÒZY!

XdbeaZm hZa[Ädg\Vc^o^c\ hnhiZbh# I]^h ldg`h]de ZmVb^cZY V

jcYZgb^cZY! dg gZ^ciZgegZiZY Wn i]Z \gVe]^X YZh^\c i]Vi I]^h ldg`h]de [dXjhZY dc i]Z idedad\^XVa hijYn d[ [dgb# hZg^Zh d[ Va\dg^i]b^X XdcXZeih! Zmeadg^c\ i]Z^g VgX]^iZXijgVa XdZm^hih l^i]^c ^i4 =dl XVc lZ ^ckZhi^\ViZ VcY Xg^i^fjZ i]Z JcYZghiVcY^c\ [dgb Vh V Xdbedh^iZ d[ bVi]ZbVi^XVa YViV! XdchZfjZcXZh VcY YZkZade^c\ hXg^eih id ZmZXjiZ i]Zb! cdi^dc d[ i]Z Æk^h^idg ZmeZg^ZcXZÇ VcY ign id jcYZghiVcY i]Z lZ XVc hiVgi id ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z jcYZga^c^c\ higjXijgZ d[ ^cXajY^c\ gZXjgh^kZ ad\^X! \gdli] Va\dg^i]bh VcY AÄhnhiZbh! lVn ^c l]^X] \gVe]^X YZh^\c ^h d[iZc i]Z Òghi ÒaiZg i]gdj\] edhiÄ:jXa^Y^Vc \ZdbZign# LZ Vahd hijY^ZY Ój^Y YncVb^Xh XZaajaVg VjidbViV VcY cZ^\]Wdg]ddY YZX^h^dc bV`^c\! l]^X] V ejWa^X jcYZghiVcYh V Wj^aY^c\4

Vh V bdge]dad\^XVa hnhiZb! Vh deedhZY id i]Z cdgbVi^kZ bdge]dYncVb^X ViigVXidgh! VcY eVgVbZig^X ad\^Xh#

LZ ldg`ZY heZX^ÒXVaan dc V egdedhVa [dg i]Z YZh^\c d[ VeegdVX] dg gZ\VgY^c\ [aj^Yh Vh kZXidgÄWVhZY hnhiZbh#

>c i]Z aViiZg eVgi d[ i]Z ldg`h]de hijYZcih [dXjhZY dc dcZ

V heVXZ egd\gVbbZY Vh V idjg^hi YZhi^cVi^dc l^i]^c V cZl ;^cVaan! lZ VcVanoZY ]dl i]Z \ZcZgVi^kZ bdge]dad\^XVa d[ i]ZhZ ide^Xh ^c YZkZade^c\ V bZi]dYdad\n [dg i]Z YZh^\c Wj^aY^c\ ^c 7Z^_^c\#

WZ]Vk^dg d[ ;gVXiVah XVc \ZcZgViZ ÆhigjXijgZhÇ d[ [dgb i]Vi d[ egdidÄVgX]^iZXijgVa bViiZg Z\# [dgb! dg\Vc^oVi^dc! higjX" ^cXdgedgViZ heVXZÄ[dgb gZaVi^dch#

FZiibg` ?khgmb^kl

ijgZ dg dgcVbZci # I]Z deZgVi^dc d[ i]ZhZ VWhigVXi hnhiZbh

I]Z ild eg^bVgn bZi]dYh d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc lZgZ \Zc" ^c Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa XdciZmi WZXdbZh Xg^i^XVa id i]Z VW^a^in id

;kZ]e^r LZfn^el% bglmkn\mhk

ZgVi^kZ \ZdbZign VcY \ZcZgVi^kZ eZgXZei^dc# <ZcZgVi^kZ igVchXZcY XdbejiVi^dc VcY YZkZade egdXZhhZh i]Vi cZ\di^ViZ

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LIKBG@ +))2

\ZdbZign XVc WZ WVhZY dc i]Z jhZ d[ V a^cZ hnhiZb id \Zc" VgX]^iZXijgVa XdcXZgch# I]Z ^ciZci^dc lVh id \ZcZgViZ VgX]^"

I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z ^ciZghZXi^dc d[ \ZdheVi^Va VcY ^c[dgbVi^dcÄWVhZY bVee^c\# I]Z hZb^cVg [dXjhZY dc bZi]dYh d[ XVgid\gVe]^X gZegZhZciVi^dc i]Vi VYYgZhhZY i]Z XdcÓjZcXZ d[ YViV VcY \Zd\gVe]n i]gdj\] i]Z bVee^c\ d[ eda^i^XVa WdgYZgh! cVijgVa gZhdjgXZh! igVchcVi^dcVa ^c[gVhigjXijgZh! VcY fjZhi^dch d[ ZmigViZgg^idg^Va^in# HeZX^Va ViiZci^dc lVh \^kZc id bVee^c\ higViZ\^Zh VcY ^chigjbZcih i]Vi ]VkZ WZZc YZkZadeZY djih^YZ i]Z ÒZaY d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]Z XdjghZ lVh V XdbW^cVi^dc d[ aZXijgZh VcY Y^hXjh" h^dch dc Vhh^\cZY gZVY^c\# EgZhZciVi^dch [dXjhZY dc ZbZg\^c\ \ZdheVi^Va hd[ilVgZ hjX] Vh 6gX<>H! <dd\aZ :Vgi] !


>chigjXidgh ?d]c Hodi ?dh]jV J]a 9Vk^Y ;Vcd ?dhZe] K^Y^X] HVgV] L^aa^Vbh B^ccV C^cdkV

?Zdbg` Bm Chag Lshm% bglmkn\mhkl OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1

9^\^iVa k^YZd ^h Vc ZmXZaaZci idda [dg ZmeZY^Zcian \Vi]Zg^c\ g^X] ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji djg hjggdjcY^c\h# =dlZkZg! ^ih gVhiZg [dgbVi edhZh V Y^hi^cXian Y^[[ZgZci `^cY d[ X]VaaZc\Z gZaVi^kZ id kZXidgÄWVhZY [dgbVih l]Zc ^i XdbZh id egZX^hZ hijY^Zh VcY VXXjgViZ h^bjaVi^dc d[ e]nh^XVa e]ZcdbZcV# I]^h ldg`h]de [dXjhZY dc Y^\^iVa k^YZd Vh V idda [dg Y^hhZXi^c\ VcY gZ^ckZci^c\ i]Z e]nh^XVa Zck^gdcbZci# >i lVh YZh^\cZY id ^cigdYjXZ hijYZcih id i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa iZXijgZ i]Vi \^kZh g^hZ id Vc ZbZg\Zci X]VgVXiZg Å dcZ i]Vi ediZci^Va l^i]^c i]Z VYkVcXZY [ZVijgZh d[ 6YdWZ EgZb^ZgZ id ^ciZ\gViZ i]Zb ^cid i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# 6h i]Z ZY\Z Zm]^W^ih adXVa Y^[[ZgZci^Vi^dc l^i]^c V Xdci^cjdjh VhhZbWaV\Z# VcY WVh^X [jcXi^dch d[ 6YdWZ 6[iZg :[[ZXih# EgZhZciVi^dch WZilZZc i]Z k^gijVa VcY gZVa WZXdbZ ^cXgZVh^c\an i]^c! i]Z I]Z ldg`h]de Vhe^gZY id gZYjXZ i]Z gZa^VcXZ dc VkV^aVWaZ VcY Y^hXjhh^dch i]gdj\]dji i]Z ldg`h]de lZgZ dg\Vc^oZY VgX]^iZXi bjhi cdi dcan WZ egdÒX^Zci ^c i]^h ^ciZgVXi^k^in! Wji eaj\Ä^ch VcY [Vh]^dcVWaZ Va\dg^i]bh! ^chiZVY \^k^c\ hijYZcih VgdjcY ild Wg^Z[ Vhh^\cbZcih i]Vi XdkZgZY VYkVcXZY egZÄ idda ^i idlVgY cZl ^YZVh VcY ediZci^Vah i]Vi VgZ g^[Z l^i]^c i]Z VW^a^in id Va\dg^i]b^XVaan \ZcZgViZ cdkZa idedad\^XVa VcY egdYjXi^dc iZX]c^fjZh! VYkVcXZY bdi^dc \gVe]^Xh! VcY WV" i]^h ZmeVcY^c\ iZgg^idgn# \ZdbZig^X VhhZbWaV\Zh i]Vi ZbZg\Z [gdb VgX]^iZXijgVa Xdc" h^X Xdbedh^i^c\ iZX]c^fjZh XZgch gVi]Zg i]Vc i]dhZ d[ XdbejiZg hX^ZcXZ#

L]^aZ ;jcYVbZciVah d[ 9^\^iVa 9Zh^\c ^h Vc ^cigdYjXidgn XdjghZ ^c Xdbeji^c\! ^i Wj^aYh dc i]Z hijYZciÉh VYkVcXZY

?ng]Zf^gmZel h_ =b`bmZe =^lb`g

VW^a^in id fjZhi^dc! h]VeZ! VcY ^ciZggd\ViZ heVXZ VcY i^bZ#

LpZkf Bgm^eeb`^g\^ $ ?b^e] K^lihgl^

ChlanZ Nae $ <akblmhia^k Pabm^eZp% bglmkn\mhkl

I]Z XdjghZ ^ciZggd\ViZh i]Z XdbejiZg Vh V YZh^\c idda d[

KheZg] Lghhdl% bglmkn\mhk

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% LNFF>K +))1% ?:EE +))1

gZegZhZciVi^dc VcY VcVanh^h# I]^h ^ciZggd\Vi^dc ^h [gVbZY ^c

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

i]Z XdcXZeih! iZX]c^fjZh! VcY bZi]dYdad\^Zh d[ XdbejiZg

L^i] i]Z Wjghi d[ i]Z >ciZgcZi WjWWaZ ^c i]Z aViZ É.%h! V^YZY YZh^\c# HijYZcih hijYn i]Z deZgVi^kZ gZaVi^dch]^e WZ" I]^h ldg`h]de ZmVb^cZY i]Z gdaZ d[ V\ZcXn l^i]^c \ZcZg Vi^kZ Xdbeji^c\! XnWZgheVXZ! VcY i]Z Y^\^iVa gZkdaji^dc lZgZ ilZZc 'Y VcY (Y YViV VcY VgZ Vh`ZY id ZmeadgZ i]Z gZVX]Zh YZh^\c egdXZhhZh# I]Z XdjghZ Zc\V\ZY Va\dg^i]b^X iZX]" YZa^kZgZY V ]ZVai]n YdhZ d[ ÒhXVa gZhedch^W^a^in# L]^aZ XZgiV^c d[ i]Z^g ediZci^Va# c^fjZh ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V XdbejiVi^dcVa bZi]dYdad\n Y^k^h^dch d[ iZX]cdad\n ]VkZ WZZc [dgXZY id gZVY_jhi id i]Z \gdjcYZY ^c hlVgb ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ# L]^aZ Y^hXjhh^c\ i]Z YZbVcYh d[ i]Z ZXdcdbn! i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa egd[Zhh^dc ]Vh

:k\abm^\mnkZe =kZpbg` $ K^ik^l^gmZmbhg *

eda^i^XVa VcY hdX^Va gdaZ d[ V\ZcXn! i]Z ldg`h]de [dXjhZY dc aVg\Zan WZZc jcYVjciZY ^c ^ih jhZ d[ Xdbeji^c\# 8dbeji^c\ Chla Nae $ =Zob] ?Zgh% bglmkn\mhkl Vc VWhigVXi YZh^\c bZi]dYdad\n! gZXVhi^c\ h^beaZ YZX^h^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh gZVX]ZY V XZgiV^c jW^fj^in i]Vi i]Z OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1 bV`^c\ VW^a^in ^cid V\Zcih XVeVWaZ d[ hZa[Ädg\Vc^o^c\ ^cid ^YZV d[ egVXi^X^c\ l^i]dji ^i hZZbh ^cXdbegZ]Zch^WaZ# Vc ZbZg\Zci ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ# HXg^ei^c\ [dgbZY i]Z WVh^h [dg >i ]Vh VaiZgZY i]Z hiVcYVgYh d[ gZegZhZciVi^dc! gZiddaZY 8dbeji^c\ ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh X]Vc\ZY bZi]dYh d[ Va\dg^i]b^X bdYZah i]Vi ZcVWaZ adXVa^oZY ^ciZgVXi^dc d[ XdchigjXi^dc iZX]c^fjZh! VcY bVYZ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc d[ gZegZhZciVi^dc! gZiddaZY XdchigjXi^dc iZX]c^fjZh! VcY bVYZ V\Zcih id \ZcZgViZ ZbZg\Zci idedad\^Zh ^c i]Z YZh^\c d[ XdbeaZm ^c[dgbVi^dc ^chiVciVcZdjh# egdidÄVgX]^iZXijgVa [dgbh! higjXijgZh! VcY Vgi^XjaVi^dc#

Xdbbjc^XVi^dc d[ XdbeaZm ^c[dgbVi^dc ^chiVciVcZdjh# >c i]^h

>c i]^h hiViZ d[ jW^fj^idjh Xdbeji^c\! i]Z VgX]^iZXi ^h hiViZ d[ jW^fj^idjh Xdbeji^c\! i]Z VgX]^iZXi ^h Vh`ZY id cdi

Jca^`Z i]Z ine^XVa Veea^XVi^dc d[ hlVgb hnhiZbh ^c YZh^\c! Vh`ZY id cdi dcan \gVhe i]ZhZ cZl iZX]cdad\^Zh Wji Vahd dcan \gVhe i]ZhZ cZl iZX]cdad\^Zh Wji id h]VeZ i]Zb ^cid i]^h ldg`h]de Y^Y cdi Zc\V\Z h^bean ^c i]Z bVee^c\ d[ i]ZhZ

i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# 6h i]Z ZY\Z WZilZZc i]Z k^gijVa VcY

XdbeaZm hnhiZbh0 ^chiZVY! lZ b^cZY i]Z hZa[Ädg\Vc^o^c\

gZVa WZXdbZh ^cXgZVh^c\an i]^c! i]Z VgX]^iZXi bjhi cdi dcan WZ

ediZci^Va d[ i]Z hnhiZbh id cZ\di^ViZ WZilZZc V XdbeaZm hZi

egdÒX^Zci ^c i]^h ^ciZgVXi^k^in! Wji Vahd idda ^i idlVgY cZl ^YZVh

d[ YZh^gZh VcY eVgVbZiZgh ^c i]Z \ZcZgVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ#

VcY ediZci^Vah i]Vi VgZ g^[Z l^i]^c i]^h ZmeVcY^c\ iZgg^idgn#

I]Z ldg`h]de ^ciZch^kZan Zc\V\ZY hXg^ei^c\! l^i] ldg`"

6gX]^iZXijgVa 9gVl^c\ GZegZhZciVi^dc & egZhZciZY i]Z

h]deh gjc dc i]Z Òghi lZZ`ZcY d[ i]Z XdjghZ VcY i]gdj\]

XdcXZeih! iZX]c^fjZh! VcY ldg`^c\ bZi]dYh d[ XdbejiZg

i]Z jhZ VcY ZmeVch^dc d[ V hXg^ei a^WgVgn Zchjg^c\ i]Vi hij"

V^YZY YZh^\c ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# HijYZcih hijY^ZY i]Z deZgV"

YZcih VgZ cdi hadlZY Wn i]Z cZXZhh^in d[ lg^i^c\ Vaa i]Z XdYZ

i^kZ gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc '9 VcY (9 YViV VcY lZgZ Vh`ZY

i]Zn gZfj^gZ# I]Z a^WgVgn ]Vh WZZc YZkZadeZY i]gdj\] bn

id ZmeadgZ i]Z gZVX]Zh d[ i]Z^g ediZci^Va ^c VcVanh^h VcY

gZhZVgX] VcY egZk^djh hijY^dh VcY hZb^cVgh VcY Xdch^hih

gZegZhZciVi^dc# L]^aZ i]Z XaVhh lVh Vc ^cigdYjXidgn XdjghZ

d[ gZaVi^kZan h^beaZ [jcXi^dch i]Vi XVc WZ gZXdbW^cZY ^c i]Z

^c Xdbeji^c\! ^i Wj^ai dc i]Z hijYZcihÉ VYkVcXZY VW^a^in id

YZkZadebZci d[ bdgZ XdbeaZm Va\dg^i]bh#

fjZhi^dc! h]VeZ! VcY ^ciZggd\ViZ heVXZ VcY i^bZ#

!


Li^\bZe Mhib\l bg ?Z[kb\Zmbhg3 <hfihg^gm Lrlm^fl

jh^c\ jc^fjZ hZih d[ hd[ilVgZ iddah# L^i] i]Z jai^bViZ \dVa

Chl^ia Ob]b\a% bglmkn\mhk

bZi]dYh! i]Z XdjghZ gZfj^gZY ZVX] hijYZci id YZkZade VcY

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

iZhi V ]nedi]Zh^h i]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ heVi^Va VcVanh^h#

8dbedcZci HnhiZbh Zbe]Vh^oZY i]Z ^ciZ\gVi^dc VcY

?b^e] h_ IeZr3 :`^g\r bg FZiibg` Lbm^

heZX^Va^oVi^dc d[ ZVX] bVX]^cZ l^i]^c i]Z <H6EEÉh

LZkZa PbeebZfl% bglmkn\mhk

;VWg^XVi^dc AVW VcY Djieji h]de ^c dgYZg id XgZViZ V YZiV^aZY

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1

d[ iZVX]^c\ hijYZcih ]dl id YZkZade fjVci^iVi^kZ gZhZVgX]

h`^c VcY hjeedgi hnhiZb# I]ZhZ hnhiZbh lZgZ YZh^\cZY Vi i]Z hXVaZ d[ V hbVaa eVk^a^dc l^i] i]Z ^ciZci^dc i]Vi i]^h XaVhh

BVee^c\ ^h V `Zn XdbedcZci id h^iZ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc Vh i]ZhZ

ldjaY VXi Vh V b^XgdXdhb d[ i]Z YZh^\c hijY^dh# I]^h XdjghZ

gZXdgY^c\ ^c[dgb YZh^\c Wn Vaadl^c\ YZh^\cZgh id bV`Z

higZhhZY i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ Wdi] i]Z egdYjXi^dc hZfjZcXZ

heVi^Va gZaVi^dch]^eh i]Vi b^\]i cdi ]VkZ WZZc di]Zgl^hZ

^#Z# l]^X] bVX]^cZh VgZ bdhi XVeVWaZ d[ egdYjX^c\ i]Z ^in ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# EdejaVg ZVgan ZmVbeaZh d[ i]^h VgZ 6cidc^ ZmeadgZY# 6gX]^iZXih! JgWVc 9Zh^\cZgh! VcY JgWVc EaVccZgh YZh^gZY ZaZbZcih Vh lZaa Vh bZVch VcY bZi]dYh d[ <VjY^Éh 8ViZcVgn BdYZah jh^c\ hig^c\h VcY WV\h d[ hVcY id ]VkZ adc\ jhZY bVeh id jcYZghiVcY XdbeaZm XdciZmijVa VhhZbWan ^#Z# ]dl XdjaY ZVX] ZaZbZci WZ XdbW^cZY ^c ÒcY i]Z higjXijgVa hdaji^dch i]Vi ldjaY WZXdbZ i]Z a^cZh d[ gZaVi^dch]^eh dc h^iZ VcY ]VkZ jhZY i]ZhZ bVeh id YZkZade dgYZg id gZVa^oZ i]Z ÒcVa XdbedcZci # 6aa egd_ZXih ^c i]^h ]^h higjXijgVa VgX]Zh! VcY ;gZ^ DiidÉh i]^c Òab hdVe WjWWaZh# YZh^\ch Vh lZaa Vh eda^X^Zh# <dd\aZ ]Vh X]Vc\ZY i]Z lVn XaVhh lZgZ Wj^ai Vi [jaaÄhXVaZ VcY g^\dgdjhan egdidineZY#

AZXijgZh [dXjhZY dc ^cigdYjX^c\ hijYZcih id V gVc\Z d[ Vc^" eZdeaZ ^ciZgVXi l^i] bVeh VcY ]Vh bVYZ heVi^Va ^c[dgbVi^dc

I]Z ^ciZci^dc d[ i]^h XaVhh lVh id iZVX] hijYZcih ]dl id bVi^dc iddah i]gdj\] i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V hZi d[ hVbeaZ VcV" bdgZ l^YZan VkV^aVWaZ# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ igVY^i^dcVa bVee^c\ hjXXZhh[jaan YZh^\c! egdidineZ! VcY Wj^aY Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa ad\ bdYZah# I]ZhZ bdYZah ^cXajYZY iZX]c^fjZh [dg h^bjaVi^c\ egd\gVbh hjX] Vh <Zd\gVe]^X >c[dgbVi^dc HnhiZbh <>H h`^c VcY hjeedgi hnhiZb Vh lZaa Vh egdYjXZ V hZi d[ h]de bViZg^Va gZVa^i^Zh! gZhedcY^c\ id ZmiZgcVa hi^bja^! Xdbeji^c\ egdk^YZ jh l^i] XdbeaZm XdciZmijVa ^c[dgbVi^dc i]Vi YgVl^c\h YZiV^a^c\ ]dl i]Vi hnhiZb ldjaY WZ Wj^ai

\ZdbZig^XVa gZaVi^dch]^eh VcY igVX`^c\ bdi^dc# I]Zn lZgZ Wdi] XVccdi WZ dWiV^cZY i]gdj\] dca^cZ bVee^c\ hnhiZbh a^`Z igVch[dgbVi^kZ VcY \ZcZgVi^kZ# I]Z iddah jhZY ^cXajYZY Xadi]! <dd\aZ# 6YkVcXZbZcih ^c hZchdg iZX]cdad\^Zh ]VkZ Vahd

K^Ze

`^cZbVi^Xh! g^\^YÄWdYn YncVb^Xh! eVgi^XaZ YncVb^Xh VcY ]V^g#

=Zgb^e Ohl% bglmkn\mhk OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

bVYZ ^i ZVh^Zg [dg YZh^\cZgh id YZkZade i]Z^g dlc heVi^Vaan gZ[ZgZcXZY YViV#

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh @BL LZkZa PbeebZfl $ FbggZ GbghoZ% bglmkn\mhkl

I]^h XaVhh add`ZY Vi i]Z V\ZcXn d[ bVee^c\ ^c YZh^\c# HijYZcih aZVgcZY ]dl id cVk^\ViZ i]Z XdbeaZm gZedh^idg^Zh

I]Z dW_ZXi d[ i]^h ldg`h]de lVh V e]nh^XVaan VXXjgViZ OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1

d[ heVi^Vaan dg^ZciViZY YViV VkV^aVWaZ dca^cZ VcY i]Zc XgZViZ

bdYZa d[ a^\]i! VcY Wn ZmiZch^dc! bViZg^Va# Djg \dVa lVh id

bVeh id ]Zae hjeedgi YZh^\c ^YZVh# HijYZcih Vahd ]VY i]Z

bV`Z V gZVa gZcYZg^c\# Id \Zi i]ZgZ! ZVX] hijYZci cZZYZY <Zd\gVe]^X >c[dgbVi^dc HnhiZbh <>H ^h V idda [dg bVcV\^c\ deedgijc^in id XgZViZ i]Z^g dlc YViV hZih jh^c\ <EH VcY id \ZcZgViZ$XdaaZXi i]Z [daadl^c\/

YViV VWdji l]ZgZ [ZVijgZh VgZ \Zd\gVe]^X XddgY^cViZ YViV hZchdgh# <Zd\gVe]^X >c[dgbVi^dc HnhiZbh <>H ! VaadlZY VcY l]Vi i]Zn VgZ a^`Z Viig^WjiZ YViV ! VcY [dg egdk^Y^c\ i]Z jh id igVchaViZ i]Z heVi^Vaan gZ[ZgZcXZY YViV ^cid k^hjVa

6c VgX]^iZXijgZ id WZ i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ i]Z^g bdYZa#

VW^a^in id fjZgn! bVc^ejaViZ! VcY VcVanoZ i]dhZ YViV# 7ZXVjhZ gZegZhZciVi^dch! i]ZgZ[dgZ! hijYZcih aZVgcZY ]dl id jhZ

E]did\gVe]^X YViV d[ V eVgi^XjaVg h^iZ VcY ^ih

<>H Vaadlh dcZ id gZegZhZci hdX^Va VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa YViV <>H id Wdi] k^hjVa^oZ YViV VcY igVchaViZ ^i ^cid di]Zg YZh^\c

Zck^gdcbZci jcYZg heZX^ÒX a^\]i^c\ XdcY^i^dch#

Vh V bVe! ^i ]Vh WZXdbZ Vc ^bedgiVci VcVanh^h idda jhZY hd[ilVgZ hjX] Vh (Y BVm#

6 e]nh^XVaan XVa^WgViZY Y^\^iVa bViZg^Va a^WgVgn#

VXgdhh V kVg^Zin d[ ÒZaYh ^cXajY^c\/ eaVcc^c\! VgX]^iZXijgZ!

6 gZcYZg^c\ Zc\^cZ id hnci]Zh^oZ Vaa d[ i]Z VWdkZ

Zc\^cZZg^c\! ejWa^X ]ZVai]! Zck^gdcbZciVa hX^ZcXZ!

ZaZbZcih ^cid Y^hi^cXi ^bV\Zh#

ZXdcdb^Xh! Ze^YZb^dad\n! VcY Wjh^cZhh# <>H ]Vh WZXdbZ Vc ^bedgiVci eda^i^XVa ^chigjbZci! Vaadl^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh

6 b^c^bVa cjbWZg d[ XaVhh aZXijgZh lZgZ jhZY id ^cigdYjXZ VcY gZ\^dch id iZaa i]Z^g hidgn \gVe]^XVaan# <>H ^h V edlZg[ja ^bedgiVci XdcXZeih VcY YZbdchigViZ i]Z^g ediZci^Va Vh lZaa idda! VcY i]^h XdjghZ ^cigdYjXZY hijYZcih id i]Z WVh^Xh! \VkZ Vh 6YdWZ E]didh]de! (YhBVm! VcY bjai^eaZ [gZZ h]VgZlVgZ i]Zb Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ^ih edhh^W^a^i^Zh! VcY ZcVWaZY =^\] 9ncVb^X GVc\Z >bV\Z =9G> egdXZhh^c\ egd\gVbh# i]Zb id jhZ ^i ^c i]Z^g dlc gZhZVgX]# HijYZcih lZgZ ZmeZXiZY id egZhZci i]Z^g ldg`Ä^cÄegd\gZhh ^c V e^cje [dgbVi hZkZgVa i^bZh Yjg^c\ i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]Z

:]oZg\^] @BL

h]dgi ldg`h]de id WZ jhZY Vh i]Z WVh^h d[ Y^hXjhh^dc d[ LZkZa PbeebZfl% bglmkn\mhk iZX]c^XVa! VgX]^iZXijgVa! dg di]Zg gZaViZY ^hhjZh#

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1 $ LIKBG@ +))2

:gbfZm^] <hfinmZmbhg

<Zd\gVe]^X >c[dgbVi^dc HnhiZbh <>H ^h V edlZg[ja idda

<akblmhia^k Pabm^eZp% bglmkn\mhk

[dg VcVano^c\ heVi^Va eViiZgch# D[iZc gZ[ZggZY id Vh V heVi^Va

OBLN:E LMN=B>L% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

YViVWVhZ dg k^hjVa YViVWVhZ! <>H ^h jhZY Wn bVcn Y^[[ZgZci ÒZaYh id jcYZghiVcY ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb heVi^Va XajhiZg^c\

6c^bViZY 8dbejiVi^dc ^cigdYjXZY V cZl bZi]dY [dg Zc" id bVcV\ZbZci d[ cVijgVa gZhdjgXZh# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! Vc \V\^c\ i]Z edlZg d[ XdbejiVi^dc Vh V YZh^\c idda i]gdj\] Ze^YZb^dad\^hi b^\]i jhZ <>H id YZiZgb^cZ i]Z hdjgXZ i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ igVY^i^dcVa Vc^bVi^dc iddah ^cid d[ V XdciV\^djh Y^hZVhZ l]^aZ Vc ZXdcdb^hi b^\]i jhZ XdbejiVi^dcVa bdYZa^c\ YZk^XZh# I]ZhZ XdbejiVi^dcVa ^i id jcYZghiVcY ]dl ^cYjhig^Zh XajhiZg VcY ^[ i]ZgZ VgZ bdYZah lZgZ ^ciZgVXi^kZ! k^hjVaan gZhedch^kZ! VcY ^cij^i^kZ# 6gX]^iZXih ]VkZ WZZc Zbeadn^c\ ÆXdbejiVi^dcÇ Vh V

Zck^gdcbZciVa gZVhdch [dg i]^h XajhiZg^c\ Z[[ZXi# I]^h VYkVcXZY gZhZVgX] hZb^cVg lVh YZh^\cZY id Zm"

YZh^\c higViZ\n VcY$dg idda [dg nZVgh# I]Z ZbeadnbZci d[ eVcY hijYZcihÉ `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z iddah VkV^aVWaZ [dg heVi^Va XdbejiZg Va\dg^i]bh hXg^ei^c\ ^h egZXZYZY Wn i]Z jhZ d[ VcVanh^h! ZcVWa^c\ i]Zb id YZkZade jc^fjZ gZhZVgX] fjZh" VcVad\ XdbejiVi^dcVa bdYZah id Zc\V\Z ^hhjZh d[ XdbeaZm" i^dch VcY bZi]dYdad\^Zh [dg VchlZg^c\ i]dhZ fjZhi^dch !


6 7

8

6

7

8

H[c^\ml h_ Hnk :__^\mbhg

8]j`jnZbZoZ :Ydo^Z 6 ! AjXV ;Vg^cZaa^ 8 !

:k\abm^\mnkZe Iahmh`kZiar

9ZaVa 9Zb^gX^d\aj 8 ! ?d]c AdX`Z 7 !

<Zl^r :em% bglmkn\mhk

BVhV`^ Bdg^cdWj 7

>kb^mZ :mmZeb% bglmkn\mhk

6cYgZl KVcc 6


6

7 8

9

6

7

8

IZkZf^mkb\ K^ZebsZmbhgl

G^`V 8]VjY]gn HdcVa EViZa 6Yg^Vc

Ebobg` :k\abm^\mnk^

FZkd ;^ZkZd% bglmkn\mhk

Hb^i] 9 0 HZg\^d <dbZo 6Yda[d CVYVa

=Zob] ;^gcZfbg $

>\cVX^d HZcgV 6$7 ! @Vi^Z H]^bV 8

Lhh&bg RZg`% bglmkn\mhkl

?d]c 7ZX`Zg ?dc Ijg`jaV 60 8]j`jnZbZoZ :Ydo^Z @^ Jc\ CV HVc\ =lVc EVg`! ?VbZh DÉBZVgV C^iV NjkVWddc 80 9VZ Ldd` AZZ 6Yda[d CVYVa <j^aaZgbd HZk^aaVcd =ZZ_dd H]^ HVc\ LVc H]^c 7


6

7

8

6 7

8

L^Zk\a3 :]oZg\^] :e`hkbmafb\ =^lb`g

8]j`jnZbZoZ :Ydo^Z ?Zcc^[Zg IVc 8 0

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh ?Z[kb\Zmbhg

@Zgg^ =ZcYZghdc 8]g^hid A^ Ad\Vc

?d]c AdX`Z AVjgZc OjX`Zg 6 0

ChlanZ =kZi^k $

EZiZg Bdg\Vc 6 0 @Vi^Z H]^bV 8 ! @Zk^c LZ^ 7

FZkd <heebgl $

BVgXZad CV_ZgV <VgX^V >\cVX^d HZcgV 7

Chl^ia Ob]b\a% bglmkn\mhkl

Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ% bglmkn\mhkl


6 7

8

6

7

8

F^labg`

Hjc\VW @^b 6 ! <jVc\]dc\ Dj 7 !

M^\agbjn^l h_ ma^ NemkZk^Ze

@dd]d ?jc\ 6 ! B^gVcYV GdbZg 8 !

=Zob] ?Zgh $ FZkd @k^^g% bglmkn\mhkl

6Yg^VcV OVgg^aad 8

LZ[kb ?Zkhndb% bglmkn\mhk

?jc\ Ldd NZd 7


6

7

8

6 7

8

<kbmb\Ze Nk[Zg F^]bZ

HVh`^V CV\Za 7 !

;^rhg] Ikhmhmri^

?dg\Z 7VggV\Vc 7 ! GV_^k ;ZgcVcYZo 6 !

;kbZg Ahnl^ $

?dh]jV EVY\Zii 6$8

CZlhg BoZebhmbl $

<VWg^Za C^X]dah 8

C^ll^ LaZibgl% bglmkn\mhkl

Gb\aheZl DhmaZkb% bglmkn\mhkl


6

7

6

7 8

Mbeebg` >]n\Zmbhg3 :g >\h :^lma^mb\ :iikhZ\a Fbm\a^ee ChZ\abf% bglmkn\mhk

6cYgZl KVcc 7 !

Eb_^ Lniihkm

A^hV :`aZ EZigV ?Vgda^bdkV 7 0 GdW^c

I]VY CdWj]VgV 6

CZg^mm^ Dbf% bglmkn\mhk

;^io\ZgVaYÄ<gZZc @Z^i] <gZZclVaY 8Ve EgVhX] 8 0 HddcÄ=njc ?jc\ @d`d IV`V]Vh]^ 6


6 8

9

:k\abm^\mnk^ =kZpbg` $ K^ik^l^gmZmbhg +3 MkZ\^ <nm Ikhc^\m ?he]

:

EZiZg 6YVbh < ! <gZ\dgn 7j\Za ? ! EVig^X` 8dWW ; ! ?Zk^c 9dgc^X 8 ! 6YVb <ZgWZg = ! 9^dcnh^h @Vai^h 7 ! 8]g^hi^cV

;Z[Zd ;krZg% Iabebi IZkd^k% Ka^mm Knllh% Gb\he^ Kh[^kmlhg% C\jnZc > ! 8]Vc ?j EVg` 9 ! L# 7g^Vc Hb^i] : ! B^X]^ Jh]^d 6 MZmbZgZ ohg Ik^nll^g% Fb\a^Ze Rhng`% bglmkn\mhkl

7


;

< =

>

?


BfiZ\m h_ ?hkf

8]j`jnZbZoZ :Ydo^Z ; ! ?^c End :jc 8$9 ! ?VbZh DÉBZVgV 6 !

FZkd Iheeh\d% bglmkn\mhk

CViVa^V GdjbZa^di^ 7 ! @ZjcWd NVc\ :

6

7

8

9

:

;


7

6

8

6

7

8

= c on3 <bg^fZmb\ G^p Rhkd Makhn`a Zg :k\abm^\mnkZe E^gl FZmaZg KZmbgZf% bglmkn\mhk

6aZmVcYgdh 6kadc^i^h EVcV\^di^h HVga^h 7$80 6cYgZV OVaZlh`^ 6

OblbhgZkr F^mah]l h_ IkZ\mb\^ FZmaZg KZmbgZf% bglmkn\mhk

H]Vgdc @^b 6 ! <VWg^Za C^X]dah 8 ! 8]Zgna Ldc\ 7


6

7

6

LbfneZmbhg Zl ma^ Hkb`bg h_ MZg`b[e^ ?hkf Chl L g\a^s% bglmkn\mhk

B^X]VZa 6gZaaVcZh >> 7 !

Mhiheh`b\Ze Lmn]r h_ ?hkf

?dhZe] BX<gVi] 6

Chl L g\a^s% bglmkn\mhk

7

?dg\Z 6cYgZh HZgeV 6$7


6 7

8

9

LpZkf Bgm^eeb`^g\^ $ ?b^e] K^lihgl^

6Yda[d CVYVa B^X]VZa GZ]b 8]^"8]Zc NVc\ 7$9 0

KheZg] Lghhdl% bglmkn\mhk

?jc^X]^gd =dg^`VlV BVhV`^ Bdg^cdWj =^gdbVhV H]^WViV 6 0 :g^X KZg\cZ

=ZVi] LZhi 9


6 7

8

9

Li^\bZe Mhib\l bg ?Z[kb\Zmbhg3 <hfihg^gm Lrlm^fl Chl^ia Ob]b\a% bglmkn\mhk

?dhZ 6gV\jZo BVhV`^ Bdg^cdWj 8]VgaZh KVaaV ? 0

6YVb 7g^aa]Vgi 6bn Cjojb @Zk^c LZ^ 9 0

NjkVa 7dgdX]dk 8Ve EgVhX] ?jhi^c Bdg\Vc GZncdaYh 7 0

GdW^c ;^io\ZgVaYÄ<gZZc EZigV ?Vgda^bdkV = 0


:

<

= >

9Vk^Y @ldc 8]g^hid A^ Ad\Vc 6$; 0 <lZcYdanc BVX;VgaVcY 6Yda[d CVYVa

?

=ZVi] LZhi 6cYgZV OVaZlh`^ :$<$> 0 @^hZd` D] 8

;


6

7

8 9

:

;

6 7

K^Ze

9Vk^Y <dcoVaZo 7! :kVc\Za^V @VgVX]Va^dj 9!

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh @BL

I]dbVh 7VhhZii ?ZhhZ ;VgW 6 !

=Zgb^e Ohl% bglmkn\mhk

9VZ Ldd` AZZ : ! @^ Jc\ CV ; ! OVX]Vgn

LZkZa PbeebZfl $

6jYgV 7gZX]Zg @nj Ldc AZZ 7

DaXoV` 6 ! HVc\ =lVc EVg` 8

FbggZ GbghoZ% bglmkn\mhkl


6

7 8

:]oZg\^] @BL LZkZa PbeebZfl% bglmkn\mhk

>cWVg @^h]dc^

?b^e] h_ IeZr3 :`^g\r bg FZiibg` Lbm^ LZkZa PbeebZfl% bglmkn\mhk

7Zc_Vb^c 6WZabVc K^k^Vc C\d 6 BVg^Zaan 8VhVcdkV :aZcV KVco 7$8


b^cViZ i]gZZ"Y^bZch^dcVa heVXZ VcY [dgb# HeVi^Va YViV XVc WZ jhZY [dg bdgZ i]Vc _jhi YZhXg^ei^dc! Vg\jbZci! dg k^hjVa cVggVi^kZ# >i ]Vh i]Z ediZci^Va id \ZcZgViZ [dgb Vh V gZhedchZ id i]Z fjZhi^dch gV^hZY Wn ^ih VcVanh^h# H^b^aVgan! egd_ZXih ^c Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc XVc ZcXdbeVhh Wji Vahd hjgeVhh e]nh^XVa YZhXg^ei^dch d[ iZX]c^fjZ VcY \ZdbZign# I]^h egd_ZXi ^ckZhi^\ViZY l^gZaZhh ^ciZgcZi XdccZXi^k^in VcY gdjiZg jhV\Z VXgdhh 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^inÉh Bdgc^c\" h^YZ XVbejh! jh^c\ V hVbeaZY YViVhZi d[ ',% gdjiZg VXXZhh ed^cih iV`Zc Yjg^c\ i]Z XdjghZ d[ ÒcVah lZZ` +"&( 9ZXZb" WZg '%%- # I]^h egd_ZXi ]VY ild eg^bVgn \dVah# DcZ lVh id YZh^\c VcY [VWg^XViZ V egdidineZ VgX]^iZXijgVa dW_ZXi i]Vi

@eZll <kZ_m $ Bg]nlmkbZe @eZll Ikh]n\mbhg

jhZh i]Z Zck^gdcbZciVa YViVhXVeZ egdYjXZY Wn i]^h heVXZ

<akblmhia^k ;Zke^r% Chl^ia F\@kZma $ EZnk^g\^ LZkkZsbg

d[ l^gZaZhh XdccZXi^k^in Vh V \ZdbZig^XVa ^c[gVhigjXijgZ [dg

EZnkb^ AZpdbglhg $ L\hmm FZk[e^% Z]oblhkl

YZh^\c! Wji Vahd id Xdcig^WjiZ id i]^h heVXZ ^c V gZX^egdXVa!

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

ejWa^X! e]nh^XVa VaiZgVi^dc# 6cdi]Zg lVh id [jgi]Zg Xdcig^W" jiZ id i]^h heVXZ i]gdj\] Vc ^ccdkVi^kZ VeegdVX] id ^ciZg"

>cYjhig^Vaan egdYjXZY VgX]^iZXijgVa \aVhh ^h ine^XVaan VXi^kZ gZegZhZciVi^dc d[ i]Z YViVhZi! jh^c\ <>H id Wdi] egd" VhhdX^ViZY l^i] ]dbd\ZcZ^in! Xdch^hiZcXn VcY XaVg^in# YjXZ i]Z YViVhXVeZ ^c[dgb^c\ [VWg^XVi^dc VcY gZegZhZci i]^h L]^aZ ^ccdkVi^dc l^i]^c i]Z \aVhh ^cYjhign ^h bdhi d[iZc YViVhXVeZ [djg"Y^bZch^dcVaan# IZX]c^fjZh d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc bVYZ Vadc\ i]ZhZ a^cZh! ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc l^i]^c Vgi dg ^cXajYZY <>H VcVanh^h VcY YViV gZegZhZciVi^dc! ;aVh] Vc^" hijY^d \aVhh iZcYh id Zmead^i kVg^djh dei^XVa$k^hjVa Z[[ZXih# bVi^dc l^i] ^ciZgVXi^kZ XdbedcZcih! hXg^ei^c\! eVgVbZig^X 6 XdbW^cVi^dc d[ ^cYjhig^Va VcY XgV[i \aVhh egdYjXi^dc bdYZa^c\! eg^ci"id"eVgi bdYZa^c\! VcY Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc# ]daYh i]Z ediZci^Va id n^ZaY V g^X]Zg! bdgZ ZmegZhh^kZ VcY Z[[ZXi^kZ bViZg^Va [dg i]Z VgX]^iZXi#

L^e_ÈHk`Zgbsbg` Lmkn\mnk^l

I]gdj\]dji i]^h ^cYZeZcYZci hijYn egd_ZXi! lZ hijY^ZY L^k`bh @hf^s i]Z kVg^djh dei^XVa Z[[ZXih YZg^kZY [gdb ]VcYXgV[iZY \aVhh KheZg] Lghhdl% Z]oblhk VcY jhZY i]ZhZ Y^hXdkZg^Zh id \ZcZgViZ cZl bZi]dYh d[ BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2 ^cYjhig^Va egdYjXi^dc# I]gdj\] ]VcYh"dc ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc l^i] \aVhh VcY ^ih I]Z dW_ZXi^kZ d[ i]^h hijYn lVh id \ZcZgViZ i]Z XdYZ [dg V egdeZgi^Zh gZÓZXi^dc! gZ[gVXi^dc! Y^hidgi^dc! ZiX ! lZ YZkZadeZY YZh^\c idda WVhZY dc WVh^X higjXijgVa eg^cX^eaZh0 iZch^dc" V XViVad\ d[ Z[[ZXih i]Vi XVc WZ Veea^ZY id ^cYjhig^Va dg Xdb" XdbegZhh^dc! \gVk^in"[dgb# I]Z higjXijgZ lVh XgZViZY [gdb bZgX^Va \aVhh# 7n jh^c\ i]Z iddah VkV^aVWaZ id jh/ djg ]VcYh! i]Z VYY^i^dc d[ ^cY^k^YjVa ZaZbZcih l^i] Vc ^ciZgcVa ad\^X (9"bdYZa^c\ hd[ilVgZ! 8C8 bVX]^cZh! `^ach! [jgcVXZh! ZiX#! lZ i]Vi ldjaY dei^b^oZ ^ih higjXijgVa eZg[dgbVcXZ# I]^h ad\^X lZgZ VWaZ id YZkZade hZkZgVa aVg\Z"hXVaZ eVcZah i]Vi bVYZ lVh WdggdlZY [gdb <VjY Éh higjXijgVa hijY^Zh i]Vi gZhedcY jhZ d[ i]Z Z[[ZXih ZmeadgZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z hZbZhiZg#

id eg^cX^eaZh d[ iZch^dc"XdbegZhh^dc VcY ^ih gZaVi^dc id i]Z cZdegZcZ gjWWZg! VcY Vc ZmiZg^dg aVii^XZ i]Vi WgVXZh aZc\i]h [dgb! i]Z XViZcVgn h]VeZ lVh Xdch^YZgZY dei^bVa [dg i]Z d[ i]gZVYZY gdY# I]Z i]gZVYZY gdYh Y^Va ^c V\V^chi Z^i]Zg i]Z

HkgZf^gmZe <hgg^\mbobmr3 ?hkf% ?Z[kb\Zmbhg% Zg] =ZmZ >gobkhgf^gml

eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ V XdbegZhh^dc higjXijgZ#

;kbZg ;knla% Rhg` Cn E^^ $ E^Za F^blm^kebg

lVh YZÒcZY Wn V XdaaZXi^kZ WZ]Vk^dg i]Vi gZhedcYZY id

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

eVgVbZiZgh d[ egdm^b^in d[ i]Z ZaZbZcih VcY higjXijgVa i^Zh d[ ]nYgVja^X XZbZci Å X]Zb^XVaan VXXZaZgViZY edgiaVcY

cZdegZcZ ^ihZa[! dg V\V^chi hdbZ dW_ZXi i]Vi ^h ^begZhhZY

8d]ZgZcXZ VcY XdggZaVi^dc d[ i]Z higjXijgZ Vh V l]daZ V\V^chi i]Z gjWWZg! id YZ[dgb i]Z h]VeZ d[ i]Z XVhi^c\# I]Z gZhZVgX] lVh YZkZadeZY VgdjcY i]Z ZmeVch^kZ fjVa^"

XdckZc^ZcXZ XgZVi^c\ ed^cih d[ Xd]Zh^dc i]Vi bVYZ i]Z ^c" XZbZci egdYjXih hjX] Vh GdX`^iZ! ?ZihZi dg EViX]XgZiZ i]Vi I]Z Vbdge]djh WdYn d[ XdciZbedgVgn Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc" Y^k^YjVa ZaZbZcih bZg\Z ^cid V jc^iVgn hnhiZb# gZaViZY ldg`! Vai]dj\] ZmeZg^bZciVa VcY egd\gZhh^kZ dc

hlZaa VcY WZXdbZ aVg\Zg Vh i]Zn XjgZ# 7Z[dgZ edjg^c\! i]Z

I]Z ldg`Ódl ^ckdakZY G]^cd! G]^cdHXg^ei! VcY EgdXZhh" ^ciZg^dg gjWWZg [dgbldg` VeeZVgh XdaaVehZY jcYZg i]Z gZ"

bVcn aZkZah d[ VgX]^iZXidc^X VcY hnhiZbVi^X egdYjXi^dc! ^c\# I]ZgZ lZgZ ^c i]Z XdYZ bjai^eaZ eVgVbZiZgh i]Vi XdjaY higV^cih d[ i]Z ZmiZg^dg i]gZVYZY gdY aVii^XZ! Wji i]Z h]VeZ ^h cdi d[iZc kZcijgZY [gdb WZ\^cc^c\h ^c Vc ZmiVci WZ bdY^ÒZY ^c dgYZg id dei^b^oZ i]Z gZhjai/ ÓZm^W^a^in d[ i]Z Òaah dji jcYZg Wdi] i]Z lZ^\]i VcY i]Z ZmeVch^dc d[ i]Z Xjg" Zck^gdcbZciVa XdcY^i^dc# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! bjX] d[ bViZg^Va! \gVk^in [VXidg! gVY^jh d[ ViigVXi^dc id$[gdb di]Zg ^c\ XdcXgZiZ! i]^X`Zc^c\ id i]Z h^oZ d[ V eVcZa# i]Z ldg` ^c heVi^Va VcVanh^h VcY k^hjVa^oVi^dc d[ YViV cdYZh VcY aZkZa d[ ViigVXi^dc WZilZZc cdYZh# fjVci^[n^c\ hjX] Zck^gdcbZcih YdZh cdi ZmiZcY ^cid YZiZg"

I]Z jai^bViZ \dVa lVh id dWiV^c V hiVW^a^oZY higjXijgVa

@eZll L^glhkr IZobebhg

hnhiZb i]Vi gZhjaiZY [gdb V ad\^XVa hZa["dg\Vc^o^c\ egdXZhh# LaZkhg Dbf $ DZmb^ LabfZ FZkd ;^ZkZd% Z]oblhk

F^f[kZg^ ?hkfphkd

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

Pbee D^fi^k L\hmm FZk[e^% Z]oblhk

I]Z \dVa d[ i]^h egd_ZXi lVh id egdYjXZ V eVk^a^dc i]Vi

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

igVch[dgbh ^c ^ih k^hjVa VcY VXdjhi^X egdeZgi^Zh i]gdj\]dji i]Z YVn# I]Z eVk^a^dc lVh bVYZ eg^bVg^an d[ Xdbbdcan

I]^h ^h Vc dc\d^c\ gZhZVgX] ^cid i]Z eaVhi^X edhh^W^a^i^Zh d[ XVhi [djcY dW_ZXih! YZÒc^c\ V cZl gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]ZhZ XdcXgZiZ! VcY YZkZade^c\ V idda [dg bVc^ejaVi^c\ i]Z h]VeZ VcY dW_ZXih VcY i]Z k^h^idgh# Djg [djcY dW_ZXi d[ X]d^XZ lVh hjg[VXZ d[ V eVcZa# I]Z [dgbldg` ^h V cZhiZY! ild"eVgi hnhiZb/ i]Z \aVhh WdiiaZ [dg ^ih VXdjhi^X VcY k^hjVa fjVa^i^Zh Vh lZaa Vc ^ciZg^dg [dgbldg` [dg V eVcZa i]Vi ]Vh ild h^YZh d[ higZiX]ZY Vh ^ih VWjcYVcXZ VgdjcY XVbejh# 6ai]dj\] 8dajbW^V ]Vh #


=hf^lmb\ BkZgbZg :k\abm^\mnk^ =nkbg` ma^ JZZcZk >kZ

;khgq Kbo^k <khllbg` Ikhc^\m

G^`bg FZe^db

Fhc]^a ;ZkZmehh% Z]oblhk

:g]k^p =hedZkm% Z]oblhk

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

=Zgb^e Fhgm^l LZgmZfZkŠZ

I]^h ^cYZeZcYZci gZhZVgX] lVh d[[ZgZY id \gVYjViZ hijYZcih

6gi VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ gZĂ“ZXi i]Z hdX^Va VcY XjaijgVa kVajZh ^c i]Z JgWVc 9Zh^\c egd\gVb# >i ^ckdakZY i]Z 7gdcm G^kZg d[ V hdX^Zin# I]Z eg^cX^eaZh VcY ZaZbZcih d[ >gVc^Vc LViZgh]ZY# I]Z hijYZcih ldg`ZY ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] VgX]^iZXijgZ VgZ XaZVg gZegZhZciVi^dch d[ i]ZhZ kVajZh! V Y^kZghZ \gdje! dcZ egd[Zhhdg! ild ldg`^c\ VgX]^iZXih l]^X] kVgn eZg^dY^XVaan ^c Y^gZXi gZhedchZ id i^bZ VcY [gdb HAD 6gX]^iZXijgZ! V hX^ZcXZ iZVX]Zg VcY hijYZcih eZg^dY# I]gdj\] ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ i]ZhZ eg^cX^eaZh VcY [gdb ;Vcc^Z Adj =VbZg ;gZZYdb =^\] HX]dda ^c i]Z ZaZbZcih! i]Z eVeZg V^bh id XVeijgZ i]Z ZhhZcXZ d[ >gVc^Vc 7gdcm! CZl Ndg`# I]Z ZcY gZhjai lVh id egdYjXZ V bdYZa V higdc\ gZXnXa^c\ ^c^i^Vi^kZ! gZXnXaZY \aVhh ^h XjggZcian ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ! ^c eVgi^XjaVg i]Z YdbZhi^X VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z d[ i]Z lViZgh]ZY! i]Z ]^hidg^X cVijgVa ZXdad\n VcY i]Z adl YZbVcY! bV`^c\ gZjhZ V bdgZ ViigVXi^kZ lVn id gZYjXZ edhi">haVb^X FVV_Vg eZg^dY# lVhiZ# I]Z WdiiaZh lZgZ h^ijViZY dc i]Z ide d[ i]Z eVk^a^dc!

XjggZci e]nh^XVa XdcY^i^dc! Vaa [gdb gZXnXaZY bViZg^Vah! ^c

Id jcYZghiVcY i]Z YdbZhi^X VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]^h ZgV! ^i XddeZgVi^dc l^i] ]^\] hX]dda hijYZcih#

XgZVi^c\ X]Vc\^c\ eViiZgch d[ gZ[gVXiZY a^\]i# >ch^YZ i]Z ^h ^beZgVi^kZ id jcYZghiVcY i]Z e]^adhde]n WZ]^cY >gVc^Vc

;dgbVa bZi]dYdad\^Zh d[ \gVYjViZ hijYZcih bZZi i]Z

WdiiaZh lZgZ V hZg^Zh d[ higViZ\^XVaan eaVXZY! hdaVg"edlZgZY VgX]^iZXijgZ! l]^X] Wg^c\h id a^\]i ^ih hnbWda^X VcY bZiV" eZgXZei^dc d[ ]^\] hX]dda hijYZcih l^i] cd eg^dg VcY [dg" e^ZodZaZXig^X heZV`Zgh i]Vi XgZViZY V X]Vc\^c\ hnbe]dcn e]nh^XVa h^\c^ÒXVcXZ# :mVb^cVi^dc d[ i]Z WVh^X VgX]^iZX" bVa `cdlaZY\Z d[ YZh^\c! id bV`Z V e]nh^XVa bdYZa# >h ^i d[ idcZh Vh i]Z hjc bdkZY VXgdhh i]Z h`n# 8]VccZa^c\ i]Z ijgVa eg^cX^eaZh VcY ZaZbZcih d[ >gVc^Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ [jg" V bZZi^c\ b^YlVn! V hj^iVWaZ Xdbegdb^hZ d[ ZmeZgi VcY hjcÉh ZcZg\n ^cid V hZchdgn ZmeZg^ZcXZ! i]Z WdiiaZh lZgZ i]Zg ZajX^YViZh i]^h jcYZghiVcY^c\# I]Z eVeZg i]Zc add`h hijYZci dg V bZi]dY d[ ^c[dgb^c\ ]^\] hX]dda hijYZcih d[ i]ZbhZakZh igVch[dgbZY [gdb Y^hXVgYZY ji^a^iVg^Vc dW_ZXih Vi i]Z aVndji VcY X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ FVV_Vg^ ]djhZh! l]^X] i]Z edhh^W^a^i^Zh d[ YZh^\c! dg gV^h^c\ VlVgZcZhh d[ i]Z^g id V h^c\aZ VZhi]Zi^X ÒZaY#

gZegZhZci i]dhZ d[ i]Z >gVc^Vc ]djhZh d[ i]Z eVhi i]gZZ hjggdjcY^c\h4 ;dg i]Z \gVYjViZ hijYZcih VcY VXVYZb^V!

6h V higViZ\n [dg dg\Vc^o^c\ i]Z WdiiaZh! l]^X] kVg^ZY ^c XZcijg^Zh# LZ l^aa i]jh aZVgc ]dl i]ZhZ eg^cX^eaZh ]VkZ l]ZgZ Y^Y ^cYZeZcYZci gZhZVgX] [ZVijgZ VcY l]Vi lVh id h^oZ VcY h]VeZ VXXdgY^c\ id l]Vi lZ [djcY dc XVbejh! lZ V[[ZXiZY i]Z lVn ^c l]^X] FVV_Vg^ ]djhZh lZgZ eZgXZ^kZY WZ \V^cZY4 >c VchlZg^c\ i]ZhZ fjZhi^dch! VcY Vh i]Z egd_" XgZViZY V hXg^ei i]Vi XdjaY YZVa l^i] i]Z XdchigV^cih VcY VcY jhZY# ;^cVaan! i]Z eVeZg ^YZci^Ă’Zh i]Z FVV_Vg^"heZX^Ă’X ZXi ZkdakZY! ^i WZXVbZ aZhh VWdji i]Z ^chiVaaVi^dc! bdgZ a^b^iVi^dch d[ i]ZhZ [djcY dW_ZXih VcY XgZViZ V WZVji^[ja VgX]^iZXijgVa ZaZbZcih jhZY ^c i]ZhZ ]djhZh# XdchigjXi [gdb i]Zb! igVch[dgb^c\ i]Z XdaaZXi^dc d[ ^cY^" k^YjVa dW_ZXih ^cid V hnci]Zi^X ZmeZg^ZcXZ#

VWdji egdXZhh Ă… cdi hd bjX] ^cYZeZcYZci gZhZVgX]! Wji

<ZcZgVaan! i]ZgZ ^h a^iiaZ ^c[dgbVi^dc dc ]djhZh d[ i]^h ^ciZg"gZa^Vci ldg`^c\# I]Z igV^cZY ZnZ VcY i]Z jcigV^cZY eZg^dY# CdcZi]ZaZhh! i]ZgZ VgZ cjbZgdjh hjgk^k^c\ FVV_Vg^ ZnZ! eZgXZei^dch VaiZgZY VcY deedhZY Ă… Vc Zcfj^gn ^cid

I]^h egd_ZXi lVh hedchdgZY ^c eVgi Wn i]Z 6gih >c^i^Vi^kZ Vi ]djhZh ^c >h[V]Vc! l]^X] egdk^YZ V \ddY WVh^h [dg ZhiVWa^h]" i]Z kVajZh VcY VZhi]Zi^Xh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! djg hjggdjcY" 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in# I]^h [jcY^c\ lVh bVYZ edhh^WaZ i]gdj\] ^c\ i]Z X]VgVXiZg^hi^X [ZVijgZh d[ ]djhZh d[ i]^h ZgV# I]^h ^c\h VcY djg ^YZdad\n# V \ZcZgdjh \^[i [gdb I]Z <VihWn 8]Vg^iVWaZ ;djcYVi^dc#

hijYn jhZh i]ZhZ ]djhZh Vh V hiVgi^c\ ed^ci ^c jcYZghiVcY" ^c\ i]Z YdbZhi^X VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z eZg^dY ^c fjZhi^dc#

:k\abm^\mnkZe MkZgleZmbhgl _khf :km <nemnk^ Ma^hkr bg >g`eZg] Zg] ma^ NL: lbg\^ *2.)

Bg IkZbl^ h_ Bfi^kbZe Khf^ É Fnllhebgb�l ?Zl\blm NmhibZ

Fhk^ He] ;nbe]bg`l% Fhk^ G^p ?hkfl

DZkbg RZg`

CnZg&Enbl OZe]^kkZ[Zgh&FhgmZÂŽ^l

Ebg]lZr F\<hhd

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

D^gg^ma ?kZfimhg% Z]oblhk

?kZgÂ…hbl^ ;heeZ\d% Z]oblhk

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

=Zgb^e La^k^k% Z]oblhk

I]Z ejgedhZ d[ i]^h gZhZVgX] lVh id Wg^c\ id\Zi]Zg V Xdbe" gZ ]Zch^kZ VcVanh^h d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXih ^c GdbZ Yjg^c\

I]^h hijYn lVh [gVbZY l^i]^c i]Z E]#9# gZhZVgX] ^c^i^Vaan I]^h egd_ZXi XdggZaViZY id Egd[Zhhdg 7daaVX`Éh XaVhh! DaY i]Z ;VhX^hi eZg^dY ^aajhigVi^c\ ]dl VcY l]n Bjhhda^c^ YZkZadeZY Wn ?jVc"Aj^h KVaYZggVWVcd VcY B^\jZa EaViV Vi 7j^aY^c\h! CZl ;dgbh# I]Z \dVa lVh id Wj^aY V XViVad\jZ igVch[dgbZY i]Z X^in# ;dg l]Vi lZ hZZ VcY hijYn d[ GdbZÉh i]Z HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ d[ BVYg^Y jcYZg i]Z Y^gZXi^dc d[ higjXijgZh YZbdchigVi^c\ VYY^i^dch id ]^hidg^X Wj^aY^c\h VgX]^iZXijgVa eVhi VcY ^ih XjggZci jgWVc aVcYhXVeZ ]Vh d[ egd[Zhhdg ?jVc =ZggZgdh# I]Z ldg` V^bZY id igVchaViZ Wn hijYn^c\ ZmVbeaZh i]Vi lZgZ Wj^ai ^c i]Z aVhi '* nZVgh# cdi dcan WZZc jcZVgi]ZY! Wji bV\c^ÒXZcian [gVbZY! ZY^iZY XdcXZeih! YZk^XZh! VcY bZi]dYh [gdb di]Zg Y^hX^ea^cZh Cdi a^b^i^c\ egd_ZXih id V heZX^ÒX ineZ d[ VYY^i^dc! dkZg ,% VcY hiV\ZY [dg jh Wn ^ih bdYZgc YVn gjaZg! Bjhhda^c^! VcY ^cid VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY id ZmeadgZ i]Z gZaVi^dch WZilZZc i]Z egd_ZXih lZgZ hijY^ZY! VcY i]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc lVh Xdbe^aZY ^c [gdb gjaZgh d[ ZVgan >beZg^Va GdbZ# 6i i]Z i^bZ d[ i]Z iZcYZcXn id ^bedgi XdcXZeih! YZk^XZh! VcY bZi]dYh [gdb V hegZVYh]ZZi# &% d[ i]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\h lZgZ egZhZciZY Vh i]Z hiViZÉh X]Vc\^c\ eda^i^XVa ^chi^iji^dch! Yjg^c\ ^ih hdX^Va VcY di]Zg Y^hX^ea^cZh ^cid VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY i]Z \ZcZgVi^dc d[ Xjab^cVi^dc d[ i]Z gZhZVgX]#

ZXdcdb^XVa ^chiVW^a^i^Zh! i]Z \adg^djh igVY^i^dc d[ GdbZ

l]Vi XdjaY WZ XVaaZY VkVci"\VgYZ VgX]^iZXijgZ#

WZXVbZ Vc ^che^gVi^dc [dg Bjhhda^c^Éh [VhX^hi ^YZVah d[

Id Yd i]^h! i]Z hijYn ViiZbeiZY id Ă’cY l]Vi XdcXZeih dg YZk^XZh VgX]^iZXih jhZY ^c i]Z^g YZh^\c egdXZhh! VcVano^c\

!K^"=^Ă–gbg` Fh]^el3 Z L^e_&Hk`Zgbsbg` <bmr

gZcZlVa l]^aZ ^i VXiZY Vh V jhZ[ja VcY edlZg[ja idda [dg ]^h eda^i^XVa egdeV\VcYV# I]Z gZhZVgX] [dXjhZY dc [^ghi!

i]gdj\] ZmVbeaZh d[ egd_ZXih id l]Vi ZmiZci i]Z ÆigVchaV" :]he_h GZ]Ze

i]Z ZmXVkVi^dch VgdjcY VcY XdchigjXi^dch d[ K^V YZ^ ;dg^

i^dcÇ d[ XdcXZeih [gdb Vgi VcY XjaijgZ i]Zdgn lVh hjXXZhh" KheZg] Lghhdl% Z]oblhk

>beZg^Va^! V bdYZgc higZZi i]Vi ZcYZVkdgh id \^kZ kVajZ id

[jaan bViZg^Va^oZY ^cid VgX]^iZXijgZ#

BG=>I>G=>GM K>L>:K<A% LIKBG@ +))2

i]Z gZbV^ch d[ i]Z ^beZg^Va [dgbh VcY bdcjbZcih! VcY hZXdcY! i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z :hedh^o^dcZ Jc^kZghVaZ GdbV! Vc

9^V\gVbh lZgZ jhZY Vh ldg`^c\ YZk^XZh# ;dgbZg \Z"

cZg^X Y^V\gVbh bVee^c\ i]Z gZaVi^dc WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ! I]^h egd_ZXi hijY^ZY i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ bdYZa^c\ jgWVc ^Xdc^X! aVg\Z XdbeaZm Wj^ai id XZaZWgViZ i]Z ;VhX^hi gZ\^bZ Vgi VcY XjaijgZ i]Zdgn! h^cXZ LdgaY LVg >>! ]ZaeZY id YZĂ’cZ YZkZadebZcih Vh V gZhjai d[ gZhZVgX] d[ ZbZg\Zci VcY VcY ^ih a^c`V\Z id i]Z GdbVc igVY^i^dc# 7di] egd_ZXih lZgZ ild ^c^i^Va heZX^Ă’X Ze^hdYZh id VcVanoZ/ i]Z gZaVi^dc WZ" XdbeaZm hnhiZbh i]gdj\] bjai^"V\Zci bdYZah# I]Z V^b ZmVb^cZY l^i] gZ\VgYh id i]Z GdbVc :be^gZ! eVgi^XjaVgan ilZZc 6a^hdc EZiZg Hb^i]hdc VcY i]Z >cYZeZcYZci <gdje lVh id VcVanoZ i]Z ediZci^Vah d[ cZl iZX]cdad\^Zh id Yjg^c\ i]Z i^bZ d[ 6j\jhijh l]d lVh Vg\jVWan i]Z h^c\aZ ^c AdcYdc &.*% ! VcY 6aYd KVc :nX` l^i] i]Z 8dWgV <gdje ZmigVXi XdcXajh^dch i]Vi XdjaY V[[ZXi i]Z lVn lZ eZgXZ^kZ bdhi ^bedgiVci Ă’\jgZ ^c GdbVc ]^hidgn VcY V hnbWda l^i] ^c 6bhiZgYVb &.)- #

VcY eaVc X^i^Zh idYVn#

l]db Bjhhda^c^ ^YZci^Ă’ZY ]^bhZa[# #


@eZll <kZ_m $ Bg]nlmkbZe @eZll Ikh]n\mbhg <akblmhia^k ;Zke^r $ Chl^ia F\@kZma $ EZnk^g\^ LZkkZsbg EZnkb^ AZpdbglhg $ L\hmm FZk[e^% Z]oblhkl


HkgZf^gmZe <hgg^\mbobmr3 ?hkf% ?Z[kb\Zmbhg% Zg] =ZmZ >gobkhgf^gml

L^e_ÈHk`Zgbsbg` Lmkn\mnk^l

;kbZg ;knla $ Rhg` Cn E^^ $ E^Za F^blm^kebg

KheZg] Lghhdl% Z]oblhk

L^k`bh @hf^s


F^f[kZg^ ?hkfphkd

@eZll L^glhkr IZobebhg

PbeebZf D^fi^k

LaZkhg Dbf $ DZmb^ LabfZ

L\hmm FZk[e^% Z]oblhk

FZkd ;^ZkZd% Z]oblhk


:k\abm^\mnkZe MkZgleZmbhgl _khf :km <nemnk^ Ma^hkr bg >g`eZg] Zg] ma^ NL: lbg\^ *2.)

!K^"=^Ögbg` Fh]^el3 Z L^e_&Hk`Zgbsbg` <bmr

CnZg&Enbl OZe]^kkZ[Zgh&FhgmZ ^l

KheZg] Lghhdl% Z]oblhk

D^gg^ma ?kZfimhg% Z]oblhk

:]he_h GZ]Ze


:]oZg\^] :k\abm^\mnkZe K^l^Zk\a FZ[^e H' Pbelhg% ]bk^\mhk L^i] Vc ZbZg\^c\ \adWVa hdX^Zin gZh]Ve^c\ 6gX]^iZXijgZÉh Y^hX^ea^cVgn ^beZgVi^kZh id VYYgZhh hjX] cZZYh Vh ZXd" ad\^XVaan hjhiV^cVWaZ YZh^\c dg i]Z kVg^ZY YZbVcYh eaVXZY jedc VgX]^iZXih Vh i]Zn ldg` l^i]^c VcY XgZViZ ^cXgZVh^c\an XdbeaZm ejWa^X he]ZgZh! cZl \gVYjViZh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ bjhi WZ egZeVgZY id cVk^\ViZ V bjai^"Y^hX^ea^cVgn egd[Zhh^dc# 6gX]^iZXih bjhi cdi dcan YZh^\c! Wji Vahd bjhi YZkZade cZl [dgbh d[ ZmeZgi^hZ# AZVY^c\ i]Z ÒZaY ^c ^ccdkVi^dc VcY ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc! i]Z <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZhZgkVi^dcÉh gZhZVgX] aVWdgVidg^Zh [dXjh h^h dc i]Z gZhZVgX] aVWh i]Vi i]Z BVhiZgh Egd\gVbh eaVXZ dc i]gZZ `Zn ^ciZggZaViZY ^c^i^Vi^kZh/ & YZkZadebZci d[ cZl dc i]Z YZh^\c hijY^dh# HijYZcih ZmeVcY i]Z `cdlaZY\Z VcY

: K^l^Zk\a hg K^l^Zk\a hg Lenfl' Ma^ @L:II <Zl^ Lmn]r

iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY [VWg^XVi^dc bZi]dYh0 ' XjaijgVa VcVanh^h h`^aah VXfj^gZY ^c XdbeaZi^dc d[ i]Z bVhiZgÉh YZ\gZZ ^c V :e^cZg]kh ]^ <Zlmkh FZsZkkh d[ adXVa VcY \adWVa XdcY^i^dch0 VcY ( ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc d[ i]Z hZii^c\ YZY^XViZY id Veea^ZY gZhZVgX]# HijYZcih YZk^hZ V <eZkZ BkZs [Ze% Z]oblhk jgWVc VcY Wj^ai gZVabh#

ild"hZbZhiZg VYkVcXZY VgX]^iZXijgVa gZhZVgX] egd_ZXi id :=O:G<>= :K<ABM><MNK:E K>L>:K<A

Id ^ckdakZ i]ZhZ gZhZVgX] aVWdgVidg^Zh bdgZ Y^gZXian ^ckZhi^\ViZ heZX^ÒX fjZhi^dch ^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# ^c i]Z ZYjXVi^dcVa b^hh^dc d[ i]Z hX]dda! <H6EE d[[Zgh V JcYZg i]Z hjeZgk^h^dc d[ V aVW Y^gZXidg dg [VXjain bZbWZg! <^kZc i]Z aVX` d[ V ]da^hi^X YZÒc^i^dc d[ ÆhajbÇ Å iV`Zc dcZ"nZVg egd\gVb ^c 6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgVa GZhZVgX] [dg hijYZcih ji^a^oZ i]Z^g ZmeZgi^hZ id XgZViZ ^ccdkVi^kZ YZh^\c Vh V Wj^ai [dgb! i]^h gZhZVgX] bVeh <H6EEÉh jcXdkZgZY \gVYjViZh l]d ]VkZ XdbeaZiZY YZ\gZZh ^c i]Z BVhiZg d[ gZhedchZh id VYYgZhh i]dhZ egdWaZbh# 6aa gZhZVgX] ^h Zm" ZYjXVi^dcVa VgZVh i]Vi bVn Zcg^X] ^ih VXVYZb^X Xjgg^Xjajb HX^ZcXZ 6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgVa 9Zh^\c BH669 ! BVhiZg d[ eZg^bZciVa ^c he^g^i! Wji cdcZi]ZaZhh Y^gZXiZY idlVgY ]dl i]jh [dhiZg^c\ cZl gZhZVgX] dc hajbh# IV`Zc Vh V hdgi 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY JgWVc 9Zh^\c BH6J9 ! VcY BVhiZg d[ 6g" i]^h `cdlaZY\Z XVc WZ Veea^ZY id Zc\V\Z gZVa ^hhjZh Xdc" d[ ZYjXVi^dcVa bZX]Vc^hb! <H6EE ^h Y^V\cdhZY Wn X]^iZXijgZ B6gX] # 66 GZhZVgX] eaVXZh i]Z hVbZ Zbe]V" XZgc^c\ ]dl VgX]^iZXijgZ h]VeZh i]Z ldgaY#

ig^Vc\jaVi^c\ dcZ d[ ^ih VXVYZb^X hdjgXZh! egdXZhhZh VcY djiejih# I]jh! i]Z gZhZVgX] adXVa^oZh Xdjcig^Zh l]ZgZ gZhZVgX] dc hajbh ^h cdi egdedgi^dcZY id i]Z Vbdjci d[ hajb YlZaaZgh Wn XdbeVg^c\ 6kZgn >cYZm VcY JC=VW^iVi YViVWVhZh0 ^i hjgkZnh <H6EEÉh hijYZcih id h]dl ]dl i]Z^g YZÒc^i^dch d[ ÆhajbhÇ Y^kZg\Z [gdb [dgbVa dcZh0 ÒcVaan! i]Z XdciZci VcVanh^h d[ i]Z 67HIG68I %+$%, ejWa^XVi^dc Å l]^X] hjbbVg^oZh <H6EEÉh VXVYZb^X egdYjXi^dc ^c i]Vi nZVg Å h]dlh i]Vi iZgbh hjX] Vh ÆhjhiV^cVWaZÇ0 ÆZck^gdcbZciVaÇ dg ÆYZkZadebZciÇ gZegZhZci i]Z egZkVaZci ZYjXVi^dcVa XdcXZgch Veea^ZY dc ÆhajbhÇ ^c egZ_jY^XZ d[ WZ^c\ Zmea^X^ian gZ[ZgZcXZY#

#"


EgZ"LVg >bV\^cVgn# 9jg^c\ '%%.! [djg bV\Vo^cZh i]Vi ejW" a^h]ZY i]Z l^ccZg egdedhVah d[ :jgdeVc ^c i]dhZ heZX^ÒX h^iZh Å :a 8gdfj^h! 7VjlZai! 9dbjh VcY AÉVgX]^iZXijgZ YÉVj_djgYÉ]j^ Å lZgZ kVcYVa^oZY Wn i]^h Òghi XdaaZXi^dc d[ I]Z JgWVc >bV\^cVgn Egd_ZXi#

:iieb^] Mabg`l D^obg P^b =Zob] ;^gcZfbg% Z]oblhk :=O:G<>= :K<ABM><MNK:E K>L>:K<A

6eea^ZY I]^c\h ^h V \gV[Òi^ XVckVh iZX]cdad\n VcY hdX^Va VXi^dc eaVi[dgb i]ViÉh YZh^\cZY id ]Zae higZZi Vgi egdkd`Z V ejWa^X Y^hXjhh^dc# I]Z egd_ZXi fjZhi^dch i]Z VWhdajiZ gZbdkVa d[ \gV[Òi^! VcY ^chiZVY Vh`h! ÆL]Vi ^[ higZZi Vgi XdjaY WZ kdiZY dc ^c gZVa i^bZ4Ç >i ^h V XdaaZXi^dc d[ bVcn hbVaa bVX]^cZh h^ijViZY Vi i]Z Wj^aY^c\ [VXVYZ i]Vi VXi Vh V i^aZY XVckVh [dg \gV[Òi^ Vgi^hih id aZVkZ i]ZgZ bVg` jedc# EZdeaZ jhZ i]Z^g XZaa e]dcZ id XdbbZci VcY kdiZ dc l]Vi i]Zn hZZ# >[ bdgZ eZdeaZ kdiZ nZh! i]Zc i]Z ldg` gZbV^ch Vh ^h0 Wji ^[ bdgZ eZdeaZ kdiZ cd! i]Zc i]Z XVckVh YncVb^XVaan gZigVXih ^ihZa[ VcY ]^YZh i]Z \gV[Òi^ [gdb ejWa^X k^Zl# ÆCdi ^c bn cZ^\]Wdg]ddY `^aa^iÇ Æ> a^`Z ^i `ZZe^iÇ EgZYZiZgb^cZY `ZnldgYh \^kZ i]Z ejWa^X V aVc\jV\Z i]Vi ZbedlZgh i]Zb id hiVcY je [dg i]Z^g

Ma^ Nk[Zg BfZ`bgZkr Ikhc^\m

de^c^dc! id kd^XZ i]Z^g XdcXZgc! VcY id gVaan di]Zgh idlVgY cZXZhh^iViZ i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ gZYjcYVcX^Zh ^c YZa^kZg^c\

<kblmbgZ @h[^kgZ

i]Z^g XVjhZ# 7ZXVjhZ HBH iZX]cdad\n ^h ldgaYl^YZ! V kVhi i]Z b^c^bjb gZfj^gZY ZaZXig^X^in Vi adXVi^dc# 6ai]dj\] Zc"

ChZjnbf Fhk^gh% Z]oblhk

\adWVa edejaVi^dc ]Vh i]Z ediZci^Va id ^cÓjZcXZ i]Z heVi^Va Zg\n Z[ÒX^ZcXn hiVcYVgYh [dg egdYjXih VcY XdchigjXi^dc VgZ

:=O:G<>= :K<ABM><MNK:E K>L>:K<A

XdchZfjZcXZh d[ V i^cn adXVa heVXZ Å V e]ZcdbZcdc gVgZan ^begdk^c\! i]Z ^cXgZVhZ ^c ZaZXig^XVa YZbVcY ^c bZigdeda^" hZZc VcY ZkZc aZhh jcYZghiddY#

6\ZcYV/ I]Z JgWVc >bV\^cVgn Egd_ZXi jckZ^ah i]Z ^YZdad\n

iVc gZ\^dch l^aa cZXZhh^iViZ cdi dcan VYY^i^dcVa egdYjXi^dc d[ ZaZXig^X^in Wji Vahd XdbeaZm VcY Xdhian je\gVY^c\ d[ Vaa gZaViZY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ [dg igVchb^hh^dc#

VgX]^iZXijgVa egdYjXi^dc0 ^#Z# bZY^V ^beVXi! bVc^[Zhidh!

LheZk Nk[Zg IkZbkb^ É K^mkhÖmmbg` Nk[Zg >gobkhgf^gml _hk LheZk >g^k`r !=^lb`g [r K^l^Zk\a Zg] K^l^Zk\a bg =^lb`g"

dg^\^ch! XdciZci! ^ciZgZhih VcY higjXijgZ#

>e^gZ OZgs

hZVgX] Xdchi^ijiZh YZiV^aZY VcVanh^h d[ XjggZci \ZcZgVi^dc!

WZ]^cY i]Z bdhi egdb^cZci ^chi^iji^dch i]Vi XgZViZ jgWVc ^bV\^cVg^Zh Wn bZVch d[ V Xg^i^XVa VcVanh^h d[ i]Z^g

EgdYjXi/ BVc^[Zhid [dg Vc 6\dc^hi^X 6gX]^iZXijgZ! V Xda" Fhc]^a ;ZkZmehh% Z]oblhk

I]^h gZhZVgX] ZmVb^cZh i]Z i]gZZ XgjX^Va hXVaZh ^ckdakZY ^c ZaZXig^XVa egdYjXi^dc VcY jhV\Z# I]Z Òghi e]VhZ d[ bn gZ" Y^hig^Wji^dc! igVchb^hh^dc VcY Xdchjbei^dc d[ CZl Ndg`

aZXi^dc d[ e^gViZ edhiZg"o^cZh ^chZgiZY ^c gZaZkVci ^hhjZh d[ :=O:G<>= :K<ABM><MNK:E K>L>:K<A

8^in ZaZXig^X^in# HZXdcY e]VhZ YdXjbZcih V \^kZc Y^hig^XiÉh

gZcdlc bV\Vo^cZh Vi VgX]^iZXijgVa a^WgVg^Zh VcY Wdd` hidgZh

ZaZXig^XVa YViV VcVano^c\ YZiV^aZY 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^inÉh

Wn V cZildg` d[ bdgZ i]Vc '% 6gX]^iZXijgVa 6\dc^hb kVcYVa"

8dc\Zhi^dc VcY ZkZg ^cXgZVh^c\ YZbVcY d[ i]Z ZaZXig^" Bdgc^c\h^YZ 8Vbejh Vh V XVhZ hijYn! [daadlZY Wn YZh^\c

^o^c\ hZXgZi V\Zcih ^c bdgZ i]Vc (* X^i^Zh VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# XVa hjeean VcY Y^hig^Wji^dc hnhiZb ^h V bV_dg XdcXZgc [dg higViZ\^Zh [dg V e^adi egd_ZXi Xdch^YZg^c\ i]Z BJ99 Wj^aY^c\ I]Z Òghi XdaaZXi^dc d[ edhiZgh lVh YZY^XViZY id i]Z Vg" i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ YZchZ bZigdeda^iVc VgZVh! \adWVaan# >c :c\^cZZg^c\ HX]dda l^i]^c i]Z 8dajbW^V 8Vbejh# X]^iZXijgVa XdbeZi^i^dc :jgdeVc Å aVcYbVg` ^c i]Z Xdc" CZl Ndg` 8^in VadcZ EaVCN8 '%(% egd_ZXih i]Vi Vc ^cXgZVhZ higjXi^dc d[ i]Z jgWVc ^bV\^cVgn d[ i]Z :jgdeZVc Jc^dc Å d[ Vi aZVhi )*% bZ\VlViih l^aa WZ cZXZhhVgn id edlZg i]Z eZg]Veh i]Z aVg\Zhi VgX]^iZXijgVa XdbeZi^i^dc ^c i]Z ldgaY X^inÉh \gdli] ^c i]Z cZmi '% nZVgh# I]^h egd_ZXi^dc ^h YjZ ^c ^c iZgbh d[ i]Z hXVaZ d[ ^ih dg\Vc^oVi^dc! i]Z cjbWZg d[ eVg" eVgi id Vc ^cXgZVhZY jhZ d[ ZaZXigdc^X YZk^XZh VcY ^c eVgi i^X^eVci Xdjcig^Zh VcY ^ih ^beVXi ^c heZX^Va^oZY bZY^V# I]Z id cZl XdchigjXi^dc gZfj^gZY id hjeedgi i]Z egd_ZXiZY ÒkZ" XdaaZXi^dc Xdbeg^hZh ) ^hhjZh/ 7Zga^c &..%/ I]Z GZjc^ÒXV" b^aa^dc eZghdc \gdli] ^c edejaVi^dc# 6c VYY^i^dcVa ^bedg" i^dc >bV\^cVgn0 7jYVeZhi^ '%%(/ I]Z :VhiZgc >bV\^cVgn0 iVci Xdch^YZgVi^dc ^h i]Z egd_ZXiZY Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z! l]^X] >hiVcWja '%%)/ I]Z Di]Zg >bV\^cVgn VcY 7Zd\gVY &..&/ I]Z l^aa V[[ZXi lZVi]Zg eViiZgch VcY hidgb hjg\Zh VcY l^aa ##


6

7

8

:]oZg\^] :k\abm^\mnkZe K^l^Zk\a

6aZ_VcYgd YZ 8Vhigd BVoVggd 6$= ! 8]g^hi^cV <dWZgcV < !

FZ[^e H' Pbelhg% ]bk^\mhk

:aZcV KVco :$; ! `Zk^c LZ^ 7$8$9

9


: ;

< =


:k\abm^\mnk^ Ia'=' Ikh`kZf

@aZ^c! :ahV AVb! 6nVaV AZk^c! 6cYgZV BZggZii! EZiZg B^cdh]! lg^iZgh id i]Z ^YZVh [dgbjaViZY jcYZg i]Z gjWg^X d[ Æeda^XZ

K^bgahe] FZkmbg% ]bk^\mhk

<^c\Zg CdaVc! BVg^V <# EZcYVh! 6aZmVcYgV FjVcig^aa! >cYZgW^g hX^ZcXZ!Ç i]Z i]Zdgn d[ i]Z \dkZgcbZci VcY VYb^c^higVi^dc H^c\] G^Vg! GdWZgi GjW^c! :jc^XZ HZc\! 9Vc^Za IVaZhc^`! H_dj`_Z d[ i]Z X^in# I]Z i]Zh^h l^aa ZmVb^cZ ild ]^hidg^XVa e]Zcdb"

I]Z E]#9# egd\gVb ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h dg^ZciZY idlVgY i]Z kVc YZg BZjaZc! 7gVY LVaiZgh! B^cÄN^c\ LVc\! IVd O]j

ZcV VcY i]Z^g bjijVa gZaVi^dc/ Òghi! i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ V cZl

igV^c^c\ d[ hX]daVgh ^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn VcY

ÆgVi^dcVa^inÇ d[ i]Z X^in! Vh ^i YZkZadeZY ^c i]Z Y^hXdjghZ VcY

i]Zdgn# >ih higjXijgZ gZÓZXih V YjVa jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z hX]daVgÉh gdaZ ^c i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ Vi aVg\Z/ Vh V iZVX]Zg VcY Vh V gZhZVgX]Zg bV`^c\ Vc dg^\^cVa Xdcig^Wji^dc id i]Z ÒZaY! l^i] Vc Zbe]Vh^h dc ZmeVcY^c\ VcY gZ^ciZgegZi^c\ Y^hX^ea^cVgn `cdlaZY\Z ^c V WgdVY ^ciZaaZXijVa VgZcV# 8djghZ

?b`nk^l h_ ma^ <bmr bg ma^ :g\b^g K `bf^% hk ma^ Iheb\^% ma^ <bmr% Zg] ma^ Nk[Zg BfZ`b& gZkr _khf Ehnbl QBO mh ma^ K^ohenmbhg% hk LmZm^% <bobe Lh\b^mr% :k\abm^\mnk^3 Z <kbmbjn^ h_ ma^ K^ik^l^gmZmbhgl h_ ma^ @hh] <bmr

egVXi^XZh d[ i]Z eda^XZ! i]Z ^chi^iji^dc i]Vi bdhi XdcigdaaZY jgWVc igVch[dgbVi^dc0 VcY hZXdcY! V egd[djcY XjaijgVa X]Vc\Z ^c i]Z lVn i]Z X^in! ^c Wdi] ^ih bViZg^Va VcY eda^i^XVa hZchZ! lVh XdcXZ^kZY# I]Z ]nedi]Zh^h ^h i]Vi i]Z cZl ^YZVh VcY gZegZhZciVi^dch d[ i]Z X^in i]Vi ZbZg\ZY ^c i]Z Z^\]"

gZfj^gZbZcih lZgZ i]ZgZ[dgZ YZh^\cZY id \^kZ ZciZg^c\ <^lZk^ ;bkb`gZgb% \Zg]b]Zm^

iZZci] XZcijgn ^ckdakZY V [jcYVbZciVa gZÄVgi^XjaVi^dc d[ i]Z

hijYZcih V hda^Y [djcYVi^dc ^c ]^hidg^XVa `cdlaZY\Z VcY

gZaVi^dc WZilZZc HiViZ VcY X^k^a hdX^ZinÄi]Z eda^XZ d[[Zgh V

i]ZdgZi^XVa Y^hXdjghZ! l^i] hj[ÒX^Zci ÓZm^W^a^in id Vaadl i]Z ;^\jgZh d[ i]Z 8^in ^c i]Z 6cX^Zc G \^bZ! dg i]Z Eda^XZ! Xg^i^XVa bZVch id jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Vi gZÄVgi^XjaVi^dc# ^c^i^Vi^dc VcY ejghj^i d[ ^cY^k^YjVa gZhZVgX] V\ZcYVh# I]Z i]Z 8^in! VcY i]Z JgWVc >bV\^cVgn [gdb Adj^h M>K id i]Z egd\gVbÉh [dXjh ^h dc i]Z ]^hidgn VcY i]Zdgn d[ bdYZgc VcY GZkdaji^dc! dg HiViZ! 8^k^a HdX^Zin! 6gX]^iZXijgZ/ V 8g^i^fjZ XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb ^c Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa d[ i]Z GZegZhZciVi^dch d[ i]Z <ddY 8^in VcY XgdhhÄXjaijgVa XdciZmi! [gdb i]Z b^YÄZ^\]iZZci]

>m ]^eeZ FZ\\abgZ3 FZk\h SZgnlhÍl :k\ab& m^\mnk^ Zg] Bg]nlmkbZe =^lb`g *2-.È*20+

H^cXZ Vci^fj^in i]Z iZgb polis ]Vh XVeijgZY Wdi] i]Z ^YZV LaZgm^e ;eZd^er% \Zg]b]Zm^

XZcijgn id i]Z egZhZci# L^i]^c i]^h! V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ gZhZVgX] d[ X^in Vh e]nh^XVa hZiiaZbZci VcY i]Vi d[ X^in Vh Xdbbjc^in$ :K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F ^h hjeedgiZY i]gdj\] i]Z kVg^ZY ZmeZgi^hZ d[ i]Z [VXjain hiViZ# I]^h i]Zh^h l^aa ZmeadgZ i]^h Xdchi^ijZci VbW^kVaZcXZ Vh

VcY i]gdj\] higdc\ gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i] di]Zg YZeVgibZcih ^i idd` [dgb ^c i]Z ZVganÄbdYZgc eZg^dY! igVX^c\ V hZg^Zh d[ I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc ^h V hijYn d[ BVgXd OVcjhd B^aVc! >iVan i]gdj\]dji i]Z Jc^kZgh^in VcY WZndcY#

]^hidg^XVa h]^[ih ^c i]Z lVn i]Z X^in lVh Zck^h^dcZY ^c ;gVcXZ &.&+Ä'%%& # I]Z hijYn l^aa h]dl ]dl i]Z bZi]dYdad\n d[ [gdb i]Z gZ^\c d[ Adj^h M>K jci^a i]Z GZkdaji^dc# I]Z egdedhVa i]^h VgX]^iZXi VcY ^cYjhig^Va YZh^\cZg! [dgbZY Yjg^c\ i]Z

E]#9# 8dbb^iiZZ/

^h id hijYn i]Z jgWVc ^bV\^cVgn d[ i]^h eZg^dY Wn XdbeVg^c\ hZXdcY LdgaY LVg VcY i]Z &.*%h ^c B^aVc! Zbe]Vh^oZY i]Z

7Vggn 7Zg\Ydaa! @ZccZi] ;gVbeidc! BVgn BXAZdY! ?dVc i]Z Ò\jgZh d[ i]Z X^in egdYjXZY Wn VgX]^iZXih VcY jide^Vc Zc\V\ZbZci d[ XjggZci XVeVW^a^i^Zh ^c egdYjXi^dc! ^ckZci^kZ DX`bVc! ?dg\Z DiZgdÄEV^adh! ;Za^X^in HXdii! BVg` L^\aZn! <lZcYdanc Lg^\]i <gVYjViZh/ :hgV 6`XVc! HiVcaZn ?# BVi]Zlh! @Zc IVYVh]^ Dh]^bV! :ZkVÄ A^^hV EZa`dcZc! 9Vk^Y G^[`^cY! >dVccV I]ZdX]Vgdedjadj! CVYZg Kdhhdj\]^V! @^bWZgan OVgZXdg 8VcY^YViZh/ 9Vc^Za 7VgWZg! 8ZhVgZ 7^g^\cVc^! H]VciZa 7aV`Zan! BVgiV 8VaYZ^gV! >gZcZ 8]Zc\! AjXn 8gZV\]! EVig^X^d 9Za GZVa! GVae] <]dX]Z! ?Zcc^[Zg <gVn! =ZaZc <n\Zg! =njc IVZ ?jc\! AZha^Z $


gZjhZ d[ e]nh^XVa VcY ad\^hi^XVa higjXijgZh! VcY ViiZci^dc id hdX^Va cZZY# I]Z XZcigVa X]VeiZgh d[ i]Z hijYn hZZ`! i]gdj\] i]ZhZ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch! id jcYZghiVcY OVcjhdÉh cdi^dc d[ ÆbVhhÇ YZh^\c ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY YZh^\c! VcY id XdbeVgZ i]^h cdi^dc id GZncZg 7Vc]VbÉh ÆbVX]^cZ V\ZÇ ^YZV ZciV^a^c\! dc dcZ ]VcY! i]Z Veea^XVi^dc d[ iZX]cdad\n id i]Z Zc]VcXZbZci d[ ZkZgnYVn a^[Z VcY ^ckZci^dc d[ cZl [dgbh d[ a^k^c\0 dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! gZ_ZXi^dc d[ i]Z [dgbVa iVhiZh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] ÆVXVYZb^X^hbÇ ^c igVY^i^dcVa VgX]^iZXijgZ# ;jgi]Zg! i]Z hijYn egdWZh i]Z a^b^ih d[ i]^h età della macchina! ^c eVgi^XjaVg i]Z YZXa^cZ d[ i]Z bVX]^cZÄV\Z hinaZ ^c OVcjhdÉh ldg` Vb^Y i]Z il^a^\]i d[ i]Z ^cYjhig^Va YZkZadebZci [dg l]^X] hjX] egd_ZXih lZgZ dei^b^oZY! Vh ^cYjhig^Va egdYjXi^dc VcY

IC! [dg i]Z BVc]ViiVc Egd_ZXi! i]Z Ă’gb [jaan ZbeadnZY

XjaijgVa higjXijgZh lZgZ gZeaVXZY l^i] i]dhZ d[ V ÆiZgi^VgnÇ

bdYZgc YZh^\c ^Y^dbh VcY YZkZadeZY V cZl dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa

ZXdcdbn VcY di]Zg edhiÄ^cYjhig^Va XjaijgVa bVc^[ZhiVi^dch

higjXijgZ YgVlc [gdb XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] i]Z Æb^a^iVgnÄ

^c i]Z ZVgan id b^YĂ„&.,%h#

^cYjhig^Va XdbeaZm#Ç 6[iZg i]Z lVg! i]Z Ògb WZXVbZ `cdlc Vh Wdi] i]Z Ydb^cVci egdYjXZg d[ XdgedgViZ VgX]^iZXijgZ

=pb`am I^kdbgl :k\abm^\m3 <bob\ K^ik^& l^gmZmbhg Zg] Lh\bZe K^_hkf bg <ab\Z`h ]nkbg` ma^ Ikh`k^llbo^ >kZ% *12,Ăˆ*2,,

VcY Vc Z[Ă’X^Zci dg\Vc^oZg d[ aVg\ZĂ„hXVaZ egd_ZXih# DkZg

C^ggb_^k @kZr% \Zg]b]Zm^

=dlZkZg! V Xg^i^XVa VcVanh^h d[ ^ih ]^hidgn ]Vh cdi WZZc

:K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

YdcZ# I]Z Y^hhZgiVi^dc ^aajhigViZh i]Vi Wn XdbW^c^c\ Ă“Zm^WaZ

i]Z nZVgh! HDB ]Vh ]VY V Xg^i^XVa ^beVXi dc i]Z egdheZg^in VcY i]Z Ydb^cVcXZ d[ bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c 6bZg^XV#

dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa higjXijgZh l^i] Z[Ă’X^Zci YZh^\c egdYjXi^dc! 8]^XV\d VgX]^iZXi 9l^\]i EZg`^ch lVh V e^kdiVa Ă’\jgZ ^c i]Z

HDB lVh VWaZ id egdYjXZ edhiÄlVg d[ÒXZ heVXZh i]Vi lZgZ

egd\gZhh^kZ hdX^Va VcY eda^i^XVa gZ[dgbh i]Vi lZgZ ZheZX^Vaan gVc\Z d[ ]djh^c\ VcY jgWVc hdaji^dch ZmeadgZY ^c EZgj gZeZi^i^kZ nZi dg\Vc^X# higdc\ ^c i]Z B^YlZhiZgc Jc^iZY HiViZh Yjg^c\ i]Z deZc^c\ ^c i]^h eZg^dY# I]Z Y^hhZgiVi^dc ZmVb^cZh i]Z ldg` d[ ild YZXVYZh d[ i]Z ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn# =Z ]ZaY hZkZgVa bjc^X^eVa `Zn Ă’\jgZh ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z XgZVi^dc VcY ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ Veed^cibZcih! adWW^ZY hjXXZhh[jaan [dg i]Z eVhhV\Z d[ i]ZhZ ZmeZg^bZcih! ?d]c ;# 8# IjgcZg VcY EZiZg AVcY! Vh

Pbe]^kg^ll GZmbhg3 ;nbe]bg` <ZgZ]ZĂ?l KZbepZr EZg]l\Zi^l% *11-Ăˆ*2+2

XdchZgkVi^dc aZ\^haVi^dc! VcY ]VY eZghdcVa VcY egd[Zhh^dcVa V ed^ci d[ Zcign ^cid Wj^aY^c\ je Vc ^bV\Z d[ i]Z cZildg`h >elZ EZf% \Zg]b]Zm^ XdccZXi^dch l^i] egdb^cZci adXVa gZ[dgbZgh hjX] Vh ?VcZ d[ egd[Zhh^dcVa VhhdX^ViZh! i]ZdgZi^XVa VcY eda^i^XVa :K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F 6YYVbh! ?d]c 9ZlZn! 8]VgaZh OjZWa^c! VcY ?Zch ?ZchZc# ^cÓjZcXZh! eda^X^Zh! VcY egd\gVbh jcYZgan^c\ i]ZhZ cZl I]^h i]Zh^h Vg\jZh i]Vi i]^h b^a^Zj h]VgZY V hZi d[ hdX^dÄ VeegdVX]Zh id ]djh^c\# eda^i^XVa ^YZVah i]Vi gZkdakZY VgdjcY i]Z \dVa d[ [dhiZg^c\ V

8ZcigVa id 8VcVY^Vc ^YZci^in ^h V cVi^dcVa XdchX^djhcZhh d[

6 `Zn ZaZbZci d[ i]Z VeegdVX] l^aa WZ id ZmVb^cZ i]Z ^c]VW^i^c\ V Xdjcign d[ kVhi l^aYZgcZhh aVcYhXVeZh# I]^h

bjijVaan gZhedch^WaZ hdX^Va YZbdXgVXn ^c eaVXZ d[ aV^hhZoÄ YZkZadebZci d[ ]djh^c\ ^ccdkVi^dc i]gdj\] i]Z ^ciZgVX" i]Zh^h ZmeadgZh i]Z gdaZ d[ i]Z 8VcVY^Vc EVX^ÒX GV^alVn [V^gZ ^cY^k^YjVa^hb VcY i]Vi i]Z gZVa^oVi^dc d[ i]^h \dVa idd` i^dch d[ i]gZZ bV^c he]ZgZh/ i]Z XdcY^i^dch d[ edhh^W^a^in ^c XdchigjXi^c\ i]ZhZ l^aYZgcZhh ^YZVah Yjg^c\ V XgjX^Va dc VgX]^iZXijgVa [dgb i]gdj\] EZg`^chÉ YZh^\ch [dg cZl i]Vi bVYZ EZgj V [Zgi^aZ h^iZ [dg ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc jcYZg V eZg^dY d[ cVi^dcVa ZmeVch^dc! ZXdcdb^X \gdli]! VcY hdX^Va XZciZgh! cVbZan/ hZiiaZbZci ]djhZh! ejWa^X hX]ddah! hjXXZhh^dc d[ kZgn Y^[[ZgZci eda^i^XVa gZ\^bZh0 i]Z ^cÓj" XjaijgVa YZkZadebZci# >c Va^\cbZci l^i] [ZYZgVa egd_ZXih eaVn\gdjcYh! eVg`h VcY gZXgZVi^dc [VX^a^i^Zh# EZg`^ch VcY ]^h ZcXZh dc VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ i]Vi aZY id i]Z YZkZade" d[ XjaijgVa cVi^dcVa^hb! i]Z igVchXdci^cZciVa gV^alVn XdbeVig^dih Zck^h^dcZY i]ZhZ heVXZh Vh adX^ d[ YZbdXgVi^X bZci d[ VaiZgcVi^kZ VeegdVX]Zh id ]djh^c\0 VcY i]Z XdciZmi egdbdiZY aVcYÄ\gVci hVaZh VcY idjg^hb Wn gZegZhZci^c\ ZmX]Vc\Z! VcY l]Zc \gdjeZY id\Zi]Zg i]Zn deZgViZY jcYZgan^c\ i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ cZl ^YZdad\^Zh VcY egVXi^XZh 8VcVY^Vc aVcYhXVeZh Vh jcidjX]ZY l^aYZgcZhhZh id WZ Vi Vh V idlc eaVcc^c\ [dgbjaV [dg XgZVi^c\ hZa[Ä\dkZgc^c\ d[ YZkZadebZci ^c i]^h eZg^dY! Vh l^icZhhZY Wn i]Z \gdl^c\ ijgch iVbZY Wn V\g^XjaijgZ! egZhZgkZY Vh hXZc^X adXVaZh! YZbdXgVi^X Xdbbjc^i^Zh# I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc hZZ`h id ZmeadgZ/ egd[Zhh^dcVa^hb d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa YZkZadebZci V\ZcX^Zh#

dg Vhh^b^aViZY id V [da` ]Zg^iV\Z# EVgi & ZmVb^cZh i]Z

& i]Z hjWhiVcXZ d[ i]Z hdX^Va gZ[dgbh YZh^gZY Wn EZg`^ch

gV^alVnÉh gZVYnÄbVYZ [Vgb egd\gVb d[ &--)Ä&--.! l]^X]

VcY ]^h [Zaadl egd\gZhh^kZh0 ' i]Z lVn ^c l]^X] EZg`^chÉ hdX^Va XZciZgh ^chi^iji^dcVa^oZY XZgiV^c b^YYaZÄXaVhh kVajZh0

Hk`ZgbsZmbhg Zg] :[lmkZ\mbhg3 Ma^ :k& \abm^\mnk^ h_ LHF _khf *2,/ mh *2./

( i]Z lVn EZg`^ch gZVa^oZY VcY hnbWda^oZY i]ZhZ V\ZcYVh Arng MZ^ Cng`% \Zg]b]Zm^ ^c ]^h VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\ch#

:K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

EbfZ Zl Z Ikhc^\m3 LihgmZg^hnl Nk[ZgbsZmbhg Zg] :k\abm^\mnkZe Bgm^ko^gmbhgl% *2-.Ăˆ*20.

=dl Y^Y V aVg\ZĂ„hXVaZ VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZ WZ\^c VcY

A^e^g @r`^k% \Zg]b]Zm^

VcY ^Xdcd\gVe]^XVaan! i]Z Ă’gb d[ HDB H`^YbdgZ! Dl^c\h

:K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

BZgg^aa ! i]Z Y^hhZgiVi^dc ZmeadgZh i]Z igV_ZXidgn d[

Zck^h^dcZY i]Z gZYZbei^dc d[ hegVla^c\ EgV^g^Z l^aYZgcZhh VgZVh i]gdj\] V\g^XjaijgZ# EVgi ' ZmVb^cZh V idjg^hb egd\gVb ^c^i^ViZY ^c &--,! ^c l]^X] ajmjgn ]diZah lZgZ XdchigjXiZY ^c adXVi^dch hZZc Vh Zm]^W^i^c\ i]Z hXZc^X egdeZgi^Zh d[ hjWa^bZ l^aYZgcZhh# EVgi ( ZmVb^cZh 8EG

WZXdbZ hjXXZhh[ja ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ^c i]Z b^YĂ„ ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn4 7n ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\! Vi dcXZ ]^hidg^XVaan

ÆXdgedgViZ VgX]^iZXijgZ#Ç >i [dXjhZh dc i]Z ÒgbÉh ZVgan I]Z Y^hhZgiVi^dc Vg\jZh i]Vi A^bV! EZgj! &.)*Ä&.,*! [jcX" ]^hidgn [gdb &.(+ id &.*+! Yjg^c\ l]^X] HDB \gZl [gdb V i^dcZY Vh V h^\c^ÒXVci h^iZ d[ ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc [dg bdYZgc hbVaa YZh^\c Ògb id V aVg\Z VgX]^iZXijgZÄZc\^cZZg^c\ Ògb# VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY eaVcc^c\ ^c YZkZade^c\ hdaji^dch [dg i]Z HDB lZci i]gdj\] YgVhi^X igVch[dgbVi^dch ^c dg\Vc^oVi^dc Z[[ZXi^kZ egdk^h^dc d[ adlÄXdhi bVhh ]djh^c\# >i ^h higjXijgZY VcY YZh^\c ^c ^ih ZVgan nZVgh# >c i]Z aViZ &.(%h! i]Z hbVaa Vh V hdX^Va ]^hidgn d[ i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ ]djh^c\ ^ccdkVi^dc VgX]^iZXijgZ d[[^XZ lVh ]^\]an ^c[ajZcXZY Wn ^cYjhig^Va VcY [dXjhZh dc i]gZZ ineZh d[ egd_ZXih ZmZbea^[n^c\ i]Z YZh^\c# 9jg^c\ LdgaY LVg >> Vi i]Z idlc d[ DV` G^Y\Z! $


[Zhi^kVah ^c^i^ViZY [gdb &.'*Ä&.'.! ^c l]^X] CVi^kZh lZgZ i]Z ÆbZ\VhigjXijgZÇ! l]dhZ k^VW^a^in lVh \^kZc egdd[ Wn id WZ gZaZkVci [dg di]Zg XjaijgVa Y^hX^ea^cZh Vh lZaa Å ^c Vhh^b^aViZY id ^bV\Zh d[ jcidjX]ZY l^aYZgcZhh hZii^c\h i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z [V^g0 VcY i]^gY! Vc ZbZg\Zci hdX^Va eVgi^XjaVg VgX]^iZXijgZ! l]ZgZ i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa WZadc\^c\ id V Y^hiVci eVhi# I]^h i]Zh^h fjZhi^dch ]dl Wdi] XdciZmi edejaVg^oZY Vh Æi]Z deZc hdX^ZinÇ! edhiÄ^cYjhig^Va bZY^jb VcY ^ih ^ciZghZXi^dc l^i] di]Zg bZY^V ^h h^b^aVgan i]Z gV^alVn ^c[gVhigjXijgZ ^ihZa[ VcY ^ih aVcYhXVeZh XVbZ id hdX^ZinÇ! dg Æi]Z `cdlaZY\Z hdX^ZinÇ#

gV^hZY# I]Z Y^hX^ea^cZÄheZX^ÒX nZi ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn ^ciZci

WZ XdchigjXi^c\ Vh VZhi]Zi^X dW_ZXih! gZaVi^c\ id aVcYhXVeZ

d[ i]^h i]Zh^h ^h cdi]^c\ aZhh i]Vc V gZgZVY^c\ d[ 6gi I]Zdgn

Bgo^gmbg` ma^ In[eb\3 Fh]^kg FZll ahnlbg` Zg] ma^ <hehgbZe <hfie^q bg IhlmpZk Lbg`Zihk^ Zg] Ahg` Dhg`% *2-2È/,

^c i]Z edhilVg eZg^dY [gdb V bZY^V eZgheZXi^kZ i]gdj\]

>qih /04 hk ma^ :k\abm^\mnk^ h_ EZm^ Fh]^kgbmr

>ngb\^ L^g`% \Zg]b]Zm^

WadX`V\Z WZilZZc i]Z cdi^dc d[ bZY^jb ^c Vgi i]Zdgn VcY

Bg]^k[bk Lbg`a KbZk% \Zg]b]Zm^

:K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

bZY^V ^c i]Z Y^hXdjghZ d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa VcY XjaijgVa ]^hidgn

igVY^i^dch ^c :jgdeZ VcY Cdgi] 6bZg^XV VcY Xdcig^Wji^c\ id i]Z XdcXZeijVa^oVi^dc d[ l^aYZgcZhh Vh Vc ^ciZ\gVa eVgi d[ XjaijgVa cVi^dcVa^hb#

:K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

i]Z Xg^i^XVa aZch d[ i]Z bZY^V iZgb^cdad\n VcY XdggZaViZY Y^hXdjghZh i]Vi ^i Wgdj\]i [dgi]# =^hidg^XVa VcY XdcXZeijVa ^c djiadd`! i]^h i]Zh^h ^ciZcYh id dkZgXdbZ i]Z ^ciZaaZXijVa

Wn YZkZade^c\ l]Vi > ldjaY a^`Z id XVaa V ÆbZY^V gZÓZm^kZÇ I]Z Y^hhZgiVi^dc ^h V ]^hidg^XVa VcY i]ZdgZi^XVa VcVanh^h d[ i]Zdgn d[ Vgi#

I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc ZmeadgZh i]Z k^h^dcVgn VgX]^iZXijgZ bdYZgc bVhh ]djh^c\ ^c H^c\VedgZ VcY =dc\ @dc\ V[iZg d[ :med +,# >c eVgi^XjaVg! i]Z i]Zh^h hijY^Zh i]Z ]dl i]Z i]Z HZXdcY LdgaY LVg eg^dg id i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ V [jaaÄ d[ÒX^Va i]ZbZ d[ i]Z Jc^kZghVa VcY >ciZgcVi^dcVa :m]^W^i^dc ÓZY\ZY ejWa^X ]djh^c\ egd\gVb# I]Z XdbeVgVi^kZ hijYn Å ÆBVc VcY =^h LdgaYÇ Å lVh YZa^WZgViZan XdcXZ^kZY Vh ZmVb^cZh i]Z VZhi]Zi^X VcY iZX]cdad\^XVa ZmiZch^dc d[ i]Z Vc jgWVc^hi^X ZchZbWaZ! cdiVWan i]gdj\] ^ih eVgh^c\ ^cid Xdadc^Va VeeVgVijh ^c l]^X] i]Z ^ciZghZXi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXih!

Fh]^kgbsZmbhg% GZmbhgZe BfZ`^ Zg] B]^heh`r3 :k\abm^\mnkZe Ablmhkr bg <abgZ _khf ma^ Mnkg h_ ma^ Mp^gmb^ma <^gmnkr mh *2.,

bVhh^kZ eVk^a^dch YZY^XViZY id ÒZaYh hjX] Vh ÆBVc i]Z ]djh^c\ YZh^\c! bZY^V! VcY eda^i^Xh igVch[dgbZY i]Z FbgÈRbg` PZg`% \Zg]b]Zm^ EgdYjXZgÇ! ÆBVc i]Z :meadgZgÇ! VcY ÆBVc i]Z Egdk^YZgÇ# edhilVg aVcYhXVeZh d[ i]Z 6h^Vc Xdadc^Va X^inÄhiViZ# I]Z :K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F A^`Z i]Z c^cZiZZci]ÄXZcijgn egZXZYZcih d[ EVmidcÉh ^bbZY^ViZ nZVgh [daadl^c\ LdgaY LVg >> lVh V eZg^dY d[ 8gnhiVa EVaVXZ dg 9jiZgiÉh <VaZg^Z YZh BVX]^cZh! i]Z i]ZbZ eda^i^XVa! ZXdcdb^X! VcY jgWVc gZhigjXijg^c\ ^c H^c\VedgZ I]Z 8dc[jX^Vc bZiVe]nh^XVa e]^adhde]n YZkVajZY bViZg^Va eVk^a^dch Xdci^cjZY i]Z bdYZgc^o^c\ egd_ZXi d[ ldgaYÉh VcY =dc\ @dc\# ;gdb i]Z dchZi! i]Z bdYZgc ]djh^c\ Vgi^[VXih0 Vh V gZhjai! VgX]^iZXijgZ lVh cdi igVY^i^dcVaan [V^gh id h^ijViZ heVi^Vaan i]Z gZaVi^dch WZilZZc ÆbVcÇ VcY ZhiViZ lVh ^bWjZY l^i] 7g^i^h] hdX^Va ^YZVah hjX] Vh Vc hZZc Vh V hX]daVgan ÒZaY ^c 8]^cV# 6gX]^iZXijgVa hijYn Vh ]^h dW_ZXih# NZi! iV`Zc id\Zi]Zg! i]Z eVk^a^dch lZgZ hZZc Vh jcY^[[ZgZci^ViZY bVhh edejaVi^dc l^i] V XdaaZXi^kZ ejWa^X Vc VXVYZb^X Y^hX^ea^cZ dcan WZ\Vc Vh V [dgbVa Y^hX^ea^cZ lVnh id i]dgdj\]an gZÄYgVl dg! WZiiZg! gZÄbVe i]Z ÆldgaY 0 a^[Z i]Vi ldjaY Zc_dn i]Z ejWa^X egdk^h^dc d[ \gZZc deZc ^c i]Z aVhi YZXVYZh d[ i]Z F^c\ YncVhin &+))Ä&.&& l]Zc i]Z^g VgX]^iZXijgZ ldjaY WZ i]Z jai^bViZ bZY^jb id XdckZn heVXZh VcY VbZc^i^Zh# =ZgVaYZY ^c \dkZgcbZciVa VccjVa ^i lVh ^cigdYjXZY Wn lZhiZgcZgh# H^cXZ i]Zc! 8]^cZhZ l]Vi i]Z :med +, dg\Vc^o^c\ Xdbb^iiZZ ]VY Zck^h^dcZY Vh gZedgih VcY egd[Zhh^dcVa ejWa^XVi^dch Vh iZhi^bdc^Vah id hX]daVgh ]VkZ egdYjXZY V h^\c^ÒXVci WdYn d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa i]Z Òghi [V^g ÆdeedhZY id Wdi] XdgedgVi^dch VcY cVi^dchÇ# i]Z Xdci^cj^c\ Ydb^c^dc d[ i]Z :be^gZ! bdYZgc bVhh ]^hidgn i]Vi ]Vh ]ZaeZY id h]VeZ i]Z lVn i]Vi 8]^cZhZ I]Z iZX]c^Xh d[ adc\ÄheVc XdchigjXi^dc \VkZ Xdcidjg id V ]djh^c\ WdgZ ZXdcdb^X! iZX]cdad\^XVa! VcY eda^i^XVa ^bedgi eZdeaZ i]^c` d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# <^kZc i]Z ^c[ajZcXZ VcY \gdl^c\ WZa^Z[ Vbdc\ VgX]^iZXih ^c cdi^dch d[ ÆÓZm^W^a^inÇ [dg i]Z Xdadc^Va \dkZgcbZcih VcY i]Z hjXXZZY^c\ adXVa ^bedgiVcXZ d[ i]ZhZ iZmih! V i]dgdj\] VXXdjci d[ i]Z VcY Æ^cYZiZgb^cVXnÇ Å XdcXZeih XZcigVa id i]gZZ \dkZgcbZcih# 6egdedh! i]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc l^aa Vahd d[[Zg ]^hidg^d\gVe]n d[ i]ZhZ ldg`h ^h cZXZhhVgn Wji ]Vh nZi id ^ciZgil^cZY XdcY^i^dch ^beVXi^c\ i]Z egd\gVbb^c\ VcY V XgdhhÄXjaijgVa eZgheZXi^kZ dc i]Z YZkZadebZci VcY WZ YdcZ Z^i]Zg ^c :c\a^h] dg ^c 8]^cZhZ# I]Z dW_ZXi^kZ d[ gZVa^oVi^dc d[ :med +,/ Òghi! V 8VcVY^Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ XjaijgZ YZeadnbZci d[ bdYZgc bVhh ]djh^c\ [gdb i]Z bVX]^cZ i]^h VcVani^XVa hijYn ^h i]ZgZ[dgZ id XdkZg i]Z lg^i^c\h d[ [VkdgVWan Y^hedhZY id Y^hXdjghZh d[ hnhiZbh Wj^aY^c\ VcY VZhi]Zi^X d[ i]Z Òghi [gZZhiVcY^c\ WadX` id i]Z Òghi ]djh^c\ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidg^Vch i]Vi ldg`ZY hnhiZbh i]Zdgn0 hZXdcY! Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Y^hXjhh^dc dc ZhiViZh ^c i]ZhZ X^i^Zh VcY ]dl YZkZadebZcih ^c i]Z he]ZgZ Yjg^c\ i]Z Òghi hiV\Z d[ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZÉh YZkZadebZci ^c d[ ejWa^X ]djh^c\ egdk^h^dc gZVa^\cZY hdX^Va gZaVi^dch VcY i]Z XdaaZXi^kZ ^YZci^in d[ V aVg\Zan ^bb^\gVci edejaVi^dc#

Ma^ Ikh[e^f h_ F^]bZ bg Fh]^kg :km Ma^hkr !*2/)È*22)" Lchndc^ OZg ]^k F^ne^g% \Zg]b]Zm^ :K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc XaV^bh i]Vi bZY^V edhZ V X]VaaZc\Z id bdYZgc Vgi i]Zdgn ^c i]Z edhilVg eZg^dY# 6ai]dj\] i]Z ^beVXi d[ bZY^V l^aa eg^bVg^an WZ h]dlc ^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ Vgi i]Zdgn! i]Z ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn VbW^i^dc d[ i]^h i]Zh^h ^h $


8]^cV [gdb Wdi] l^i]^c 8]^cV VcY WZndcY# >i ^h [djcY i]Vi i]Z ]^hidg^Vch hijY^ZY VXijVaan ^ciZglZVkZY cVi^kZ aZVgc^c\ h`^aah VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn! V Y^hX^ea^cZ dg^\^cViZY [gdb i]Z LZhi! id [jaÒaa i]Z cZZY [dg V cVi^dcVa ^YZci^in XVjhZY Wn i]Z VhncX]gdcdjh bdYZgc^oVi^dc# 8dcigVgn id bdhi egZkV^a^c\ edhiÄXdadc^Va i]Zdg^Zh! i]Z^g bZi]dYdad\^Zh VcY ]^hidg^XVa hinaZh ZmZbea^[n V edh^i^kZ VcY XdcÒYZci adXVa gZhedchZ id [dgZ^\c ^ceji# 7n hXgji^c^o^c\ i]ZhZ ]^hidg^XVa iZmih! i]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc egdk^YZh V cZl eZgheZXi^kZ dc i]Z ZVgan ]^hidgn d[ \adWVa VgX]^iZXijgZ#

Fh]^kgbmr bg MkZgleZmbhg3 >Zker Mp^gmb^ma <^gmnkr @^kfZgÈMnkdbla >q\aZg`^l bg EZg] L^mme^f^gm Zg] K^lb]^gmbZe <nemnk^ >lkZ :d\Zg% Ia'=' :K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc YZkZadeh V i]Zdgn d[ igVchaVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY ZmeadgZh i]Z ]^hidgn d[ XgdhhÄXjaijgVa ZmX]Vc\Zh i]Vi igVch[dgbZY i]Z aVcY hZiiaZbZci eda^X^Zh VcY gZh^YZci^Va XjaijgZ ^c <ZgbVcn VcY Ijg`Zn Yjg^c\ i]Z Òghi ]Va[ d[ i]Z ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn# 7n [dXjh^c\ dc i]Z ldg` d[ ^bb^\gVcih! igVkZaZgh! XdaaVWdgVi^c\ adXVa VgX]^iZXih! VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa hijYZcih! > VcVanoZ ]dl VgX]^iZXijgVa bdkZbZcih! hinaZh! ^c[dgbVi^dc! VcY iZX]cdad\^Zh igVkZa gZhedch^kZ VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi ZcXdjgV\ZY ^cY^k^YjVa i]gdj\] iZX]cdad\^XVa ^ccdkVi^dc Wji Vahd i]gdj\] Vc VXgdhh \Zd\gVe]^XVa heVXZ! VcY ]dl i]Zn \Zi igVch[dgbZY [gZZYdb VcY eda^i^XVa V\ZcXn Wn Zbe]Vh^o^c\ eVgi^X^eVi^dc! ZmX]Vc\Z d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY Vc ^cXgZVhZ ^c \adWVa igVkZa# ^c i]Z^g cZl YZhi^cVi^dch# IgVchaVi^dc ^h ZaVWdgViZY ]ZgZ ^c^i^Vi^kZ! VcY ^begdk^hVi^dc# 8d^cX^Y^c\ l^i] :c\aVcYÉh >c i]Z^g Y^hi^cXi^kZ lVnh! ZVX] VgX]^iZXi hdj\]i id XgZViZ Vh V ÒZaY d[ hijYn i]Vi YZkZadeh V kdXVWjaVgn id Y^hXjhh ZXdcdb^X VcY ^cYjhig^Va YZXa^cZ VcY i]Z Y^hVhigdjh eZg^dY V cZl VgX]^iZXijgZ Xdbeg^h^c\ bdYZgc [dgbh! bViZg^Vah! kVg^djh eViiZgch d[ XjaijgVa ZcXdjciZgh! VcY dcZ i]Vi d[ i]Z ÆWgV^c YgV^c!Ç i]Z ;jc EVaVXZ VcY EdiiZg^Zh I]^c`WZai VcY egd\gVbh Å Vi dcXZ gZhedch^kZ id i]Z e]nh^XVa VcY ZkVajViZh Y^[[ZgZci ZmeZg^ZcXZh d[ i]Z Ædi]ZgÇ ^c V \^kZc ^ciZ\gViZY XdcXZeih d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa ^ciZgX]Vc\ZVW^a^in hdX^VaÄXjaijgVa XdciZmi d[ ?VeVc! nZi [jaan VlVgZ d[ Vc XdciZmi# >i ^h Vahd Vg\jZY i]Vi igVchaVi^dch VgZ ValVnh l^i] hdX^Va eVgi^X^eVi^dc VcY ^begdk^hVi^dc Vh ^ccdkVi^kZ ZbZg\^c\ Æ^ciZgcVi^dcVaÇ ^Y^db# I]ZhZ hZeVgViZ XVgZZgh ^YZdad\^XVaan X]Vg\ZY VcY h]djaY i]ZgZ[dgZ WZ i]Zdg^oZY Vh VcY Z\Va^iVg^Vc VaiZgcVi^kZh id igVY^i^dcVa aZ^hjgZ VcY egdk^YZ V XdcXgZiZ bZVch id ZmeadgZ hZkZgVa egd[Zhh^dcVa XdciZhiZY XdciVXi odcZh i]Vi VgZ h]VeZY Wn i]Z iZch^dch ZYjXVi^dc# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! i]ZhZ egd_ZXih hj\\ZhiZY cZl VcY eZghdcVa ZmeZg^ZcXZh! i]ZgZWn hj\\Zhi^c\ bjai^eaZ VcY XdcÓ^Xih XgZViZY Wn i]Z eZgXZ^kZY ^cZfjVa^i^Zh WZilZZc bdYZah d[ ]djh^c\! Wj^aY^c\ XdchigjXi^dc! VcY ^cYjhig^Va lVnh ^c l]^X] bdYZgc^hb lVh XdcÒ\jgZY l^i]^c Wdi] adXVa eaVXZh# I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc ^h ^ciZcYZY Vh V Xdcig^Wji^dc id djg egdYjXi^dc [dg edhiÄ^cYjhig^Va hdX^Zin# I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc VcY \adWVa XdciZmih# jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ bdYZgc^oVi^dc d[ i]Z ldgaY Vi aVg\Z! Vh lZaa edh^ih i]Z ;jc EVaVXZ VcY EdiiZg^Zh I]^c`WZai Vh ^ciZ\gVa XdcÓ^Xih ^ciZ\gVa id \adWVa^oVi^dc# I]Z ]^hidg^XVa VXXdjcih igVXZh i]Z gZVhdch l]n i]ZhZ egd_ZXih ]VkZ WZZc ^cÓjZci^Va

>fiZma^mb\ :_Ögbmb^l3 :eoZk :Zemh Zg] Abl Fbeb^nl

d[ igVch[Zg VcY igVch[dgbVi^dc gZXdgYZY ^c i]^h hijYn dc i]Z hjWhZfjZci YZkZadebZci d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ#

>^oZÈEbblZ I^edhg^g% Ia'='

X]VaaZc\Z Wdi] i]Z VhhZgi^dc VWdji i]Z ÆgVY^XVa di]ZgcZhhÇ

:K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

Vh V Xdcig^Wji^dc id djg XdbegZ]Zch^dc d[ i]Z ediZci^Vah VcY id i]Z hdX^Va VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZh d[ i]Z i^bZ VcY

d[ i]Z ÆcdclZhiZgcÇ Xdjcig^Zh! VcY i]Z^g igZVibZci Vh ^cY^[[ZgZci Xde^Zh d[ i]Z ÆlZhi#Ç IgVchaVi^dc hijY^Zh ^ckVa^YViZ \adWVa$adXVa Vh lZaa Vh lZhiZgc$cdclZhiZgc

<hglmkn\m^] GZmnk^l h_ Fh]^kg :k\abm^\mnk^ bg CZiZg *2+)È*2-)3 RZfZ]Z FZfhkn% Ahkb`n\ab Lnm^fb% Zg] :gmhgbg KZrfhg]

6akVg 6VaidÉh gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i] VgX]^iZXijgVa bdYZgc^hb XVc WZhi WZ jcYZghiddY ^c iZgbh d[ ild ^ciZghZXi^c\ igV_ZXidg^Zh/

deedh^i^dch! Zbe]Vh^o^c\ ^chiZVY i]Z ^ciZgil^cZY ]^hidg^Zh D^g MZ]Zlab HlabfZ% Ia'='

i]Z aVg\Z ]^hidg^XVa igVch[dgbVi^dch XVjhZY Wn bdYZgc^oVi^dc

d[ bdYZgc^oVi^dc# 6h hjX]! i]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc Vhe^gZh id h]dl :K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

VcY i]Z eVgi^XjaVg^i^Zh d[ ]^h dlc eZghdcV# 6h V W^d\gVe]n!

]dl igVchaVi^dc bV`Zh ]^hidgn#

i]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc Zc\V\Zh l]Vi hdX^dad\^hi 6ci]dcn <^YYZch I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc VcVanoZh igVch[dgbVi^dch ^c i]Z ?VeVcZhZ ]Vh XVaaZY i]Z ÆZmiZch^dcVa^inÇ VcY Æ^ciZci^dcVa^inÇ d[

:g :k\abm^\mnk^ _hk ma^ G^p ;kbmZbg3 ma^ Lh\bZe Oblbhg h_ <^]kb\ Ikb\^Íl ?ng IeZ\^ Zg] Ihmm^kb^l Mabgd[^em

VgX]^iZXijgVa egd[Zhh^dc! [dXjh^c\ dc Wdi] i]Z ]dbZ VcY bdYZgc^in# 6Vaid ^h ZmVb^cZY Vh V hjW_ZXi l]dhZ VXi^dch

LmZge^r C' FZma^pl% Ia'='

^hdaViZh ?VeVcZhZ bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ [gdb VgX]^iZXijgZ egZ[ZgZcXZh! XVaXjaViZY X]d^XZh! ZkZc a^b^iVi^dch# I]Z

:K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

^c i]Z :jgd$6bZg^XVc he]ZgZ d[ ^c[ajZcXZ! i]^h hijYn Y^hhZgiVi^dc ]^\]a^\]ih i]Vi 6Vaid! lZaa WZ[dgZ ]Z lVh ZmedhZY

i]Z X^in Yjg^c\ i]Z e^kdiVa ^ciZglVg YZXVYZh# >c XdcigVhi lZgZ ^c[dgbZY Wn i]Z ^ciZaaZXijVa ^YZVh VcY hdX^Va h^ijVi^dch id egZk^djh hX]daVgh]^e eg^bVg^an ^c ?VeVcZhZ ! l]^X] VgdjcY ]^b Vh lZaa Vh Vc V\Zci bdi^kViZY Wn eZghdcVa

igVXZh i]Z bjai^ÄaViZgVa XdccZXi^dch WZilZZc :jgdeZ! i]Z id VgX]^iZXijgVa bdYZgc^hb! lVh VlVgZ i]Vi i]Z VW^a^in id I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc ^h Vc VXXdjci d[ ild d[ i]Z bdhi [dglVgYÄ 6bZg^XVh! VcY 6h^V# GVi]Zg i]Vc gZan^c\ dc V bdcd\gVe]! igVchXZcY cVi^dcVa dg^\^ch a^Zh Vi i]Z ]ZVgi d[ WZXdb^c\ i]^c`^c\ VcY hdX^Vaan ^ccdkVi^kZ VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXih V Y^X]didbn! dg Vc dkZgVaa k^Zl! > ]VkZ [dXjhZY dc i]Z ÆbdYZgc#Ç I]Z X]VeiZgh! dg\Vc^oZY X]gdcdad\^XVaan! igVXZ [gdb 7g^iV^c ^c i]Z &.+%h/ 8ZYg^X Eg^XZÉh ;jc EVaVXZ VcY XVgZZgh d[ i]gZZ aZVY^c\ bdYZgc^hih ^c ?VeVc/ NVbVYV ]dl 6Vaid VYYgZhhZY i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc cVi^dcVa EdiiZg^Zh I]^c`WZai# Eg^XZÉh VgX]^iZXijgZ lVh V gZhedchZ BVbdgj &-.)Ä&.++ ! =dg^\jX]^ HjiZb^ &-.*Ä&.-) ! VcY XjaijgZ VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa ^cÓjZcXZ ^c ]^h lg^i^c\h0 ]dl ]Z id i]Z X]Vc\^c\ X]VgVXiZg d[ edhilVg 7g^i^h] hdX^Zin! Wji 6cidc^c GVnbdcY &---Ä&.,+ # I]Z^g egVXi^XZh heVccZY Vc XVbZ id gZegZhZci i]ZhZ ^YZVh ^c ]^h Wj^aY^c\h0 ]dl ]Z hVl ^i Vahd hZgkZY Vh V XViVanhi [dg igVch[dgbVi^dc# >c i]ZhZ ZgV d[ Æ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VgX]^iZXijgZÇ ^c l]^X] VgX]^iZXijgZ ]^h gdaZ l^i]^c i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VgZcV Vi Y^[[ZgZci i^bZh V egd_ZXih! ]Z YZkZadeZY Vc ^cYZiZgb^cViZ VcY hdX^Vaan WZXVbZ hjW_ZXi id gVe^Y X]Vc\Z ldgaY l^YZ! cdi dcan Xdhbdeda^iZ! V bZY^Vidg! Vc 6ci^Ä;^cc! V eVig^di 0 ]dl ]Z lVh $


^cÓjZcXZY Wn ;^cc^h] VcY [dgZ^\c i]Zdg^Zh VWdji i]Z ;^cc^h] ZcYaZhhan Xg^i^X^oZY [dg WZ^c\ ]Ve]VoVgY! jch^\]ian! VcY gZ\VgYZY Vh V e]^adhde]Zg d[ `cdlaZY\Z VcY ^ccdkVidg ^c cVi^dc0 VcY aVhian! ]dl ]Z gZhedcYZY id ]^h ^ciZgcVi^dcVa i]Z XVjhZ d[ jgWVc X]Vdh# L^i]dji YZcn^c\ i]Z XdbeaZm^in \gVe]^X YZh^\c! ]Z ejghjZY V gVc\Z d[ XVgZZgh i]Vi \VkZ gZXZei^dc! l]^X] d[iZc hVl ]^b ^c ZhhZci^Va^hi iZgbh Vh V d[ ^ih ]^hidgn! i]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc hj\\Zhih hdbZ edh^i^kZ ZmegZhh^dc id ]^h i]ZdgZi^XVa XdcXZgch# 7ZilZZc &.&, fj^ciZhhZci^Vaan ;^cc^h] VgX]^iZXi#

VheZXih d[ polykatoikìa jgWVc^hb VcY h^ijViZh ^i l^i]^c VcY &.)%! ]Z ]ZaeZY dg\Vc^oZ XdjciaZhh bjhZjbh VcY <gZZ` VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn VcY i]Z eVgi^XjaVg XjaijgVa Zm]^W^i^dch ^c dkZg V YdoZc Xdjcig^Zh! VcY WZilZZc &.'& VcY

JnZ]kZgm^ Zg] ma^ Ihebmb\bsZmbhg h_ :k\abm^\mnkZe =bl\hnkl^ bg ?Zl\blm BmZer

XdciZmi d[ 6i]Zch# L^i]^c i]Z heZX^ÒX^in d[ i]Z 6i]Zc^Vc &.'* ]Z lVh V aZVY^c\ ]djh^c\ d[ÒXZg ^c hdX^Va^hi K^ZccV#

=Zob] Kb_dbg]% Ia'='

hijYn d[ ^c[dgbVa jgWVc^hb VcY deZch je i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ BVgm^Vc WgVcY d[ Zbe^g^X^hb! l]^X] lVh ]ZVk^an ji^a^iVg^Vc

:K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

i]Z bZi]dYdad\^XVa VcVanh^h d[ cdcÄVgX]^iZXiÄYZh^\cZY VcY Vci^Ä>YZVa^hi ^c djiadd`# >c i]Z Y^hhZgiVi^dc! > XdcXajYZ

polykatoikia! i]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc YZkZadeh Vc VeegdVX] id i]Z =Z Wgdj\]i id WZVg dc i]ZhZ Veed^cibZcih ]^h 6jhigdÄ

jgWVc [VWg^X# I]Z X]VeiZgh VgZ dg\Vc^oZY VgdjcY i]Z eaVXZh l]ZgZ 6Vaid a^kZY dg id l]^X] [gZfjZcian igVkZaZY Yjg^c\ i]Z bdhi [dgbVi^kZ eVgi d[ ]^h XVgZZg! WZilZZc &.&+ VcY &.)&/

Wn Xg^i^XVaan Xdch^YZg^c\ i]Z XdcigVY^Xi^dch VcY iZch^dch ^bea^X^i id CZjgVi]Éh XjaijgVa VcY jgWVc^hi^X e]^adhde]n#

?Z\ml Zg] :kmb_Z\ml3 Hmmh G^nkZma Zg] ma^ Lh\bZe L\b^g\^ h_ Lh\bZebsZmbhg

=Zah^c`^! ?nkVh`naV! Ijg`j! HidX`]dab! Xdci^cZciVa :jgdeZ! GZ]^k Ohllhn`abZg% Ia'='

> hj\\Zhi i]Vi ]^h ZmVbeaZ YdZh cdi h^bean gZÓZXi i]Z bjh^c\h d[ Vc ^hdaViZY ]^hidg^XVa Ò\jgZ! Wji VgZ ZbWaZbVi^X d[ i]Z ]da^hi^X Vhe^gVi^dch d[ :ca^\]iZcbZci gZVhdc#

Hl^ioZgaVcY VcY CZl Ndg`# =Z ^c ijgc lVh fj^X` id ^bbZghZ :K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F ]^bhZa[ ^c cZl h^ijVi^dch VcY! ^c hd Yd^c\! igVch[dgbZY! Vi aZVhi iZbedgVg^an! i]Z ^ciZaaZXijVa VcY Vgi^hi^X edh^i^dc Vh I]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc igVXZh i]Z XVgZZg d[ Diid CZjgVi] &--'Ä lZaa Vh ]^h eZghdcV! dc i]^h b^XgdÄaZkZa i]Z Y^hhZgiVi^dc Ä&.)* ! V K^ZccZhZ ^ciZaaZXijVa l]d eaVnZY V XZcigVa gdaZ ^c ZmeadgZh i]Z ^hhjZ d[ Vgi^hi^X VcY ^ciZaaZXijVa ^cÓjZcXZ! ZhiVWa^h]^c\ ild `Zn bdkZbZcih ^c :jgdeZVc e]^adhde]n! l]^X] gZhjaiZY ^c eZghdcVa VcY adXVa Veegdeg^Vi^dch VcY i]Z K^ZccV 8^gXaZ VcY i]Z Jc^iZY d[ HX^ZcXZ bdkZbZci! Wdi] ZkZc Y^hidgi^dch d[ i]Z `Zn ^YZVh l^i]^c i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa d[ l]^X] gZ_ZXiZY bZiVe]nh^Xh VcY ZbWgVXZY Zbe^g^XVa BdYZgc BdkZbZci# I]gdj\] V YZiV^aZY hijYn d[ i]Z _djgcVa hX^ZcXZ# CZjgVi] ]^bhZa[ VW]dggZY heZXjaVi^kZ i]^c`^c\ ^c Quadrante VcY ^ih X^gXaZ d[ VgX]^iZXih! Xg^i^Xh! Vgi^hih! VcY Vaa ^ih XjaijgVa VcY hdX^Va \j^hZh VcY heZci ]^h a^[Z ign^c\ eVigdch! i]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc ^ckZhi^\ViZh i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e id eji ]^h e]^adhde]n ^cid egVXi^XZ# 6ai]dj\] ]Z ^h ine^XVaan WZilZZc bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY [VhX^hi eda^i^XVa egVXi^XZh ^c >iVan Yjg^c\ 7Zc^id Bjhhda^c^Éh gZ\^bZ &.''Ä)( # 6c Zm]Vjhi^kZ hijYn d[ Quadrante ^c ^ih hdX^Va XdciZmi WZ\^ch id ZmeaV^c i]Z gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc i]Z eda^i^XVa XdciZci d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi egdbdiZY ^ihZa[ Vh i]Z Veegdeg^ViZ ZmegZhh^dc d[ [VhX^hi eda^X^Zh! i]Z XjaijgVa Vhe^gVi^dch d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi YgZl dc XdciZbedgVgn YZkZadebZcih ^c a^iZgVijgZ VcY i]Z Vgih! VcY i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa [jcXi^dc d[ V _djgcVa i]Vi egdbdiZY >iVa^Vc bdYZgc^hb id i]Z gZhi d[ :jgdeZ l]^aZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan Zmedh^c\ >iVan id `Zn YZkZadebZcih VXgdhh i]Z 6aeh#

Nk[ZgbsZmbhg Zg] ma^ >f^k`^g\^ h_ ma^ IherdZmhbd Z3 AZ[bmZm Zg] B]^gmbmr% :ma^gl *1,,È*20BhZggZ Ma^h\Zkhihnehn% Ia'=' :K<ABM><MNK> IA'=' IKH@K:F

8^i^Zh VgZ dcan bVg\^cVaan i]Z gZhjai d[ VgX]^iZXihÉ VcY eaVccZghÉ k^h^dch dg ^ciZgkZci^dch# 8djciaZhh jgWVc aVcYhXVeZh ]VkZ WZZc ^c[dgbVaan egdYjXZY Wdi] ^c i]Z ÆYZkZadeZYÇ VcY ÆYZkZade^c\Ç ldgaY# L]Zi]Zg XdbeaZiZan ^aaZ\Va VcY jceaVccZY dg dcan eVgian aZ\Va! i]^h `^cY d[ jgWVc YZkZadebZci hj\\Zhih Vcdi]Zg ]^hidgn! dcZ i]Vi hi^aa gZbV^ch djih^YZ i]Z XZcigVa XdcXZgch d[ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc hijY^Zh# Edhi LdgaYÄLVgÄ>> 6i]Zch ^h V eVgi^XjaVgan hig^`^c\ ZmVbeaZ d[ V X^in XdbedhZY d[ V \ZcZg^X inedad\n! i]Z polykatoikìa edan 2 bjai^! `Vid^`^V2 YlZaa^c\ # I]Z polykatoikìa WZ\Vc id VeeZVg Yjg^c\ i]Z&.(%h ^c^i^Vaan Vh Vc ZaZ\Vci ^ciZgegZiVi^dc d[ Cdgi]Zgc :jgdeZVc bdYZgc^hb Wji Wn i]Z b^YÄ&.*%h! +%h VcY ZVgan ,%h ^i ]VY WZXdbZ V adXVa VgX]^iZXijgVa e]ZcdbZcdc# 8dchigjXiZY gVe^Yan ^c gZhedchZ id ^ciZgcVa b^\gVi^dc ^c i]Z ZVgan YZXVYZh d[ i]Z edhilVg eZg^dY! polykatoikia Wj^aY^c\h lZgZ i]Z gZhjai d[ V XdbeaZm hZg^Zh d[ eda^i^XVa! hdX^Va! VcY ZXdcdb^X [VXidgh# I]Z edhilVg polykatoikia ]Vh WZZc $

DEEDH>I: E6<:/ 6 Edan`Vid^`^V EVci^`^Y^! dc * BZiVbdge]dhZdh HigZZi# 6i]Zch &.,%# 7 6aaZ\dg^XVa k^\cZiiZ [gdb C^XdaVh YZ aV BVgZÉh ÆIgV^c YZ aV Eda^XZ!Ç EVg^h! &,%*# 8 :med +, ^c K>E bV\Vo^cZ! &.+,# 9 ?d]c =Vgg^h# Æ>c ]dcdg d[ DhkVaY H^gZc VcY GZXdaaZXi^dch!Ç 6edaad! kda# &()! cd# (*) 6j\jhi &..& / &%)0 NjZ ?^VoVd# ÆI]gZZ _djgcVah d[ k^h^i^c\ i]Z EVcVbV EVX^ÒX >ciZgcVi^dcVa :medh^i^dc!Ç ^c O]^a^ h]^ nZ i^c\ ZY#! GZedgi d[ EVcVbV EVX^ÒX >ciZgcVi^dcVa :medh^i^dc! &/&+ kdah# &.'&/ c#e#0 O]j F^f^Vc# 8daaZXiZY ZhhVnh d[ O]j F^f^Vc! &/( kdah# 7Z^_^c\/ O]dc\\jd n^c\ oVd mjZ h]Z! &.(+/ c#e#0 A^Vc\ H^X]Zc\# 8dbeaZiZ d[ A^Vc\ H^X]Zc\! &/. kdah# 7Z^_^c\/ O]dc\\jd _^Vc o]j \dc\ nZ X]j WVc h]Z!

'%%%/ (0 Idc\ B^c\ VcY NVc\ Ndc\h]Zc\ ZY# 6Wdji Idc\ ?jc# 7Z^_^c\/ o]^ h]^ X]Vc fjVc X]j WVc h]Z! '%%' / -0 ;Zc\ O^`V^! ;Zc\ O^`V^ LZc ?^! */, kdah# =Vc\o]dj/ O]Z_^Vc\ lZc n^ X]j WVc h]Z! O]Z_^Vc\ _^Vd nj X]j WVc h]Z/ O]Z_^Vc\ h]Zc\ m^c ]jV h]j Y^Vc _^c\ m^Vd! &..% / *# : P;dg[Vg =djhZR/ Æ6c VgX]^iZXiÉh YgVl^c\ d[ i]Z &)"hidgZn WadX` d[ adl"Xdhi ÓVih jcYZg XdchigjXi^dc Vi FjZZchidlc#ÇH^c\VedgZ >begdkZbZci Igjhi 6ccjVa GZedgi &.*)! H^c\VedgZ# ; 8Vga HX]jgo =^\] HX]dda! 8]^XV\d 7dVgY d[ :YjXVi^dc! gZeg^ciZY ^c 8Vga 8dcY^i! I]Z 8]^XV\d HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ# 8]^XV\d/ Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8]^XV\d EgZhh! &.+)#


6

8

7

9 :

:k\abm^\mnk^ Ia'=' Ikh`kZf

8ZhVgZ 7^g^\cVc^ 7 ! ?Zcc^[Zg <gVn ; !

K^bgahe] FZkmbg% ]bk^\mhk

:jc^XZ HZc\ : ! >cYZgW^g H^c\] G^Vg 8 ! >dVccV I]ZdXVgdedjadj 6 ! B^c"N^c\ LVc\ 9

;


Ablmhkb\ Ik^l^koZmbhg Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% ]bk^\mhk 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^inÉh =^hidg^X EgZhZgkVi^dc Egd\gVb d[[Zgh V Xjgg^Xjajb d[ ZmigVdgY^cVgn Y^kZgh^in# I]Z Xjgg^Xjajb Wj^aYh dc dkZg [dginÄÒkZ nZVgh d[ ZmeZg^ZcXZ iZVX]^c\ ]^hidg^X egZhZgkVi^dc! l]^aZ gZbV^c^c\ Xd\c^oVci d[ i]Z cZZY [dg ÓZm^W^a^in VcY i]Z YZbVcYh d[ V YncVb^X! Zkdak^c\ egd[Zhh^dc# I]Z Xjgg^Xjajb ^cXajYZh V hZg^Zh d[ XdgZ XdjghZh! egdk^Y^c\ ZVX] hijYZci l^i] WVh^X `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z ÒZaY! VcY i]Zc WgdVYZch dji! Vaadl^c\ ZVX] hijYZci i]Z deedgijc^in id YZkZade ]^h dg ]Zg dlc [dXjh# 8aVhhZh VgZ

>chigjXidgh GdWZgi 7ZVjgZ\VgY ;gVc d^hZ 7daaVX` 6cYgZl 9da`Vgi ?dg\Z DiZgdĂ„EV^adh 8Vgda 8aVg` 7g^\^iiZ 8dd`

iVj\]i Wn V aVg\Z \gdje d[ YZY^XViZY [jaaÄi^bZ VcY VY_jcXi ZaZXi^kZh [gdb i]Z d[[Zg^c\h d[ i]Z =^hidg^X EgZhZgkVi^dc egd[Zhh^dcVah ^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ egZhZgkVi^dc# HijYZcih VgZ Egd\gVb! i]Z HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZh" ^cigdYjXZY id V gZcdlcZY [VXjain! aVg\Zg VcY bdgZ Y^kZghZ ZgkVi^dc ^c \ZcZgVa! dg [gdb XaVhhZh ^c di]Zg YZeVgibZcih i]Vc i]Vi d[ Vcn egZhZgkVi^dc egd\gVb ^c i]Z ldgaY#

VcY hX]ddah Vi 8dajbW^V#

I]Z XdgZ Xjgg^Xjajb ^h i]Z [dXjh d[ V hijYZciÉh Òghi hZ" bZhiZg# I]Z XZciZge^ZXZ d[ i]^h hZbZhiZgÉh ldg` ^h HijY^d >!

Ablmhkb\ Ik^l^koZmbhg Lmn]bh *

V XaVhh i]Vi iZVX]Zh YdXjbZciVi^dc VcY ^ciZgegZiVi^dc h`^aah! ?kZgÂ…hbl^ ;heeZ\d% :g]k^p =hedZkm% bglmkn\mhkl [dXjh^c\ dc V heZX^Ă’X CZl Ndg` 8^in cZ^\]Wdg]ddY# HijYZcih ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))2 ldg` ^cY^k^YjVaan VcY ^c \gdjeh l^i]^c V hijY^d Zck^gdcbZci! GZVY^c\ 7j^aY^c\h

bZZi^c\ dcZÄdcÄdcZ l^i] ZVX] d[ i]Z hijY^d [VXjain# @Zn id i]Z XdgZ Xjgg^Xjajb ^h V XdjghZ Zci^iaZY ÆI]Zdgn VcY EgVXi^XZ

'

HijY^d ^h i]Z XdgZ XdjghZ d[ i]Z Ă’ghi nZVg VcY gZkdakZh VgdjcY i]Z hijYn d[ V hZXi^dc d[ CZl Ndg`

d[ =^hidg^X EgZhZgkVi^dcÇ i]Vi egdk^YZh ZVX] hijYZci l^i] V

\gdjcY^c\ ^c i]Z ]^hidg^XVa ^YZVh WZ]^cY i]Z ÒZaY# HijYZcih 8^in# HijYZcih WZ\Vc Wn YdXjbZci^c\ ^cY^k^YjVa Wj^aY^c\h Vahd iV`Z EgZhZgkVi^dc EaVcc^c\! Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id eaVcc^c\ VcY bdkZY i]gdj\] i]Z [^ghi hZbZhiZg YdXjbZci^c\ Vh V egZhZgkVi^dc idda0 HigjXijgZh! HnhiZbh! VcY BViZg^Vah ZkZgÄbdgZ XdbeaZm ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci >! l]^X] ^cigdYjXZh egZÄ^cYjhig^Va Wj^aY^c\ iZX]c^fjZh VcY ^c i]Z hijYn VgZV# HijYZcih ZmeadgZY Wj^aY^c\h [gdb i]Z bViZg^Vah! VcY 6bZg^XVc 6gX]^iZXijgZ >! V ]^hidgn d[ VgX]^iZX" eZgheZXi^kZ d[ ZVX] d[ i]Z hZXidgh Å XdchZgkVi^dc! YZh^\c! ijgZ ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh i]gdj\] i]Z &--%h#

]^hidgn! VcY eaVcc^c\ Ă… jcYZg i]Z Y^gZXi^dc d[ [djg [VXjain!

HZkZgVa d[ i]Z Òghi hZbZhiZg XdjghZh Xdci^cjZ ^cid V ZVX] d[ l]db ^h ZmeZgi ^c dcZ d[ i]Z hZXidgh# HijY^d ldg` hijYZciÉh hZXdcY hZbZhiZg# HijY^d >> [dXjhZh dc eVgi^XjaVg ^cXajYZY \gVe]^X! lg^iiZc! VcY dgVa egZhZciVi^dch# i^bZan egZhZgkVi^dc ^hhjZh# I]Z XaVhh Y^k^YZh ^cid i]gZZ dg bdgZ hbVaa \gdjeh! ZVX] ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ V Y^[[ZgZci ^hhjZ# >c

Ablmhkb\ Ik^l^koZmbhg Lmn]bh +

gZXZci nZVgh! HijY^d >> egd_ZXih ]VkZ ^cXajYZY Wdi] V eaVc" PZk] =^ggbl% Chk`^ Hm^khĂˆIZbehl% DZm^ Phh]% bglmkn\mhkl c^c\ VcY V YZh^\c hijY^d ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ V bVhh^kZ jcYZg" ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% LIKBG@ +))2 ji^a^oZY edlZg eaVci YZh^\cZY Wn BX@^b! BZVY L]^iZ0

egd_ZXih lZgZ ZmVb^cZY cdi Vh jc[dgijcViZ ]nWg^Yh Wji Vh

i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc d[ lViZg[gdci ^cYjhig^Va Wj^aY^c\h ^c ild

>c i]^h hijY^d! i]gZZ hijYZci \gdjeh ZVX] ZmeadgZY egdkdXVi^kZ ldg`h d[ bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ bVYZ edhh^WaZ

cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh d[ 7gdd`anc0 ^hhjZh ^ckdakZY l^i] egZhZgk" ^c\ h^mÄhidgn VeVgibZci ]djhZh! gZ[dgbZY ]djh^c\! VcY

(

V Y^gZXi egZhZgkVi^dc egdWaZb l^i]^c CZl Ndg`/ Wn XdciZbedgVgn ^YZVh d[ hjhiV^cVW^a^in! Wn cZl Vii^ijYZh dcZ add`^c\ Vi i]Z ^cYjhig^Va lViZg[gdci ^c GZY id Wj^aY^c\h Vh igVchb^iiZgh d[ XjaijgVa VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa

h^iZh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z XdjciZgXjaijgZ0 VcY V egZhZgkV" =dd`! 7gdd`anc0 dcZ add`^c\ Vi i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc VcY eaVcc^c\ bZVc^c\h! VcY Wn '%i] XZcijgn Vgi^hi^X YZkZadebZcih! hjX] i^dc eaVc [dg Vc ZcYVc\ZgZY ]dhe^iVa XdbeaZm ^c <gZZc" ^hhjZh hjggdjcY^c\ i]Z jcYZgji^a^oZY 8dcÄ:Y edlZg hiVi^dc Vh 8dcXZeijVa 6gi# l^X] K^aaV\Z# 6aa hijYZcih Vahd iV`Z HigjXijgZh! HnhiZbh! [dgbZgan i]Z >GI HjWlVn EdlZg HiVi^dc dc *.i] HigZZi Vi VcY BViZg^Vah >>! l]^X] ^cigdYjXZh hijYZcih id i]Z Wj^ai i]Z =jYhdc G^kZg0 VcY V i]^gY Zmeadg^c\ YZh^\c ^ciZgkZci^dch

Ablmhkb\ Ik^l^koZmbhg IeZggbg`

ldgaY [gdb i]Z b^YÄc^cZiZZci] XZcijgn id i]Z egZhZci0 VcY id i]Z *.i] HigZZi EdlZg HiVi^dc! l^i] V [jaa egd\gVb [dg i]Z <Zkhe <eZkd% bglmkn\mhk 6bZg^XVc 6gX]^iZXijgZ >># 8dchZgkVi^dc hijYZcih l]d aVX` Wj^aY^c\Éh egZhZgkVi^dc VcY gZÄjhZ# >hhjZh d[ YZh^\c^c\ ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1 hX^Zci^ÒX igV^c^c\ l^aa Vahd iV`Z V WVh^X hX^ZcXZ XdjghZ# Veegdeg^ViZ ^cÒaa Wj^aY^c\h dc kVXVci dg jcYZgji^a^oZY adih Di]Zg XdjghZh Yjg^c\ i]^h hZbZhiZg VgZ ZaZXi^kZh#

lZgZ ZmeadgZY# I]Z \gdjeh Vahd XgZViZY V egZhZgkVi^dc eaVc I]^h XdjghZ lVh V XdbegZ]Zch^kZ ^cigdYjXi^dc id

9jg^c\ i]Z hjbbZg WZilZZc i]Z Ă’ghi VcY hZXdcY nZVg! ZkVajVi^c\ i]Z ]^hidg^X gZhdjgXZh V\V^chi adXVa odc^c\! i]Z [^ZaY d[ egZhZgkVi^dc eaVcc^c\ i]Vi ZmVb^cZY i]Z ZVX] hijYZci l^aa ldg` Vi dcZ dg bdgZ ^ciZgch]^eh#

ZXdcdb^X gZVa^i^Zh! e]nh^XVa VhhZih VcY egdWaZbh! bZbWZgh Xdchi^iji^dcVa jcYZge^cc^c\h d[ aVcYbVg`h gZ\jaVi^dc

Dcan ild XaVhhZh VgZ gZfj^gZY Yjg^c\ i]Z hZXdcY nZVg d[ i]Z hijYn VgZVÉh Xdbbjc^in VcY iZhi^c\ hijYZci ^YZVh VcY i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ ]^hidg^X egZhZgkVi^dc Vh V Y^hX^ea^cZ d[ hijYn ^c i]Z =^hidg^X EgZhZgkVi^dc Egd\gVb# 9jg^c\ i]Z V\V^chi cZ^\]Wdg]ddY eZghdcVa^i^Zh VcY eda^i^Xh#

VcVad\djh id jgWVc eaVcc^c\# 6ahd VYYgZhhZY lZgZ i]Z

Ă’ghi hZbZhiZg! Vaa hijYZcih iV`Z EgZhZgkVi^dc 8daadfj^jb!

^hhjZh d[ Veean^c\ egZhZgkVi^dc eaVcc^c\ iddah! ^cXajY^c\

V XaVhh i]Vi VcVanoZh ^hhjZh ^cigdYjXZY ^c i]Z Ă’ghi nZVg VcY

He] ;nbe]bg`l% G^p ?hkfl

adXVa ^cY^k^YjVa VcY ]^hidg^X Y^hig^Xi YZh^\cVi^dch! CVi^dcVa

egZeVgZh hijYZcih [dg i]Z XdbeaZi^dc d[ V i]Zh^h# 7n i]Z ?kZgÂ…hbl^ ;heeZ\d% bglmkn\mhk

GZ\^hiZg cdb^cVi^dch! heZX^Va odc^c\ VcY cZ^\]Wdg]ddY

WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z hZXdcY nZVg! hijYZcih h]djaY ]VkZ X]d" ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% LIKBG@ +))2

XdchZgkVi^dc Y^hig^Xih! VcY egZhZgkVi^dc ZVhZbZcih#

hZc V i]Zh^h ide^X# EgZa^b^cVgn i]Zh^h egZhZciVi^dch l^aa

;^cVcX^Va ^cXZci^kZh [dg gZ]VW^a^iVi^dc! ^cXajY^c\ ^ckZhibZci

WZ bVYZ Yjg^c\ i]Z Ă’ghi hZbZhiZg! Wji i]Z Wja` d[ i]Zh^h I]^h cZl hZb^cVg [dXjhZY dc gZXZci! Xjii^c\ ZY\Z iVm XgZY^ih! egdeZgin iVm ^cXZci^kZh! VcY gZkdak^c\ adVc ldg` l^aa dXXjg Yjg^c\ l^ciZg WgZV` VcY Yjg^c\ i]Z hZX" VgX]^iZXijgZ igVch[dgb^c\ daY Wj^aY^c\h id egdYjXZ [jcYh! lZgZ ZmVb^cZY! VcY XjggZci ^hhjZh ^c egZhZgkVi^dc dcY hZbZhiZg# 6aa di]Zg XaVhhZh Yjg^c\ i]Z hZXdcY nZVg VgZ cZl [dgbh ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY ldgaYĂ„l^YZ# I]ZhZ eaVcc^c\ ^cXajY^c\ deZc heVXZ egZhZgkVi^dc! XdbWVi^c\ $"


hegVla! VcY egZhZgk^c\ gjgVa aVcYhXVeZh lZgZ VYYgZhhZY# ]djhZh# CZl cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh YZkZadeZY! daY cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh <jZhi heZV`Zgh ]^\]a^\]iZY egZhZgkVi^dc ^c 8]^XV\d VcY lZgZ gZYZkZadeZY! VcY cZl VeVgibZci ineZh VeeZVgZY# I]Z E^iihWjg\]! ^aajhigVi^c\ h^b^aVg^i^Zh VcY Y^[[ZgZcXZh ^c aZkZa d[ cZl XdchigjXi^dc lVh cdi Xdch^hiZci i]gdj\]dji egVXi^XZh ^c i]Z ÒZaY ^c di]Zg 6bZg^XVc X^i^Zh#

i]Z YZXVYZ! Wji i]ZgZ lZgZ bV_dg eZg^dYh d[ ^ckZhibZci ^c cZl XdchigjXi^dc VcY ^c i]Z VaiZgVi^dc d[ daY Wj^aY^c\h#

=b`bmZe OblnZebsZmbhg

>c i]^h hZb^cVg lZ ZmeadgZY eg^kViZan [jcYZY! heZXjaVi^kZ

;kb`bmm^ <hhd% bglmkn\mhk

]djh^c\ ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in WZilZZc i]Z hidX` bVg`Zi XgVh]

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1

VcY i]Z Zcign d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ^cid LdgaY LVg >># I]gdj\] Y^hXjhh^dch! h^iZ k^h^ih! VcY hijYZci egZhZciVi^dch! lZ Zm"

I]^h ldg`h]de lVh VWdji YZkZade^c\ YZmiZg^in ^c eadgZY i]Z XdbeaZm VcY eZg]Veh Vaa id gZaZkVci ^hhjZh d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa gZegZhZciVi^dc ^c dgYZg id XdcXZeijVa^oZ VcY ]djh^c\ Yjg^c\ Vc ZXdcdb^X Ydlcijgc# LZ ZmVb^cZY Wj^aY" bViZg^Va^oZ i]Z Zck^gdcbZciVa! heVi^Va! VcY hdX^Va VheZXih ^c\ ineZh VcY VeVgibZci eaVc ineZh i]Vi YZkZadeZY Yjg^c\ d[ Vc ^cY^k^YjVa e^ZXZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# HijYZcih idd` i]Z ZgV! ^ckZhi^\ViZY ^hhjZh d[ gZVa ZhiViZ ÒcVcXZ! cZ^\]" hZb^cVgh! Xdc[ZgZcXZh! h]dgi XdjghZh! VcY dcÄi]ZÄ_dW igV^c^c\! VYkVciV\Z d[ cZl YZkZadebZcih ^c iZX]cdad\n id Wj^aY V Wdg]ddY gZYZkZadebZci! VcY VeVgibZci bVg`Zi^c\#

[Vg aZhh ViiZci^dc ]Vh WZZc eV^Y id i]Z aVg\Zg! bdgZ XdbeaZm VcY

i]gZZÄY^bZch^dcVa XdbejiZg bVhh^c\ bdYZa i]Vi XdjaY WZ

XdbegZ]Zch^kZ ^hhjZh d[ bVcV\ZbZci! i]Z egdXZhh Wn l]^X]

Z[[ZXi^kZan bVc^ejaViZY VcY gZegdYjXZY# 6 hZi d[ \gVe]^X

<hgl^koZmbhg Phkdlahi

i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa XdbedcZcih d[ egZhZgkVi^dc Òi id\Zi]Zg VcY

^bV\Zh lVh egdYjXZY id VYYgZhh V hZg^Zh d[ fjZhi^dch l^i] FZkr CZ[ehgldb $ @^hk`^ Pa^^e^k% bglmkn\mhkl

Z^i]Zg hjXXZZY dg [V^a# I]^h XdjghZ ji^a^oZY i]Z XdchZgkVi^dc

h]^[i^c\ hXVaZh VcY ide^Xh# I]ZhZ ^bV\Zh lZgZ ZmVb^cZY ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1

egdXZhh ^c i]Z 7jggV 8]VgiZg Vh i]Z WVh^h [dg V gVi^dcVa

Xg^i^XVaan [dg i]Z^g VW^a^in id [dhiZg Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z

VeegdVX] id bVcV\^c\ XjaijgVa h^iZh# I]Z XdjghZ ]VY Vc

bZVc^c\ d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\#

I]^h ]VcYhÄdc XdchZgkVi^dc XdjghZ idd` eaVXZ Wdi] dc h^iZ VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa [dXjh VcY gZk^ZlZY XVhZ hijY^Zh [gdb Wdi] ^c i]Z aVWdgVidgn# I]^h XdjghZ Wj^ai VcY YZkZadeZY h`^aah gZfj^gZY ]^hidg^X VcY VgX]VZdad\^XVa h^iZh# I]Z XdjghZ Òghi [dXjhZY dc

Lmkn\mnk^l% Lrlm^fl% Zg] FZm^kbZel *

Wn VgX]^iZXijgVa XdchZgkVidgh i]gdj\] YdXjbZci^c\! hVbea^c\! i]Z Xdbe^aVi^dc d[ WVX`\gdjcY ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc

Fb\aZ^e =^ohglabk^% GhkfZg P^bll%

VcVanh^h! hnci]Zh^h d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc! VcY gZXdbbZcYVi^dch [dg d[ i]Z `Zn ^ciZgZhiZY eVgi^Zh# >i i]Zc egd\gZhhZY id i]Z VcVanh^h

@^hk`^ Pa^^e^k% bglmkn\mhkl

XdchZgkVi^dc# I]Z &-i]ÄXZcijgn KVc 8dgiaVcY BVcdg =djhZ! d[ i]Z h^iZ h^\c^ÒXVcXZ VcY VhhZhhbZci d[ Zm^hi^c\ XdcY^i^dch

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1

dlcZY Wn i]Z =^hidg^X =djhZ igjhi! lVh jhZY Vh V h^iZ [dg VcY bVcV\ZbZci XdchigV^cih# ;^cVaan! i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc! iZhi^c\! VcY gZhZVgX]#

HigjXijgZh! HnhiZbh! VcY BViZg^Vah & [Vb^a^Vg^oZY hijYZcih l^i] i]Z higjXijgZh VcY bViZg^Vah d[ igVY^i^dcVa Wj^aY^c\!

i]Z bVcV\ZbZci eda^Xn VcY higViZ\^Zh [dg ^ih ^beaZbZciVi^dc lZgZ gZk^ZlZY# I]Z YZa^XViZ WVaVcX^c\ VXi WZilZZc XjaijgVa

<nemnkZe Lbm^ FZgZ`^f^gm

WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] lddY [gVb^c\ VcY adVYÄWZVg^c\ bVhdcgn IZf^eZ C^khf^% bglmkn\mhk

Zc]VcXZbZci VcY Zmead^iVi^dc lVh ZmeadgZY! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z cZZY id eZg^dY^XVaan bdc^idg VcY gZVhhZhh bVcV\ZbZci eda^Xn#

lVaah# >c VYY^i^dc id aZVgc^c\ ]dl Wj^aY^c\h VgZ bVYZ! ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1 hijYZcih Vahd aZVgcZY ]dl Wj^aY^c\h d[iZc [V^a VcY l]Vi XVc WZ YdcZ VWdji ^i# ;^ZaYig^eh id hZZ i]Z h^ijVi^dch Y^hXjhhZY >beZijh [dg i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc d[ XjaijgVa ]Zg^iV\Z ]Vh YZ"

=^lb`g Phkdlahi3 =^lb`g pbma Ablmhkb\ :k\abm^\mnk^

^c XaVhh lZgZ ^ciZ\gVa id i]Z XdjghZ VcY dXXjggZY lZZ`an kZadeZY i]gdj\] i]Z gZXd\c^i^dc d[ h^iZh Vh cdcÄgZcZlVWaZ <kZb` Dhgrd $ Ma^h]hk^ Ikn]hg% bglmkn\mhkl Yjg^c\ i]Z Òghi ]Va[ d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg#

gZhdjgXZh# IgV^c^c\ ^h gZVY^an VkV^aVWaZ ^c i]Z heZX^ÒX iVh`h ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))2 gZfj^gZY id ^beaZbZci egZhZgkVi^dc! hjX] Vh YdXjbZciVi^dc

:f^kb\Zg :k\abm^\mnk^ *

VcY XdchZgkVi^dc# =dlZkZg! l^i] i]Z ZmXZei^dc d[ hedgVY^X I]^h ldg`h]de lVh iVj\]i l^i] i]Z i]^gYÄnZVg Æ6YY^i^dch

:g]k^p =hedZkm% bglmkn\mhk

9Zh^\c HijY^dÇ ^c i]Z 6gX]^iZXijgZ Egd\gVb# I]Z egdWaZb

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1

[dg i]Z hijY^d lVh V bV_dg VYY^i^dc id Vc ^bedgiVci bdYZgc Wj^aY^c\ i]Vi gZfj^gZY Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z bZVc^c\ d[

I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ 6bZg^XVc

i]Z daY Wj^aY^c\ Å Vaa d[ i]Z lVnh ^ih [dgb VcY bViZg^Vah

VgX]^iZXijgZ [gdb i]Z ZVga^Zhi :jgdeZVc hZiiaZbZcih id i]Z

ZmegZhh i]Z kVajZh ^i hdj\]i id gZegZhZci VcY hZgkZ Vi i]Z

XZciZcc^Va ^c &-,+# 7Z\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z ZVga^Zhi HeVc^h]!

i^bZ Å VcY i]Z lVnh i]Vi bZVc^c\ b^\]i dg b^\]i cdi WZ

;gZcX]! 9jiX]! VcY :c\a^h] Xdadc^Va VgX]^iZXijgZ! hijYZcih

ZmiZcYZY! Zcg^X]ZY! VcY Wgdj\]i [dglVgY Wn i]Z VYY^i^dc#

ZmeadgZY i]Z 6bZg^XVc VYVeiVi^dc d[ :jgdeZVc [dgbh

I]^h [Vaa i]Z \gdje ZmeadgZY V Wj^aY^c\ Wn BVgXZa 7gZjZg

VcY ^YZVh VcY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V Y^hi^cXian 6bZg^XVc

^c Ydlcidlc GdiiZgYVb# I]Z hijY^dÉh k^h^i id GdiiZgYVb

VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]Z XdjghZ aZXijgZh VcY gZVY^c\h ZmVb^cZY

Xd^cX^YZY l^i] i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa Xdc[ZgZcXZ d[ 9d8dBdBd

]^\]ÄhinaZ VcY kZgcVXjaVg VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c gjgVa VcY jgWVc

9dXjbZciVi^dc VcY 8dchZgkVi^dc d[ i]Z BdYZgc

Zck^gdcbZcih i]gdj\]dji i]Z hZiiaZY eVgih d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# I]Z XdjghZ lVh hjeeaZbZciZY l^i] idjgh VcY i]Z ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ dg^\^cVa YgVl^c\h VcY ZVgan VgX]^iZXijgVa ejWa^XVi^dch ^c 6kZgn A^WgVgn#

Ahnlbg` bg =^ik^llbhgÈ>kZ G^p Rhkd

BdkZbZci ! VcY hijYZcih eVgi^X^eViZY l^i] di]Zg hijYZcih

>chigjXidgh B^X]VZa 9Zkdch]^gZ CdgbVc LZ^hh BVgn ?VWadch`^ <Zdg\Z L]ZZaZg

[gdb VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY ^c ldg`h]deh i]Vi ZmeadgZY egdWaZbh Å VcY hdaji^dch Å id egZhZgk^c\ bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh ]^hidg^X eVgih d[ V a^k^c\ jgWVc Zck^gdcbZci#

:g]k^p =hedZkm% bglmkn\mhk

IeZggbg` Phkdlahi3 Ik^l^koZmbhg h_ <nemnkZe EZg]l\Zi^l

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% LIKBG@ +))2

Cn]bma EZ;^ee^% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1

6 h^\c^ÒXVci Vbdjci d[ cZl ]djh^c\ lVh XdchigjXiZY ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in WZilZZc &.(% VcY &.)%! Zci^gZan X]Vc\^c\ i]Z

I]Z =jYhdc G^kZg KVaaZn ]Vh WZZc YZhXg^WZY Wn i]Z

X]VgVXiZg d[ bVcn CZl Ndg` 8^in cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh# BjX] d[

CVi^dcVa EVg` HZgk^XZ Vh! Æi]Z aVcYhXVeZ i]Vi YZÒcZY

i]^h XdchigjXi^dc idd` i]Z [dgb d[ b^YYaZÄXaVhh VeVgibZci

6bZg^XV#Ç >c gZXZci nZVgh! i]Z KVaaZn ]Vh WZZc cVbZY Wn $#


>chigjXidgh EVbZaV ?ZgdbZ 8gV^\ @dcn` I]ZdYdgZ EgjYdc G^X]VgY E^ZeZg ?d]c HijWWh

HiViZh# I]gdj\] aZXijgZh! gZVY^c\h! VcY XaVhh Y^hXjhh^dch! d[ V kVg^Zin d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VgX]^iZXijgVa XdchZgkVi^dc VcY i]Z WVX`\gdjcY! i]Zdg^Zh! VcY egZhZci X]VaaZc\Zh ^c i]Z ÒZaY egZhZgkVi^dc egd\gVbh VcY egd_ZXih# I]^h XdjghZ hZgkZY lZgZ ZmVb^cZY# I]Z XdjghZ lVh dg\Vc^oZY jcYZg ]ZVY^c\h Vh Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id i]Z `Zn VheZXih d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa i]Vi gZegZhZci i]Z eg^cX^eVa [VXZih d[ i]Z [^ZaY! cVbZan VgX]^iZXijgVa XdchZgkVi^dc egVXi^XZ Wn VYYgZhh^c\ ^ih ]^hidgn! i]Zdgn! bZi]dYdad\n! iZX]cdad\n! jgWVc ^hhjZh! VcY dg^\^ch VcY egZhZci dg\Vc^oVi^dc! eg^cX^eaZ VcY egdXZYjgZh! egd[Zhh^dcVa egVXi^XZ# L^i]^c i]ZhZ ]ZVY^c\h heZX^ÒX hjW_ZXih aZ\Va WVhZh [dg ]Zg^iV\Z egdiZXi^dc! VcY ÆWZhi egVXi^XZhÇ ^c VcY Y^hX^ea^cZh hjX] Vh VgX]Zdad\n! bjhZdad\n! ]^hidg^XVa kVg^djh Xdjcig^Zh# gZhZVgX]! egd_ZXi eaVcc^c\! hiVcYVgYh! aZ\^haVi^dc! VcY egd_ZXi bVcV\ZbZci lZgZ VYYgZhhZY#

:gZermb\Ze F^mah]l _hk :k\abm^\mnk^ <hgl^koZmbhg

Ablmhkr Phkdlahi3 Bgm^kik^mZmbhg

@^hk`^ Pa^^e^k% bglmkn\mhk

Chk`^ Hm^khÈIZbehl% bglmkn\mhk

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% LIKBG@ +))2

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1

I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY VYkVcXZY VcVani^XVa bZi]dYh [dg Gjc Vh V hZb^cVg! i]^h ldg`h]de egdk^YZY Vc deedgijc^in ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc d[ i]Z eg^bVgn bViZg^Vah d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY [dg ^cÄYZei] gZhZVgX] VcY VcVanh^h d[ i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci! iVj\]i bZi]dYh [dg ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ hdjgXZh d[ YZiZg^dgVi^dc# jh^c\ i]Z g^X] gZhdjgXZh d[ CZl Ndg` 8^in Vh i]Z eg^bVgn hdjgXZ# :VX] ldg`h]de [dXjhZY dc V eVgi^XjaVg ^hhjZ

:k\abm^\mnk^ <hgl^koZmbhg *% +% ,

gZaVi^c\ id VgX]^iZXijgVa i]Zdgn VcY egVXi^XZ# I]^h [Vaa! i]Z @^hk`^ Pa^^e^k $ GhkfZg P^bll% bglmkn\mhkl XdjghZ jhZY i]Z Hd=d ad[i Wj^aY^c\ dcXZ dlcZY Wn Vgi^hi ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2 9dcVaY ?jYY Vh V h^iZ d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc# I]Z ad[i ^h id WZXdbZ V bjhZjb! VcY i]Z ldg`h]de fjZhi^dcZY ]dl id Yd i]^h l]^aZ I]^h i]gZZÄXdjghZ hZfjZcXZ XdjghZ ^h YZh^\cZY id egdk^YZ V Vaadl^c\ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ id gZbV^c V k^WgVci iZhi^bdcn id i]Z WVh^X jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ Wj^aY^c\ bViZg^Vah! id YZbdchigViZ bVc! ]^h Vgi! VcY i]Z gdaZ d[ i]Z XVhi ^gdc Wj^aY^c\ ^c Hd=d# 8dc\gZhh Vh V CVi^dcVa =Zg^iV\Z 6gZV! Wn EgZh^YZci 8a^cidc Vh Vc 6bZg^XVc =Zg^iV\Z G^kZg! VcY Wn CZl Ndg` HiViZ Vh

]dl id ^YZci^[n i]ZhZ bViZg^Vah VcY ZkVajViZ i]Z^g XdcY^i^dch! VcY id h]dl ]dl id \ZcZgViZ i]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY YViV

:k\abm^\mnkZe F^mZel

cZXZhhVgn id egdedhZ VcY ZkVajViZ XdchZgkVi^dc igZVibZcih#

i]Z =jYhdc G^kZg KVaaZn <gZZclVn# NZi i]Z KVaaZn Xdci^cjZh Kb\aZk] Ib^i^k% bglmkn\mhk

6aa i]gZZ XdjghZh VgZ gZfj^gZY [dg Vaa hijYZcih i]Vi hZaZXi

id [VXZ \gZVi X]VaaZc\Zh id ^ih X]VgVXiZg VcY ]^hidg^X ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1

XdchZgkVi^dc Vh i]Z^g hZXidg d[ heZX^Va^oVi^dc# I]Z XdjghZh

XdciZmi i]gdj\] i]Z eaVccZY VcY jceaVccZY YZkZadebZci

VgZ cdi hZfjZci^Va! VcY Vcn hijYZci bVn iV`Z Vcn XdjghZ d[

d[ XZbZci eaVcih! ZcZg\n [VX^a^i^Zh! YZhigjXi^dc d[ ]^hidg^X I]^h hZb^cVg gZk^ZlZY i]Z higjXijgVa VcY YZXdgVi^kZ jhZh ^ciZgZhi l^i]dji eg^dg gZfj^gZbZcih# I]Z XdjghZh idd` i]Z Wj^aY^c\h! VcY hegVla# I]^h XdjghZ! i]gdj\] gZVY^c\h! d[ bZiVah ^c Wj^aY^c\h VcY bdcjbZcih# I]Z bZiVah id WZ [dgbVi d[ aZXijgZ! aVWdgVidgn ZmZgX^hZh! VcY ÒZaY ig^eh! l^i] aZXijgZh! XaVhh Y^Vad\jZh! VcY XVhZ hijY^Zh Vh lZaa Vh ÒZaY gZk^ZlZY ^cXajYZY ^gdc VcY hiZZa! XdeeZg VcY XdeeZg Vaadnh 6gX]^iZXijgZ 8dchZgkVi^dc ' [dXjh^c\ dc XdcXgZiZ! bdgiVg! ig^eh! ZmVb^cZY i]Z ]^hidgn d[ i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc d[ XjaijgVa ^cXajY^c\ WgdcoZ VcY WgVhh! aZVY! i^c! o^cX! Vajb^cjb! VcY hijXXd! VcY eaVhiZg VcY 6gX]^iZXijgZ 8dchZgkVi^dc ( dc lddY! VcY cVijgVa aVcYhXVeZh VcY i]Z iZX]c^fjZh hjX] Vh gZ\^dcVa c^X`Za VcY X]gdb^jb# I]Z hZb^cVg ZmVb^cZY i]Z ]^hidgn eV^ci! VcY di]Zg Òc^h]Zh id lddY hjg[VXZh# eaVcc^c\! ]Zg^iV\Z idjg^hb VcY i]Z jhZ d[ XdchZgkVi^dc d[ bVcj[VXijgZ VcY jhZ0 bZX]Vc^hbh d[ YZiZg^dgVi^dc VcY ZVhZbZcih cdl ^c jhZ cVi^dcVaan VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVaan#

Xdggdh^dc0 VcY XaZVc^c\! gZeV^g! VcY XdchZgkVi^dc#

:f^kb\Zg :k\abm^\mnk^ +

Lmkn\mnk^l% Lrlm^fl% Zg] FZm^kbZel +

Chk`^ Hm^khÈIZbehl% bglmkn\mhk

Ma^h]hk^ Ikn]hg% bglmkn\mhk

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% LIKBG@ +))2

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% LIKBG@ +))2

Ik^l^koZmbhg EZp Mhgr Phh]% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h XdjghZ lVh Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id i]Z aZ\Va bZX]Vc^hbh egdiZXi^c\ ]^hidg^X gZhdjgXZh ^c i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci!

I]^h XdjghZ lVh V hjgkZn d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ Wj^ai ^c i]Z Jc^iZY I]^h XdjghZ Wj^ai dc ^c[dgbVi^dc ^cigdYjXZY ^c EVgi >! Wg^c\^c\ [dXjh^c\ dc i]Z aZ\Va eg^cX^eaZh jcYZgan^c\ egZhZgkVi^dc aVlh! HiViZh VcY ^ih iZgg^idg^Zh WZilZZc &-,+! i]Z XdjcignÉh Òghi i]Z bViZg^Va je id i]Z egZhZci ^c iZgbh d[ jcYZghiVcY^c\ ^cXajY^c\ i]Z Xdchi^iji^dcVa ^hhjZh gZaVi^c\ id \dkZgcbZciVa XZciZcc^Va! VcY &.-.! i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z 8daY LVg! V YViZ i]Vi bdYZgc Wj^aY^c\ hnhiZbh VcY bViZg^Vah# >i VYYgZhhZY ]dl gZ\jaVi^dc dg gZVa egdeZgin# ;ZYZgVa! hiViZ! VcY adXVa ]^hidg^X bVg`ZY 6bZg^XVÉh ig^jbe] Vh i]Z dcan ldgaY hjeZgedlZg# hiZZa [gVbZ VcY XdcXgZiZ Wj^aY^c\h VgZ bVYZ VcY ]dl egZhZgkVi^dc aVlh VcY i]Z^g XdbeaZbZciVgn gZaVi^dch]^eh >i lVh YZh^\cZY id ]Zae YZkZade XdbeZiZcXZ ^c ^YZci^[n^c\! i]Zn d[iZc [V^a# I]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc d[ i]Z XdjghZ gZa^ZY jedc lZgZ hijY^ZY ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ gZaZkVci Zck^gdcbZciVa VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\! VcY VcVano^c\ ]^hidg^X higjXijgZh! i]Z^g i]Z hijYn d[ i]Z X]gdcdad\^XVa YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ di]Zg aVcY jhZ aVlh# h^\c^[^XVcXZ! ineZh! VcY hinaZh# I]Z ^ciZci^dc lVh [dg Vgih VcY hX^ZcXZh Vh lZaa Vh i]Z eVi]dad\n bdYZh VcY i]Z hijYZcih id WZXdbZ egd[^X^Zci ^c i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z XdchZgkVi^dc d[ ZVX] Wj^aY^c\ hnhiZb hijY^ZY# bZi]dYdad\^XVa! ]^hidg^d\gVe]^XVa! k^hjVa! VcY ^ciZaaZXijVa iddah cZXZhhVgn id \gVhe [jaan i]Z bZVc^c\h d[ ]^hidg^X Wj^aY^c\h ^c i]Z^g kVg^djh XdciZmih#

Ablmhkb\ Ik^l^koZmbhg Ma^hkr $ IkZ\mb\^ Chk`^ Hm^khÈIZbehl% bglmkn\mhk ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% ?:EE +))1

@eZs^] Zg] <hg_nl^]3 >qihlbg` ma^ Frl& m^kb^l h_ @eZs^] :k\abm^\mnkZe M^kkZ <hmmZ

Bgm^kgZmbhgZe :k\abm^\mnkZe Ik^l^koZmbhg IkZ\mb\^

QlnlaZ <ZkerZgg ?eZg]kh

Chag Lmn[[l% bglmkn\mhk

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

GhkfZg P^bll% Z]oblhk

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG% LIKBG@ +))2

Ç<aVoZY VcY 8dc[jhZYÇ ^h V Xdbe^aVi^dc d[ ild ^ckZhi^\Vi^kZ GZXZci \Zdeda^i^XVa h]^[ih! i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ Æ\adWVa^oVi^dcÇ! hijY^Zh# I]Z Òghi ^h V X]gdcdad\^XVa VccdiViZY W^Wa^d\gVe]n VcY gVY^XVaan ^begdkZY Xdbbjc^XVi^dch VcY igVchedgiVi^dc d[ e]nh^XVa egdeZgin ZmeZg^bZciVi^dch ^ciZgheZghZY l^i]

I]^h XdjghZ d[[ZgZY Vc dkZgk^Zl d[ i]Z ]^hidgn VcY egZhZci ]VkZ ^bedhZY ZmigVdgY^cVgn egZhhjgZh [dg X]Vc\Z ^c ZkZgn `Zn ]^hidg^XVa bdbZcih eZgiV^c^c\ heZX^ÒXVaan id \aVoZY hiViZ d[ i]Z ÒZaY d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa egZhZgkVi^dc ^c i]Z LZhiZgc Xdjcign# I]Z Wjg\Zdc^c\ ÒZaY d[ ]Zg^iV\Z XdchZgkVi^dc ]Vh VgX]^iZXijgVa iZggVXdiiV# I]Z hZXdcY ^h Vc ZmeZg^bZciVa bdYZa LdgaY Vh V WVh^h [dg egd[Zhh^dcVa egVXi^XZ ^c i]Z Jc^iZY gZhedcYZY VXXdgY^c\an l^i] dcZ gZhjai WZ^c\ i]Z XgZVi^dc XgZViZY [dg VgX]^iZXijgVa XdchZgkVi^dc! id WZ ji^a^oZY eg^dg id $$


I]Z h^\c^ÒXVcXZ d[ i]Z 7jh] IZgb^cVa bdYZa ad[i Xdb" eaZm gZfj^gZh i]Vi ViiZci^dc WZ eV^Y id i]Z^g egZhZgkVi^dc VcY i]Vi \j^YZa^cZh WZ ZhiVWa^h]ZY [dg i]Z^g bV^ciZcVcXZ VcY [dg VaiZgVi^dch ^c dgYZg id hjhiV^c i]Z bdYZa ad[ihÉ ]^h" idg^XVa! higjXijgVa! [jcXi^dcVa! VcY VZhi]Zi^X kVajZh#

: ?nmnk^ _hk Lahmhk @Zehh3 <hgl^koZmbhg IeZggbg` _hk Ablmhkb\ KhrZe @Zk]^gl% IZkdl% Zg] IZobebhgl bg BkZg G^`bg FZe^db Chag Lmn[[l% Z]oblhk ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

H]didg <Vadd! V ]Zg^iV\Z h^iZ ^c BV]Vc! >gVc! ^h V &+*ÄnZVgÄ daY FVV_Vg^& \VgYZc eVk^a^dc i]Vi gZegZhZcih i]Z ]^hidg^X gdnVa \VgYZch VcY eVk^a^dch d[ >gVc# I]ZhZ h^iZh iZVX] jh VWdji i]Z igVY^i^dcVa a^[ZhinaZ d[ i]Z >gVc^Vc Vg^hidXgVXn VcY! bdgZ ^bedgiVcian! X]VgVXiZg^oZ i]Z [Vbdjh EZgh^Vc \VgYZch VcY i]Z Zci]jh^Vhb d[ i]Z EZgh^Vc eZdeaZ [dg XZaZWgVi^c\ cVijgZ VcY ^ih gZhdjgXZh Wn XgZVi^c\ ZVgi]an eVgVY^hZh# >c &.,,! i]Z Wj^aY^c\ lVh gZ\^hiZgZY dc i]Z cVi^dcVa a^hi d[ XjaijgVa ]Zg^iV\Z h^iZh WVhZY dc ^ih VZhi]Zi^X VcY VgX]^iZX" ijgVa kVajZh# =dlZkZg! h^cXZ i]Z >gVc^Vc 8jaijgVa =Zg^iV\Z Dg\Vc^oVi^dc >8=D ejgX]VhZY i]Z egdeZgin [gdb ^ih aVhi XdchZgkVi^kZ igZVibZcih# I]^h i]Zh^h WZ\Vc l^i] lVci^c\ id IZgb^cVa lVh i]Z gZhjai d[ EgZh^YZci >gk^c\ I# 7jh]Éh ^ccdkVi^kZ gZh^YZci dlcZg ^c ?jcZ '%%,! i]Z Wj^aY^c\ ]Vh gZbV^cZY iZhi i]Z XdbbZgX^Vaan VkV^aVWaZ gZeV^g VcY eViX]^c\ bdgiVgh ^YZVh [dg id i]Z Z[[^X^Zci bdkZbZci d[ \ddYh Wn Y^gZXian kVXVci# 7Zh^YZh ^ih dlc bZg^ih! H]didg <VaddÉh XjaijgVa h^\" ZbeadnZY Yjg^c\ iZggVXdiiV gZeV^g! ]de^c\ id Y^hXdkZg l]^X] XdccZXi^c\ lViZg[gdci h]^ee^c\ [VX^a^i^Zh id Wdi] gV^agdVY igVX`h c^ÒXVcXZ Vahd hiZbh [gdb ^ih egdm^b^in id i]Z &*i] XZcijgn eZg[dgbZY bdhi h^b^aVg id \aVoZY iZggVXdiiV# =dlZkZg! V[iZg VcY YZa^kZgn igjX`h# 7jh] IZgb^cVa ^h Vahd i]Z gZVa^oVi^dc d[ bVjhdaZjb d[ i]Z [Vbdjh HjÒ aZVYZg! H]V] CZÉZbVidaaV] heZV`^c\ l^i] hZkZgVa egVXi^X^c\ XdchZgkVidgh l^i]^c i]Z 7jh]Éh i]Zdgn i]Vi YZXZcigVa^o^c\ i]Z lViZg[gdci iZgb^cVah KVa^ &('.Ä&)(&6#9# ! V h^\c^ÒXVci cVi^dcVa ]Zg^iV\Z h^iZ# Jc^iZY HiViZh! ^i fj^X`an WZXVbZ VeeVgZci i]ZgZ lVh V aVX` djih^YZ BVc]ViiVc >haVcY ldjaY gZhdakZ ^hhjZh d[ ^cZ[ÒX^ZcXn#

I]^h i]Zh^h jhZh XdchZgkVi^dc eaVcc^c\ Vh V hiZlVgYh]^e

d[ `cdlaZY\Z hjggdjcY^c\ i]Z WVh^X e]nh^XVa egdeZgi^Zh VcY 7jh] IZgb^cVa Vahd lVh dcZ d[ i]Z aVg\Zhi [gZ^\]i iZgb^cVah ^c idda [dg >gVcÉh ]^hidg^X gdnVa \VgYZch! eVg`h VcY eVk^a^dch# WZ]Vk^dgh d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa iZggVXdiiV#

i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ^c i]Z ZVgan ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn# I]Z XdbeVcnÉh 8dch^YZg^c\ i]Z [VXi i]Vi bjYÄWg^X` \VgYZc eVk^a^dch [ZV"

>i ^h ^bedhh^WaZ id _jY\Z V gZeV^g hnhiZb jh^c\ jc`cdlch eg^cX^eaZ! ÆZ[[^X^ZcXn VcY ZXdcdbn i]gdj\] XddeZgVi^dcÇ ijgZ igVY^i^dcVa XdchigjXi^dc iZX]c^fjZh VcY egVXi^XZh i]Vi Vh Xg^iZg^dc! XdchZfjZcian i]Z ide^X lVh h]^[iZY id Y^hXdkZgn lVh Vahd V `Zn [VXidg ^c i]Z egdheZg^in d[ 7jh] IZgb^cVa# =^h VgZ gVe^Yan [VY^c\ VlVn! i]Z^g XdchZgkVi^dc ldjaY WZ d[ igZ" d[ egZk^djhan ZhiVWa^h]ZY egdeZgi^Zh! i]Z egdXZYjgZh jhZY ZmVbeaZ ^cÓjZcXZY di]Zg iZgb^cVa XdchigjXi^dc ^c CZl Ndg` bZcYdjh kVajZ [dg >8=D Vh i]Z eVigdc d[ >gVc^Vc ]Zg^iV\Z# id egdXjgZ i]^h ^c[dgbVi^dc! l]Zc i]ZhZh ZmeZg^bZciVi^dch 8^in VcY XViVanoZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ Hdji] 7gdd`anc# lZgZ XdbeaZiZY VcY l]n# Jh^c\ i]Z VhXZgiV^cZY ]^hidg^XVa

I]Z egdedhZY XdchZgkVi^dc eaVc XVc Vahd hZgkZ Vh V bdYZa

HZXdcY! i]Z 7jh] IZgb^cVa bdYZa ad[ih VgZ egZb^Zg ZmVb" [dg XdchZgk^c\ h^b^aVg ineZh d[ h^iZh ^c Xdjcig^Zh VcY gZ\^dch

^c[dgbVi^dc! V gZhZVgX] egd\gVb lVh YZkZadeZY heZX^ÒXVaan eaZh d[ ^cYjhig^Va Wj^aY^c\h XdchigjXiZY d[ gZ^c[dgXZY XdcXgZiZ! l^i] ]di VcY Vg^Y Xa^bViZh# =Va[ d[ i]Z ldgaYÉh edejaVi^dc ( [dXjhZY idlVgYh VgX]^iZXijgVa XdchZgkVi^dc! l^i] i]Z \dVa d[ i]Z WZhi higjXijgVa bViZg^Va [dg [VXidgn XdchigjXi^dc ^c i]Z W^aa^dc eZdeaZ a^kZ dg ldg` ^c ZVgi]Zc higjXijgZh! Wji V adi XgZVi^c\ V egd\gVb d[ ZmVb^cVi^dc l^i] i]Z ÒcY^c\h V^Y^c\ ZVgan ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn# I]Z bdYZa ad[ih lZgZ i]Z aVg\Zhi gZ^c" gZbV^ch id WZ aZVgcZY VWdji i]Z^g XdchZgkVi^dc VcY egZhZg" ^c i]Z X]d^XZ d[ XdchZgkVi^dc igZVibZcih# I]Z bdYZa ^cXajY" [dgXZY XdcXgZiZ bVcj[VXijg^c\ XdbeaZm ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# kVi^dc# HijY^Zh d[ hjX] cVijgZ VgZ i]ZgZ[dgZ kVajVWaZ VcY Zh" ZY ÒkZ aVWdgVidg^Zh/ k^hjVa VcVanh^h! eZigd\gVe]^X VcVanh^h! 9Zh^\cZY Wn L^aa^Vb =^\\^chdc! V e^dcZZg ^c i]Z jhZ d[ gZ^c" hZci^Va Vh i]Zn XdjaY ]Zae hVkZ i]Z ldgaYÉh ZVgi]Zc ]Zg^iV\Z# XgdhhÄhZXi^dc ^cheZXi^dc! lViZg kVedg igVchb^hh^dc VcY ^c" [dgXZY XdcXgZiZ [dg [VXidg^Zh! VcY Wj^ai Wn i]Z IjgcZg 8dchigjX" kZgiZY Xje lViZg kVedg igVchb^hh^dc#

i^dc 8dbeVcn! V e^dcZZg ^c i]Z gZ^c[dgXZY XdcXgZiZ Wj^aY^c\ XdchigjXi^dc! i]Z bdYZa ad[ih VgZ ZVgan ZmVbeaZh d[ ^cYjhig^Va

Ma^ ;nla M^kfbgZe Fh]^e Eh_ml Zg] >Zker K^bg_hk\^] <hg\k^m^ ;nbe]bg`l hg ;khhdergÍl PZm^k_khgm3 Ma^bk Lb`gbÖ\Zg\^ Zl Bg]nlmkbZe A^kbmZ`^

Fh]^kgblf bg G^p Hke^Zgl3 Ma^ :k\abm^\mnk^ h_ :e[^km E^]g^k

Wj^aY^c\h i]Vi XaZVgan ZmegZhh i]Z egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]^h cZl Wj^aY" Ebg]lZr F\<hhd ^c\ bViZg^Va# Egdk^Y^c\ Z[ÒX^Zci VcY ^ccdkVi^kZ hZgk^XZh! i]ZhZ Ma^h]hk^ Ikn]hg% Z]oblhk gZ^c[dgXZY XdcXgZiZ ad[ih lZgZ bVg`ZiZY Vh ÆbdYZa ad[ih#Ç

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

<akblmbg^ Ana

I]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ 6aWZgi AZYcZg egdk^YZh Vc jcZmeZXiZY

:g]k^p =hedZkm% Z]oblhk

VcY ^ciZgZhi^c\ WdYn d[ ldg` ^c CZl DgaZVch VcY i]Z Jc^iZY

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

HiViZh# 6h V edhiÄlVg VgX]^iZXi! AZYcZg lVh dcZ d[ V \gdje ldg`^c\ id Wg^c\ XdciZbedgVgn YZh^\ch id V X^in gddiZY ^c

I]Z c^cZiZZc bdYZa ad[ih dc 7jh] IZgb^cVa XdbeaZm ^c Hdji]

igVY^i^dcVa VcY gZ\^dcVa hinaZh# I]dj\] bdYZgc^hb ^ihZa[

7gdd`anc &.%)Ä&.'+! L^aa^Vb =^\\^chdc ]VkZ ]^hidg^XVa

lVh jcXdckZci^dcVa [dg CZl DgaZVch ^c i]Z &.*%h! AZYcZgÉh

h^\c^ÒXVcXZ [dg ild gZVhdch# ;^ghi! i]Zn VgZ i]Z bdhi gZkZVa^c\

Wj^aY^c\h VgZ hZi VeVgi [gdb XdcXjggZci VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c

ZmVbeaZ d[ >gk^c\ I# 7jh]Éh \gVcY k^h^dc d[ XgZVi^c\ 6bZg^XVÉh

i]Z X^in WZXVjhZ i]Zn Zm]^W^i V Y^[[ZgZci bdYZ! i]Z Dg\Vc^X

bdhi XdbegZ]Zch^kZ ^ciZ\gViZY XdbeaZm d[ Wj^aY^c\h

hinaZ# JcVWVh]ZYan VYb^g^c\ i]Z ldg` d[ ;gVc` AadnY

YZY^XViZY id igVYZ VXi^k^i^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ h]^ee^c\! lVgZ]djh^c\!

Lg^\]i! VeegZci^X^c\ Vi IVa^Zh^c :Vhi ^c i]Z aViZ &.)%h!

bVcj[VXijg^c\! Y^hig^Wji^dc VcY i]Z hVaZ d[ bZgX]VcY^hZ# 7jh]

VcY [daadl^c\ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ \^VciÉh YZh^\c bVm^bh $%


^c ]^h dlc egd_ZXih XZbZciZY AZYcZgÉh gdaZ Vh V Lg^\]i Vh V ejWa^X heVXZ VcY V XViVanhi [dg adXVa ZXdcdb^X hi^bj" EVk^a^dc Wn E]^a^e ?d]chdc! VcY EZcc HiVi^dcÉh BVY^hdc Y^hX^eaZ adXVaan VcY cVi^dcVaan# AZYcZg Vahd ZmeZg^bZciZY ajh# I]Z =^\] A^cZ Å l]^aZ jcfjZhi^dcVWan Vc VcdbVadjh HfjVgZ <VgYZc# L]^aZ i]ZhZ ZVgan higjXijgZh b^b^X ^c [dgb VcY dgcVbZciVi^dc! XgZVi^c\ jc^fjZ higjXijgZh VcY ig^[ZXiV d[ Vc ZmigVdgY^cVgn ZXdcdb^X Xa^bViZ! ZmXZei^dcVa igVY^i^dcVa iZci higjXijgZh d[ XZcigVa 6h^V! i]Z ldg` ^h ^Y^dhncXgVi^X aVcYbVg`h ^c CZl DgaZVch i]Vi Y^kZg\Z [gdb eda^i^XVa hjeedgi VcY k^h^dcVgn aZVYZgh]^e Å ZmZbea^ÒZh i]Z ZmZXjiZY ^c i]Z bdhi bdYZgc bViZg^Vah d[ i]Z i^bZ# I]Z jhZ i]Z ldg` d[ ]^h XdciZbedgVg^Zh#

WZcZÒih d[ V higdc\ ejWa^XÄeg^kViZ eVgicZgh]^e VcY WgVcY^c\ VcY WZ]Vk^dg dkZg i^bZ d[ i]ZhZ h^beaZ iZch^dc higjXijgZh

=^h hinaZ ZkdakZY Òghi [gdb Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi lVh b^" XVbeV^\c# I]Z gZ\jaVidgn aVcYÄjhZ deedgijc^i^Zh i]Z ejWa^X hZgkZY Vh i]Z WVh^h [dg hjWhZfjZci VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c bZi^X d[ ;gVc` AadnY Lg^\]iÉh id dcZ i]Vi YZbdchigViZY ]^h hZXidg ^beVgiZY dc eg^kViZ YZkZadebZci ^ciZgZhih! VcY i]Z YZkZadebZci VcY higjXijgVa Wj^aY^c\ bZi]dYh# 6h V gVgZ dlc eaVn[ja eZghdcVa^in# I]Z Wja` d[ AZYcZgÉh egd_ZXih VgZ gZhjaiVci [jcY^c\! lZgZ ^ciZ\gVa id i]Z egd_ZXiÉh gZVa^oVi^dc# inedad\n! i]Z [Zl i]Vi gZbV^c ]VkZ WZXdbZ ejWa^X ^Xdch VcY ^c CZl DgaZVch! Wji ]^h ldg` Vh i]Z VgX]^iZXi [dg i]Z CV" L]^aZ i]Z =^\] A^cZÉh Zci^gZin b^\]i cdi WZ [ZVh^Wan Yjea^XVi" bdcjbZcih gZÓZXi^kZ d[ adXVa ]^hidgn# 6YY^c\ id i]Z kVg^Zin i^dcVa BVg^i^bZ Jc^dc aZY id V hbViiZg^c\ d[ ]^h Wj^aY^c\h ZY! ^ih ejWa^XÄeg^kViZ aVcY jhZ gZaVi^dch]^e XVc WZ gZea^XViZY d[ i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci! i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc VcY XdchZgkVi^dc VXgdhh i]Z Xdjcign VcY cVi^dcVa egdb^cZcXZ#

id higjXijgZ V hjhiV^cVWaZ bdYZa [dg di]Zg jgWVc ejWa^X d[ i]ZhZ higjXijgVa bdcjbZcih

I]^h i]Zh^h egdk^YZh V YZhXg^ei^dc d[ i]Z XdciZmi ^c eVg`h# CZl Ndg` 8^inÉh =^\] A^cZ ejWa^X eVg` ^h V XdciZbed" l]^X] AZYcZg ldg`ZY! i]Z [VXidgh VcY ^cÓjZcXZh i]Vi \VkZ gVgn ZmVbeaZ d[ i]Z ^ciZ\gVa gdaZ eg^kViZ ZciZgeg^hZ Xdci^c" g^hZ id ]^h eZghdcVa hinaZ! VcY i]Z hXdeZ d[ ]^h XVgZZg! VcY jZh id eaVn ^c ]^hidg^X egZhZgkVi^dc ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# ^i ^aajhigViZh i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ 6aWZgi AZYcZgÉh Wj^aY^c\h! Wdi] adXVaan VcY cVi^dcVaan# I]^h hjgkZn d[ ]^h ldg` ^aaj" b^cViZh l]n AZYcZgÉh Wj^aY^c\h Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z jcYZgÄ

?khf ;kb]`^ mh ;nbe]bg`3 =^o^ehif^gm h_ Lm^^e <Z[e^ Khh_ Lmkn\mnk^l

VeegZX^ViZY WdYn d[ bdYZgc VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c CZl DgaZVch MZkZ KZla^^] VcY i]Z Dg\Vc^X bdkZbZci ^c 6bZg^XV#

?bg]bg` Z G^^]e^ bg Z O^kr EZk`^ IZkd3 K^\hglb]^kbg` ma^ Lb`gbÖ\Zg\^ h_ ma^ G^p Rhkd H[^ebld PbeebZf KZrghe]l @^hk`^ Pa^^e^k% Z]oblhk ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

Ma^h]hk^ Ikn]hg% Z]oblhk ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

8aZdeVigVÉh CZZYaZ ^h V bdcda^i]^X e^ZXZ d[ hnZcZ \gVc^iZ i]Vi

: <kbmb\Ze :gZerlbl h_ In[eb\ÈIkboZm^ IZkmg^klabil bg G^p Rhkd <bmr

>c i]Z edhi LdgaY LVg >> eZg^dY! i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ hiZZa 7ji ^i ^h bdgZ i]Vc V aVg\Z hidcZ ^c CZl Ndg`Éh 8ZcigVa EVg`#

CnebZ Angm^k IZef^k

XVWaZ iZch^dc higjXijgZh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ [djcY hjYYZc! VcY >i ^h V bdcjbZciVa dWZa^h`! ]Z^g id bdgZ i]Vc i]gZZ b^aaZcc^V

Chk`^ Hm^khÈIZbehl% Z]oblhk

ÓZZi^c\! edejaVg^in Vh V inedad\n d[ aVg\Z XVeVX^in Xdajbc d[ XjaijgVa bZbdgn# 6h i]Z [dgb ]Vh WZZc eVhhZY Ydlc [gdb

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

[gZZ heVXZh VbZcVWaZ id VgZcV ZkZcih VcY iZbedgVgn VcX^Zci :\nei id GdbZ! gZhjggZXiZY Yjg^c\ i]Z GZcV^hhVcXZ!

hiVcYh '&#'& bZiZgh iVaa VcY ]Vh V bVhh ZmXZZY^c\ '') idch#

Zm]^W^i^dch# 8dbW^c^c\ ijgc d[ i]Z XZcijgn VYkVcXZh VcY ZbWgVXZY ^c c^cZiZZci] XZcijgn :jgdeZ VcY 6bZg^XV! GddiZY ^c aZhhdch [gdb NZaadlhidcZ CVi^dcVa EVg`! 8ZcigVa ^c Wg^Y\Z Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY i]Z VkV^aVW^a^in d[ hiZZa VcY bdcjbZciVa dWZa^h`h ]VkZ ValVnh WZZc jgWVc cdYZh! EVg` VcY 7gnVci EVg`! VcY egdeZaaZY Wn XjggZci bdYZah d[ XdcXgZiZ ^c XdchigjXi^dc! Yjg^c\ i]^h eZg^dY i]Z ^cÓjZcXZ d[ VggVc\^c\ heVXZ VcY XdckZn^c\ i]Z^g h^\c^ÒXVcXZ i]gdj\] ejWa^XÄeg^kViZ eVgicZgh]^e! higViZ\^X WgVcY^c\ VcY aVcY jhZ higjXijgVa YZh^\c Wn Zc\^cZZgh dkZgaVeeZY l^i] i]Z YZh^gZ egdb^cZci Vm^Va XdccZXi^dch id hjggdjcY^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ# gZ\jaVi^dc! CZl Ndg` 8^inÉh =^\] A^cZ ^h ed^hZY id WVaVcXZ id egdYjXZ ZmX^i^c\ cZl [dgbh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# =ZgZ lZ =ZcXZ! VcY dWZa^h` ^h Wdi] V cZZYaZ VcY V i]gZVY# i]Z X^k^X! ZXdcdb^X VcY h^iZ gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh ZhhZci^Va id V l^aa add` Vi i]Z igVch^i^dc d[ hjheZch^dc Wg^Y\Z iZX]cdad\n hjXXZhh[ja ejWa^X XjaijgVa ]Zg^iV\Z h^iZ#

L]Zc 8aZdeVigVÉh CZZYaZ lVh Òghi ZgZXiZY ^c i]Z EVg`

^cid VgX]^iZXijgZ# 6 hZaZXi^dc d[ Wj^aY^c\h l^aa WZ ZmeadgZY ^c &--&! ^i lVh XdccZXiZY id i]Z BZigdeda^iVc BjhZjb d[

>c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! eg^kViZ ZciZgeg^hZ ]Vh eaVnZY V id Y^hXjhh i]Z kVg^Vi^dch d[ [dgb VcY higjXijgVa ^ciZ\g^in# 6gi VcY *i] 6kZcjZ Wn V egdb^cZci k^hjVa Vm^h# 6h i]Z Bj" eg^cX^eVa gdaZ ^c ]^hidg^X egZhZgkVi^dc! h]Ve^c\ i]Z [dgbV" 8VhZ hijY^Zh ^cXajYZ i]Z 6bZg^XVc EVk^a^dc d[ :med É*- hZjb ZmeVcYZY VcY i]Z b^XgdÄaVcYhXVeZ d[ i]^h eVgi d[ i^dc VcY bVcV\ZbZci d[ ejWa^X eVg`h h^cXZ NZaadlhidcZ ^c 7gjhhZah Wn :YlVgY 9jgZaa HidcZ! i]Z &.*. EVc6b i]Z EVg` X]Vc\ZY! i]Z iVc\^WaZ a^c` WZilZZc i]Z dWZa^h` CVi^dcVa EVg` ^c &-,'# 6h hiZlVgYh d[ i]Z cVi^dcÉh ]Zg^iV\Z LdgaYedgi Wn BX8Vgi]n HigViidc! i]Z &.+) CZl Ndg` HiViZ VcY ^ih hjggdjcY^c\h ]Vh Y^hVeeZVgZY Zci^gZan# I]Z CZZ" h^iZh! egZhZgkVi^dc^hih eaVn Vc dc\d^c\ gdaZ WVaVcX^c\ i]Z X]VaaZc\Zh d[ ejWa^XÄeg^kViZ eVgicZgh]^eh# EgZhZgkVi^dc" ^hih bjhi lZ^\] X^k^X! ZXdcdb^X VcY h^iZ gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh id ZchjgZ i]Vi ejWa^X \ddY! cdi eg^kViZ edlZg! ^h i]Z Xdcigda" a^c\ bZhhV\Z d[ ejWa^X eVg`h# ;dg cZVgan &)% nZVgh! Zkdak" ^c\ bZi]dYh [gdb i]Z eg^kViZ hZXidg ]VkZ WZZc VYdeiZY id VX]^ZkZ ZXdcdb^X hjhiV^cVW^a^in [dg ejWa^X eVg`h ^c i]Z Jc^i" ZY HiViZh# I]Z XjggZci bdYZa [dg bVcV\^c\ ejWa^X eVg`h ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in ^h V ejWa^XÄeg^kViZ eVgicZgh]^e i]Vi VaadXViZh ^cXgZVh^c\ gZhedch^W^a^in id i]Z eg^kViZ eVgicZg# I]^h igZcY ZbZg\ZY ^c i]Z &.,%h! ^c XVhZh hjX] Vh 8ZcigVa EVg` VcY 7gnVci EVg`! l]Zc Vc ZXdcdb^X Xg^h^h gZcYZgZY i]Z 8^in jcVWaZ id ÒhXVaan hjeedgi egdeZg h^iZ bVcV\ZbZci d[ ^ih ejWa^X eVg`h# >c i]Z eVhi ild YZXVYZh! higViZ\^X WgVcY^c\ XVbeV^\ch Xdbbjc^XVi^c\ V iVc\^WaZ dg ^ciVc\^WaZ cVbZ! hnbWda! hZi d[ WZa^Z[h dg ZmeZXiVi^dch jhZY id ^YZci^[n VcY Y^[[ZgZci^ViZ dcZ h^iZ dg dg\Vc^oVi^dc [gdb Vcdi]Zg ]VkZ WZZc VXi^kZan jhZY id aZkZgV\Z V h^iZÉh XjaijgVa XVe^iVa VcY XgZViZ deedgijc^i^Zh id XdccZXi hiV`Z]daYZgh VcY Zc]VcXZ i]Z X^k^X Zc\V\ZbZci VcY ZXdcdb^X hjeedgi d[ V ejWa^X eVg`# <^kZc i]Z XjggZci ZXdcdb^X Ydlch]^[i! l]Vi VgZ i]Z ^bea^XVi^dch d[ i]Z eg^kViZ hZXidgÉh egZkVaZci gdaZ ^c bVcV\" ^c\ ejWa^X eVg`h idYVn4 A^`Z bVcn jgWVc ejWa^X eVg`h! i]Z =^\] A^cZ! CZl Ndg` 8^inÉh cZlZhi eVg`! eaVnh V YjVa gdaZ %


8ZYVgÄG^kZgh^YZ! YZh^\cZY [dg B^ccZVeda^h! BC! lVh i]Z Òghi! VcY dcan dcZ d[ ild! CI>Ih id WZ ÒcVcXZY# L]^aZ i]Z X^in d[ B^ccZVeda^h ]VY ZmeZg^ZcXZY jgWVc gZcZlVa i]gdj\] jg" WVc eaVcc^c\ Z[[dgih i]Vi YZbda^h]ZY VcY gZWj^ai! ^i ]VY cdi ViiZbeiZY V gZk^iVa^oVi^dc egd_ZXi Vi i]^h hXVaZ dg l^i] hjX] XdbegZ]Zch^kZ hdX^Va egd\gVbb^c\# ;dg bng^VY gZVhdch ^cXajY^c\ hXdeZ! i]Z cVi^dcVa ZXdcdb^X gZXZhh^dc! Xdbbjc^in deedh^i^dc! VcY igdjWaZY ÒcVcX^c\! i]Z bVhiZg eaVc [dg 8ZYVgÄG^kZgh^YZ lVh cZkZg [jaan YZkZadeZY# NZi 8ZYVg HfjVgZ LZhi! i]Z edgi^dc XdbeaZiZY! ^h bdgZ i]Vc V [gV\bZci d[ Vc ^aaÄ[ViZY Xdbbjc^in YZkZadebZci higViZ\n# >i ^h h^\c^ÒXVci Vh V b^XgdXdhb d[ i]Z jgWVc eaVcc^c\ higViZ"

YaZ ]Vh WZZc hjWhjbZY Wn 8ZcigVa EVg`! VcY ^ih Æhe^g^i d[

I]^h gZhZVgX] ^h d[ ^ciZgZhi id i]Z Wj^aY^c\ XdchZgkVi^dc \^Zh d[ i]Z i^bZ eZg^dY! bVcn d[ l]^X] VgZ egZkVaZci idYVn!

eaVXZÇ ]Vh WZZc Xdbegdb^hZY# H^cXZ Vm^Va XdccZXi^dc ^h V ÒZaY WZXVjhZ Ydadb^i^X a^bZ bdgiVg ]Vh WZZc l^YZan jhZY ^c i]Z Xdadg[ja bdYZgc^hi k^h^dc d[ VgX]^iZXi GVae] GVehdc VcY! [jcYVbZciVa eVgi d[ Vc dWZa^h`Éh iVc\^WaZ h^\c^ÒXVcXZ! i]^h bVhdcgn gZed^ci^c\ [dg YZXVYZh l^i]dji V WVh^X jcYZghiVcY" jai^bViZan! ^ih VW^a^in id ZkdakZ hdX^Vaan Vadc\h^YZ ^ih hjggdjcY" i]Zh^h djia^cZh l]n [jijgZ XdchZgkVi^dc Z[[dgih gZaViZY id ^c\ d[ ^ih egdeZgi^Zh# BdgZ XdbegZ]Zch^kZ `cdlaZY\Z dc i]Z ^c\ Xdbbjc^in# >i gZbV^ch adkZY VcY Y^hYV^cZY! Vabdhi [jaan i]Z CZZYaZ bjhi WZ Vh b^cY[ja d[ i]Z h^iZ hjggdjcY^c\ i]Z X]Zb^XVa Xjg^c\ egdXZhh d[ Ydadb^i^X a^bZ bdgiVg VcY ]dl dXXje^ZY! Wji ^cXgZVh^c\an Y^aVe^YViZY egZhjbVWan WZXVjhZ d[ bdcjbZci Vh i]Zn VgZ d[ i]Z hidcZ ^ihZa[#

i]Z X]Zb^hign V[[ZXih i]Z e]nh^XVa egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]Z bdgiVg ^cVYZfjViZ ÒcVcX^c\ VcY a^b^iZY ^cXdbZ# ^h cZXZhhVgn ^[ Ydadb^i^X a^bZ ^h id ]VkZ Xdci^cjZY jhZ#

Jai^bViZan! i]^h i]Zh^h hZZ`h id VchlZg i]Z [daadl^c\

:k\aZ^heh`b\Ze Lbm^ FZgZ`^f^gm bg I^kn3 Ma^ <Zl^ h_ <ahjn^jnbkZh

XdciV^c^c\ ]^\] XVaX^jb a^bZ! nZi idd d[iZc cd Y^hi^cXi^dc X]^iZXijgVa dW_ZXi^kZh! Vh ^ciZcYZY Wn [ZYZgVa CI>I hi^ejaV"

FZkbZgZ Cn]bma LZkZg`h

^h bVYZ WZilZZc i]Z ild# I]Z dkZgl]Zab^c\ bV_dg^in d[ i^dch VcY GVae] GVehdc! ]dl XVc VcY h]djaY 8ZYVg HfjVgZ

IZf^eZ C^khf^% Z]oblhk

WV\\ZY IneZ H Ygn ]nYgViZY a^bZ XjggZcian jhZY ^c Cdgi] LZhi WZ egZhZgkZY4

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

6bZg^XV ^h Ydadb^i^X# IneZ H a^bZ ^h Xdbbdcan heZX^ÒZY

9dadb^i^X a^bZ bdgiVg WZ]VkZh Y^[[ZgZcian i]Vc bdgiVg fjZhi^dc/ IV`^c\ ^cid VXXdjci i]Z dg^\^cVa hdX^Va VcY Vg"

^c gZhidgVi^dc bdgiVgh WVhZY dc i]Z 6HIB 8Ä',% YZh^\cV"

I]^h i]Zh^h egdk^YZh gZXdbbZcYVi^dch VcY \j^YZa^cZh i^dc! nZi i]Z gVb^ÒXVi^dch d[ jh^c\ Ydadb^i^X a^bZ VgZ gVgZan [dg i]Z [jijgZ ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ V bVcV\ZbZci eaVc [dg \^kZc [jaa Xdch^YZgVi^dc# I]^h i]Zh^h Xdbe^aZh [jcYVbZciVa

Ik^l^kobg` >Zker <ab\Z`h In[eb\ Ahnlbg`3 CnebZ <' EZmakhi Ahf^l Zg] E^<eZbk^ <hnkml

i]Z VgX]VZdad\^XVa h^iZ d[ 8]dfjZfj^gVd ^c 8jhXd! EZgj# YViV dc i]Z egdeZgi^Zh d[ XZbZciÄYdadb^i^X a^bZ bdgiVg ^c CZgbg^ Pbedhls I]ZhZ gZXdbbZcYVi^dch VcY \j^YZa^cZh YZiZgb^cZ ]dl XdbeVg^hdc id XZbZciÄ]^\] XVaX^jb a^bZ bdgiVg# h]djaY i]^h VgX]VZdad\^XVa h^iZ WZ deZc id i]Z ejWa^X/ ^ih

<Zkhe <eZkd% Z]oblhk

AVWdgVidgn ldg` [dg i]^h i]Zh^h lVh XdcYjXiZY Vi 8d" ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

^ciZgegZiVi^dc! VXXZhh^W^a^in! idjg^hb bVcV\ZbZci! k^h^idg ajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in <H6EEÉh 6gX]^iZXijgZ 8dchZgkVi^dc ZmeZg^ZcXZ! ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! YZkZadebZci d[ VY_VXZci AVWdgVidgn! VcY i]Z H]ZgbVc ;V^gX]^aY 8ZciZg [dg DW_ZXih >c '%%%! i]Z 8]^XV\d =djh^c\ 6ji]dg^in 8=6 ZcVXiZY i]Z k^aaV\Zh! VcY ]dl id ^beaZbZci XgZVi^kZ VcY ^ccdkVi^kZ 8dchZgkVi^dc Vi i]Z BZigdeda^iVc BjhZjb d[ 6gi#

EaVc [dg IgVch[dgbVi^dc! V iZc nZVg! &#+ W^aa^dc hX]ZbZ

VeegdVX]Zh [dg k^h^idg jhZ d[ i]Z h^iZ# I]Z bVcV\ZbZci

l]^X] V^bZY id igVch[dgb ejWa^X ]djh^c\ YZkZadebZcih!

eaVc [dg i]Z =^hidg^X HVcXijVgn d[ BVX]j E^XX]j ]Vh WZZc hijY^ZY VcY VcVanoZY ^c dgYZg id hjbbVg^oZ ^ih ÓVlh VcY id Xdc[gdci i]Z egdWaZbh d[ ^ih ^cVeegdeg^ViZ ejWa^X jhZ#

Ik^l^kobg` ma^ ?bklm G^p MhpgÈBg Mhpg3 : <Zl^ ?hk KZeia KZilhgÍl <^]ZkÈKbo^klb]^

gZh^YZcih! VcY i]Z 8=6 ^ihZa[# IZc nZVgh ^cid i]Z EaVc! gZ]VW^a^iVi^dc dg YZbda^i^dc d[ i]Z egd_ZXih ^h dc\d^c\! VcY Vi ild ]^hidg^X XdbeaZmZh! i]Z ?ja^V 8# AVi]gde =dbZh VcY

I]^h XVhZ hijYn h]dlh i]Z [jijgZ 8]dfjZfj^gVd b^\]i [VXZ <Zkhebg^ Lm^ia^glhg

AZ8aV^gZ 8djgih! ldg` ]Vh nZi WZ\jc# 7di] YZkZadebZcih

^[ ^i ^h cdi egdeZgan bVcV\ZY# I]Z gZXdbbZcYVi^dch [dg Ma^h]hk^ Ikn]hg% Z]oblhk

VgZ gZegZhZciVi^kZ d[ ZVgan 8]^XV\d ejWa^X ]djh^c\ Wj^ai

i]Z bVcV\ZbZci d[ i]^h h^iZ VgZ YgVlc eVgi^Vaan [gdb i]Z ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

WZ[dgZ &.).! l]Zc i]dj\]i[ja! lZaa ZmZXjiZY YZh^\c VcY

aZhhdch aZVgcZY [gdb i]Z XVhZ d[ BVX]j E^XX]j#

eaVcc^c\ lZgZ i]Z cdgb# 9jg^c\ i]Vi ZgV! ejWa^X ]djh^c\ I^iaZ K>>! i]Z CZl 8dbbjc^i^Zh 6hh^hiVcXZ Egd\gVb! eVhhZY Xdbbjc^i^Zh lZgZ hjeedgi^kZ! ]ZVai]n Zck^gdcbZcih [dg

>oZenZmbhg h_ ma^ Iarlb\Ze Zg] <a^fb\Ze Ikhi^kmb^l )_ =hehfbmb\ Ebf^ FhkmZk

^c &.,% egdk^Y^c\ [ZYZgVa ÒcVcX^c\ VcY YZh^\c hi^ejaVi^dch ldg`^c\ XaVhh gZh^YZcih# AVi]gde =dbZh VcY AZ8aV^gZ

C^ggb_^k L\ahkd

=Vk^c\ hdbZl]Vi jide^Vc ^YZVah! i]ZhZ CZl IdlcÄ>c ^bedgiVci e]nh^XVa gZb^cYZgh d[ i]Z 8=6Éh egd\gZhh^kZ gddih

@^hk`^ Pa^^e^k% Z]oblhk

Idlch CI>Ih ! Vh i]Zn lZgZ XVaaZY! ]VY \dVah d[ egdk^Y^c\ VcY h]djaY WZ egZhZgkZY# I]gdj\] hZch^i^kZ gZ]VW^a^iVi^dc!

ABLMHKB< IK>L>KO:MBHG(MA>LBL

hZa[Ähj[ÒX^Zci! b^mZYÄjhZ! b^mZYÄ^cXdbZ Xdbbjc^i^Zh i]ZhZ XdbeaZmZh XVc Xdci^cjZ id egdk^YZ V[[dgYVWaZ ]djh^c\

[dg cZl Xdbbjc^i^Zh Wj^ai l^i]^c bZigdeda^iVc VgZVh# 8djgih! Wdi] VgX]^iZXijgVaan h^\c^[^XVci egdeZgi^Zh! VgZ

i]Vi ldjaY ViigVXi eZghdch d[ Vaa WVX`\gdjcYh#

id Xdbbjc^i^Zh i]Zn ]VkZ hZgkZY [dg dkZg Ò[in nZVgh#

I]^h i]Zh^h gZk^Zlh V XdbeVgVi^kZ hijYn d[ XZbZciÄYdadb^i^X VcY XZbZciÄ]^\] XVaX^jb a^bZ bdgiVg l^i] gZheZXi id i]Z^g jhZ [dg i]Z XdchigjXi^dc VcY gZeV^g d[ Wj^aY^c\h# E]nh^XVa VcY X]Zb^XVa egdeZgi^Zh lZgZ ZkVajViZY ^c bdgiVg hVbeaZh d[ V IneZ C &/&/+ b^m jh^c\ Wdi] Ydadb^i^X VcY ]^\] XVaX^jb Ygn ]nYgViZY a^bZ ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] edgiaVcY XZbZci# E]nh^XVa egdeZgi^Zh ZmVb^cZY ^cXajYZ XVe^aaVgn jeiV`Z! lViZg kVedg igVchb^hh^dc! W^Vm^Va ÓZmjgZ! VcY jaigVhdc^X kZadX^in# 8]Zb^XVa egdeZgi^Zh VcY XVgWdc" Vi^dc gViZh lZgZ ZmeadgZY i]gdj\] mÄgVn Y^[[gVXi^dc MG9 # I]ZhZ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch n^ZaYZY hjgeg^h^c\an Y^[[ZgZci gZhjaih WZilZZc i]Z ild ineZh d[ bdgiVg# %


6

7

8 9

:

;

<

Ablmhkb\ Ik^l^koZmbhg Lmn]bh +

EgZhZgk^c\ i]Z ;dgbZg >GI EdlZg]djhZ 6$7$8$9 !

PZk] =^ggbl% Chk`^ Hm^kh&IZbehl%

6YVei^kZ GZ"jhZ d[ i]Z >GI EdlZg]djhZ :$;$< !

DZm^ Phh]% bglmkn\mhkl

6 EgZhZgkVi^dc EaVc [dg GZY =dd`! 7gdd`anc =$>$?


= >

?

7GDD@ANC B6C=6II6C


i]Vi gZfj^gZY YZÒc^c\ cZl YZkZadebZci eaVch VcY [dXjh^c\ dc ZhhZci^Va [ZVh^W^a^in# 6 hZg^Zh d[ [djg ^ciZch^kZ iZVb X]VggZiiZh ^ckdakZY egd\gVbb^c\ VcY YZh^\c [dg hZaZXiZY h^iZh# IZVbh egdYjXZY ÒcVcX^Va VcVanh^h! bVg`Zi VcVanh^h! VcY [jaa YZh^\c YdXjbZcih [dg ZVX] XVhZ hijYn#

Ihebmb\Ze >gobkhgf^gm h_ =^o^ehif^gm Chag :el\ane^k $ <Zke P^bl[kh]% bglmkn\mhkl K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h XdjghZ VcVanoZY i]Z eda^i^XVa ^hhjZh VcY XdcÓ^Xih ^cÓjZcX^c\ YZkZadebZci# Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY XVhZ hijY^Zh!

K^Ze >lmZm^ =^o^ehif^gm

''* gZVa ZhiViZ ^cYjhign aZVYZgh id XVbejh ZVX] nZVg ejWa^X aVlh ^c[ajZcX^c\ YZkZadebZci! ^ciZgZhi \gdje

Fb\aZ^e ;n\de^r% ]bk^\mhk

id Y^hXjhh XjggZci igZcYh ^c gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci# 6 eda^i^Xh! ejWa^X VeegdkVa egdXZhhZh! ^beVXih d[ YZkZadebZci Xdci^cj^c\ hjXXZhh l^i]^c i]Z egd\gVb ^h i]Z 8VhZ HijYn dc edejaVi^dc \gdjeh VcY Xdbbjc^i^Zh! VcY i]Z XdbeZi^c\

I]Z 8dajbW^V BHG:9 egd\gVb ^h Vc VXXZaZgViZY dcZ" HijY^d! l]^X] iZVbh BHG:9 hijYZcih l^i] <H6EE hijYZcih Zfj^in XaV^bh d[ Y^[[ZgZci bZbWZgh d[ hdX^Zin# nZVg BVhiZgÉh 9Z\gZZ d[[Zg^c\ heZX^Va Zbe]Vh^h dc ^c di]Zg egd\gVbh id XdaaVWdgVi^kZan ZmeadgZ YZkZadebZci XdgZ XdbeZiZcX^Zh ^c gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci! ÒcVcXZ! VeegdVX]Zh dc V hZi d[ VXijVa h^iZh# HijYZcih Vahd WZcZÒi ZciZgeg^hZ bVcV\ZbZci! VcY egdYjXi ^beaZbZciVi^dc! [gdb i]Z <H6EEÉh 8ZciZg [dg =^\] 9Zch^in 9ZkZadebZci!

K^Ze >lmZm^ Hiihkmngbmb^l( =^o^ehif^gm Ikh\^ll

XdbW^cZY l^i] [gVbZldg`h [dg ejWa^X eda^Xn eVgicZgh]^eh V hZc^dg gZhZVgX] aVW VcY hZb^cVg dc i]Z ÒhXVa! hdX^Va! AZkhe] ;^ee% bglmkn\mhk VcY bVg`Zi gZhZVgX] bZi]dYdad\^Zh# I]Z 8dajbW^V BHG:9 Zck^gdcbZciVa! VcY ^ckZhibZci WZcZÒih d[ ]^\]"YZch^in K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% ?:EE +))1 ^h i]Z Æ9Ç HX]dda Å cdi V Æ7Ç [dg Wjh^cZhh hX]dda Å Vh i]Z YZkZadebZci# I]Z <H6EEÉh BHG:9 egd\gVb! l^i] ^ih Zci^gZ Zbe]Vh^h ^h dc i]Z YZkZadebZci hZXidg ZmXajh^kZan! ^ciZch^kZ XdgZ Xjgg^Xjajb VcY egVXi^i^dcZg VY_jcXi [VXjain! ^h I]^h XdjghZ ^ckdakZY V YZiV^aZY VcVanh^h d[ i]Z XdbedcZcih VcY cdi dc \ZcZgVa Wjh^cZhh# I]Z egd\gVb ^h jc^fjZ ^c jc^fjZan hj^iZY id bdi^kViZY ^cY^k^YjVah hZZ`^c\ id gVY^XVaan d[ i]Z gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci egdXZhh VcY i]Z [jcXi^dch ^ih Xjgg^Xjajb! l]^X] d[[Zgh ild hZbZhiZgh d[ gZVa ZhiViZ VaiZg i]Z^g XVgZZg eVi]h l^i] h^\c^ÒXVci cZl ZbeadnbZci d[ i]Z `Zn eVgi^X^eVcih# Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY iZX]c^fjZh [dg [^cVcXZ! VcY ^c i]Vi ^i [dXjhZh ^ih XdgZ Xjgg^Xjajb dc dei^dch ^c i]Z gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci ^cYjhign#

hZaZXi^c\! dg\Vc^o^c\! VcY bVcV\^c\ i]Z YZkZadebZci iZVb0

Xg^i^XVa hjXXZhh [VXidgh VcY WZhi egVXi^XZh [dg YZkZadebZci!

hX]ZYja^c\ VcY g^h` bVcV\ZbZci0 cZ\di^Vi^dc higViZ\^Zh0

^cXajY^c\ gZVa ZhiViZ aVl! bVg`Zi VcVanh^h! eda^i^Xh d[ YZkZadebZci! ejWa^X$eg^kViZ eVgicZgh]^eh! ^ciZgcVi^dcVa

=^o^ehif^gm <Zl^ Lmn]b^l3 Ab`a&=^glbmr Ikhmhmri^ Lhenmbhgl

ji^a^o^c\ \dkZgcbZci ÒcVcX^c\ VcY hjWh^Yn egd\gVbh0 VcY bVg`Zi^c\ VcY bVcV\^c\ XdbeaZiZY egd_ZXih#

YZkZadebZci! XdchigjXi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh! egdYjXi Fb\aZ^e ;n\de^r% bglmkn\mhk YZkZadebZci! VgX]^iZXijgVa YZkZadebZci YZh^\c! VcY VhhZi$ K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% LIKBG@ +))2 ZciZgeg^hZ bVcV\ZbZci# 6YY^i^dcVaan! i]Z BHG:9 egd\gVb

<^gm^k _hk Ab`a =^glbmr =^o^ehif^gm !<A==" L^fbgZk

WZcZÒih [gdb V WgZVYi] d[ ldg`^c\ egd[Zhh^dcVa VY_jcXi I]Z XdjghZ dW_ZXi^kZ lVh [dXjhZY dc igV^c^c\ hijYZcih [dg Fb\aZ^e ;n\de^r% bglmkn\mhk egd[Zhhdgh id Wg^c\ V gZVa"ldgaY VcY XjggZci egVXi^XZ hZi gVe^Y YZkZadebZci YZX^h^dc"bV`^c\ VcY bVcV\ZbZci d[ K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% LIKBG@ +))2 id XVbejh# I]Z egd\gVb ]Vh ZmedhZY hijYZcih id V adc\" iZVb"WVhZY egdXZhhZh VcY Xg^i^XVa hjXXZhh [VXidgh# IgV^c^c\ hiVcY^c\ gdjcYiVWaZ Y^hXjhh^dc hZg^Zh i]Vi Wg^c\h dkZg jhZY gZVa ldgaY XVhZ hijY^Zh d[ VXijVa YZkZadebZci h^iZh I]Z 8=99 ^h V GZhZVgX] AVW [djcYZY ^c '%%( l^i]^c i]Z BVhiZg d[ HX^ZcXZ ^c GZVa :hiViZ 9ZkZadebZci Egd\gVb id ZmeadgZ i]Z WZcZÒih d[ YZch^in# I]Z 8ZciZgÉh dW_ZXi^kZ ^h id ZcXdjgV\Z ]^\] YZch^in YZkZadebZci Wn egdbdi^c\ gZhZVgX] VcY VcVanh^h d[ Wdi] WZcZÒih VcY Xg^i^XVa hjXXZhh [VXidgh [dg jgWVc VcY hjWjgWVc ]^\] YZch^in YZkZadebZci! id YZbdchigViZ i]Vi YZkZadebZcih d[ ]^\] YZch^in VgZ i]Z bdhi ZXdcdb^XVaan [Zgi^aZ! deZgVi^dcVaan Z[[ZXi^kZ! ÒhXVaan gZhedch^kZ! Zck^gdcbZciVaan gZhedch^WaZ! VcY XjaijgVaan hjeedgi^kZ Zck^gdcbZcih# I]Z ldg` d[ i]Z 8ZciZg ^h XVgg^ZY dji ^c i]Z 8=99 hZb^cVg! ZVX] d[ l]^X] Wj^aYh jedc i]Z gZhZVgX] YdcZ i]Z egZk^djh nZVg# HijYZcih VgZ dg\Vc^oZY ^cid iZVbh id ^ckZhi^\ViZ hZaZXiZY gZhZVgX] ide^Xh i]gdj\] %


>chigjXidgh B^X]VZa 7jX`aZn ?d]c 6ahX]jaZg 8Vga LZ^hWgdY =VgdaY 7Zaa ?d]c Ihj^ BVgX LZ^YcZg BVgi^c <daY

i]Z YZh^\c egdXZhh VcY i]Z YZkZadeZgÉh gdaZ ^c gZXd\c^o^c\ VcY ÆbVcV\^c\Ç i]Z ZbZg\^c\ YZh^\c XdcXZei0 h^iZ XdciZmi ^hhjZh! ^cXajY^c\ gZaVi^dch]^eh d[ egd_ZXi YZh^\c id h^iZ ^c[ajZcXZh! hXVaZ! VcY \gV^c0 gZhedch^W^a^in [dg YZh^\c Xdci^cj^in VcY gZheZXi [dg igVY^i^dcVa bViZg^Vah0 i]Z bVhiZg eaVcc^c\ egdXZhh! ^ih ]^hidg^XVa egZXZYZcih! VcY XjggZci Z[[dgih id XgZViZ gZVa ZhiViZ kVajZ0 YZkZadebZci egd\gVbb^c\ VcY YZh^\c bVcV\ZbZci0 VcY ijgcVgdjcYh VcY gZedh^i^dc^c\ higViZ\^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z XgZVi^dc cZl kVajZ [gdb Zm^hi^c\ egdeZgi^Zh! hiVW^a^o^c\ jcYZg" eZg[dgb^c\ heZX^Va VhhZih! ^begdk^c\ n^ZaYh dc Zm^hi^c\ VhhZih! VcY edgi[da^d Zm^i higViZ\^Zh# lZZ`an gZVY^c\ VcY lg^iiZc Vhh^\cbZcih! hjgkZnh! VcY ÒcVa bVg`Zih! ÒcVcX^Va VcY bVg`Zi VcVanhZh! XVe^iVa Ódlh! egZhZciVi^dch# I]Z 8ZciZg Vahd gZVX]Zh dji id i]Z aVg\Zg XjaijgVa! eda^i^XVa VcY hdX^Va"ZXdcdb^X Xdch^YZgVi^dch d[

K^Ze >lmZm^ =^o^ehif^gm EZp

Xdbbjc^in i]gdj\] ^ih lZWh^iZ! ÒZaY ig^eh! ejWa^XVi^dch! Yd^c\ Wjh^cZhh ^c ^ciZgcVi^dcVa gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci! FZkmbg @he]% bglmkn\mhk VcY Xdc[ZgZcXZh#

VcY i]Z gZheZXi^kZ gdaZh d[ ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ hZXidgh#

K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% LIKBG@ +))2

Bgm^kgZmbhgZe K^Ze >lmZm^ =^o^ehif^gm

K^&ihlbmbhgbg` K^Ze >lmZm^3 =^o^ehif^gm <hg\^iml Zg] :ll^m MnkgZkhng] LmkZm^`b^l

I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY i]Z aZ\Va h^YZ d[ YZkZadebZci# Ide^Xh

Fb\aZ^e ;n\de^r% Chag Mlnb $ FZk\ P^b]g^k% bglmkn\mhkl K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% LIKBG@ +))2

Fb\aZ^e ;n\de^r% bglmkn\mhk

`Zn ^hhjZh VcY egdWaZbh ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z hVaZ d[ YZkZadeZY

K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% ?:EE +))1

gZVa ZhiViZ Vh lZaa Vh i]Z egVXi^XVa XdcXZgch d[ Wdi] i]Z

I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY V WgdVY eZgheZXi^kZ dc gZVa ZhiViZ

^cXajYZY ejgX]VhZ VcY hVaZ V\gZZbZcih! ZmVb^c^c\ i]Z

hZaaZg VcY WjnZg0 XdbeVcn dg\Vc^oVi^dc VcY ]dl id

^hhjZh! igZcYh! VcY deedgijc^i^Zh ^c ^ciZgcVi^dcVa ZXdcdbn# I]gdj\] aZXijgZh! lg^iiZc Vhh^\cbZcih! VcY XVhZ hijY^Zh! X]ddhZ Vc Veegdeg^ViZ [dgb d[ dg\Vc^oVi^dc [dg gZVa ZhiViZ GZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci ^h Vi i]Z cZmjh d[ i]Z \adWVa ^hhjZh hijYZcih ^ckZhi^\ViZY cZl edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg i]Z [^ZaY dlcZgh]^e VcY YZkZadebZci0 ]VoVgYdjh hjWhiVcXZh d[ gVe^Y jgWVc^oVi^dc! ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci! ejWa^X eda^Xn! d[ gZVa ZhiViZ i]gdj\] ijgcVgdjcY higViZ\^Zh VcY cZl VcY i]Z 8dbegZ]Zch^kZ :ck^gdcbZciVa GZhedchZ! VcY XVe^iVa Ódlh! VcY ^i i]ZgZ[dgZ egdk^YZh ^ch^\]i ^cid Wdi] egdYjXi YZkZadebZci# =dl l^aa i]Z gZ"edh^i^dc^c\ d[ 8dbeZchVi^dc VcY A^VW^a^in 6Xi0 XdcigVXijVa gZaVi^dch]^eh eda^Xn VcY ÒcVcX^Va ^hhjZh# I]Z XdjghZ Wgdj\]i id\Zi]Zg VhhZih V[[ZXi ^chi^iji^dcVa dlcZgh]^e dkZg i]Z adc\ iZgb4 WZilZZc dlcZg VcY VgX]^iZXi0 bZi]dYh [dg higjXijg^c\ hijYZcih d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V[[V^gh! gZVa ZhiViZ! ZXdcdb^X L]Vi X]VaaZc\Zh [VXZ XdgedgViZ ZmZXji^kZh l^i] cZl XdchigjXi^dc egd_ZXih VcY i]Z gdaZh d[ i]Z dlcZg! VgX]^iZXi! YZkZadebZci! VcY ejWa^X eda^Xn i]Vi l^h]ZY id WgdVYZc ldg`[dgXZ VcY ldg`eaVXZ ^hhjZh4 L]Vi cZl gZVa ZhiViZ \ZcZgVa XdcigVXidg! hjWXdcigVXidgh XdchigjXi^dc bVcV\Zg! i]Z^g ZmedhjgZ id i]Z jc^fjZ VheZXih d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa egdYjXih XdjaY ^cXgZVhZ VWhdgei^dc dg ^cYjXZ YZbVcY4 VcY egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg0 \gdjcY aZVhZh VcY XdbbZgX^Va gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci# :mVbeaZh d[ egd_ZXih ^c 6h^V! L]Vi gdaZ l^aa VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c eaVn ^c i]Z [jijgZ4 aZVhZh0 kVg^djh bZi]dYh d[ ÒcVcX^c\0 bjai^eaZ dlcZgh]^e :jgdeZ! VcY i]Z 6bZg^XVh lZgZ jhZY id YZbdchigViZ i]Z Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY Vc dkZgk^Zl d[ bVg`ZieaVXZ VcY ]^hidg^XVa egdeZgi^Zh0 hZXjg^i^oVi^dc0 V[[dgYVWaZ ]djh^c\ VcY kVg^djh egdXZhhZh VcY g^h`h ^ckdakZY ^c ^ciZgcVi^dcVa igVchVXi^dch [dgXZh i]Vi h]VeZ gZVa ZhiViZ [dgb! [Vh]^dc! VcY [jcXi^dch0 lVnh id higjXijgZ hjX] YZkZadebZcih0 VcY YZkZadebZci VcY ^ckZhibZcih ^c gZVa ZhiViZ# I]Z XdjghZ XdkZgZY i]Z egdXZhh d[ gZegZhZciVi^dc! l^i] Vc Zbe]Vh^h dc i]Z V\gZZbZcih VcY ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci egd_ZXih! Zmeadg^c\ ide^Xh ^cXajY^c\ XjggZci VcY ediZci^Va deedgijc^i^Zh [dg gZaVi^kZ VXXjgVXn VcY ji^a^in d[ gZegZhZciVi^dcVa iZX]c^fjZh i]Z Zkdak^c\ gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ ^ckZhibZci VcY YZkZadebZci ^c ^ciZgcVi^dcVa gZVa ZhiViZ VcY bVg`Zi^c\ egZhZciVi^dc [dgbVih0 i]Z ehnX]dad\n d[ hZXidgh ^c i]Z gZVab d[ ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci egd_ZXih# %!


>chigjXidgh ?VbZh A^bV GdWZgi EVaZn <gZ\\ Ede`^c GVfjZa GVbVi^ 8]VgaZh H]dgiZg

ejWa^X$eg^kViZ eVgicZgh]^eh# 8VhZ hijY^Zh lZgZ YgVlc [gdb aVg\Zg XdciZmi d[ jgWVc eaVcc^c\ VcY jgWVc YZkZadebZci# V kVg^Zin d[ egd_ZXih! eg^bVg^an ^c i]Z CZl Ndg` bZigdeda^iVc I]Z VeegdVX] d[ i]Z XdjghZ ^cXajYZY ]VcYh"dc YZh^\c gZ\^dc# I]Z XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc i]Z [daadl^c\ \ZcZgVa i]ZbZh/ egd_ZXih! aZXijgZh [gdb k^h^i^c\ egd[Zhh^dcVah! VcY lVa`^c\ [jcYVbZciVah d[ \dkZgcbZci ^c^i^Vi^kZ ejWa^X ejgedhZ idjgh d[ i]Z X^in# VcY eda^i^XVa XdciZmi Vh lZaa Vh \dkZgcbZciVa gZhdjgXZh! XdchigV^cih! edlZgh! VcY egdXZhh 0 X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ ejWa^X

=^o^ehif^gm FZkd^m :gZerlbl

hZXidg YZkZadebZci bjai^eaZ bVcYViZh VcY Xdchi^ijZcX^Zh0 <aZke^l Lahkm^k% bglmkn\mhk [dXjh dc egdXZhh! Zfj^in! VcY egZXZYZci0 h]dgi iZgb eda^i^XVa K>:E >LM:M> =>O>HIF>GM% ?:EE +))1 dg^ZciVi^dc kZghjh adc\ iZgb eaVcc^c\ VcY ^ckZhibZci ]dg^odch0 eda^i^XVa g^h` iV`^c\ eg^dg^in dkZg XVe^iVa g^h`0 BVg`Zi VcVanh^h ^h Vc ZhhZci^Va XdbedcZci ^c gZVa ZhiViZ bdi^kVi^dc Wn ejWa^X WZcZÒi gVi]Zg i]Vc ^ckZhibZci n^ZaY 0 igVchVXi^dch# >cY^k^YjVah VcY ^chi^iji^dch jhZ i]Z VcVanh^h id h^b^aVg^i^Zh l^i] eg^kViZ YZkZadebZci! ZaZbZcih d[ hjXXZhh bV`Z Xg^i^XVa YZX^h^dch ^c bVg`Zih i]Vi X]Vc\Z [gZfjZcian ZcigZegZcZjgh]^e! bVg`Zi gZhedch^kZcZhh! VcY ^ciZaa^\Zci VcY d[iZc jcZkZcan# I]Z nZVg '%%- [djcY V \gZVi YZVa d[ YZh^\c 0 hig^`^c\ V WVaVcXZ WZilZZc eg^kViZ \dVah VcY jcXZgiV^cin ^c i]Z bVg`ZieaVXZ! ^c i]Z J#H# VcY ldgaYl^YZ# ejWa^X ejgedhZh i]Z ÒYjX^Vgn gdaZ ^c YZkZade^c\ ejWa^X$ I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY V WVh^h [dg add`^c\ [dglVgY ^c i]Z ZkZg" eg^kViZ eVgicZgh]^eh! \dkZgcbZciVa kZghjh eg^kViZ eaVcc^c\ h]^[i^c\ bVg`Zih id Vgg^kZ Vi V gZVhdcVWaZ YZiZgb^cVi^dc ^c^i^Vi^kZh! VcY egdbdi^c\ i]Z ejWa^X ^ciZgZhi #

d[ gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci VcY ^ckZhibZci ediZci^Va# 9ZX^h^dch [dg [^cVcX^c\! ^ckZhi^c\! YZkZadebZci! ejWa^X

:ll^m FZgZ`^f^gm

eda^Xn [dgbjaVi^dc! VcY VhhZi bVcV\ZbZci VcY Y^hedh^i^dc

@k^`` Ihidbg% bglmkn\mhk

gZfj^gZ XdbegZ]Zch^kZ bVg`Zi VcVanh^h Vh dcZ bV_dg hiZe

K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% ?:EE +))1

^c i]Z YZkZadebZci VcY ÒcVcX^c\ egdXZhh id/ & gZYjXZ g^h`0 ' VX]^ZkZ Vci^X^eViZY gZijgch0 VcY ( bV`Z ^c[dgbZY

:[[ZXi^kZ bVcV\ZbZci Vi i]Z egdeZgin VcY edgi[da^d aZkZa ^ckZhibZci! YZkZadebZci! VcY eda^Xn YZX^h^dch# I]Z ^h ^cXgZVh^c\an V Xg^i^XVa kVajZ"VYY^i^kZ [jcXi^dc d[ i]Z gZVa VcVanhZh VgZ Veea^XVWaZ id Wdi] i]Z ejWa^X VcY i]Z eg^kViZ

K^Ze >lmZm^ ?bgZg\^ *% + $ ,

ZhiViZ egdXZhh# I]^h XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc WZhi egVXi^XZh ^c hZXidgh! id Wdi] cdc"egdÒi VcY egdÒi"WVhZY dg\Vc^oVi^dch#

ChlanZ DZak% bglmkn\mhk

VhhZi bVcV\ZbZci l^i] Vc Zbe]Vh^h dc egdXZhhZh [dg

K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

deZgVi^dch! Xdhi Xdcigdah! VcY iZcVci gZaVi^dch iZX]c^fjZh#

ƽ7n VcY aVg\Z! YZkZadeZgh Vh V WgZZY ]VkZ dcan dcZ

K^Ze >lmZm^3 :k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g

<hglmkn\mbhg M^\agheh`r Zg] FZgZ`^f^gm Ch^e Lbeo^kfZg% bglmkn\mhk K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% LIKBG@ +))2

heZX^Va^oZY h`^aa cdi \ZcZgVaan VkV^aVWaZ ^c i]Z edejaVi^dc/ KZjn^e KZfZmb% bglmkn\mhk i]Zn ]VkZ i]Z VW^a^in id Yd [V^gan ]^\]"aZkZa Vg^i]bZi^X! ^c K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% ?:EE +))1

I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY Vc dkZgk^Zl d[ Xdhi VaiZgcVi^kZ

i]Z^g ]ZVYh! l]^aZ iVa`^c\ VWdji V XdbeaZiZan Y^[[ZgZci

iZX]cdad\^Zh! i]Z XdchigjXi^dc egdXZhh! VcY XdchigjXi^dc

ide^X# L]Vi YZkZadeZgh Yd! [jcYVbZciVaan! ^h gjc i]Z I]^h XdjghZ ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Wjh^cZhh bVcV\ZbZci# Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY Xdhi Zhi^bVi^c\0 hX]ZYja^c\ cjbWZgh# 6cY i]Z bdhi ^begZhh^kZ cjbWZg i]Zn gjc ^h i]Z VcY YZh^\c! V^b^c\ id Xjai^kViZ V bdgZ ^ciZ\gViZY VeegdVX] VcY bVcV\ZbZci iZX]c^fjZh0 XdcigVXi YdXjbZcih0 W^YY^c\0 dcZ ^c l]^X] i]Zn bVcV\Z id Y^k^YZ ZmigZbZan aVg\Z YdaaVg id YZkZadebZci# >i ^cigdYjXZY hijYZcih id i]Z [jcYVbZciVa X]Vc\Zh! ZmigVh! VcY XaV^bh0 VcY Xdbbjc^in ejWa^X V\ZcXn Ò\jgZh Wn )(!*+%! l]^X] ^h i]Z cjbWZg d[ hfjVgZ [ZZi ^c Vc VheZXih d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c VcY ]dl i]Zn gZaViZ id i]Z VcY aVWdg gZaVi^dch# VXgZ# 7n hd Yd^c\ i]Zn XVc VcY Yd gZYjXZ bjX] d[ i]Z ]jbVc ZmeZg^ZcXZ Å fj^iZ VXXjgViZan! Vh ^i ijgch dji Å id i]Z 9ZVa#Ç ?dZa <VggZVj# Edge City# 6cX]dg 7dd`h! &..'# e# '')# I]^h XdjghZ lVh Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id bZi]dYh d[ ÒcVcX^Va VcVanh^h [dg gZVa ZhiViZ ^ckZhibZcih# Ide^Xh ^cXajYZY bZi]dYh d[ kVajVi^dc! XVh] Ódl [dgZXVhi^c\! XdbejiZg bdYZa^c\! YZWi! aZkZgV\Z! VcY YZVa higjXijgZh# :be]Vh^h lVh eaVXZY dc i]Z ÒcVcX^c\ d[ ^cY^k^YjVa egd_ZXih VcY lVh heZX^ÒXVaan dg^ZciZY idlVgY cjbZg^XVa VcVanh^h! bV`^c\ jhZ d[ XVhZ hijY^Zh VcY XdbejiZg hegZVYh]ZZi VcVanh^h#

In[eb\ÈIkboZm^ IZkmg^klabil bg K^Ze >lmZm^ =^o^ehif^gm CZf^l EbfZ $ Kh[^km IZe^r% bglmkn\mhkl K>:E >LM:M> =>O>EHIF>GM% ?:EE +))1

I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY ejWa^X"hZXidg ^ckdakZbZci ^c gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci VcY YZkZadeZY V hZi d[ h`^aah VcY Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ gZhdjgXZh cZXZhhVgn id bVcV\Z i]Z XdbeaZm WaZcY d[ \dkZgcbZciVa edlZgh VcY XdcÓ^Xi^c\ \dVah VcY V\ZcYVh i]Vi VgZ ^c]ZgZci ^c ejWa^X$eg^kViZ YZkZadebZci# HijYZcih ZmVb^cZY i]Z bdi^kVi^dch! edlZgh! VcY XdchigV^cih d[ ejWa^X V\ZcX^Zh! VeegdVX]Zh id eaVcc^c\ egd_ZXih! hda^X^i^c\ hjeedgi! hjhiV^c^c\ bdbZcijb! VcY higjXijg^c\ %"


6

7

8 9

:

;

<

=^o^ehif^gm <Zl^ Lmn]b^l3 Ab`a&=^glbmr Ikhmhmri^ Lhenmbhgl Fb\aZ^e ;n\de^r% bglmkn\mhk

GdbVc 7Vh B^X]ZaaZ 8VbVg\d L^c\ 8]jV H^ :jc AZZ GVbhZn BVgX]

8Vc IVkhVcd\aj 6aZm LZ^h :YlVgY L^ahdc @VgV NVbV\Vb^

8]g^h BX<gVi] 9Vc BdX` BVn\Zc BddgZ 8gV^\ GdbcZn B^`Z GnVc 6$:$;0 6c\Zad 6ci^Ydgb^! =ZgcVc 7ZiVcodh 6cYn 9jaVX HVgV] Bdgg^h HVglVn 8$<0 GdbVc 7Vh Da^kZg 8VbeWZaa EdÄ`j 8]Zc 8]g^h <gdhh ?VX` @ZccZYn :hiZWVc @d[[hbdc 9Vc BdX` G^X]VgY BX<gVi] B^`Z HadVc G^X]VgY HVci]djhZ 7gVY HiVc^h Aj`Z IVch^aa HVci]djhZ D]VY HX]lVgio 6^bZZ IVc\ @VgV NVbV\Vb^ 7$9


d[ XjggZci VXVYZb^X YZWViZ# L^i]^c i]^h edh^i^dc! JgWVc 9Z" h^\c ^h ejghjZY Vh V Xg^i^XVa gZÄVhhZhhbZci d[ XdckZci^dcVa VeegdVX]Zh gZaVi^kZ id fjZhi^dch d[ h^iZ VcY egd\gVb! ^c[gV" higjXijgZ! VcY [dgbÄbVhh! Vh i]Zn ]VkZ XdbZ id WZ YZÒcZY Wn JgWVc 9Zh^\c egVXi^XZ Yjg^c\ i]^h eVhi XZcijgn# I]Z Jg" WVc 9Zh^\c Xjgg^Xjajb ^h jc^fjZ Vh V Xd]ZgZci eZYV\d\^X edh^i^dc dc i]Z gdaZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ V Y^hXdjghZ dc jgWVc^hb Vi i]^h bdbZci d[ edhiÄ^cYjhig^Va YZkZadebZci VcY ^cYZZY! d[ edhiÄjgWVc hZch^W^a^in gZaVi^kZ id i]Z igVY^i^dcVa :jgdÄ6bZg^XVc hZiiaZbZci cdgbh# 7n egdedh^c\ Vc ZmeVcYZY VgX]^iZXijgVaanÄWVhZY iZVX]" ^c\ bdYZa [dg jgWVc YZh^\c! i]Z egd\gVb VYkdXViZh ldg`^c\

Nk[Zg =^lb`g Ikh`kZf

[gdb i]Z Æ\gdjcY je!Ç gVi]Zg i]Vc VYdei^c\ V Æide YdlcÇ ndcY V YZh^\cZgÉh Xdcigda# L]^aZ ZVX] JgWVc 9Zh^\c hij"

Kb\aZk] Iengs% ]bk^\mhk

bVhiZgÄeaVcc^c\ VeegdVX]# >i iV`Zh VYkVciV\Z d[ VgX]^iZX" Y^d egZhZcih hijYZcih l^i] Y^[[Zg^c\ jgWVc XdcY^i^dch VcY ijgZÉh igVY^i^dcVa XdcXZgch [dg h^iZ heZX^ÒX^in! heVi^Va ZmeZg^" egd\gVbb^c\ deedgijc^i^Zh! Vaa i]gZZ hZbZhiZgh id\Zi]Zg

8dajbW^VÉh JgWVc 9Zh^\c Egd\gVb Zmead^ih i]Z eZYV\d\^XVa ZcXZ! XdchigjXi^dc ad\^Xh! ZXdcdb^Xh d[ dg\Vc^oVi^dc! bdg" gZ^c[dgXZ i]Z egd\gVbÉh Xdbb^ibZci id ]Zae ^cY^k^YjVa YZ" ediZci^Va d[ i]Z YZh^\c hijY^d Vh V [dgb d[ YZh^\cÄWVhZY e]dad\n! VcY e]nh^XVa [dgb! l]^aZ Vahd Zc\V\^c\ [dgbh d[ h^\cZgh id YZkZade g^\dgdjh JgWVc 9Zh^\c iddah VcY bZi]" ^cfj^gn# Id ZmeadgZ ]dl i]Z X^in ^h i]dj\]i! egd_ZXih VgZ hZZc Vh `cdlaZY\Z VhhdX^ViZY l^i] Y^hX^ea^cZh hjX] Vh jgWVc eaVc" dYh! id VXfj^gZ V ldg`^c\ aVc\jV\Z id Xdbbjc^XViZ JgWVc Xg^i^XVa ^chigjbZcih id [dXjh dc ide^Xh ^c XdciZbedgVgn jgWVc c^c\! jgWVc ZXdad\n! VcY aVcYhXVeZ YZh^\c# >c i]^h hZchZ! 9Zh^\c ^YZVh! VcY id Zc]VcXZ i]Z Xg^i^XVa h`^aah cZZYZY id YZh^\c egVXi^XZ# 6aa i]gZZ hijY^dh Zbe]Vh^oZ V bjai^ÄhXVaVg i]Z egd\gVb ^h Xdch^YZgZY ZmeZg^bZciVa! ZmeadgVidgn! VcY iZhi VcY gZÒcZ jgWVc YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh# VeegdVX] id i]Z jgWVc h^iZ adXVa! cZ^\]Wdg]ddY! bZigdeda^iVc! jcdgi]dYdm ^c XdbeVg^hdc id i]Z ZhiVWa^h]ZY XVcdch d[ i]Z gZ\^dcVa VcY \adWVa VcY VeegdVX] JgWVc 9Zh^\c Vh Vc igVY^i^dcVa VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c hijY^d# ^ciZgÄY^hX^ea^cVgn egVXi^XZ i]Vi Zc\V\Zh l^i] VcY cZ\di^ViZh WZilZZc Y^[[ZgZci VXidgh ^c i]Z jgWVc YncVb^X#

I]Z hZfjZcX^c\ d[ i]Z hijY^dh ^h ^ciZcYZY id Wj^aY i]Z

Nk[Zg K^mkhÖmmbg`3 ?hnk G^p Rhkd <bmr G^b`a[hkahh]l

a^c\j^hi^X hjWhigjXijgZ i]Vi ^h ZhhZci^Va id jgWVc YZh^\c Cng^ PbeebZflhg% \hhk]bgZmhk

>c \ZcZgVa i]Z Xjgg^Xjajb ^h [dXjhZY dc i]Z [jijgZh d[ i]dj\]i VcY egVXi^XZ# I]Z jhZ d[ aVc\jV\Z ZkdakZh [gdb Ldr^ =ng\Zg% PbeebZf D^gphkma^r% X^i^Zh i]Vi ]VkZ XdbZ d[ V\Z ^c i]Z bdYZgc ^cYjhig^Va ZgV ]dl gZegZhZciVi^dc d[ i]Z jgWVc h^iZ YZiZgb^cZh i]Z fjVa" DZcZ D ae% :gg^ OZm^keZnl% \kbmb\l VcY cdl [VXZ i]Z igVch^i^dc id cZl [dgbh VcY bZVc^c\h! ^in d[ h^iZ `cdlaZY\Z gZegZhZciVi^dc id bdgZ heZX^ÒXVaan NK;:G =>LB@G LMN=BH *% LNFF>K +))1 ^c Y^Vad\jZ l^i] cZl X^i^Zh ^c YZkZadebZci# EVgi^XjaVg Zb" ]dl Y^hXdjghZ dc i]Z X^in YZiZgb^cZh ^ciZgegZiVi^dch d[ ^ih ;gdb i]Z hiVgi^c\ ed^ci i]Vi Æbdk^c\ id CZl Ndg`

e]Vh^h ^h eaVXZY dc fjZhi^dch d[ jgWVc ^c[gVhigjXijgZ VcY eVhi VcY egd_ZXi^dch d[ ^ih [jijgZh Y^hXdjghZ id i]Z ^ckZc" jgWVc ZXdad\n# 6 Y^Vad\jZ ^h ldkZc WZilZZc CZl Ndg` 8^in i^dc d[ i]Z higViZ\^X aVc\jV\Zh d[ ejWa^X Zc\V\ZbZci ^c" VcY di]Zg ldgaY XVe^iVah l^i] VcVad\djh XdciZbedgVgn kdak^c\ deZgVi^dcVa bZX]Vc^hbh [dg jgWVc igVch[dgbVi^dc

'

]Vh ValVnh WZZc Vc VXi d[ dei^b^hbÇ EaVCN8! '%%, ! i]Z hijY^d ZmVb^cZY i]Z ediZci^Vah VcY

XdcY^i^dch! bdk^c\ WZilZZc gZXZci i]ZdgZi^XVa YZWViZ dc Vi Wdi] i]Z [dgbVa VcY egd\gVbbVi^X aZkZah ejWa^X hnc" ^beVXih d[ VXXdbbdYVi^c\ egd_ZXiZY edejaVi^dc \gdli] [jijgZ jgWVc^hb VcY Veea^ZY egd_ZXih i]Vi Y^gZXian Zc\V\Z i]Zh^h # I]^h hZfjZcXZ VhhZgih i]Vi i]Z \gdjcY^c\ XdcY^" l^i]^c V ]^\]an Y^kZghZ X^in l^i] V\^c\ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ VcY i]Z gZVa^i^Zh d[ igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z edhiÄ^cYjhig^Va X^in# >c i^dch d[ Vc jgWVc YZh^\c egd_ZXi Å h^iZ VcY egd\gVb Å VgZ l^i]^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ Vc ^cXgZVh^c\an egZXVg^djh Zck^gdcbZci# i]^h lVn! i]Z egd\gVb ViiZbeih id Zc\V\Z Wdi] i]Z YV^an gZ" XdbeaZm bZX]Vc^hbh i]Vi bjhi WZ VXi^kZan VcY Xg^i^XVaan 9Zh^\c^c\ [dg \gdli] VcY X]Vc\Z! ^c V Wj^aiÄdji bZigdeda^h! Va^in d[ djg jgWVc XdcY^i^dc VcY i]Z i]ZdgZi^XVa VWhigVXi^dc XdchigjXiZY gVi]Zg i]Vc h^bean VXXZeiZY Vh Æ\^kZchÇ WZ" gZfj^gZh V XVgZ[ja egdXZhh d[ gZhZVgX]^c\! bVee^c\! ^cÒaa^c\! gZigdÒii^c\! VcY gZ[gVb^c\# HijYZcih ZmeadgZY! ^c iZVbh! [djg kVhian Y^[[ZgZci X^in cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh! X]dhZc id Vhh^hi ^c iV`^c\ V bZVhjgZ d[ i]Z X^inÉh XdbeaZm^in ^c jgWVc ]^hidgn! e]nh^XVa ZXdad\^Zh! ^c[gVhigjXijgVa hnhiZbh! Wj^ai [VWg^X! VcY hdX^Va higjXijgZh/ i]Z Y^higZhhZY Wji YncVb^X 7gdcm =jW0 i]Z k^WgVci ^bb^\gVci b^m d[ 9dlcidlc ;ajh]^c\ VcY i]Z VY_VXZci! aViZci ediZci^Vah d[ L^aaZih Ed^ci0 i]Z [g^Xi^dch VcY ÒhhjgZh d[ i]Z gVe^Yan \Zcig^[n^c\ AdlZg :Vhi H^YZ0 VcY i]Z hdbZi^bZh jcZmeZXiZY XdcigVY^Xi^dch d[ i]Z adl YZch^in djiedhi d[ DaY B^aa 7Vh^c cZVg ?VbV^XV 7Vn# 6adc\ i]Z lVn hijYZcih ZmeadgZY hnhiZbh d[ gZegZhZci^c\ jgWVc h^iZh! bZi]dYh [dg YZ[^c^c\ VcY XdchigjXi^c\ egd\gVbh! VcY %$


L^i] &( b^aa^dc eZdeaZ! BjbWV^ ^h i]Z aVg\Zhi X^in ^c >cY^V# I]Z VgZV d[ 9]VgVk^! l^i] dcZ b^aa^dc ^c]VW^iVcih! ^h hV^Y id WZ i]Z aVg\Zhi hajb ^c 6h^V# >i ]Vh XdbZ id gZe" gZhZci i]Z Y^hejiZY ijg[ WZilZZc i]Z e]ZcdbZcVa \gdli] d[ BjbWV^ Vi aVg\Z VcY i]Z cZZY [dg Wdi] i]Z hiVW^a^oV" i^dc VcY YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z X^inÉh aVg\Z VgZVh d[ ^c[dgbVa hZiiaZbZcih i]Vi ]djhZ bdgZ i]Vc *% d[ i]Z idiVa edej" aVi^dc# I]Z 9]VgVk^ edejaVi^dc ^h eVgi^XjaVgan kjacZgVWaZ id Y^heaVXZbZci \^kZc ^ih higViZ\^X adXVi^dc VcY hXVaZ# NZi 9]VgVk^ ^h ]VgYan Y^hedhVWaZ! Vh ^i gZegZhZcih V hjWhiVci^Va Xdcig^Wji^dc id i]Z dkZgVaa ZXdcdbn d[ BjbWV^! l^i] l^YZÄ gVc\^c\ egdYjXi^dc hZXidgh ^cXajY^c\ Vc ZmeVch^kZ aVg\ZÄ VaiZgcVi^kZ lVnh ^c l]^X] k^VWaZ VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ gZ\^dcVa hXVaZ lVhiZÄgZXnXa^c\ ZciZgeg^hZ# I]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY i]Z Zck^gdcbZcih VgZ XgZViZY# DeZgVi^c\ Vi hXVaZh i]Vi ZmXZZY ^hhjZh hjggdjcY^c\ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ je\gVY^c\ ^c 9]VgVk^ VcY i]Z a^b^ih d[ V h^c\aZ X^in dg V \^kZc hijYn VgZV! i]Z edlZg i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci dc i]Z Zm^hi^c\ ^c]VW^i" ZmZgiZY Wn ZcZg\n! i]Z ZXdcdbn! VcY ZXdad\n ]Vh Vc ^b" Vcih VcY jgWVc [VWg^X# Eg^cX^eVa XdaaVWdgVidgh ^cXajYZY ild bZchZ ^beVXi dc X^i^Zh VcY hjggdjcY^c\ VgZVh Å VcY Wn C<DÉh ^c BjbWV^/ i]Z EVgicZgh [dg JgWVc @cdlaZY\Z! 6X" ZmiZch^dc a^[Z# I]Z hijY^dÉh ilZakZ YZh^\c iZVbh ZVX] egd" i^dc! VcY GZhZVgX] EJ@6G VcY HdX^Zin [dg i]Z Egdbdi^dc edhZY cZl jgWVc higViZ\^Zh [dg lViZg[gdci h^iZh i]Vi ^c" d[ 6gZV GZhdjgXZ 8ZcigZh HE6G8 # XajYZY X^i^Zh ^c i]Z ZXdcdb^XVaan X]VaaZc\ZY jehiViZ VgZV Igdn! 8d]dZh! LViZg[dgY! VcY <gZZc >haVcY dc i]Z =jYhdc G^kZg VcY :g^Z 8VcVa l^i] V eVgVaaZa egdedhVa YdlchiViZ Vi <dkZgcdgh >haVcY ^c CZl Ndg` 8^inÉh =VgWdg# I]Z [jcYVbZciVa iVh` d[ i]Z hijY^d lVh i]Z bZVhjgVWaZ VcY hjWhiVci^ViZY ji^a^oVi^dc d[ i]Z XdbeaZm YncVb^Xh d[ ZcZg\n! ZXdcdbn! VcY ZXdad\n ^c dgYZg id YZkZade V OZgd HiViZ bdYZa [dg i]Z WVaVcXZY YZkZadebZci d[ X^i^Zh VcY jg" WVc gZ\^dch# :VX] iZVbÉh ÒcVa egd_ZXi edhZY h^iZÄheZX^ÒX YZh^\c ]nedi]ZhZh gZaVi^kZ id i]Z i]gZZ :Éh VcY i]Z^g hZa[Ä YZÒcZY oZgd hiViZ# I]ZhZ egd_ZXih gVc\^c\ [gdb [jZa VcY [ddY id igVh] VcY igVchedgiVi^dc VgZ ^cYZeZcYZcian VcY XdaaZXi^kZan iddah id \ZcZgViZ cZl jcYZghiVcY^c\h d[ djg X^i" ^Zh VcY lVnh d[ hZZ^c\ XdbeaZm gZ\^dcVa ^ciZggZaVi^dch]^eh# I]Z^g gZhjaih VgZ egdkdXVi^dch! ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch! ^bV\Zh! VcY ejWa^X Y^hXjhh^dch dc ]dl id gZidda CZl Ndg` idlVgY ^ih egdb^hZ Vh i]Z :be^gZ HiViZ# egdXZhhZh d[ ÆjgWVc XdchiZaaVi^c\Ç dg Zmeadg^c\ hnhiZb^X

]iie/$$lll#jgWVcgZhZVgX]\gdje#cZi$edlZghijY^d

a^c`V\Zh WZilZZc h^iZh VcY id i]Z aVg\Zg X^in# ;^cVaan! hijYZcih ejghjZY eVi]lVnh idlVgYh YZh^\c^c\ V e^ZXZ dg eViX] d[ i]Z jgWVc [VWg^X d[ V cZ^\]Wdg]ddY! Xdbeg^hZY d[

Mph Nk[Zg IZkZ]b`fl3 Ob^ggZ Zg] Fnf[Zb

gZh^YZci^Va Wj^aY^c\h! hjeedgi^c\ ^chi^iji^dch VcY Kb\aZk] Iengs% \hhk]bgZmhk ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! VcY XdccZXi^c\ cZildg`h d[ ejWa^X heVXZ#

Fb\aZ^e <hgZk]% I^mkZ D^fi_% @^^mZ F^amZ% DZm^ Hk__% Kb\aZk] Iengs% \kbmb\l

Ma^ Ihp^k Lmn]bh3 >, !^g^k`r% ^\hghfr% ^\heh`r" G^p Rhkd

NK;:G =>LB@G LMN=BH ,% LIKBG@ +))2

Fhc]^a ;ZkZmehh% \hhk]bgZmhk Fhc]^a ;ZkZmehh% <Zl^r Chg^l% LZg]kh FZkibee^kh% Cnlmbg @' Fhhk^% :g`^eZ Lhhg`% PZk] O^k[Zd^e% \kbmb\l

I]Z hijY^dÉh ild jgWVc eVgVY^\bh Xdbeg^hZY V )

Y^V ad\jZ WZilZZc K^ZccV VcY BjbWV^ VgdjcY i]Z ide^X d[ jgWVc [VWg^X \ZcZgVi^dc VcY gZcZlVa#

=Zob] <hhd% GZ]^ka Ghnab%

I]Z [dXjh lVh dc ild [jcYVbZciVaan Y^kZghZ ZXdcdb^Zh

IZheh Ib^mkh`kZg]^% ^f[^]]^] \kbmb\l

VcY jgWVc YZh^\c bdYZh! ^ckdak^c\ Æ[dgbVaÇ VcY Æ^c[dgbVaÇ

AZggZ AnZg`% RndZ M^kZ]Z% >e^gZ OZgs% k^l^Zk\a _^eehpl

hZXidg YZkZad ebZci egVXi^XZ! Veea^ZY id V h^c\aZ aVg\Z h^iZ

NK;:G =>LB@G LMN=BH +% ?:EE +))1

[dg ZVX] X^in#

8g^i^Xh Bd_YZ] 7VgViadd HVcYgd BVge^aaZgd <ZZiV BZ]iV @ViZ Dg[[ G^X]VgY Eajco ?jcZ L^aa^Vbhdc

K^ZccV gZbV^ch V eg^cX^eVa bZigdeda^h d[ ^ih 8ZcigVa :j" ÆI]ZgZ ^h cd h]dgiV\Z d[ ZcZg\n dc i]^h eaVcZi# I]ZgZ gdeZVc gZ\^dc! l^i] V edejaVi^dc d[ '#( b^aa^dc# I]Z ldg` d[ (

^h! ]dlZkZg! V hZg^djh h]dgiV\Z d[ ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ#Ç Å 7jX`b^chiZg ;jaaZg

i]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ cZl jgWVc [VWg^X ^cÒaa VaiZgcVi^kZh \^kZc i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ i]Z aVg\ZÄhXVaZ ^c[gVhigjX"

I]^h hijY^d WZ\Vc l^i] i]Z egZb^hZ i]Vi bV`^c\ X^i^Zh ijgZ ^ckZhibZcih XjggZcian jcYZglVn# >c K^ZccV! eg^cX^eVa 2 bV`^c\ edlZg# >ih V^b lVh id X]VaaZc\Z i]Z igVY^i^dcVa XdaaVWdgVi^dc VcY hjeedgi XVbZ [gdb i]Z 8^in d[ K^ZccV! bdYZ d[ YZh^\c^c\ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! VgX]^iZXijgZ! VcY aVcY" i]gdj\] ^ih JgWVc 9ZkZadebZci VcY EaVcc^c\ 9ZeVgibZci! hXVeZ ^cYZeZcYZcian! VcY id edhZ Xg^i^XVa fjZhi^dch VWdji VcY [gdb i]Z '%%- :jgdeZVc NZVg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ# %%


6 7

9

Nk[Zg =^lb`g Lmn]bh *

?V^bZ ;V_VgYd 9dc\hZ^ @^b : 0 H]gji^ <Vdc`Vg

Cng^ PbeebZflhg% \hhk]bgZmhk

K^k^Vc C\d :b^an LZ^YZc]d[ 6$7$8$9 0 BVgiV <jZggV

Ldr^ =ng\Zg% PbeebZf D^gphkma^r%

EVhig^Vc Gdb^cV @]VcYVc^ <jVc\]dc\ Dj < 0

DZcZ D ae $ :gg^ OZm^keZnl% \kbmb\l

NV`^bV EZ V H]j O]Vc\ IV]VZg OdnVW ;$=

8


:

;

<

=

7GDD@ANC 7GDCM B6C=6II6C FJ::CH


6 7

8

9

:

Nk[Zg =^lb`g Lmn]bh +

7Zc_Vb^c 6WZabVc NV`^bd EZcV ?ja^Z H^ZYaZ ;0

Fhc]^a ;ZkZmehh% \hhk]bgZmhk

=VW^WV 6`]iVg BVg^VcZaaV 8Vhi^aad L^aa^Vb IViZ

9gjgn HjV] CV H]Zc\ÄLZ^ H]^] <$@0 CjVaV <VaaV\]Zg

Fhc]^a ;ZkZmehh% <Zl^r Chg^l% LZg]kh FZkibee^kh%

N^c\c^c\ O]Zc\ =0 BVg^Zaan 8VhVcdkV H]gji^ <Vdc`Vg!

E^ZggZÄAdj^h <Zga^Zg BVc^V IV]Zg IV]VZg OdnVW >0

Cnlmbg @' Fhhk^% :g`^eZ Lhhg`% PZk] O^k[Zd^e% \kbmb\l

Gdb^cV @]VYVc^ 6h]aZn HeViV[dgZ 90 =j^ 9dc\ GdWZgi


;

=

<

>

? @

6g^Za NZcÄ_j =h^Z] O]Z ?^c BVgi]V @dad`digdc^ 60

:b^an LZ^YZc]d[ 9Vc^Za BdciZh HVciVbVg^V

IVcV =dkaVcY 9dc\hZ^ @^b =ZXidg A^b 7$80

6`]^aV Hg^c^kVh ?

6bVgYZZe AVWVcV K^k^Vc C\d ?Vn IgVc H]j O]Vc\ :0

C:L NDG@


8

6

7

:

;

9

Nk[Zg =^lb`g Lmn]bh ,

7Zc_Vb^c 6WZabVc 6g^Za NZcÄ_j =h^Z] =ZXidg A^b ?ja^Z

80 GdWZgi 9gjgn

Kb\aZk] Iengs% \hhk]bgZmhk

H^ZYaZ :0 =VW^WV 6`]iVg H]gji^ <Vdc`Vg 6bVgYZZe AVWVcV

IgVc 60 E^ZggZÄAdj^h <Zga^Zg BVgi]V @dad`digdc^ C^iV

Fb\aZ^e <hgZk]% I^mkZ D^fi_% @^^mZ F^amZ%

H]gZnV BVaj ?0 =j^ 9dc\ IVcV =dkaVcY HjV] CV H]j O]Vc\

NjkVWddc IV]VZg OdnVW 9$;$= 0 BVgiV <jZggV EVhig^Vc

DZm^ Hk__% Kb\aZk] Iengs% \kbmb\l

CjVaV <VaaV\]Zg 6`]^aV Hg^c^kVh ?Vn


<

>

=

? @

K^k^Vc C\d :b^an LZ^YZc]d[ Cjd Mj 7$>$@ 0 =hjZ]Ä=h^Zc =h^Z] <jVc\]dc\ Dj BVg\Vg^iV EVeVY^b^ig^dj <^ccn H]VgbV <

6JHIG>6 >C9>6


Nk[Zg IeZggbg` Bgmkh]n\mbhg

8^in EaVcc^c\ 9ZeVgibZci! idjg i]Z h^iZ! VcY egZhZci ^ih

Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% ]bk^\mhk

egZa^b^cVgn VcVanh^h# I]Z iZVb Vahd bZi l^i] V kVg^Zin d[ ZmeZgih [gdb =Zah^c`^ JgWVc ;VXih! i]Z 8ZcigZ [dg JgWVc

HjhiV^cVW^a^in# Bdgi\V\Z bZaiYdlc# <adWVa^oVi^dc# >c[gV"

VcY GZ\^dcVa GZhZVgX]! i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ =Zah^c`^! VcY i]Z

higjXijgZ# Hd bVcn d[ idYVnÉh ]ZVYa^cZ ^hhjZh aZVY id i]Z JgWVc

=Zah^c`^ Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZX]cdad\n Vh lZaa Vh cZ^\]Wdg]ddY

EaVcc^c\ Egd\gVb! l]ZgZ i]ZhZ ^hhjZh VgZ Y^hXjhhZY VcY

VhhdX^Vi^dch#

VYYgZhhZY i]gdj\] XdjghZldg`! aZXijgZh! hijYZci ^ciZgch]^eh! VcY [VXjain gZhZVgX] VcY ejWa^XVi^dc# I]Z AZXijgZh ^c EaVcc^c\

Bfikhobg` Khhl^o^em BleZg] Fh[bebmr

HZg^Zh A^EH ]ZaY lZZ`an i]gdj\]dji i]Z VXVYZb^X nZVg Vahd

Khhl^o^em BleZg] Hi^kZmbg` <hkihkZmbhg% \eb^gm

egdk^YZh V X]VcXZ id ]ZVg Wdi] ZhiVWa^h]ZY VcY jeÄVcYÄXdb^c\

?ehr] EZii% \kbmb\

eaVccZgh! VXVYZb^Xh VcY eda^Xn bV`Zgh iVa` VWdji i]ZhZ VcY

NK;:G IE:GGBG@ LMN=BH% LIKBG@ +))2

bVcn di]Zg XjggZci ^hhjZh# I]^h VXVYZb^X nZVg! JgWVc EaVcc^c\ lZaXdbZY ild cZl hijYZci X]VeiZg d[ 6E6 Vi 8dajbW^V! l]^X] l^aa \^kZ hijYZcih [jaaÄi^bZ [VXjain bZbWZgh! 9Vk^Y @^c\ VcY 8aVgV >gVoV" \gZViZg deedgijc^in id ^ciZgVXi l^i] eaVcc^c\ egd[Zhh^dcVah# WVa# 9Vk^Y ^h V igVchedgiVi^dc VcY aVcYÄjhZ heZX^Va^hi VcY

=dl ]Vh GddhZkZai >haVcY ZkdakZY Yjg^c\ i]Z (

7n BVn! (- BVhiZgÉh hijYZcih VcY i]gZZ E]#9# hijYZcih

eVhi )% nZVgh [gdb V bjX] ]ZgVaYZY VcY ]^\]an ^ccdkVi^kZ ÉcZl idlc ^c idlcÉ id Vc V\^c\ VcY

8aVgVÉh eaVcc^c\ ldg` dc XdbeVgVi^kZ eaVcc^c\ hnhiZbh ZVgcZY i]Z^g YZ\gZZh ^c i]Z JgWVc EaVcc^c\ Egd\gVb#

^cXgZVh^c\an Xdc\ZhiZY Xdbbjc^in4 I]Z [dXjh d[ i]Z hijY^d

VcY i]Z XjaijgZ d[ heVXZ [dXjhZh dc AVi^c 6bZg^XV# I]Zn

lVh dc ^begdk^c\ VXXZhh l^i]^c! id! VcY [gdb i]Z >haVcY

_d^c 9^gZXidg 7dW 7ZVjgZ\VgY! VcY [jaaÄi^bZ [VXjain AVcXZ

K^]^o^ehif^gm h_ A^kg^lZZkb% A^elbgdb

;gZZbVc! :aa^dii HXaVg! Hb^iV Hg^c^kVh! HiVXZn Hjiidc! VcY <bmr IeZggbg` =^iZkmf^gm% <bmr h_ A^elbgdb% ?bgeZg]% \eb^gm djg hi^aaÄVXi^kZ ZbZg^ijh egd[Zhhdg EZiZg BVgXjhZ#

Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% \kbmb\

HZkZgVa cZl XdjghZh lZgZ d[[ZgZY ^c '%%-Ä'%%.! ^c" NK;:G IE:GGBG@ LMN=BH% LIKBG@ +))2

VcY gZYjX^c\ i]Z egdWaZbh l^i] i]Z bjai^ÄbdYVa igVchedgiVi^dc cZildg`/ eZYZhig^Vc! W^`Z! Wjh! hjWlVn! igVb! kZ]^XjaVg! ediZci^Va [Zggn VcY ZkZc hZZ`^c\ cZl VcY ^ccdkVi^kZ VeegdVX]Zh id ^begdk^c\ bdW^a^in# =dl ^h i]Z

XajY^c\ IgVchcVi^dcVa EaVcc^c\ / HeVXZh VcY >chi^iji^dch!

igVchedgiVi^dc cZildg` [jcXi^dc^c\! VcY ]dl l^aa ^i WZ

V heZX^Vain d[ 8aVgV >gVoVWVa0 EgZhZciVi^dch Vh HigViZ\^X

=ZgcZhVVg^ ^h V [dgbZg ^cYjhig^Va h^iZ adXViZY dc X]VaaZc\ZY Vh V gZhjai d[ cZl gZh^YZci^Va YZkZadebZci dc

EaVcc^c\ Iddah! iVj\]i Wn 6cYgZV @V]c0 =VgaZb/ I]Z Jc" bV`^c\ d[ V <]Ziid! aZY Wn cdiZY e]did\gVe]Zg ?dhZ 8V"

'

i]Z hdji]lZhiZgc WdgYZg d[ =Zah^c`^ i]Vi l^aa WZ i]Z >haVcY Vh lZaa Vh Xdci^cjZY edejaVi^dc \gdli] ^c VkV^aVWaZ [dg gZYZkZadebZci ^c '%&(# >c dgYZg id FjZZch4 L]Vi VgZ i]Z Zm^hi^c\ VcY ediZci^Va hdaji^dch4

b^aad KZg\VgV! VcY CZ\di^Vi^dch [dg EaVccZgh! iVj\]i Wn VXXdbbdYViZ Vc ^cXgZVhZ ^c idjg^hb [gdb Xgj^hZ h]^eh VcY

6 b^YiZgb VcY ÒcVa egZhZciVi^dc VcY gZedgi! l^i] Xdc"

AZZ B^aaZg# 6[iZg V XdjeaZ nZVg ]^Vijh! 9^hVhiZg EaVcc^c\ id ^begdkZ deedgijc^i^Zh [dg ]dhi^c\ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa hV^a^c\ Xajh^dch VcY gZXdbbZcYVi^dch! lVh egdk^YZY id i]Z Xa^Zci! l^i] :i]Za H]Z[[Zg lVh gZk^kZY0 VcY cZl hZXi^dch d[ >cigd XdbeZi^i^dch! V Xgj^hZÄh]^e [VX^a^in i]Vi XVc VXXdbbdYViZ i]Z GddhZkZai >haVcY DeZgVi^c\ 8dgedgVi^dc# id <>H VcY EaVcc^c\ AVl deZcZY ^c i]Z heg^c\ id bZZi i]Z 'Ä( aVg\Z h]^eh! ild bVg^cVh dcZ [dg XdbeZi^i^dc WdVih VcY YZbVcYh d[ i]Z ]^\]Zg ZcgdaabZcih ^c i]Z egd\gVb#

i]Z di]Zg [dg eaZVhjgZ WdVih ! VcY V ]Za^edgi VgZ eaVccZY [dg

I]Z deZc^c\ d[ i]Z 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in B^YYaZ :Vhi GZ" i]Z h^iZ# >c VYY^i^dc! id Vj\bZci i]Z hjeean d[ V[[dgYVWaZ

IeZggbg` _hk ma^ ?nmnk^ h_ FZgaZmmZgÍl ?bgZg\bZe =blmkb\m @k^^gpb\a Lhnma :k^Z

hZVgX] 8ZciZg 8JB:G8 ^c BVgX] '%%- egdk^YZh V gZ\^dcVa ]djh^c\ ^c =Zah^c`^! gZh^YZci^Va YZkZadebZci [dg FZgaZmmZg <hffngbmr ;hZk] Hg^% \eb^gm WVhZ [dg hX]daVgan VXi^k^i^Zh ^c ?dgYVc VcY i]gdj\]dji i]Z Veegdm^bViZan )!*%% eZdeaZ VcY gZaViZY gZiV^a VcY Xdbbjc^in >ma^e La^__^k% \kbmb\ B^YYaZ :Vhi# 9ZVc BVg` L^\aZn VcY JgWVc EaVcc^c\ Egd" hZgk^XZh VgZ id WZ ^cXajYZY Vh lZaa Vh V gZXgZVi^dcVa eVg` NK;:G IE:GGBG@ LMN=BH% LIKBG@ +))2 \gVb 9^gZXidg 7dW 7ZVjgZ\VgY igVkZaZY id 6bbVc VcY i]Z Vadc\ i]Z ZVhiZgc hZVh]dgZ d[ i]Z h^iZ# 8ZciZg i]^h heg^c\ id aVn i]Z \gdjcYldg` [dg [jijgZ JgWVc

BVc]ViiVc 8dbbjc^in 9^hig^Xi DcZ ]Vh WZXdbZ

I]Z hijY^d iZVbÉh iVh` lVh id egdYjXZ V higViZ\^X eaVc [dg

EaVcc^c\ hijYZcih id ldg` ^c 6bbVc# 6 EaVcc^c\ hijY^d ^h adXVi^c\ i]Z kVg^djh jhZh dc i]Z h^iZ! eVn^c\ XVgZ[ja ViiZc" WZ^c\ YZkZadeZY i]ZgZ [dg heg^c\ '%&%! l]^X] l^aa jhZ i]Z i^dc id igVchedgiVi^dc VXXZhh! cd^hZ! VcY di]Zg ZmiZgcVa^i^Zh

)

dcZ d[ i]Z [VhiZhi \gdl^c\ gZh^YZci^Va Xdbbjc^" i^Zh ^c i]Z X^in i]gdj\] gZh^YZci^Va XdckZgh^dch

EVaZhi^c^Vc gZ[j\ZZ XVbe ^c i]Z daYZhi eVgi d[ i]Z X^in d[ VhhdX^ViZY l^i] ]Vk^c\ ]djh^c\ ^c XadhZ egdm^b^in id idjg^hi d[ d[ÒXZ Wj^aY^c\h Vh lZaa Vh cZl XdchigjXi^dc# BjX] d[ 6bbVc Vh ^ih hijYn h^iZ#

VcY gZXgZVi^dcVa [VX^a^i^Zh! Zck^gdcbZciVa XdcY^i^dch gZaVi" i]^h gZXZci \gdli] ]Vh iV`Zc eaVXZ ^c i]Z \Zd\gVe]^XVa

I]^h eVhi nZVg! i]Z Òghi nZVg hijY^dh lZgZ ]ZaY ^c CZl Ndg` ZY id i]Z hZVh]dgZ [gdciV\Z! i]Z hdX^Va VcY hZgk^XZ cZZYh VgZV hdji] d[ i]Z LdgaY IgVYZ 8ZciZg h^iZ ^c i]Z ]^hidg^X VcY =Zah^c`^! ;^caVcY# I]Z hijY^d aZY Wn Egd[Zhhdg HiVXZn d[ [jijgZ gZh^YZcih! i]Z Xdbb^ibZci id Æ^cXdbZ b^m^c\Ç ^c ÒcVcX^Va Y^hig^Xi VcY <gZZcl^X] HigZZi Hdji]! Vaa i]Z lVn Hjiidc! dc ZXdcdb^X gZYZkZadebZci higViZ\^Zh [dg 7ZY[dgY jgWVc cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh! VcY XdccZXi^dch id VY_VXZci cZ^\]" id i]Z i^e d[ BVc]ViiVc# HijnkZhVci! 7gdd`anc! lVh hZaZXiZY Vh i]Z bdhi gZegZhZciV" Wdg]ddYh! eVg`h! i]Z X^in XZciZg! VcY gZaViZY VXi^k^i^Zh# D[

8dbbjc^in 7dVgY DcZ cZZYh ]Zae ^c VcVano^c\ i]ZhZ

i^kZ eaVcc^c\ hijY^d [gdb 8dajbW^V! VcY ^i lVh egZhZciZY Vi eVgi^XjaVg ^bedgiVcXZ lVh i]Z gdaZ d[ i]^h gZYZkZadebZci X]Vc\Zh ^c i]^h `Zn hjWÄY^hig^Xi l^i]^c ^ih WdjcYVg^Zh# I]ZgZ i]Z BZigd CN 6E6 HijY^d EgZhZciVi^dch ^c BVn#

egd_ZXi ^c i]Z gZXZci VcY [jijgZ YZkZadebZciVa igV_ZXidgn d[ ^h V cZZY [dg VXXjgViZ ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY VcVanh^h d[ i]Z ^b"

EaVcc^c\ hijYZcih ldg`ZY l^i] i]Z BZigd CZl Ndg` =Zah^c`^ VcY i]Z hjggdjcY^c\ jgWVc gZ\^dc# 8]VeiZg d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVc EaVcc^c\ 6hhdX^Vi^dc id ZhiVWa^h] V "

ea^XVi^dch d[ i]ZhZ YZbd\gVe]^X VcY ZXdcdb^X igZcYh# I]Z

I]Z hijY^d iZVb igVkZaZY id =Zah^c`^ id bZZi l^i] i]Z hjWÄY^hig^Xi aVX`h ^c[gVhigjXijgZ VcY Xdbbjc^in gZhdjgXZh


eadgZY VaiZgcVi^kZ dlcZgh]^e bZX]Vc^hbh Vh ZmeVcYVWaZ [dgb d[ Wjh^cZhh hjgkZnh VcY hiV`Z]daYZg ^ciZgk^Zlh! bVg" higViZ\^Zh [dg VaaZk^Vi^c\ i]Z dc\d^c\ V[[dgYVWaZ ]djh^c\ `Zi igZcY VcVanh^h! gZaZkVci XVhZ hijY^Zh! gZVa ZhiViZ [ZV" h]dgiV\Z Vh i]Zn YZkZadeZY ediZci^Va ^beaZbZciVi^dc bdY" h^W^a^in hijY^Zh! VcY VYY^i^dcVa YViV egdk^YZY Wn i]Z Xa^Zci# Zah jcYZg Y^[[ZgZci eda^i^XVa VcY ZXdcdb^X hXZcVg^dh#

9Za^kZgVWaZh ^cXajYZY YZkZadebZci hXZcVg^dh [dg i]Z h^iZ! ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc d[ cVi^dcVa$gZ\^dcVa VcY adXVa XdbbZgX^Va iZc"

;^]_hk] Lmnro^lZgm <hffngbmr K^]^o^ehif^gm

VcXn b^m Vadc\ ;jaidc HigZZi! YZa^cZVi^dc d[ ^ciZcYZY jhZh

LmZ\^r Lnmmhg% \kbmb\

VcY a^c`V\Z WZilZZc i]Z XdbegZ]Zch^kZ h^iZ YZkZadebZci

NK;:G IE:GGBG@ LMN=BH% LIKBG@ +))2

id Zm^hi^c\ cdYZh d[ gZiV^a VXi^k^in#

Egd_ZXi 8a^Zcih/ BVndgÉh D[ÒXZ d[ 8dbegZ]Zch^kZ +

id bZZi i]Z cZZYh d[ i]Z cZl gZh^YZci^Va edejaVi^dch# I]Z

d[ i]Z h^iZh Vadc\ Wdi] ;jaidc HigZZi VcY 6iaVci^X 6kZcjZ!

?hng]Zmbhgl h_ Nk[Zg >\hghfb\ :gZerlbl

CZ^\]Wdg]ddY :Xdcdb^X 9ZkZadebZci 8C:9 Fhla^ :]e^k% bglmkn\mhk VcY i]Z CZl Ndg` 8^in :Xdcdb^X 9ZkZadebZci NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

7dVgY ^h Vahd ^ciZgZhiZY ^c gZXdbbZcYVi^dch id egdk^YZ V 8dgedgVi^dc CN8:98 \gZViZg b^m d[ ineZh d[ V[[dgYVWaZ ]djh^c\ [dg Y^kZghZ edej"

8C:9 VcY CN8:98 ]VkZ iV`Zc Vc VXi^kZ gdaZ ^c i]Z 8^i^Zh VgZ gjc Wn X^inÄ\dkZgcbZcih# I]ZhZ \dkZgcbZcih

aVi^dch# I]Z AdlZg BVc]ViiVc 9^hig^Xi odc^c\ gZ\jaVi^dch XgZVi^dc d[ Vc ^cXajh^kZ higViZ\n [dg i]Z Y^hedh^i^dc d[ X^inÄ VgZ egdk^YZgh d[ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ VcY \ddYh i]ZbhZakZh! bVn ]VkZ id WZ X]Vc\ZY id gZÓZXi i]^h gZh^YZci^Va \gdli] dlcZY kVXVci egdeZgi^Zh adXViZY ^c 7ZY[dgYÄHijnkZhVci VcY i]Zn Vahd gZ\jaViZ i]Z egdk^h^dc d[ \ddYh Wn eg^kViZ VcY i]Z X]Vc\Zh ^c ÒcVcX^Va! XdbbZgX^Va! VcY bVcj[VXijg" VcY gZfjZhiZY Vc VcVanh^h d[ i]Z YZkZadebZci ediZci^Va Ògbh# I]Zn egdbdiZ ]ZVai] VcY lZa[VgZ i]gdj\] aVcY jhZ ^c\ jhZh# I]Z 8dbbjc^in 7dVgY Vahd Vh`h [dg Vhh^hiVcXZ ^c d[ HVgVid\V HfjVgZ# HVgVid\V HfjVgZ ^h Xdbeg^hZY d[ [djg VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa gZ\jaVi^dc! VcY i]Zn VgZ X]Vg\ZY l^i] adc\ iZgb eaVcc^c\ id YZiZgb^cZ i]Z YZkZadebZci ediZci^Va jcYZkZadeZY! ejWa^Xan dlcZY egdeZgi^Zh ^c DXZVc =^aa! V Zchjg^c\ i]Vi eda^i^XVa edlZg VcY ZXdcdb^X gZhdjgXZh ^c i]Z <gZZcl^X] Hdji] VgZV VcY dkZg i]Z VeegdVX] id i]Z hdji]ZVhiZgc hjWhZXi^dc d[ 7ZY[dgYÄHijnkZhVci# >c V b^aZ l^aa WZ Y^hig^WjiZY Zfj^iVWan# NZi \dkZgcbZcih deZgViZ ^c 7gdd`anc 7ViiZgn IjccZa#

gVY^jh d[ i]Z h^iZ i]ZgZ ^h (*,B ^c gZiV^a aZV`V\Z VccjVaan hdX^Zi^Zh l]ZgZ gZhdjgXZ VaadXVi^dc ^h \dkZgcZY eg^bVg^an

I]^h hijY^d [dXjhZY dc YZbd\gVe]^X VcY ZXdcdb^X adhi id cZVgWn igVYZ VgZVh! l^i] gZhiVjgVcih! hjeZgbVg" Wn bVg`Zih# :Xdcdb^Xh egdk^YZh iddah Å d[iZc XdcigdkZgh^Va igZcY VcVanh^h! e]nh^XVa VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ eaVcc^c\! aVcY `Zih! Xadi]^c\! VcY ZaZXigdc^X hidgZh Xdbeg^h^c\ bjX] d[ dcZh Å id \j^YZ YZX^h^dch VWdji l]Zc VcY ]dl \dkZgcbZci jhZ! deZc heVXZ! VcY jgWVc YZh^\c#

i]Z jchVi^hÒZY YZbVcY# HVgVid\V HfjVgZ gZegZhZcih Vc h]djaY WZ ^ckdakZY ^c egdk^Y^c\ dg hjWh^Y^o^c\ hZgk^XZh VcY Vjhe^X^djh deZc^c\ [dg i]Z X^in id higZc\i]Zc! Y^kZgh^[n! VcY ^c h]Ve^c\ bVg`Zi VXi^k^in#

Hiihkmngbmb^l _hk Ahf^ Hpg^klabi bg ma^ In[eb\ Ahnlbg` Ikhc^\ml G^p Rhkd <bmr In[eb\ Ahnlbg` K^lb]^gm :eebZg\^% \eb^gm

WZVji^[n 7ZY[dgYÄHijnkZhVci XdbbZgX^Va Xdgg^Ydgh VcY id bdgZ Z[[ZXi^kZan gZhedcY id jcbZi Xdbbjc^in cZZYh#

M^\agbjn^l h_ Ikhc^\m >oZenZmbhg

I]Z \dVa d[ i]Z hijY^d lVh id XgZViZ V eaVc djia^c^c\ dW" Fhla^ :]e^k% bglmkn\mhk

@k^m\a^g Lnlb% \kbmb\

_ZXi^kZh i]Vi ldjaY ZmeVcY i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ gZiV^a VXi^k^i^Zh! NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

NK;:G IE:GGBG@ LMN=BH% LIKBG@ +))2

Wg^Y\Z HVgVid\V HfjVgZ id Zm^hi^c\ cdYZh d[ gZiV^a VXi^k^in VcY VY_VXZci b^mZYÄjhZ h^iZ YZkZadebZcih! VcY Vhh^hi i]Z >c ZkVajVi^c\ l]Zi]Zg id VYdei V egd_ZXi! i]Z [daadl^c\ VgZ

I]Z ZmZXji^kZ Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z CZl Ndg` 8^in EjWa^X X^in XdaaVWdgVi^kZ ^c YZiZgb^c^c\ i]Z [ZVh^W^a^in d[ Yjea^XVi" hdbZ d[ i]Z [VXidgh i]Z eaVccZg bjhi Xdch^YZg# & Egd_ZXih *

=djh^c\ GZh^YZci 6aa^VcXZ CN8E=G6 VcY egZh^YZci ^c\ h^b^aVg Z[[dgih ^c di]Zg CN8 cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh# I]Z ldg` d[iZc n^ZaY WZcZÒih VcY gZfj^gZ Xdhih dkZg adc\ eZg^dYh d[ i]Z ?VbZh LZaYdc ?d]chdc =djhZh ^c :Vhi lVh WVhZY dc Zm^hi^c\ XdcY^i^dch! ÒZaY dWhZgkVi^dch ^c i]Z d[ i^bZ# EVk^c\ d[ V gdVY! [dg ZmVbeaZ! bjhi dXXjg Vi i]Z

=VgaZb gZfjZhiZY i]Z Vhh^hiVcXZ d[ 8dajbW^VÉh <gVYjViZ

WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z a^[Z d[ i]Vi gdVY! l]ZgZVh i]Z WZcZÒih

HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZhZgkVi^dc ^c

[gdb i]Z gdVY l^aa dXXjg [dg bVcn nZVgh V[iZg i]Z eVk^c\

^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ i]Z [ZVh^W^a^in d[ gZh^YZci dlcZgh]^e [dg CZl Ndg`

lVh XdbeaZiZY# 9d i]Z WZcZÒih ZmXZZY i]Z Xdhi4 ' I]Z

8^in ejWa^X ]djh^c\ gZh^YZcih#

WZcZÒih [gdb V egd_ZXi bVn WZ jcXZgiV^c# ;dg ZmVbeaZ!

I]Z ediZci^Va WZcZ[^ih d[ gZh^YZci dlcZgh]^e! ^cXajY"

h]djaY i]Z \dkZgcbZci ^ckZhi ^c V ÒgZ]djhZ ^c V eVgi^XjaVg

^c\ hiVW^a^in d[ iZcjgZ! hjhiV^cVWaZ V[[dgYVW^a^in! ^cXgZVhZY

adXVi^dc4 ( JhZg [ZZh [dg V eVgi^XjaVg egd_ZXi bVn cdi WZ

ViiVX]bZci VcY gZhedch^W^a^in [dg i]Z egdeZgin YjZ id ^cY^"

hj[ÒX^Zci id XdkZg i]Z Xdhi d[ egdk^Y^c\ i]Z hZgk^XZ# ;dg

k^YjVa VcY XdaaZXi^kZ gVi]Zg i]Vc \dkZgcbZci dlcZgh]^e!

ZmVbeaZ! h]djaY i]Z \dkZgcbZci egdk^YZ V eVgi^XjaVg

VcY! ^c hdbZ XVhZh! Zfj^in VXXjbjaVi^dc! VgZ XdjciZgZY Wn

ejWa^X igVchedgiVi^dc hZgk^XZh ^[ i]Z [VgZh ldjaY cdi XdkZg

V cjbWZg d[ dWhiVXaZh# I]ZhZ dWhiVXaZh ^cXajYZ lZV`ZcZY

i]Z Xdhi d[ XdchigjXi^c\ VcY deZgVi^c\ i]Z hZgk^XZ4 ) 6

XVeVX^in id [jaÒaa ÒcVcX^Va VcY dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa dWa^\Vi^dch d[

egd_ZXi bVn WZ YZh^\cZY id VX]^ZkZ V eVgi^XjaVg gZhjai#

dlcZgh]^e! aVX` d[ hjeedgi higjXijgZh [dg Wj^aY^c\ dlcZgh]^e

;dg ^chiVcXZ! i]Z ejgedhZ d[ ^cXajY^c\ V ldg` gZfj^gZbZci

XVeVX^in! VcY ]djh^c\ hidX`h i]Vi! ^c bVcn XVhZh! gZfj^gZ i]Z `^cY d[ hZg^djh gZ]VW^a^iVi^dc i]Vi ldjaY WZ YZkVhiVi^c\ a^" VW^a^i^Zh [dg adlÄ^cXdbZ ejWa^X ]djh^c\ gZh^YZcih# H]g^c`^c\ hjWh^Y^Zh [dg ejWa^X ]djh^c\! \Zcig^ÒXVi^dc egZhhjgZh! VcY i]Z YZh^gZ id Wdi] egdiZXi VcY ZbedlZg

^c lZa[VgZ egd\gVbh ^h d[iZc id Zc]VcXZ i]Z ZVgc^c\h d[

>chigjXidgh GdWZgi 7ZVjgZ\VgY ;adnY AVee :i]Za H]Z[[Zg

lZa[VgZ gZX^e^Zcih V[iZg i]Zn aZVkZ i]ZhZ egd\gVbh# 9dZh i]Z gZfj^gZbZci egdYjXZ i]Z YZh^gZY gZhjai4

K^]^o^ehif^gm Iheb\r

gZh^YZcih ]VkZ aZY i]Z gZh^YZci aZVYZgh]^e d[ CN8E=G6 VcY

Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% bglmkn\mhk

i]Z ?VbZh LZaYdc ?d]chdc =djhZh id gZfjZhi i]^h egd_ZXi#

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

I]Z hijY^d ZmeadgZY V bdYZa d[ gZh^YZci dlcZgh]^e i]Vi XdbW^cZh i]Z higjXijgZh d[ a^b^iZYÄZfj^in XddeZgVi^kZh

I]^h XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z eda^i^XVa ZXdcdbn d[ jgWVc

VcY ejWa^X aVcY igjhih# HijYZcih ldg`ZY Y^gZXian l^i] ejW"

gZYZkZadebZci i]gdj\] Vc ZkVajVi^dc d[ i]Z egdXZhhZh

a^X ]djh^c\ gZh^YZci aZVYZgh! gZh^YZcih! Wj^aY^c\ bVcV\Zgh!

Wn l]^X] \dkZgcbZcih! eg^kViZ ^ckZhidgh! VcY gZh^YZcih

VcY di]Zg gZaZkVci VXidgh VcY aZVgcZY Z[[ZXi^kZ iZX]c^fjZh

igVch[dgb i]Z jhZh! e]nh^XVa VeeZVgVcXZ! VcY bVg`Zi kVajZ

[dg Zc\V\^c\ gZh^YZcih VgdjcY `Zn ^hhjZh# HijYZcih Zm"

d[ i]Z jgWVc Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# #


Ablmhkr Zg] Ma^hkr h_ IeZggbg`

>chigjXidgh AVcXZ ;gZZbVc DlZc <ji[gZjY ?ndi^ =dhV\gV]Vg 8aVgV >gVoVWVa

Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% bglmkn\mhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h XdjghZ lZVkZY id\Zi]Zg i]Z hjWhiVci^kZ ]^hidgn d[ i]Z

ZmZbei ÒcVcX^c\ VcY i]Z `^cYh d[ YZkZadebZci i]Vi XVc fjVa^[n [dg hjX] ÒcVcX^c\# 7n ZmVb^c^c\ Y^[[ZgZci `^cYh d[ YZkZadebZci ÒcVcX^c\! ^cXajY^c\ bVhh igVch^i! ]ZVai] XVgZ [VX^a^i^Zh! hX]ddah! ejWa^X ji^a^i^Zh! V^gedgih! VcY ]djh^c\! hijYZcih lZgZ VWaZ id hZZ i]Z bV_dg [dgbh d[ iVmÄZmZbei

eaVcc^c\ egd[Zhh^dc ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh l^i] ^ih ^ciZaaZXijVa

ÒcVcX^c\ i]Vi VgZ VkV^aVWaZ# I]Z XaVhh Vahd YZakZY ^cid

Zkdaji^dc# >i [dXjhZY dc i]Z eaVcc^c\ [jcXi^dc VcY gZaViZY

gVi^c\ V\ZcXn gZfj^gZbZcih! hZXjg^in Y^hXadhjgZ gjaZh!

eaVcc^c\ gdaZh# I]^h XdjghZ Xdch^YZgZY Y^[[ZgZci gVi^dcVaZh

bVg`Zi YncVb^Xh! VcY i]Z bZX]Vc^Xh d[ d[[Zg^c\ WdcYh

[dg jcYZgiV`^c\ eaVcc^c\! VaiZgcVi^kZ lVnh d[ egVXi^X^c\ ^i! i]Z

[dg ejWa^X hVaZ# HijYZcih Y^hXjhhZY Xg^i^X^hb d[ ejWa^X

gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc ZmeZgih VcY X^i^oZch! VcY i]Z eda^i^XVa

[^cVcX^c\ VcY add`ZY Vi [V^ajgZh VcY WdcY YZ[Vjaih#

iZch^dch l^i]^c eaVcc^c\ egVXi^XZ# EVgi^XjaVg ViiZci^dc lVh

HijYZcih lZgZ ZmeZXiZY id gZk^Zl d[[Zg^c\ hiViZbZcih VcY

\^kZc id i]Z ^ciZgeaVn d[ edlZg VcY `cdlaZY\Z! Zi]^Xh VcY hdX^Va gZhedch^W^a^in! VcY ^hhjZh d[ gVXZ! \ZcYZg! XaVhh! VcY ^YZci^in#

gZaViZY ÒcVcX^Va ^c[dgbVi^dc [dg VXijVa ÒcVcX^c\h WZ^c\ jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ l]d YdZh l]Vi l^i]^c i]Z dkZgaVee^c\ bVg`ZiZY ^c i]Z ejWa^X bVg`Zih# I]Z XdjghZ Xdch^hiZY ÒZaY d[ Y^hX^ea^cZh! ]dl egd_ZXih bdkZ [dglVgY! VcY l]d d[ V b^m d[ aZXijgZh! \jZhi aZXijgZh [gdb egVXi^i^dcZgh!

IeZggbg` IkZ\mb\^ Phkdlahi

^h bV`^c\ jai^bViZ YZX^h^dch VcY l^i] l]Vi ^c[dgbVi^dc# Y^hXjhh^dc! VcY \gdje egZhZciVi^dch#

Fb\Z^eZ ;bkfbg`aZf% bglmkn\mhk

I]Z XaVhh Vahd hdj\]i id ejh] WdjcYVg^Zh0 [dg i]dhZ

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

l^i] YZh^\c! ZXdcdb^X! dg Zck^gdcbZciVa WVX`\gdjcYh!

Ma^ Iarlb\Ze Lmkn\mnk^ h_ <bmb^l

l]Vi `ZZeh jh [gdb VX]^Zk^c\ djg hjhiV^cVW^a^in \dVah Hp^g @nm_k^n]% bglmkn\mhk I]^h XdjghZ ^cigdYjXZY ÒghiÄnZVg \gVYjViZ hijYZcih id VcY gZXdbbZcY VXi^dch id gZbZYn i]ZhZ4 >c l]Vi lVnh NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2 hdbZ `Zn egVXi^XZ Y^aZbbVh i]Vi egd[Zhh^dcVa eaVccZgh XVc i]Z Zck^gdcbZciVa gZk^Zl egdXZhh WZ aZkZgV\ZY Vh [VXZ VcY i]Z h`^aah cZXZhhVgn id bVcV\Z i]ZhZ Y^aZbbVh# Vc ^ccdkVi^kZ jgWVc YZh^\c idda4 =dl YdZh dcZ Y^hXdkZg I]Z e]nh^XVa h]VeZ d[ X^i^Zh Vi ZVX] bdbZci ^c i^bZ ^h V HijYZcih aZVgcZY id i]^c` VcY VXi Vh egd[Zhh^dcVa eaVccZgh! V eaVXZ [dg XgZVi^k^in dg ZkZc bV`Z V edh^i^kZ Y^[[ZgZcXZ gZÓZXi^dc d[ hdX^Va X]d^XZh# I]ZhZ X]d^XZh VgZ XdchigV^cZY YZkZade^c\ eZghdcVa iddaÄ`^ih VcY ^cY^k^YjVa^oZY h`^aa hZih ^c V [^ZaY egZYdb^cVcian YZ[^cZY Wn bVg`Zi YZbVcYh! Wn ]^hidgn! hdX^Va kVajZh! iZX]cdad\n! edejaVi^dc X]Vc\Z! i]Vi VXi Vh [gVbZldg`h [dg i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ hjXXZhh[ja WjgZVjXgVih! VcY Z\di^hih4 L^i] i]Z WZa^Z[ i]Vi CZl Ndg` VcY ZXdcdb^X deedgijc^i^Zh# 8aZVgan! ^hhjZh d[ edlZg! eaVcc^c\ ^ciZgkZci^dch# 9ZkZadebZci d[ i]ZhZ h`^aah 8^in ]Vh ]VY V jc^fjZ lVn d[ YZÒc^c\ VcY VchlZg^c\ hjX] hdX^Va Zfj^in! VcY XjaijgVa hZch^W^a^i^Zh VgZ ZbWZYYZY ^c ZcVWaZY hijYZcih id \ZcZgViZ eZghdcVa YZ[^c^i^dch d[ fjZhi^dch i]gdj\]dji ^ih ]^hidgn bdhi gZXZcian l^i] i]Z i]ZhZ XdchigV^cih# I]Z lVnh ^c l]^X] i]ZhZ XdchigV^cih eaVcc^c\ egVXi^XZ l]^aZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan [Vb^a^Vg^o^c\ i]Zb EA6CN8'%(% Z[[dgi ! hijYZcih ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]ZhZ ide^Xh! deZgViZ VgZ Wdi] edlZg[ja VcY XdbeaZm# 6ai]dj\] i]Zn eaVn l^i] XdgZ h`^aah VcY ZhiVWa^h]ZY ^chi^iji^dch d[ eaVcc^c\#

k^h^iZY [^ZaY d[[^XZh VcY YZkZadebZci h^iZh! VcY ]dcZY i]ZbhZakZh dji Y^[[ZgZcian ^c Y^[[ZgZci eaVXZh! i]ZgZ VgZ hi^aa k^hjVa VcY kZgWVa Xdbbjc^XVi^dc h`^aah#

?ng]Zf^gmZel h_ Nk[Zg =b`bmZe =^lb`g

higdc\ h^b^aVg^i^Zh ^c i]Z eViiZgch Vbdc\ kVg^djh eaVXZh# >c i]^h XdjghZ lZ hdj\]i id jcYZghiVcY i]Z YncVb^Xh i]gdj\]

Mbfhmar ;hre^% bglmkn\mhk

<hffngbmr =^o^ehif^gm IeZggbg`

l]^X] i]Z e]nh^XVa h]VeZ d[ jgWVc hZiiaZbZcih ZbZg\Z# LZ

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

EZg\^ ?k^^fZg% bglmkn\mhk

lZgZ \j^YZY ^c i]^h ^c ild lVnh# LZ hdj\]i id XdbeVgVi^kZan

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

jcYZghiVcY ]dl jgWVc heVXZ ^h dg\Vc^oZY ^c Wdi] i]Z

6 bVijg^c\ ^ciZgcZi Xdci^cjdjhan Xdbe^aZh Vbdjcih d[

YZkZadeZY VcY i]Z YZkZade^c\ ldgaY# >c i]^h lZ lZgZ \j^YZY

YViV kdajbZh VWdkZ l]Vi XVc WZ VcVanoZY ^c i]Z ldgYh VcY I]Z dW_ZXi^kZ d[ i]^h XdjghZ lVh id egZeVgZ hijYZcih id Wn Vc ViiZbei id jcYZghiVcY l]Vi eaVXZ ^h! heZX^ÒXVaan VcY cjbWZgh egZ[ZggZY Wn i]Z WgV^cÉh aZ[i ]Zb^he]ZgZ# >i ^h i]Z YZkZade higViZ\^Zh [dg jgWVc gZk^iVa^oVi^dc Wn gZk^Zl^c\ \ZcZg^XVaan! ^c ZVX] XVhZ# Djg \dVa lVh cdi id YZkZade V g^\]i h^YZ d[ i]Z WgV^c l]ZgZ i]Z Vgi^hi^X h`^aah id ^ciZgegZi VcY i]Zdg^Zh d[ cZ^\]Wdg]ddY X]Vc\Z VcY Y^V\cdh^c\ dcZÄh^oZÄÒihÄVaa i]Zdgn d[ jgWVc heVXZ# GVi]Zg! djg \dVa id Xdbbjc^XViZ i]^h YViV k^hjVaan VgZ [djcY! VcY ^cXgZVh^c\an cZ^\]Wdg]ddY igZcYh gZaZkVci id Xdbbjc^in YZkZadebZci# lVh id YZkZade i]Z VW^a^in id gZVY ]dl i]Z YncVb^Xh d[ Y^kZgh^ÒZY heZX^Va^hih bjhi edhhZhh iZX]c^XVa h`^aah id gZcYZg i]Z^g ^c[dgbVi^dc jcYZghiVcYVWaZ id Vaa# I]^h XdjghZ iVj\]i

jgWVc heVXZ eaVn i]ZbhZakZh dji ^c heZX^ÒX XVhZh#

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh Ahnlbg`

YZh^\cZY id Wj^aY i]dhZ h`^aah [jcYVbZciVa id jcYZghiVcY^c\ NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

LnlmZbgZ[e^ Nk[Zg =^o^ehif^gm3 Bgm^kgZmbhgZe I^kli^\mbo^l

VcY Xdbbjc^XVi^c\ egd_ZXih [gdb i]Z hXVaZ d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ id

Crhmb AhlZ`kZaZk% bglmkn\mhk

Y^\^iVa bZi]dYh d[ XgZVi^c\ k^hjVa ^c[dgbVi^dc! VcY lVh EZg\^ ?k^^fZg% bglmkn\mhk

i]Vi d[ i]Z X^in# 8aVhhZh dWhZgkZY VcY Y^hXjhhZY iZX]c^fjZh d[ I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY hijYZcih l^i] i]Z VcVani^XVa h`^aah NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2 Z[[ZXi^kZ k^hjVa Xdbbjc^XVi^dc VcY iVj\]i i]Z bZi]dYh VcY id VYYgZhh ^hhjZh hjX] Vh i]Z h]dgiV\Z d[ V[[dgYVWaZ YZiV^ah d[ gZVa^o^c\ hjX] ldg` jh^c\ i]Z XdbejiZg#

]djh^c\! i]Z g^\]i id YZXZci ]djh^c\! VcY i]Z gdaZ d[ IdYVn! [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ ^c ]jbVc ]^hidgn! bdgZ i]Vc ]Va[ \dkZgcbZci VcY eda^XnbV`Zgh ^c i]Z egdk^h^dc d[ ]djh^c\ d[ i]Z ldgaYÉh edejaVi^dc a^kZh ^c X^i^Zh# L^i] ^cXgZVh^c\

IeZggbg` bg Z =^lb`g ;nbe] Phke]

VcY cZ^\]Wdg]ddY YZkZadebZci#

Fb\aZ^e ?blafZg% bglmkn\mhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

gZhdjgXZh! X^i^Zh ^c i]Z '&hi XZcijgn YZbVcY hZg^djh

In[eb\ ?bgZg\bg` h_ Nk[Zg =^o^ehif^gm

Xdch^YZgVi^dc ^c dgYZg id Veegdeg^ViZan bVcV\Z i]Zb#

Kb\aZk] ?kh^aeb\a% bglmkn\mhk

I]Z ^YZV d[ b^c^b^o^c\ ]jbVc ^beVXi dc i]Z cVijgVa

EaVcc^c\ ^c V 9Zh^\c 7j^aY LdgaY [dXjhZY dc i]Z h`^aah! NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2 egdYjXih! iddah! bZi]dYh! egdXZhhZh! VcY gZaVi^dch]^eh

jgWVc^oVi^dc! jcZkZc ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci! VcY YZeaZi^c\

Zck^gdcbZci ^h cdl V \ZcZgVaan VXXZeiZY \dVa# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! Zmead^i^c\ gZhdjgXZh! Wdi] cVijgVa VcY XjaijgVa! ^h

Vbdc\ i]Z kVg^Zin d[ Y^hX^ea^cZh gZfj^gZY id VXXdbea^h] I]^h XdjghZ hZgkZY Vh Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id ]dl ejWa^X Zci^i^Zh VXXZeiZY Vh cZXZhhVgn id VX]^ZkZ i]Z \dVah d[ ZXdcdb^X higViZ\^X ^c[gVhigjXijgZ YZh^\c! VcY gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadebZci X^i^Zh! hiViZh! ejWa^X WZcZÒi XdgedgVi^dch ÒcVcXZ jgWVc YZkZadebZci# L]^aZ XdchZchjh ^h edhh^WaZ dc i]Z WgdVY eaVcc^c\# I]Z ^ciZchZ aZkZa d[ ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn XddgY^cVi^dc YZkZadebZci Wn ^hhj^c\ ejWa^X hZXjg^i^Zh# 7Z\^cc^c\ l^i] Vc dW_ZXi^kZh d[ jgWVc hjhiV^cVW^a^in! i]Z VeegdVX]Zh VcY gZfj^gZY [gdb XdcXZei i]gdj\] XdchigjXi^dc dc Vcn ejWa^X$ ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ ]dl ejWa^X Zci^i^Zh aZkZgV\Z a^b^iZY XVe^iVa Z[[dgih Vi VXXdbea^h]^c\ i]Zb kVgn l^YZan# 9ZWViZh gV\Z eg^kViZ YZkZadebZci egd_ZXi ^h dkZgl]Zab^c\ l^i]dji gZhdjgXZh i]gdj\] i]Z ^hhjVcXZ d[ YZWi! ^cXajY^c\ V gZk^Zl d[ WZilZZc gZkdaji^dc VcY gZ[dgb! bdgZ iZX]cdad\n VcY aZhh! ZmedhjgZ id i]Z egd[Zhh^dch ^ciZ\gVa ^c ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ hiVijidgn VcY eda^i^XVa Xdch^YZgVi^dch Vh lZaa Vh a^b^iVi^dch id ZbWgVXZ jgWVc YZch^in dg VWVcYdc X^in a^[Z# BZVcl]^aZ! egdÄ[dgbVÉh VcY eda^X^Zh# I]Z XdjghZ ZhiVWa^h]ZY V WVh^X eji dc hjX] YZWi! i]Z XaVhh ZmeadgZY i]Z a^b^iVi^dch d[ iVmÄ i]Z jc^kZghVa \dVah d[ hjhiV^cVWaZ YZkZadebZci ]VkZ id WZ $


gZXdcX^aZY l^i] i]Z eVgi^XjaVg^i^Zh d[ V eaVXZ! ^ih ]^hidgn!

id cdcÄegd[Zhh^dcVa VjY^ZcXZh# GZVY^c\h! Y^hXjhh^dc! VcY

XjaijgZ! VcY hdX^Va ^chi^iji^dch# I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY i]Z

]VcYhÄdc egZhZciVi^dc deedgijc^i^Zh egdk^YZY eVgi^X^eVcih

Y^kZgh^in d[ XdciZbedgVgn YZWViZh VgdjcY hjhiV^cVW^a^in

l^i] XdcXZeih! VcVani^X iddah! VcY egVXi^XVa iZX]c^fjZh

VcY i]Z X^in VcY ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z bVcV\ZbZci d[ X]Vc\Z

cZXZhhVgn [dg YZkZade^c\ higdc\ egZhZciVi^dc h`^aa hZih#

^c i]Z jgWVc Zck^gdcbZci id cjgijgZ edh^i^kZ VcY ZcYjg^c\ gZaVi^dch]^eh Vbdc\hi i]Z cVijgVa VcY hdX^Va ldgaYh VcY

IeZggbg` M^\agbjn^l

i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# I]Z dW_ZXi^kZ lVh id ldg` idlVgYh V

=Zob] Dbg`% bglmkn\mhk

[gVbZldg` [dg bV`^c\ X^i^Zh hjhiV^cVWaZ# I]Z [dXjh lVh dc

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc jgWVc YZkZadebZci! bdYZgc^in! VcY I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY hijYZcih l^i] V WVh^X [Vb^a^Vg^in l^i] i]Z

XjaijgVa eda^i^Xh! eVgi^XjaVgan ^c Hdji] VcY Hdji]ZVhi 6h^V#

jhZ d[ hiVi^hi^XVa XdcXZeih VcY Veea^XVi^dch! ^cXajY^c\ ^chigjXi^dc

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh Bgm^kgZmbhgZe IeZggbg`3 Ma^ Ihebmb\l h_ IeZ\^fZdbg`3 LiZmbZebsbg` Nk[Zg <nemnk^l

Zck^gdcbZciVa eaVcc^c\! aVWdg bVcV\ZbZci! ^c[gVhigjXijgZ HEHH ^c i]Z VcVanh^h d[ jgWVcÄgZaViZY YViV# B^Xgdhd[i :mXZa ^h

<eZkZ BkZsZ[Ze% bglmkn\mhk

edgiVi^dc! ]ZVai]! XgdhhÄhZXidgVa \dkZgcVcXZ! eVgi^X^eVi^dc! XdjghZh! ^c VYY^i^dc id ^ih jW^fj^idjh egZhZcXZ ^c i]Z ldg`h]de

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

VcY ZiX# VcY eZg[dgb HLDI VcVanh^h id VhhZhh i]Z^g ^chi^" VcY hijY^d XaVhhZh [dg WVh^X YViV dg\Vc^oVi^dc VcY VcVanh^h#

^c i]Z jhZ d[ hiVcYVgY hiVi^hi^XVa hd[ilVgZ eVX`V\Zh hjX] Vh Wj^aY^c\! ^chi^iji^dc Wj^aY^c\! \ZcYZg Zfj^in! ]djh^c\! igVch" Vahd jhZY [dg hiVi^hi^XVa VcY ÒcVcX^Va XVaXjaVi^dch ^c hZkZgVa

iji^dcVa VcY hdX^dÄheVi^Va Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh# HijYZcih Vahd eV^Y I]Z XgZVi^dc VcY gZXgZVi^dc d[ jgWVc eaVXZh ^h Vc ZhhZci^Va XadhZ ViiZci^dc id i]Z lVn ^c l]^X] hjW_ZXiZY edejaVi^dch

MkZglihkmZmbhg Zg] EZg] Nl^ IeZggbg`

XdbedcZci d[ eaVcc^c\ egVXi^XZ VXgdhh i]Z ldgaY# EaVccZgh gZh^hi! VYVei! dg XdÄegdYjXZ i]Z eaVcc^c\ YZeadnZY jedc =Zob] Dbg`% bglmkn\mhk VgZ V\Zcih i]Vi bZY^ViZ \adWVa eda^i^XVa VcY ZXdcdb^X i]Z^g Xdbbjc^i^Zh VcY ]dl! ^c i]Z egdXZhh! igVchcVi^dcVa NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2 egZhhjgZh! dc i]Z dcZ ]VcY! VcY adXVa hdX^dÄXjaijgVa VcY hjW_ZXih VgZ gZ h]VeZY# JgWVc hegVla! hbVgi \gdli]! igV[ÒX Xdc\Zhi^dc! VcY \gZZc

^chi^iji^dcVa XdcY^i^dch! dc i]Z di]Zg# I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY i]Z egVXi^XZh VcY eda^i^Xh d[ eaVXZbV`^c\ VcY ]dl i]Zn

Ik^l^gmZmbhgl Zl LmkZm^`b\ IeZggbg` Mhhel

X^i^Zh VgZ ^YZVh i]Vi h]VgZ V Xdbbdc eda^Xn a^c`V\Z/ ^ciZ\gViZY

^beVXi VcY VgZ ^beVXiZY Wn i]Z gZ egdYjXi^dc VcY gZ$ :g]k^Z DZag% bglmkn\mhk

igVchedgiVi^dc VcY aVcY jhZ eaVcc^c\# I]^h XdjghZ lVh Vc

YZ iZgg^idg^Va^oVi^dc d[ XjaijgVa egVXi^XZh! ^chi^iji^dcVa NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

dkZgk^Zl d[ aVcY jhZ VcY igVchedgiVi^dc eda^Xn VcY eaVcc^c\

VggVc\ZbZcih! VcY heVi^Va igV^ih$igZcYh ^c bjai^eaZ VcY

YgVl^c\ eg^bVg^an dc Jc^iZY HiViZh igVch^i egZXZYZcih#

kVg^ZY adXVa^i^Zh VXgdhh i]Z \adWZ Vi i]Z ijgc d[ i]Z '&hi IdYVn Vc ZkZgÄZmeVcY^c\ VggVn d[ iddah Zm^hih id ]Zae eaVccZgh I]gdj\] i]Z i]Zdgn VcY eg^cX^eaZh d[ jgWVc eaVcc^c\! X^k^a XZcijgn# 6eea^ZY i]Zdgn gVi]Zg i]Vc VWhigVXi i]Zdgn ! VcY YZh^\cZgh YZa^kZg i]Z^g bZhhV\Zh# CdcZi]ZaZhh! i]Z Zc\^cZZg^c\! ZXdcdb^Xh! VcY ejWa^X eda^Xn! hijYZcih aZVgcZY ^cXajY^c\ hdji]ZVhiZgc eZgheZXi^kZh! lZgZ jhZY id ^aajb^cViZ VW^a^in id XgV[i VcY YZa^kZg V higdc\ egZhZciVi^dc gZbV^ch Vc ]dl id jhZ eaVcc^c\ iddah! eda^XZh! VcY di]Zg ^c[gVhigjXijgZ eaVcc^c\ XVhZ hijY^Zh VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# 8VhZ hijY^Zh VgZ Zajh^kZ \dVa [dg bVcn# I]^h XdjghZ VeegdVX]ZY egZhZciVi^dc ^ckZhibZcih id ]Zae YZkZade Z[[ZXi^kZ eaVXZh VcY cZildg`h# jhZ[ja ^c VYYgZhh^c\ É]dlÉ VcY Él]nÉ fjZhi^dch# I]Z hijYZcih Vh V higViZ\^X ZaZbZci d[ eaVcc^c\ VcY YZh^\c egVXi^XZ# >i 7n i]Z ZcY d[ i]^h XdjghZ hijYZcih lZgZ VWaZ id i]^c` lZgZ ZmeZXiZY id Xg^i^XVaan VcVanoZ VcY XdbeVgZ i]Z cjVcXZY Zc\V\ZY i]Z egZhZciVi^dc egdXZhh Xg^i^XVaan Vh V bZVch Xg^i^XVaan VWdji i]Z igVchedgiVi^dc VcY aVcY jhZ ^bea^XVi^dch Y^[[ZgZcXZh VXgdhh eaVcc^c\ XdciZmih! VhhZhh i]Z aZkZa d[ d[ Vg\jbZciVi^dc! Vc ZYjXVi^dc idda! VcY V [dgb d[ ejWa^X d[ VXXZhh^W^a^in! Zck^gdcbZciVa! VcY jgWVc YZh^\c eda^X^Zh Vh Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh d[ eaVcc^c\ VeegdVX]Zh jhZY ^c VYYgZhh^c\ VYkdXVXn# 7n eaVX^c\ Zbe]Vh^h dc Z[[ZXi^kZ ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ lZaa Vh i]Z bjijVaan gZ^c[dgX^c\ ^cXZci^kZh d[ igVchedgiVi^dc hjX] XdcY^i^dch VcY i]Z^g gZhjai^c\ eaVXZÄWVhZY Z[[ZXih! VcY k^hjVa VcY kZgWVa XdciZci! i]Z hZb^cVg ZmVb^cZY X]VaaZc\Zh VcY aVcY jhZ hnhiZbh Vi adXVa! gZ\^dcVa! VcY cVi^dcVa hXVaZh# Zck^h^dc WZiiZg eaVcc^c\ egVXi^XZh id ViiV^c i]Z _jhi X^in#

VhhdX^ViZY l^i] XdckZn^c\ XdbeaZm eaVcc^c\ VcY YZh^\c ^YZVh

Nk[Zg MkZglihkmZmbhg IeZggbg` MkZglgZmbhgZe IeZggbg`3 LiZ\^l Zg] Bglmbmnmbhgl

=Zob] Dbg`% bglmkn\mhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

<eZkZ BkZsZ[Ze% bglmkn\mhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc VcY dkZgk^Zl d[ igVchedgiVi^dc bdYZh! i]Z X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ igVkZa!

EaVcc^c\ ^c djg ^ciZggZaViZY ldgaY d[iZc igVchXZcYh i]Z

igVchedgiVi^dc eaVcc^c\ eda^X^Zh VcY egdXZYjgZh! VcY i]Z^g

WdjcYVg^Zh d[ eVgi^XjaVg adXVa^i^Zh l^i]^c cVi^dc hiViZh#

Z[[ZXi dc adXVi^dc! YZkZadebZci! fjVa^in d[ a^[Z! VcY ZXdcdb^X

IgVchcVi^dcVa eaVcc^c\ ^h eaVcc^c\ i]Vi dXXjgh i]gdj\]

YZkZadebZci d[ jgWVc eaVXZh VcY i]Z^g hjggdjcY^c\

hdX^ZiVa gZaVi^dch heVcc^c\ eajg^ÄadXVaan! WZilZZc VcY

bZigdeda^iVc VgZVh#

VWdkZ i]Z igVY^i^dcVa XdciV^cZg heVXZh d[ cVi^dcVa hdX^Zi^Zh

>mab\l% Cnlmb\^% Zg] ma^ <bmr

VcY l^i]dji V XaZVg Æ]ZVYfjVgiZghÇ dg Æbdi]ZgaVcYÇ#

EZnkZ Dnk`Zg $ I^m^k FZk\nl^% bglmkn\mhkl

I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY i]Z egdYjXi^dc VcY igVch[dgbVi^dc

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

d[ cZl VcY XdckZci^dcVa ineZh d[ heVXZh VcY eaVcc^c\ Zc"

\V\ZbZcih ^c V igVchcVi^dcVa VgZcV# I]gdj\] XdciZbedgVgn XVhZ hijY^Zh! hijYZcih ZmeadgZY i]Z kVg^djh V\Zcih Zc\V\ZY

8^i^Zh idYVn [VXZ jcegZXZYZciZY egZhhjgZh [gdb i]Z [dgXZh

^c igVchcVi^dcVa eaVcc^c\! ^cXajY^c\ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa dg\Vc^oV"

d[ \adWVa^oVi^dc! i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]Z 8daY LVg! b^\gVi^dc!

i^dch hjX] Vh i]Z LdgaY 7Vc`! i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch! JH6>9!

iZX]cdad\n! hZXjg^in! VcY Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z! Vbdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h# I]ZhZ [dgXZh VgZ XdbedjcYZY Wn i]Z Z[[ZXih d[

igVchcVi^dcVa XdgedgVi^dch! ZiX# ! cVi^dcVa VcY adXVa ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ V\ZcX^Zh! igVchcVi^dcVa C<Dh! igVchcVi^dcVa Xdbbjc^in dg\Vc^oVi^dch hjX] Vh =dbZidlc 6hhdX^Vi^dch! 8VhV EjZWaV! i]Z LdgaY HdX^Va ;dgjb! ZiX# # LZ V^bZY id jcYZghiVcY i]Z bng^VY hjWÒZaYh d[ igVchcVi^dcVa eaVcc^c\ i]Zn Zc\V\Z ^c gZaViZY! [dg ^chiVcXZ! id WdgYZg eaVcc^c\!

>chigjXidgh 6cYgZV @V]c 9Vk^Y @^c\ AVjgV @jg\Vc EZiZg BVgXjhZ

heZZY VcY bZY^V! l]^X] XdckZgi bZgZ X]Vc\Z ^cid gVe^Y VcY ZkZc ]neZgWda^X X]Vc\Z# I]Z Z[[ZXih Å ^c iZgbh d[ edkZgin! i]Z Zck^gdcbZci! ]ZVai]! ZmXajh^dc! VcY k^daZcXZ Å VgZ egd[djcY# >c i]^h Y^hdg^Zci^c\ aVcYhXVeZ! i]ZgZ VgZ adih d[ deedgijc^i^Zh [dg jgWVc egd[Zhh^dcVah# =dl id %


gZhedcY ^h \dkZgcZY Wn Zi]^XVa VcY eda^i^XVa YZX^h^dch! eaVcc^c\ VcY bVcV\ZbZci# I]gdj\] aZXijgZh! gZhZVgX]! l]Zi]Zg VX`cdlaZY\ZY dg cdi# ;VX^c\ i]Z fjZhi^dch d[ VcY XVhZ hijY^Zh i]Z XdjghZ ZmVb^cZY i]Z XdciZbedgVgn _jhi^XZ VcY Zi]^Xh ^h aZhh V X]d^XZ! i]Zc! i]Vc V bViiZg hdX^Va! ZXdcdb^X! VcY ^chi^iji^dcVa XdchigV^cih id i]Z d[ jg\ZcXn Å [dg bjai^eaZ Y^hX^ea^cZh Å ^[ i]ZgZ ^h id WZ Veea^XVi^dc d[ i]ZhZ i]Zdg^Zh VcY bZi]dYdad\^Zh# Vcn bZVc^c\[ja ^ciZgkZci^dc ^c XdciZbedgVgn X^i^Zh# I]^h iZVbÄiVj\]i ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn hZb^cVg ZmVb^cZY V l^YZ hZi d[ gZhedchZh id VcY egdiZhih V\V^chi i]Z h]VeZh d[ i]Z

Lbm^ IeZggbg` Zg] Lniihkm Lrlm^fl _hk =^o^ehif^gm

XdciZbedgVgn X^in VcY ^ckZhi^\ViZY kVg^djh ViiZbeih id ChgZmaZg FZkmbg% bglmkn\mhk XgZViZ l]Vi b^\]i dcXZ ]VkZ WZZc XVaaZY V WZiiZg a^[Z ^c i]Z NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1 X^in# I]Z hZb^cVg hdj\]i id _jmiVedhZ Y^[[ZgZci k^h^dch d[ l]Vi i]Vi a^[Z ^h! VcY [dhiZg YZWViZh WZilZZc i]Zb# 7ZXVjhZ I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY V WgdVYÄWVhZY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z gVi]Zg i]Vc WZ^c\ XdcXajh^dch dg VWhdajiZh! ÆZi]^XhÇ VcY bjai^eaZ ^hhjZh Vi eaVn ^c h^iZ YZh^\c! l]^X] l^aa aViZg WZ Æ_jhi^XZÇ VgZ [^ghi VcY [dgZbdhi fjZhi^dch [dg YZWViZ! Zc]VcXZY Wn egd[Zhh^dcVa egVXi^XZ VcY dWhZgkVi^dc# >c i]^h XdbejiZg iZX]cdad\n id heZX^ÒX eaVcbV`^c\ iVh`h hjX] Y^hXjhh^dc! VciV\dc^hb! VcY [jcYVbZciVa Y^hV\gZZbZcih# XdjghZ! hijYZcih WZXVbZ Xdb[dgiVWaZ eZg[dgb^c\ XZgiV^c Vh bVe egZhZciVi^dch! aVcY hj^iVW^a^in VcVanhZh! VcY i]Z >i ^h i]dhZ X]VaaZc\Zh i]Vi i]Z egd[Zhh^dc hZZbh egZhZcian hijY^Zh! Vgg^k^c\ Vi kVg^djh aVndjih VcY YZh^\ch! VcY YgVl^c\ d[ eaVch# I]Z iVc\^WaZ gZhjai d[ i]Z hZbZhiZgÉh ldg` id WZ Vkd^Y^c\! VcY ^i lVh i]ZgZ[dgZ egZX^hZan l]ZgZ i]^h XdbeaZi^c\ hZkZgVa ineZh d[ XVaXjaVi^dch VcY Zhi^bViZh# lVh V egd[Zhh^dcVaÄ\gVYZ aVcY jhZ eaVc i]Vi ^cXdgedgViZY hZb^cVg lVh h^iZY#

I]Z hijYZcih Vahd \gVheZY i]Z XdchZfjZcXZh d[ kVg^djh i]Z [jcYVbZciVah d[ aVcY jhZ eaVcc^c\ VcY i]Z eVgi^XjaVg VXi^dch! id \Vj\Z l]Vi XVc VcY XVccdi WZ YdcZ Z[[ZXi^kZan! ^ccdkVi^dch XgZViZY Wn i]Z eaVcc^c\ iZVbh#

IeZggbg` EZp

VcY id WZ VWaZ id Xdbbjc^XViZ l^i] iZX]c^XVa ZmeZgih#

G^`hmbZmbhg _hk IeZgg^kl

C^ggb_^k E^or $ :g]k^p L\a^k^k% bglmkn\mhkl NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

EZg] Nl^ IeZggbg`

E^^ Fbee^k% bglmkn\mhk

ChgZmaZg FZkmbg% bglmkn\mhk

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY i]Z aZ\Va [djcYVi^dch d[ eaVcc^c\ ^c NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2 I]^h XdjghZ ^cigdYjXZY hijYZcih id i]Z Vgi d[ cZ\di^Vi^dch#

i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# 8VhZ hijY^Zh VcY aZ\Va gZVY^c\h egdk^YZY

i]Z [djcYVi^dch [dg jcYZghiVcY^c\ odc^c\! Zck^gdcbZciVa I]^h XdjghZ egZhZciZY i]Z [jcYVbZciVah d[ aVcY jhZ EaVccZgh heZcY bjX] d[ i]Z^g i^bZ cZ\di^Vi^c\ nZi \ZcZgVaan aVl! VZhi]Zi^X gZ\jaVi^dch! VcY ]djh^c\ eda^X^Zh#

eaVcc^c\ Vh egVXi^XZY ^c i]Z JH idYVn VcY \VkZ hijYZcih i]Z YZkdiZ a^iiaZ i^bZ i]^c`^c\ VWdji ]dl id cZ\di^ViZ# I]Zn iZcY deedgijc^in id YZkZade VcY YZh^\c V aVcY jhZ eaVc [dg V hbVaa id [dXjh dcan dc i]Z djiXdbZh VX]^ZkZY VcY [V^a id ZmeadgZ

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh >gobkhgf^gmZe IeZggbg`

]nedi]Zi^XVa X^in# Eg^dg id YZkZade^c\ i]Z =ned8^in! hijYZcih ]dl i]Z egdXZhhZh dg iVXi^Xh dc l]^X] i]Zn gZan XdjaY ]VkZ

I^m^k FZk\hmneebh% bglmkn\mhk

hijY^ZY XdciZbedgVgn aVcY jhZ eaVcc^c\ ^hhjZh! ^cXajY^c\ WZZc kVg^ZY id ViiV^c ZkZc WZiiZg gZhjaih# I]Z \dVa d[ i]^h

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

jgWVc^oVi^dc VcY jgWVc \gdli] igZcYh! Zi]^Xh! fjVa^in d[ XdjghZ lVh id ZmeadgZ Wdi] i]Z i]ZdgZi^XVa VcY egVXi^XVa a^[Z ^cY^XVidgh! ZXdad\^XVa aVcY jhZ eaVcc^c\! VcY ^ccZg X^in VheZXih d[ cZ\di^Vi^c\ VcY ^cÓjZcX^c\# >c i]^h hZb^cVg!

I]^h XdjghZ egdk^YZY Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id i]Z WVX`\gdjcY VcY gZk^iVa^oVi^dc# 6iiZci^dc lVh Vahd \^kZc id l]Vi Xdchi^ijiZh V hijYZcih gZk^ZlZY i]Z a^iZgVijgZ YZVa^c\ l^i] cZ\di^Vi^c\ egVXi^XZ d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa eaVcc^c\ i]gdj\] V gZk^Zl d[ i]Z XdbegZ]Zch^kZ eaVc! eg^cX^eaZh d[ \ddY eaVcÄbV`^c\! l]ZgZ VcY ^cÓjZcX^c\! Zc\V\ZY ^c cZ\di^Vi^dch ^c V kVg^Zin d[ ]^hidgn d[ jgWVc Zck^gdcbZciVa eaVcc^c\ i]dj\]i VcY Vc id hiVgi! heZX^ÒX hiZeh id iV`Z! ^c[dgbVi^dc cZZYh! VcY ]dl hZii^c\h! VcY hijY^ZY i]Z cZ\di^Vi^c\ VcY ^c[ajZcX^c\ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc ^cid i]Z ^beVXih d[ jgWVc^oVi^dc Vi Y^[[ZgZci id X]ddhZ bZi]dYh id VXXdbbdYViZ V gVc\Z d[ Xdbbjc^in egdXZhh# I]Z \dVah d[ i]Z XdjghZ lZgZ id jcYZghiVcY i]Z hXVaZh# HijYZcih lZgZ Vahd ^cigdYjXZY id i]Z iddah d[ h^ijVi^dch# I]gdj\] XVhZ hijYn VcVanh^h d[ hZkZgVa aVg\ZÄhXVaZ ^bedgiVcXZ d[ YZkZade^c\ VcY ^beaZbZci^c\ cZ\di^Vi^c\ VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa eaVcc^c\ ^c dgYZg id ZkVajViZ ^hhjZh ^c Wdi] eaVccZY YZkZadebZcih ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in! hijYZcih aZVgcZY ^cÓjZcX^c\ higViZ\^Zh! id jcYZghiVcY eZghdcVa higZc\i]h VcY YZkZadeZY VcY YZkZade^c\ Xdjcig^Zh#

VcVani^X VcY hnci]Zi^X h`^aah! egVXi^XZY dgVa! \gVe]^X! VcY lZV`cZhhZh ^c cZ\di^Vi^c\! id WZ VWaZ id Veean i]ZdgZi^XVa lg^iiZc Xdbbjc^XVi^dc h`^aah! VcY eVgi^X^eViZY Vh Z[[ZXi^kZ XdcXZeih id i]Z YVnÄidÄYVn cZ\di^Vi^c\ deedgijc^i^Zh ^c

IeZggbg` _hk Nk[Zg >\hlrlm^fl

bZbWZgh d[ V eaVcc^c\ iZVb# :VX] iZVb YZiZgb^cZY i]Z l]^X] eaVccZgh ÒcY i]ZbhZakZh! VcY id ZmeadgZ i]Z Zi]^XVa

I^m^k FZk\hmneebh% bglmkn\mhk

hdX^dZXdcdb^X! XjaijgVa! Zck^gdcbZciVa! VcY eda^i^XVa ^hhjZh ^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ cZ\di^Vi^c\ VcY ^cÓjZcX^c\#

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

VheZXih d[ i]Z^g =ned8^in id [dgb V XdciZmi [dg eaVcc^c\ i]Vi VaadlZY i]Zb id ejghjZ eVgi^XjaVg ^hhjZh d[ ^ciZgZhi# IZVbh

Bgm^k]bl\biebgZkr IeZggbg` _hk A^Zema

I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY ZXdhnhiZb VeegdVX]Zh id jgWVc VhhZhhZY Zm^hi^c\ VcY ZbZg\^c\ Xdbbjc^in XdcY^i^dch0 FZkr Ghkmakb]`^ $ >eebhmm L\eZk% bglmkn\mhkl Zck^gdcbZciVa bVcV\ZbZci VcY eaVcc^c\# HijYZcih [dgbjaViZY \dVah0 igVchaViZY egd_ZXi^dch d[ ZXdcdb^X VcY NK;:G IE:GGBG@ LIKBG@ +))2 lZgZ Vh`ZY id ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z lVnh ^c l]^X] i]Z edejaVi^dc X]Vc\Z ^cid i]Z^g aVcY jhZ ^bea^XVi^dch [dg aVcY! ÆZXdhnhiZb VeegdVX]Ç ]Vh WZZc Veea^ZY VcY id Xdch^YZg adXVi^dc! VcY Xdbbjc^in hZgk^XZh0 YZiZgb^cZY i]Z hj^iVW^a^in I]Z c^cZiZZci]ÄXZcijgn YZkZadebZci d[ jgWVc eaVcc^c\ Vh i]Z ^bea^XVi^dch d[ i]ZhZ eZgheZXi^kZh [dg Zck^gdcbZciVa d[ aVcY VcY adXVi^dch [dg kVg^djh aVcY jhZh0 VcY Veea^ZY V egd[Zhh^dc VcY VXVYZb^X Y^hX^ea^cZ ]VY ^ih WVh^h ^c ejWa^X ]ZVai] ^c^i^Vi^kZh YZh^\cZY id ^begdkZ i]Z fjVa^in d[ a^[Z d[ jgWVc YlZaaZgh# 8dciZbedgVgn Zck^gdcbZciVa X]VaaZc\Zh VgZ dcXZ V\V^c jc^i^c\ i]Z ÒZaYh d[ jgWVc eaVcc^c\ VcY ejWa^X ]ZVai]# >c i]Z cZmi *% nZVgh! jgWVc eaVccZgh hZZ`^c\ id ^begdkZ i]Z fjVa^in d[ a^[Z [dg ^cXgZVh^c\ cjbWZgh d[ jgWVc gZh^YZcih i]gdj\]dji i]Z ldgaY l^aa \gVeeaZ l^i] bV_dg hdX^Va! eda^i^XVa! ZXdcdb^X! VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa ^hhjZh i]Vi V[[ZXi i]Z e]nh^XVa higjXijgZ d[ X^i^Zh VcY i]Z ]ZVai] d[ i]Z^g gZh^YZcih# Ide^Xh gVc\Z [gdb ^cXgZVhZh ^c jgWVc^oVi^dc VcY edejaVi^dc \gdli] ^c eddgZg gZ\^dch d[ i]Z ldgaY id i]Z \adWVa hegZVY d[ ^c[ZXi^djh Y^hZVhZh VcY i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ cZl gZ[j\ZZ edejaVi^dch Wgdj\]i VWdji! ^c eVgi! Wn \adWVa Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z# Ldg`^c\ id\Zi]Zg!


hX^Zci^hih VcY egd[Zhh^dcVah [gdb jgWVc eaVcc^c\ VcY ejWa^X gZY^hig^Wji^dc# I]ZhZ Vahd Xdbeg^hZ higdc\ WZ]Vk^dgVa VcY ]ZVai] bVn WZiiZg ZchjgZ i]Vi cZl Xdbbjc^i^Zh VgZ Wj^ai ^chi^iji^dcVa Vhhjbei^dch VWdji adXVa^in VcY cVi^dcVa^in VcY VcY daY Xdbbjc^i^Zh VgZ gZk^iVa^oZY id WZ bdgZ Z\Va^iVg^Vc! ]dl id gjc jgWVc VcY di]Zg YZkZadebZci egd_ZXih# hjhiV^cVWaZ! VcY! jai^bViZan! ]ZVai]^Zg [dg Vaa gZh^YZcih# I]Z \dVa d[ i]^h XdjghZ lVh id egdk^YZ i]Z ^YZVh VcY ^c[dgbVi^dc

Eh\Ze >\hghfb\ =^o^ehif^gm IeZggbg`

cZXZhhVgn id ^ciZ\gViZ Zck^gdcbZciVa k^VW^a^in VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ LmZ\^r Lnmmhg% bglmkn\mhk YZkZadebZci l^i] di]Zg eg^bVgn XdcXZgch d[ jgWVc eaVccZgh NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1 VcY ejWa^X ]ZVai] hX^Zci^hih VcY egVXi^i^dcZgh! cVbZan! hdX^Va _jhi^XZ! ]jbVc g^\]ih! Zck^gdcbZciVa ^ciZ\g^in! VcY ]ZVai] ^c I]^h hZb^cVg ZmVb^cZY eaVcc^c\ iZX]c^fjZh VcY XdcXZeijVa i]Z WgdVYZhi hZchZ! id ^cXajYZ lZaaÄWZ^c\ VcY fjVa^in d[ a^[Z#

[gVbZldg`h Xdbbdcan jhZY id [dgbjaViZ! ^beaZbZci! VcY VhhZhh adXVa ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci A:9 # >i WZ\Vc l^i] Vc

Bg]nlmkbZebsZmbhg% M^\agheh`b^l Zg] Nk[ZgbsZmbhg

dkZgk^Zl d[ ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci i]Zdgn VcY edejaVg VcVani^X

LfbmZ LkbgboZl% bglmkn\mhk

ZmVb^cZY Xg^i^XVa eZgheZXi^kZh d[ XdckZci^dcVa VeegdVX]Zh Xdch^YZg ediZci^Va h]dgiÄiZgb VcY adc\ÄiZgb Zck^gdcbZciVa

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

VcY WZ\Vc id YZkZade i]Z^g dlc kd^XZh ^c ZmiVci YZWViZh Wn Z[[ZXih d[ egd_ZXih dg VXi^dch# I]ZhZ gZ\jaVi^dch VcY egdXZhhZh

iZX]c^fjZh [dg VhhZhh^c\ adXVa ZXdcdb^Zh0 hijYZcih i]Zc GZk^Zl 8:FG egdXZhh Å gZfj^gZ ejWa^X YZX^h^dcÄbV`Zgh id

Zmeadg^c\ i]Z ediZci^Vah VcY a^b^ih d[ VaiZgcVi^kZ VeegdVX]Zh hZi [dgi] heZX^ÒX egdXZYjgZh dg bZi]dYdad\^Zh id [daadl ^c i]Z I]^h hZb^cVg [dXjhZY dc iZX]cdad\^XVa X]Vc\Z ^c ^cYjhÄ id A:9! jh^c\ CZl Ndg` 8^in Vh V eg^bVgn aVWdgVidgn# I]^h egZeVgVi^dc d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa VhhZhhbZcih dg Zck^gdcbZciVa ig^Va^oVi^dc VcY ^ih ^chi^iji^dcVa gZaVi^dch]^e id jgWVc ldg` hZb^cVg YZbVcYZY i]Vi hijYZcih gZ[aZXi dc lVnh i]Vi ^beVXi hiViZbZcih# I]Z gZ\jaVi^dch Vahd gZfj^gZ ^cXdgedgVi^dc VcY hdX^Zin#

Vhhjbei^dch VWdji i]Z ÆejWa^X \ddY!Ç Zfj^iVWaZ YZkZadebZci! d[ ejWa^X eVgi^X^eVi^dc VcY V\ZcXn XddgY^cVi^dc Vi hZkZgVa ÆejWa^XÇ VcY Æeg^kViZÇ ^ciZgZhih! hdX^Va higVi^[^XVi^dc! i]Z hiZeh ^c i]Z egdXZhh# I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY i]Z `Zn egdXZYjgVa

<hfiZkZmbo^ Nk[Zg EZ[hk FZkd^ml

bVg`Zi! gVX^Va^oVi^dc d[ heVXZ! Xdhih VcY WZcZÒih! ZfjVa^in! ZaZbZcih d[ C:E6! H:FG6! VcY 8:FG! i]Z `Zn VcVani^X

LfbmZ LkbgboZl% bglmkn\mhk

VcY \Zd\gVe]^X hXVaZ cZ^\]Wdg]ddY! X^in! gZ\^dc! \adWVa V[[ZXi iZX]c^fjZh jhZY ^c ^beVXi VhhZhhbZci! VcY ]dl Veea^XVi^dc d[

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

i]Z lVnh lZ VeegdVX] A:9 eaVcc^c\ VcY YZX^h^dcÄbV`^c\ VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa ^beVXi VhhZhhbZci V[[ZXih egd_ZXi djiXdbZ# ^cÓjZcXZ i]Z ineZh d[ djiXdbZh lZ VXXZei Vh Æ[V^g VcY _jhi#Ç

I]ZgZ ^h egdWVWan cd di]Zg VXi^k^in i]Vi a^c`h eZdeaZ VcY eaVXZ HijYZcih XVbZ VlVn [gdb i]^h hZb^cVg gZVYn id ZmVb^cZ

AZke^f3 NgfZdbg` h_ Z @a^mmh

^c bdgZ XdbeaZm lVnh i]Vc ldg`# Ldg` gZbV^ch V eg^bVgn ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci Y^aZbbVh l^i] Wdi] iZX]c^XVa VXjbZc <Zfbeh O^k`ZkZ% bglmkn\mhk adXjh d[ ]jbVc ^YZci^in VcY bdW^a^oVi^dc# :kZc l^i] aVWdjg VcY ZhhZci^Va! nZi jcYZgÄZbe]Vh^oZY! Xg^i^XVa i]^c`^c\ h`^aah#

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

b^\gVi^dc WZilZZc X^i^Zh VcY VXgdhh Xdjcig^Zh! jgWVc ldg` Xdci^cjZh id VcX]dg eZdeaZ id i]Z^g hjggdjcY^c\h ^c bjai^eaZ

>gobkhgf^gmZe BfiZ\m :ll^llf^gm

Jh^c\ e]did\gVe]n Vh V idda! i]^h XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc gZXZci

lVnh# EVgi^XjaVg aVWdg bVg`Zih ]VkZ heZX^ÒX X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh# @kZaZf Mk^elmZ]% bglmkn\mhk

igVch[dgbVi^dch ^c =VgaZbÉh Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci Vh i]Z

;jgi]ZgbdgZ! i]Z X]Vc\^c\ Y^k^h^dc d[ aVWdg VeeZVgh id NK;:G IE:GGBG@% LIKBG@ +))2

cZ^\]Wdg]ddY ]Vh \dcZ [gdb V egZYdb^cViZan 6[g^XVcÄ

YgVbVi^XVaan V[[ZXi i]Z bVccZg ^c l]^X] eZdeaZ eVgi^X^eViZ ^c

6bZg^XVc VcY \ZcZgVaan eddg Xdbbjc^in id V bdgZ V[ÓjZci

hdX^Va! ZXdcdb^X! VcY eda^i^XVa [VXZih d[ jgWVc VcY cVi^dcVa a^[Z# I]Z CVi^dcVa :ck^gdcbZciVa Eda^Xn 6Xi VcY i]Z hZkZgVa hiViZ dg VcY gVX^Vaan b^mZY Xdbbjc^in k^V \Zcig^ÒXVi^dc# HijYZcih I]Z ^cXgZVh^c\ ^ciZgÄXdccZXiZYcZhh d[ hZXidgh VXgdhh cVi^dcVa adXVa gZ\jaVi^dch gZfj^g^c\ Zck^gdcbZciVa ^beVXi VhhZhhbZci ji^a^oZY KZg\VgVÉh bVeÄWVhZY lZW h^iZ d[ e]did\gVe]h ^c WdjcYVg^Zh Xdbea^XViZh i]Z \dkZgcVcXZ d[ ldg`# H^cXZ ldg` ^h Å ^cXajY^c\ i]Z CZl Ndg` HiViZ :ck^gdcbZciVa FjVa^in GZk^Zl XdbW^cVi^dc l^i] dWhZgkVi^dcVa VcY ^ciZgk^Zl^c\ iZX]c^fjZh V bV_dg ^cÓjZcXZ dc jgWVc igVchedgiVi^dc hnhiZbh! ]djh^c\! 6Xi H:FG6 VcY i]Z CZl Ndg` 8^in :ck^gdcbZciVa FjVa^in id jcYZghiVcY ]dl =VgaZb ]Vh X]Vc\ZY# di]Zg ejWa^X ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! egdXZhh^c\ odcZh! VcY [VXidg^Zh! ZmVb^cZY i]Z ^chi^iji^dch i]Vi XgZViZ bVg`Zih [gdb ldg`! Vh

CZrpZedbg` bg L^e^\m^] :k^Zl h_ FZgaZmmZg3 : Lrfimhf h_ Z MkZ_Ö\ IeZggbg` Ikh[e^f

lZaa Vh eV^Y VcY jceV^Y ldg`# JcYZghiVcY^c\ ]dl ldg` ^h

=Zgb^e ;^k`^k

higjXijgZY VcY \dkZgcZY idYVn VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY egdk^YZY V

=Zob] Dbg`% Z]oblhk

i]ZhZ igZcYh VgZ d[ eVgi^XjaVg ^ciZgZhi# HijYZcih Xg^i^XVaan

NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

WZiiZg \gVhe d[ i]Z ZkZgnYVn [jcXi^dc^c\ d[ X^inÄgZ\^dch VcY Vc VeegZX^Vi^dc d[ ]dl i]Zn XVc WZ eaVccZY VcY \dkZgcZY id egdbdiZ ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci VcY Zfj^in# >i Vahd egdk^YZh V ]^hidg^XVa VcY XdciZbedgVgn i]ZdgZi^XVa XdciZmi l^i]^c l]^X] id Zcfj^gZ VWdji hXVaZh VcY ineZh d[ \dkZgcVcXZ#

Ma^ Ihebmb\Ze >\hghfr h_ =^o^ehif^gm IeZggbg`

>chigjXidgh EZiZg BVgXdijaa^d BVgn Cdgi]g^Y\Z :aa^dii HXaVg Hb^iV Hg^c^kVh HiVXZn Hjiidc <gV]Vb IgZahiVY

HdbZ d[ i]Z YZchZhi eVgih d[ BVc]ViiVc VgZ ÒaaZY l^i] eZYZhig^Vch! nZi i]Z igV[ÒX eaVcc^c\ VcY h^\cVa^oVi^dc ^c i]ZhZ VgZVh [Vkdgh VjidbdW^aZh# I]^h i]Zh^h egdedhZh i]Vi _VnlVa`^c\ Å Xgdhh^c\ i]Z higZZi ^c YZÒVcXZ d[ V igV[ÒX h^\cVa dg ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z higZZi l]ZgZ Xgdhh^c\ ^h ^aaZ\Va Å ^h cdi V bZcVXZ id i]Z higZZih Wji gVi]Zg V hnbeidb d[

LfbmZ LkbgboZl% bglmkn\mhk

i]Z XjggZci igV[ÒX eaVcc^c\Éh W^Vh idlVgY i]Z VjidbdW^aZ#

NK;:G IE:GGBG@% ?:EE +))1

I]Z i]Zh^h Vg\jZh i]Vi eZYZhig^Vc bdYZ ^h Vh ^bedgiVci Vh

i]Z Vjid bdYZ ^c i]ZhZ VgZVh VcY h]djaY WZ igZViZY Vh hjX]#

Eda^i^XVa ZXdcdbn XVc WZ YZhXg^WZY Vh i]Z hijYn d[

I]gdj\] hjgkZnh l^i] eZYZhig^Vch VcY Y^gZXi dWhZgkVi^dc! i]Z

^chi^iji^dch VcY bdYZh d[ \dkZgcVcXZ# >i ViiZbeih id XVeijgZ

cjbWZg d[ eZYZhig^Vch ^c i]Z VgZV lVh h]dlc id WZ ]^\]Zg

Y^[[ZgZci bdYZah d[ ]dl hdX^ZinÉh eda^i^Xh VcY ZXdcdbn VgZ

i]Vc i]Z cjbWZg d[ XVgh! i]Z gViZ d[ _VnlVa`^c\ lVh a^c`ZY

^ciZgil^cZY# >i ^h Vahd V Y^hXZgc^c\ add` Vi i]Z aVc\jV\Z!

id i]Z gVi^d d[ eZYZhig^Vch id XVgh! VcY VkZgV\Z lV^i i^bZ Vi

bdYZah! VcY VXijVa ]^hidgn d[ hdX^Va X]Vc\Z# I]ZgZ VgZ bVcn

V Æ9dcÉi LVa`Ç h^\c lVh h]dlc id ]VkZ hdbZ gZaVi^dch]^e

ÆhX]ddahÇ l^i]^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ eda^i^XVa ZXdcdbn ViiZbei^c\

id _VnlVa`^c\# I]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ bdgZ AZVY^c\ EZYZhig^Vc

id YZhXg^WZ ^hhjZh hjX] Vh i]Z gdaZ d[ i]Z hiViZ! i]Z dei^bVa

>ciZgkVah! cZX`Ydlch! VcY h^\cVa^oZY b^YWadX` Xgdhh^c\h ^h

eVi] id YZkZadebZci! VcY i]Z bdhi Zfj^iVWaZ [dgbh d[

gZXdbbZcYZY! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z eda^Xn d[ YVna^\]i^c\#


Y^heVg^in ^c jgWVc YZkZadebZci ^h ZheZX^Vaan hig^`^c\ l]Zc XdbeVgZY id i]Z YZkZadebZci inedad\n d[ i]Z OdcV A^WgZ YZ 8dadc ;gZZ IgVYZ OdcZ ! l]^X] ^h heVi^Vaan hZeVgViZY [gdb i]Z X^in Wn _jhi V [Zl \jVgYZY \ViZh# I]ZgZ[dgZ! i]^h i]Zh^h VYYgZhhZh ^c eVgi^XjaVg ]dl adXVa aVWdg hdjgX^c\ XVc WZ VXXdbbdYViZY ^c i]Z OdcV A^WgZ YZ 8dadc# I]Z i]Zh^h XdcXajYZh l^i] hdbZ eaVcc^c\ VcY eda^Xn gZXdbbZcYVi^dch [dg VYYgZhh^c\ i]ZhZ YZkZadebZci Y^hXdci^cj^i^Zh#

Ma^ =^\^gmkZebsZmbhg h_ IZll^g`^k MkZbg LmZmbhgl bg ma^ Ngbm^] LmZm^l <a^el^Z @e^bl

Ik^l^kobg` KZ\blf3 Ma^ G^p Rhkd <bmr EZg]fZkdl Ik^l^koZmbhg <hffbllbhg

i]Z [daadl^c\/ Vbdc\ V h^\c^ÒXVci edgi^dc d[ K a^WÉ jhZgh! =Zob] Dbg`% Z]oblhk

CZf^l <h\dl

[gdb Wjh VcY bZigd jhZ0 adc\Zg K a^WÉ ig^eh iZcY id WZ

Hp^g @nm_k^ng]% Z]oblhk

jcYZgZhi^bViZY0 VcY V lVa`VW^a^in bZVhjgZ d[ '%% bZiZgh GZhjai^c\ [gdb i]Z edhiÄLdgaY LVg >> YZXa^cZ d[ J#H#

NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

id i]Z cZVgZhi W^`Z hiVi^dc VeeZVgh id ^cÓjZcXZ hiVi^dchÉ ^ciZgX^in eVhhZc\Zg gV^a! bVcn eVhhZc\Zg igV^c hiVi^dch lZgZ

i]Z K a^WÉ hnhiZb hZgkZh Vh V hjWhi^ijiZ XdbbjiZg bdYZ NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

aZkZa d[ jhZ# Jai^bViZan! Vai]dj\] i]Z YViV VgZ ^chj[ÒX^Zci YZbda^h]ZY [dg gZYZkZadebZci! `Zei VcY XdckZgiZY [dg di]Zg I]^h i]Zh^h ZkVajViZh i]Z YZX^h^dch d[ i]Z CZl Ndg` id WZ XdcXajh^kZ! i]^h i]Zh^h egdedhZh i]Vi ^c^i^Va hnhiZb jhZ! dg VWVcYdcZY Zci^gZan i]gdj\]dji i]Z &.*%h! &.+%h! VcY 8^in AVcYbVg`h EgZhZgkVi^dc 8dbb^hh^dc AE8 dkZg hXVaZ VcY YZch^in d[ W^`Z hiVi^dch Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z dkZgVaa &.,%h 7nZ &.,( # ;daadl^c\ i]Z &.,& [djcY^c\ d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa V )%ÄnZVg eZg^dY! Yjg^c\ l]^X] dkZg ''!%%% egdeZgi^Zh hjXXZhh d[ V W^`ZÄh]Vg^c\ egd\gVb! Vh bZVhjgZY Wn Wdi] GV^agdVY EVhhZc\Zg 8dgedgVi^dc! `cdlc Vh 6bigV`! Xdci^cj^c\ lZgZ YZh^\cViZY ^c ]^hidg^X Y^hig^Xih# I]Z bZi]dYdad\n g^YZgh]^e VcY bdYVa h]^[ih#

igV^c hZgk^XZ Z^i]Zg hZgkZY hiVi^dch i]Vi hi^aa Zm^hiZY dg! [dg i]Z

YZkZadeh V hnhiZb d[ bZVhjg^c\ hdX^Va X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh

Òghi i^bZ h^cXZ &.*%! deZgVi^dch lZgZ h]^[iZY id cZl hiVi^dch#

l^i]^c Y^hig^Xih gZaVi^kZ id i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z X^in! Wdi] Vi i]Z i^bZ d[ YZh^\cVi^dc VcY ^c i]Z YZXVYZh [daadl^c\# I]^h ^h Veea^ZY VXgdhh kVg^djh ^ciZch^i^Zh VcY ^cY^XVidgh# I]Z '+%

K^mabgdbg` In[eb\ Bgo^lmf^gm3 Ikh_^l& lbhgZe Lihkml LmZ]bnfl Zg] :k^gZl Zl =kbo^kl _hk =hpgmhpg K^obmZebsZmbhg

=dlZkZg! bjX] ]VY X]Vc\ZY h^cXZ i]Z ZVga^Zg \ZcZgVi^dc d[ hiVi^dch lZgZ Wj^ai# 6bdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h! hiVi^dc ÒcVcX^c\ cdl XVbZ [gdb 6bigV`Éh a^b^iZY VaadXVi^dc d[ [ZYZgVa [jcY^c\

bZVhjgZbZcih ZkVajViZ ÒkZ WVh^X XViZ\dg^Zh/ egdm^b^in id Mre^k ?Zbk[Zbkg

gVi]Zg i]Vc eg^kViZ gV^agdVY XdbeVc^Zh# 6h V gZhjai! i]Z

cZl YZkZadebZci! gVX^Va Xdbedh^i^dc! dlcZg dXXjeVcXn Wn Hp^g @nm_k^ng]% Z]oblhk

hiVi^dch lZgZ bVg`ZYan Y^[[ZgZci [gdb i]Z^g egZYZXZhhdgh ^c

gVXZ! ZYjXVi^dc Wn gVXZ! VcY ^cXdbZ Wn gVXZ#

NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

I]Z gZhjaih h]dl VXgdhh cZVgan ZkZgn ^cY^XVidg i]Vi i]Z

VeeZVgVcXZ! h^oZ VcY! bdgZ ^bedgiVcian! adXVi^dc# Bn ]nedi]Zh^h ^h i]Vi ^ciZgX^in eVhhZc\Zg igV^c hiVi^dch

YZX^h^dch d[ i]Z AE8 ]VkZ [VkdgZY l]^iZh dkZg b^cdg^i^Zh! L]^aZ bjX] d[ i]Z Zm^hi^c\ a^iZgVijgZ Y^hXjhh^c\ egd[Zhh^dcVa Wj^ai V[iZg i]Z &.,& [djcY^c\ d[ 6bigV` lZgZ h^iZY [jgi]Zg ZkZc l]Zc VXXdjci^c\ [dg Y^[[ZgZcXZh ^c ^cXdbZ! dlcZg dX" hedgih hiVY^jbh VcY VgZcVh XdcXajYZh i]Vi ejWa^X [gdb X^in XZciZgh i]Vc daYZg dcZh YjZ id V cjbWZg d[ [VX" XjeVcXn! VcY ZYjXVi^dc aZkZah# 6[ÓjZci! l]^iZ cZ^\]Wdg" [jcY^c\ d[ i]ZhZ [VX^a^i^Zh YdZh cdi egdk^YZ bjc^X^eVa^i^Zh idgh ^cXajY^c\ YZXgZVhZY [jcY^c\ VkV^aVW^a^in! Y^hbVciaZY ]ddYh ]VkZ gZXZ^kZY i]Z a^dcÉh h]VgZ d[ YZh^\cVi^dch! l]^aZ l^i] V gZVhdcVWaZ gZijgc dc i]Z^g ^ckZhibZci! i]ZgZ ^h ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! jgWVc YZXZcigVa^oVi^dc! VcY i]Z ]^\] Xdhih eddg! b^cdg^in cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh ]VkZ WZZc YZh^\cViZY Y^h" XdbeVgVi^kZan a^iiaZ hX]daVgh]^e VYYgZhh^c\ i]Z ^hhjZ [gdb d[ ]^hidg^X egZhZgkVi^dc# > WZa^ZkZ hiVi^dc h^i^c\ ^h ^bedgiVci egdedgi^dcViZan bdgZ i]Vc eddg l]^iZ dcZh# <^kZc jcZkZc V eaVcc^c\ eZgheZXi^kZ# I]^h i]Zh^h! i]gdj\] fjVa^iVi^kZ VcY WZXVjhZ V aVX` d[ egdm^b^in id XZcigVa Wjh^cZhh Y^hig^Xih Xdhih VcY WZcZÒih d[ YZh^\cVi^dc VXgdhh Y^[[ZgZci hdX^Va fjVci^iVi^kZ VcVanhZh! ^YZci^ÒZY X^in VcY gZ\^dcVa eaVcc^c\ hig^eh hiVi^dch d[ Vc ^bedgiVci igV^c WZcZÒi Å WZ^c\ VWaZ id \gdjeh! i]^h i]Zh^h XdcXajYZh i]Vi i]Z AE8 ^h egZhZgk^c\ \dVah i]Vi bVn Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z hjXXZhh[ja ^ciZ\gVi^dc igVkZa [gdb i]Z XZciZg d[ dcZ X^in id i]Z XZciZg d[ Vcdi]Zg Å V gVX^Va Y^k^YZ#

d[ V hiVY^jb VcY$dg VgZcV ^cid V WgdVYZg Ydlcidlc VcY a^b^ih i]Z edh^i^kZ ^beVXih hiVi^dch XVc ]VkZ dc X^i^Zh!

;^cVaan! eda^X^Zh VgZ gZXdbbZcYZY id ^begdkZ Y^kZgh^in gZk^iVa^oVi^dc eaVc# L]Zc eaVccZY gZhedch^Wan! egd[Zhh^dcVa hjX] Vh bV^ciV^c^c\ dg Xdcig^Wji^c\ id i]Z gZÄZhiVWa^h]^c\ VcY hdX^Va Zfj^in#

hedgih hiVY^jbh bVn hZgkZ Vh Y^hig^Xi VcY cZ^\]Wdg]ddY d[ V higdc\ XZcigVa Wjh^cZhh Y^hig^Xi# VcX]dgh Vi i]Z XZciZg d[ Ydlcidlc gZk^iVa^oVi^dc Z[[dgih#

Fh]Ze Lab_m mh O eb[Í3 : <h`gbmbo^ FZiibg` :iikhZ\a

I]^h eVeZg VcVanhZh i]Z [ViZ d[ daY igV^c hiVi^dch! i]Z X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ cZl dcZh! VcY l]Zi]Zg i]Z cZl hiVi^dch

=^o^ehif^gm =bl\hgmbgnbmb^l3 :g >oZen& Zmbhg h_ ma^ EZ[hk FZkd^m Zg Bg]nlmkbZe Bgm^`kZmbhg [^mp^^g <hehg% IZgZfZ Zg] ma^ ShgZ Eb[k^ !?k^^ MkZ]^ Shg^"

VgZ! ^c [VXi! [jgi]Zg [gdb X^in XZciZgh# 6YY^i^dcVaan i]^h eVeZg

Lm^_Zgb^ @Zkkr

I]^h i]Zh^h ZmVb^cZY i]Z aVg\Zan hjXXZhh[ja W^`ZÄh]Vg^c\ LfbmZ LkbgboZl% Z]oblhk

<hgm^qmnZe Shgbg` bg G^p Rhkd <bmr3 F^Z& lnkbg` bml >__^\ml hg :]cZ\^gm G^b`a[hkahh]l

hnhiZb ÆAZ K a^WÉÇ ^c EVg^h# 7n egdW^c\ i]Z igVkZa WZ]Vk^dg NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

DZkhebgZ @k^[hpb^\ÈAZee

VcY bdYVa h]^[ih d[ K a^WÉ jhZgh! i]Z \dVa d[ i]^h gZhZVgX]

EZg\^ ?k^^fZg% Z]oblhk

Ma^k^l^ =b^]^ =Zob] Dbg`% Z]oblhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

ZmVb^cZh i]Z ^cig^ch^X kVajZ d[ XZcigVa^oZY igV^c hiVi^dch Å Wdi] [dg X^i^Zh VcY i]Z [jijgZ d[ J#H# eVhhZc\Zg gV^a#

^h id ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z ^ciZgeaVn WZilZZc Wdi] gZVa VcY 9gVl^c\ dc YViV [gdb Wdi] fjVci^iVi^kZ VcY fjVa^iVi^kZ NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL eZgXZ^kZY Z[[ZXih d[ W^`ZÄh]Vg^c\ Vh V cZl igVchedgiVi^dc hdjgXZh! i]^h i]Zh^h hZZ`h id YZiZgb^cZ jcYZg l]Vi dei^dc ^c i]Z X^in# >c[dgbZY Wn i]Z Xd\c^i^kZ bVee^c\ XdcY^i^dch ZXdcdb^Zh i]Vi VgZ X]VgVXiZg^oZY Wn [gZZ igVYZ I]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ XdciZmijVa odc^c\ gZ\jaVi^dch ^c CZl a^iZgVijgZ! i]Z hijYn bZi]dYdad\n ^ckdakZY i]Z \Vi]Zg^c\ odcZh! dg edgi VcY VcX^aaVgn ad\^hi^Xh hZgk^XZh XVc ^begdkZ Ndg` 8^in id XjgiV^a XdchigjXi^dc i]Vi ^h ^cXdch^hiZci l^i] V d[ gdjiZ h`ZiX]Zh [gdb K a^WÉ jhZghÉ VcY VcVano^c\ i]Z i]Z adXVa hdjgX^c\ d[ i]Z^g aVWdg# I]Z XjggZci Y^higZhhZY cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh X]VgVXiZg ]Vh XdcXZgcZY Xdbbjc^i^Zh gZhjai^c\ bVeh ^c gZaVi^dc id bdYVa h]^[ih id K a^WÉ! ig^e jgWVc [dgb d[ 8dadc! EVcVbV VcY i]Z edejaVi^dcÉh hdX^dÄ l]d eZgXZ^kZ V i]gZVi [gdb i]Z ediZci^Va Y^heaVXZbZci d[ ejgedhZ! VcY ig^e Y^hiVcXZ Zhi^bVi^dc# >c VYY^i^dc! i]Z ZXdcdb^X ^cY^XVidgh gZÓZXi V aVX` d[ ^ciZ\gViZY jgWVc! YZkZadebZci id VgZVh VY_VXZci id XdciZmijVa# I]^h i]Zh^h i]Zh^h jhZh <>H id iZhi [dg heVi^Va eViiZgch VXXdgY^c\ id hdX^Va! VcY ZXdcdb^X eaVcc^c\ ^c i]Z X^in! l]^X] ]Vh WZZc bZVhjgZh X]Vc\Zh ^c YZkZadebZci WZ[dgZ VcY V[iZg gZodc^c\ aZkZah d[ hiVi^dc jhZ# I]Z ÒcY^c\h ^c i]^h eVeZg ^cXajYZ ZmVXZgWViZY Wn Y^h^ckZhibZci ^c i]Z adXVa aVWdg [dgXZ# I]^h jh^c\ cZl XdchigjXi^dc YViV VcY egdeZgin kVajZh l^i]^c


i]Z XjggZci egdWaZbh! bZZi bjai^eaZ \dVah VcY VYVei ^ihZa[ id i]Z ZbZg\^c\ gV^alVn bVg`Zi VcY ^cig^XViZ adXVa XdciZmi ^c V hjhiV^cVWaZ VcY Z[ÒX^Zci lVn#

@k^^g Khh_l3 FZqbfbsbg` G^p Rhkd <bmrÍl Ng]^knmbebs^] Khh_mhil GZhfb A^kllhgÈKbg`ldh` Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% Z]oblhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

CZl Ndg` 8^in ^h V ]^\]an jgWVc^oZY Zck^gdcbZci l^i] V kVhi aVcYhXVeZ jcYZgji^a^oZY gdd[ideh# <gZZc gdd[ iZX]cdad\n ^h fjVgiZgÄ VcY ]Va[Äb^aZ Wj[[Zgh VgdjcY ilZcin XdciZmijVa i]Z^g ^ciZgYZeZcYZci gZaVi^dch]^eh XgZViZ V cZl cZildg` dcZ hdaji^dc id i]Z YZaZiZg^djh Z[[ZXih d[ WVggZc gdd[ideh# Y^hig^Xih id YZiZgb^cZ l]Zi]Zg Vbdjcih d[ YZkZadebZci YncVb^X l^i] \gZViZg edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg hdX^Va ^cXajh^dc i]Vc =dlZkZg i]Z X]VaaZc\Zh id gZigd[^ii^c\ gdd[ideh VgZ VcY X]Vc\Zh ^c egdeZgin kVajZh VgZ Y^hegdedgi^dcVaan Vcn dcZ d[ i]Z hnhiZbh ^cYZeZcYZcian#

bjai^eaZ# I]Zn ^cXajYZ i]Z a^b^iZY h^oZ d[ i]Z \gZZc gdd[

\gZViZg ^c VgZVh egdm^bViZ id XdciZmijVa Y^hig^Xih#

ÒZaY! i]Z ]^\] Xdhi d[ \gZZc gdd[ iZX]cdad\n! i]Z aVX` d[

<kbfbgZebsbg` ma^ Ahf^e^ll3 Par ]h <bmb^l <ahhl^ <kbfbgZebsZmbhg Zl Z Iheb\r mh :]]k^ll Ahf^e^llg^ll8 DZl^r EZ?eZf

:\\^ll ?^^ Zg] K^_hkf Himbhgl _hk <abg^l^ KZbepZrl

\dkZgcbZci aZVYZgh]^e VcY i]Z ^cVYZfjViZ Zk^YZcXZ d[

CbnrnZg Ebn

i]ZhZ ^cVYZfjVX^Zh! ^begdkZbZcih XVc WZ YdcZ Wdi] Wn

Lb`nk] @kZoZ% Z]oblhk

i]Z ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ hZXidgh# I]Zn VgZ & ^cXgZVh^c\ i]Z

NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

XdbeZi^i^kZcZhh d[ \gZZc gdd[ XdcigVXidgh ' adlZg^c\ i]Z

EZg\^ ?k^^fZg% Z]oblhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

di]Zg ediZci^Va WZcZÒih d[ \gZZc gdd[ iZX]cdad\n# 9Zhe^iZ

Xdhi d[ \gZZc gdd[ iZX]cdad\n ( ^cXgZVh^c\ \dkZgcbZciÉh 6XXZhh [ZZ! dg gV^alVn igVX` jhZ X]Vg\Zh! eaVnh V `Zn gdaZ ^c gdaZ ^c hi^bjaVi^c\ VYdei^dc d[ \gZZc gdd[h VcY ) dc\d^c\ YZkZade^c\ gZhigjXijg^c\ VcY gZ[dgb^c\ dei^dch [dg cVi^dcVa YViV XdaaZXi^dc id ZkVajViZ i]Z gdaZ d[ \gZZc gdd[h ^c i]Z X^in#

8^i^Zh VXgdhh i]Z Xdjcign VgZ higj\\a^c\ l^i] YZkZade^c\ gV^alVnh! l]^X] \ZcZgVaan ]VkZ hj[[ZgZY hjWhiVci^kZ YZXa^cZ

bVcn X^i^Zh ]VkZ gZhedcYZY Wn VYdei^c\ Vci^Ä]dbZaZhh :jgdeZ VcY 6h^V! id ZmeadgZ ^chi^iji^dcVa gZbZY^Zh! bdhian

<hffngbmr K^obmZebsZmbhg bg ;Zembfhk^3 :g >oZenZmbhg h_ FZkreZg]Íl G^b`a[hk& ahh] ;nlbg^ll Phkdl Ikh`kZf

dgY^cVcXZh i]Vi Z[[ZXi^kZan ^aaZ\Va^oZ i]Z hiVijh d[ WZ^c\ l^i] egZhZcXZ d[ VXXZhh [ZZ#

:[]ne LZ[hhk

Z[[ZXi^kZ eda^Xn VeegdVX]Zh id VYYgZhh^c\ ^cXgZVh^c\ VcY kVg^djh `^cYh d[ Y^[ÒXjai^Zh [dg YZXVYZh# IgZbZcYdjh cjbWZgh d[ ]dbZaZhh ^cY^k^YjVah VcY [Vb^a^Zh# 6h V gZhjai Z[[dgih lZgZ bVYZ VXVYZb^XVaan VcY egVXi^XVaan ^c JH!

]dbZaZhh# GZhZVgX] ]Vh [dXjhZY dc i]Z egdWaZbh i]^h

I]^h eVeZg VcVanoZh! i]gdj\] i]Z aZch d[ VXXZhh [ZZ! i]Z =Zob] Dbg`% Z]oblhk

eda^Xn VeegdVX] edhZh [dg eZdeaZ a^k^c\ dc i]Z higZZih! nZi Zm^hi^c\ hiViZ d[ 8]^cZhZ GV^alVnh 8G VcY V cdiVWaZ Wji NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL ^i ]Vh [V^aZY id ZmVb^cZ i]Z jcYZgan^c\ [VXidgh i]Vi egdbei jchjXXZhh[ja ZmeZg^bZci l^i] V gZhigjXijg^c\ eaVc [gdb X^i^Zh id VYdei i]ZhZ dgY^cVcXZh# I]Z gZhZVgX] egZhZciZY '%%% id '%%(! l]^X] ^ciZcYZY id hZeVgViZ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ CZ^\]Wdg]ddY 7jh^cZhh Ldg`h Egd\gVb C7LE ^h V ^c i]^h eVeZg WZ\^ch id ZmVb^cZ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc [gdb deZgVi^dc d[ eVhhZc\Zg VcY [gZ^\]i hZgk^XZh# > bV`Z egd\gVb d[ BVgnaVcY 9ZeVgibZci d[ =djh^c\ VcY 8dbbjc^in i]Z higjXijgVa XVjhZh d[ ]dbZaZhhcZhh VcY i]Z gZhedchZ gZXdbbZcYVi^dch l^i] VXXZhh [ZZ Vh i]Z XdgZ e^ZXZ d[ [jg" 9ZkZadebZci i]Vi hig^kZh id egdbdiZ XdbbZgX^Va gZk^iVa^oVi^dc id Xg^b^cVa^oZ ^i# I]^h eVeZg Vahd djia^cZh V hj\\ZhiZY i]Zg ^chi^iji^dcVa dei^dch [dg 8]^cZhZ GV^alVnh id VYYgZhh d[ i]Z Zm^hi^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh# >i lVh XgZViZY ^c &..* VcY ]Vh [gVbZldg` [dg [jgi]Zg VcVanh^h d[ i]Z Xg^b^cVa^oVi^dc egdXZhh d[ ]dbZaZhhcZhh VcY eda^Xn gZXdbbZcYVi^dch [dg bdgZ hdX^Vaan VcY Zi]^XVaan gZhedch^WaZ VeegdVX]Zh id ZcY^c\ ]dbZaZhhcZhh#

Ahp <Zg Bg_hkfZmbhg <hffngb\Zmbhg M^\agheh`b^l :]]k^ll Lh\bh^\hghfb\ Bg^jnZebmb^l8 <ehlbg` ma^ =b`bmZe =bob]^ bg ma^ ;khgq Lm^iaZgb^ Ebf LfbmZ LkbgboZl% Z]oblhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

6h ^c[dgbVi^dc Xdbbjc^XVi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh >8I WZXdbZ ^cXgZVh^c\an ^ciZ\gViZY ^cid ZXdcdb^X VcY hdX^Va YncVb^Xh! Y^hVYkVciV\ZY Xdbbjc^i^Zh higj\\aZ id dkZgXdbZ WVgg^Zgh d[ VXXZhh ^c dgYZg id XdbeZiZ ^c i]Z cZildg`ZY ldgaY# Id VYYgZhh i]ZhZ ^hhjZh! hdbZ Xdbbjc^i^Zh VgZ Zbeadn^c\ higViZ\^Zh V^bZY Vi \gZViZg Y^\^iVa ^cXajh^dc# I]^h gZhZVgX] ZmVb^cZY i]Z VhhdX^Vi^dc WZilZZc jhZgÄegdYjXZg YncVb^Xh VcY i]Z XdcY^i^dch jcYZg l]^X] i]Z bdhi Zfj^iVWaZ >8I hnhiZbh ZbZg\Z id gZhedcY id i]Z cZZYh d[ VXXZhhÄeddg Xdbbjc^i^Zh# > ZmVb^cZY i]gZZ iZX]cdad\n djigZVX] higViZ\^Zh ^c V 7gdcm Xdbbjc^in VcY ÒcY i]Vi


XVgedda^c\ ]VkZ YZXgZVhZY VcY i]Z^g igV^c! Wjh! VcY lVa`^c\ X^in XVc bdkZ VlVn [gdb igjX`h id VaiZgcViZ bZVch d[ ldg`Ă„ig^eh ]VkZ ^cXgZVhZY# =dlZkZg! hjgkZn gZhjaih hj\\Zhi ]Vja^c\ ^ih lVhiZ id aVcYĂ’aa VcY ^cX^cZgVidg YZhi^cVi^dch# i]Vi ^i ^h VbW^\jdjh ^[ gZh^YZcih hZa[ hZaZXi id X]Vc\Z i]Z^g H^cXZ VeegdkVa d[ i]Z eaVc! i]Z Wdgdj\]h d[ HiViZc >haVcY! igVkZa WZ]Vk^dg dg ^[ i]Z e]nh^XVa Zck^gdcbZci d[ i]Z ID9 i]Z 7gdcm! VcY bdhi gZXZcian cdgi]Zgc 7gdd`anc ]VkZ egdk^YZh Vc ^beZijh id X]Vc\Z igVkZa WZ]Vk^dg#

hiVgiZY hZcY^c\ Vaa bjc^X^eVa hda^Y lVhiZ dji d[ i]Z X^in k^V XdciV^cZg^oVi^dc VcY gV^a XVg gVi]Zg i]Vc igjX`# I]^h

@nZgqb Zg] ma^ ĂŠGhgĂˆFbkZ\e^Ă‹ bg <abgZ3 MZ\bm K^eZmbhglabil Zg] BfiZ\ml hg Eh\Ze >\hghfb\ =^o^ehif^gm

i]Zh^h ViiZbeih id YZiZgb^cZ l]Zi]Zg i]^h hnhiZb ]Vh

JbZgjb La^g

6cVanh^h XdbeVgZY cdgi]Zgc 7gdd`anc VcY i]Z Hdji]

LfbmZ LkbgboZl% Z]oblhk

7gdcm VcY ji^a^oZY YViV hjeea^ZY Wn :E6 V^g fjVa^in

NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

bdc^idg^c\ hiVi^dch edh^i^dcZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z X^in Vh lZaa

]VY V h^\c^[^XVci VcY WZcZ[^X^Va Zck^gdcbZciVa ^beVXi dc i]Z Wdgdj\]h ^c l]^X] ^i ]Vh WZZc ^beaZbZciZY#

egdk^YZY Ă’cVcX^Va Vhh^hiVcXZ ^c i]Z [dgb d[ adVch VcY \gVcih

Vh lVhiZ igVch[Zg hiVi^dc adXVi^dch VcY gViZh d[ lVhiZ

id hbVaa Wjh^cZhhZh VcY cdcegdĂ’i dg\Vc^oVi^dch ^c dgYZg

8]^cVÉh ZXdcdb^X aZVe ^h jhjVaan WZa^ZkZY id WZ V hjX" Y^hedhVa egdk^YZY Wn i]Z CN8 9ZeVgibZci d[ HVc^iVi^dc#

id hi^bjaViZ XdbbZgX^Va VXi^k^i^Zh# 7j^aY^c\ dc ^ih egZk^djh XZhh[ja XdbW^cVi^dc d[ YZeZcYZci YZkZadebZci! egdeZg >i ViiZbeiZY id YZiZgb^cZ l]Zi]Zg h^\c^ÒXVci X]Vc\Zh Z[[dgih! ^c &..,! BVgnaVcY eVhhZY i]Z HbVgi <gdli] VcY hiViZ ^ciZgkZci^dc VcY YZXZcigVa^oVi^dc# <jVc\Ydc\ Egdk" idd` eaVXZ ^c i]Z Zck^gdcbZciVa egdÒaZ d[ i]Z Hdji] 7gdcm CZ^\]Wdg]ddY 8dchZgkVi^dc >c^i^Vi^kZh aVl l]^X] VaadlZY ^cXZ VcY ^ih XVe^iVa <jVc\o]dj! i]Z e^dcZZg gZ\^dch ^c i]Z [daadl^c\ ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ igjX`ÄidÄgV^a lVhiZ igVch[Zg# i]Z hiViZ \dkZgcbZci id jhZ ÒcVcX^Va ^cXZci^kZh id ^cÓjZcXZ YZXZcigVa^oVi^dc gZ[dgb! VgZ [VX^c\ hZkZgZ X]VaaZc\Zh ^c 6 XdggZaVi^dc lVh [djcY WZilZZc i]Z X]Vc\Z ^c cjbWZg \gdli] VcY gZfj^gZY i]Vi Vaa Æ\gdli] gZaViZYÇ hiViZ [jcYh WZ i]Z^g ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci V[iZg i]Z hjWhiVci^Va \gdli] d[ hVc^iVi^dc gZaViZY igjX`h! bZVhjgZY V^g fjVa^in! VcY heZci dcan ^c Eg^dg^in ;jcY^c\ 6gZVh E;6h # >c ]^h ZmZXji^kZ Wgdj\]i Wn i]Z gZ[dgb VcY i]Z YZkZadebZci ^c i]Z ZmedgiÄ eZgXZ^kZY V^g fjVa^in l^i]^c ^cY^k^YjVa Xdbbjc^in Y^hig^Xih dgYZg %&#%&#&..-#%)! HbVgi <gdli] VcY CZ^\]Wdg]ddY dg^ZciZY bVcj[VXijg^c\ ^cYjhign# I]^h i]Zh^h Xdcig^WjiZh [daadl^c\ ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ gV^a Zmedgi d[ bjc^X^eVa lVhiZ 8dchZgkVi^dc Eda^Xn! <dkZgcdg EVgg^h C# <aZcYZc^c\ ^cY^XViZh id i]Z a^iZgVijgZ dc YZeZcYZci YZkZadebZci! YZXZcigVa^oV" ^c i]Z 7gdcm# I]ZhZ [^cY^c\h l^aa WZ jhZ[ja ^c [jgi]Zg i]Vi ÆHiViZ V\ZcX^Zh gZk^Zl! ZkVajViZ VcY XddgY^cViZ i^dc VcY egdeZg XZcigVa^oVi^dc# I]Z bV^c XdcXZgc d[ i]^h VhhZhhbZci d[ i]Z Hda^Y LVhiZ BVcV\ZbZci EaVc Vh lZaa egd\gVbh! hZgk^XZh VcY VXi^k^i^Zh ^c Eg^dg^in ;jcY^c\ 6gZVh id i]Zh^h ^h V _jhi^ÒZY adXVa ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci eaVcc^c\ Vh ^c egdk^Y^c\ V gZ[ZgZcXZ [dg di]Zg X^i^Zh Xdch^YZg^c\ Zc]VcXZ VcY hjeedgi Xdbbjc^in gZk^iVa^oVi^dc#Ç C7LE ^h V egdXZhh l^i]^c 8]^cVÉh ^chi^iji^dcVa WVX`Ygde Å i]Z ÆiVX^i VaiZgcVi^kZh id igjX`ÄWVhZY lVhiZ igVch[Zg# egd\gVb i]Vi gZhedcYh id i]^h dgYZg VcY ^h eVgi d[ i]Z HbVgi gZaVi^dch]^ehÇ Vbdc\ ^cY^k^YjVah VcY WZilZZc i]Z XZcigVa <gdli] eda^X^Zh#

VcY adXVa \dkZgcbZci# > heZX^[n bn gZhZVgX] id dcZ adXVa"

I]gdj\] V hZg^Zh d[ ^ciZgk^Zlh l^i] hiV`Z]daYZgh! V <>H ^in Ă… <jVc\o]dj! VcY ild adXVa ^cYjhig^Zh Ă… VjidbdW^aZ

>qiehkbg` Ihebmb\l h_ @ho^kgf^gm :\mbhg3 :g >oZenZmbhg h_ IeZGR< +),)

VcVanh^h! VcY Vc VcVanh^h d[ i]Z eViiZgc d[ XdbbZgX^Va Wj^aY" VcY hd[ilVgZ# >c hijYn^c\ i]Z iVX^i gZaVi^dch]^eh! id hdakZ RnZg MZg` ^c\ XdchigjXi^dc! bVcj[VXijg^c\! gZiV^a! VcY hZgk^XZ ^cYjh" i]Z egdWaZb d[ aVX`^c\ hjWhiVci^Va fjVci^iVi^kZ YViV Vi LmZ\^r Lnmmhg% Z]oblhk ig^Zh ^c i]Z Zm^hi^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh ^c 7Vai^bdgZ! i]^h hijYn YZiV^aZY aZkZa ^c egZk^djh hijY^Zh! > jhZ i]Z iZX]cdad\n d[ NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL gZkZVah i]Vi ZkZc i]dj\] i]Z egd\gVb ]Vh ]VY hdbZ edh^i^kZ HdX^Va 6cVanh^h CZildg` HC6 VcY \gVe] i]Zdgn id VcVanoZ ^beVXi dc i]Z eViiZgc d[ XdbbZgX^Va VXi^k^i^Zh! ^i ]Vh WZZc i]Z ^ciZg gZaVi^dch]^eh VcY edlZg VaadXVi^dc d[ i]Z eda^i^" 9dZh eaVcc^c\ bViiZg4 L]Zi]Zg eaVch VgZ Z[[ZXi^kZ VcY jcVWaZ id ViigVXi bdgZ XdbbZgX^Va Wj^aY^c\ XdchigjXi^dc id XVa VcY VXVYZb^X aZVYZgh ^c i]Z HX^ZcXZ VcY IZX]cdad\n id l]Vi YZ\gZZ eaVch VgZ ^beaZbZciZY Vi i]Z adXVa aZkZa4 i]Z Zm^hi^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh VcY djieZg[dgb i]Z gZ\^dcVa igZcYh H I hnhiZb#

I]^h eVeZg VchlZgh i]Z VWdkZ fjZhi^dch Wn ZmVb^c^c\ i]Z

dkZg i]Z i^bZ eZg^dY &..-Ă„'%%+# >i gZXdbbZcYh i]Vi ^c dg"

Ă’ghi higViZ\^X eaVc dc hjhiV^cVW^a^in ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in Ă…

aVg\Zg cjbWZg d[ Zm^hi^c\ cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh i]Vi ]VkZ ediZci^Va

Mabgdbg` Bglb]^ ma^ ;hq3 :g :ll^llf^gm h_ ma^ Fnembfh]Ze PZlm^ <hgmZbg^kbsZmbhg Zg] bml >__^\ml hg G^p RhkdĂ?l >gobkhgf^gmZe EZg]l\Zi^

id Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z l^YZg Ydlcidlc gZk^iVa^oVi^dc Z[[dgih#

IZmkb\d Lmk^^m^k

YZg id ZchjgZ ediZci^Vaan bdgZ Z[[ZXi^kZ gZhjaih! i]Z hXVaZ d[ [jcY^c\ egdk^YZY Wn i]Z C7LE XdjaY eZg]Veh WZ gV^hZY VcY i]Vi i]Z egd\gVb h]djaY ^YZci^[n VcY iVg\Zi gZhdjgXZh ^cid V

NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

=h MkZglbm Hkb^gm^] =^o^ehif^gml <aZg`^ MkZo^e ;^aZobhk8 : <Zl^ Lmn]r h_ ma^ KZapZr Zg] Lhnma HkZg`^ G^p C^kl^r MkZglbm ObeeZ`^l

>c '%%+! i]Z CN 8^in 8djcX^a ZmegZhhZY dkZgl]Zab^c\ hjeedgi d[ i]Z Hda^Y LVhiZ BVcV\ZbZci EaVc! l]^X] Vadc\h^YZ gZXnXa^c\ VcY lVhiZ gZYjXi^dc egdXZYjgZh!

FZmma^p >' L\apZkms

egdedhZh i]Vi ZVX] Wdgdj\] ]VcYaZ i]Z Zmedgi d[ ^ih dlc

=Zob] Dbg`% Z]oblhk

lVhiZ higZVb# I]Z eaVc aVnh dji hj\\Zhi^dch [dg ]dl i]Z

NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

IgVch^i dg^ZciZY YZkZadebZcih ID9h VgZ V edejaVg eaVcc^c\ idda# EgdedcZcih Vg\jZ i]Vi ID9h ^cXgZVhZ igVch^i g^YZgh]^e! adlZg XVg jhV\Z VcY dlcZgh]^e! VcY ^begdkZ eZYZhig^Vc dg^ZciVi^dc# I]^h i]Zh^h iZhih ^[ ID9h X]Vc\Z igVkZa WZ]Vk^dg [dg ldg` VcY cdcÄldg` ig^eh# GZh^YZcih d[ [djg VeVgibZci XdbeaZmZh ^c i]Z CZl ?ZghZn IgVch^i K^aaV\Zh d[ GV]lVn VcY Hdji] DgVc\Z lZgZ hjgkZnZY VWdji i]Z^g igVkZa WZ]Vk^dg WZ[dgZ VcY V[iZg bdk^c\ ^cid i]Z^g gZheZXi^kZ ID9# I]Z ÒcY^c\h egZhZciZY ]ZgZ hj\\Zhi i]Vi V[iZg gZh^YZcih bdkZY ^cid i]Z^g ID9! i]Z^g XVg jhZ VcY


EaVCN8 '%(% i]gdj\] VgX]^kVa hdjgXZh VcY ^ciZgk^Zlh l^i] adXVa d[ÒX^Vah Vh lZaa Vh VYkdXVXn \gdjeh# I]^h gZhZVgX] ^h ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ZmVb^c^c\ l]n i]Z EaVCN8 egdXZhh [V^aZY id Xdc[dgb id i]Z eVgi^X^eVidgn eaVcc^c\ egdidXda VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z a^iZgVijgZ! nZi ^i hi^aa gZegZhZcih V gZVa^hi^X eaVcc^c\ egdXZhh VcY Vc VaiZgcVi^kZ ldg`^c\ hdaji^dc! VcY bVn WZ hZZc Vh Vc Z[[ZXi^kZ egdXZhh [dg ^beaZbZciVi^dc# I]^h eVeZg ZmeadgZh dc ]dl VcY l]n i]Z XdbeVgVi^kZan XadhZ egdXZhh d[ EaVCN8 ldg`h ^c gZVa^in Wn add`^c\ ^cid i]Z higjXijgZ! XdciZci! VcY ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z eaVcc^c\ egdXZhh# I]Z hijYn dc i]Z bZX]Vc^hb VcY eda^i^Xh WZ]^cY hjX] \dkZgcbZciÄ^c^i^ViZY hjhiV^cVW^a^in eaVch XVc WZ ^bedgiVci aZhhdch [dg h^b^aVg hXVaZ X^i^Zh dg jgWVc V\\adbZgVi^dch VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY Vh i]Zn ViiZbei id YZVa l^i] h^b^aVg hjhiV^cVW^a^in X]VaaZc\Zh ^c i]Z^g dlc heZX^ÒX Zck^gdcbZciVa! hdX^Va! ZXdcdb^X! VcY eda^i^XVa XdciZmih#

;Zkkb^kl mh @k^^g ;nbe]bg`3 Ma^ I^kli^\mbo^ h_ ma^ <hgmkZ\mhk bg ma^ An]lhg OZee^r C^llb\Z OZg Ahnm^g Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% Z]oblhk NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

I]^h gZhZVgX] ZmVb^cZY i]Z Y^hXdccZXi WZilZZc hjhiV^cVWaZ [dXjhZh heZX^ÒXVaan dc i]Z k^Zled^ci d[ i]Z XdcigVXidg ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci egd\gVb! i]Z :bedlZgbZci OdcZ Egd\gVb ^YZdad\n! i]Z XdchigjXi^dc ^cYjhign! VcY i]Z gdaZ d[ i]Z =jYhdc KVaaZn d[ CZl Ndg` VcY VchlZgh i]Z fjZhi^dc/ ÆL]Vi lVh ZcVXiZY# >i lVh YZh^\cViZY id iVg\Zi [ZYZgVa \gVcih id XdcigVXidg ^c i]Z Wj^aY^c\ egdXZhh# 8dchigjXi^dc YZh^\c [VXidgh V[[ZXi XdcigVXi^c\ XdbeVc^ZhÉ VW^a^in id Wj^aY Æ\gZZcÇ Y^higZhhZY jgWVc VcY gjgVa Xdbbjc^i^Zh [dg hdX^Va hZgk^XZh egd[Zhh^dcVah ]VkZ iV`Zc hiZeh id ^cXdgedgViZ hjhiV^cVW^a^in VcY ^cXdgedgViZ hjhiV^cVW^a^in ^cid i]Z Wj^aY^c\ egdXZhh4Ç VcY Zck^gdcbZciVaan [g^ZcYan iZX]c^fjZh ^cid i]Z^g egVXi^XZ!

VcY Xdbbjc^in gZYZkZadebZci VcY egdk^YZ iVm VcY gZ\jaV"

Bn gZhZVgX] YViV lVh XdaaZXiZY i]gdj\] V hjgkZn hZci id idgn gZa^Z[ [dg Wjh^cZhhZh adXViZY ^c i]ZhZ Xdbbjc^i^Zh#

Wji \ZcZgVa XdcigVXidgh gZbV^c dc i]Z eZg^e]Zgn d[ i]Z ilZcinÄhZkZc XdcigVXidgh ^c i]Z =jYhdc KVaaZn! i]gZZ Xdc"

I]Z hijYn ^ciZcYh id ÒcY dji i]Z egd\gVbÉh Z[[ZXih dc

\gZZc Wj^aY^c\ bdkZbZci# Bn XaV^b ^h i]Vi YZhe^iZ i]Z^g igVXidg ^ciZgk^Zlh! ild ^cYjhign egd[Zhh^dcVa ^ciZgk^Zlh VcY edkZgin! jcZbeadnbZci VcY ZXdcdb^X \gdli] VcY id ÒcY ^ciZ\gVa gdaZ ^c i]Z Wj^aY^c\ egdXZhh! \ZcZgVa XdcigVXidgh hZXdcYVgn gZhZVgX] hdjgXZh# 7n hjgkZn^c\ VcY ^ciZgk^Zl" dji i]Z egd\gVbÉh i]ZdgZi^XVa dg bZi]dYdad\^XVa lZV`" ZmeZg^ZcXZ WVgg^Zgh id \gZZc Wj^aY^c\ i]Vi ^c]^W^i i]Z ^c\ `Zn eaVnZgh ^c i]Z adXVa XdchigjXi^dc ^cYjhign! bn hijYn cZhhZh aZVY^c\ id i]Z a^b^iZY hjXXZhh ^c VYYgZhh^c\ jgWVc ^cYjhign [gdb VX]^Zk^c\ hjhiV^cVW^a^in#

^YZci^ÒZh \gZZc Wj^aY^c\ WVgg^Zgh Y^hXjhhZY ^c i]Z a^iZgVijgZ Y^higZhh# GZXdbbZcYVi^dch VcY ^bea^XVi^dch WVhZY dc i]Z

I]^h hijYn V^bh id ^YZci^[n VcY ZmVb^cZ i]Z WVgg^Zgh Vhhd" i]Vi VgZ igjZ d[ i]Z XdcigVXidg ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c i]Z =jYhdc ÒcY^c\h d[ a^iZgVijgZ gZk^Zl VcY XVhZ hijYn ldjaY WZ d[ X^ViZY l^i] Æ\gZZcÇ Wj^aY^c\ VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ YZkZadebZci# >i KVaaZn# >c VYY^i^dc! i]^h hijYn egZhZcih hZkZgVa gZXdbbZc" \gZVi kVajZ id i]Z hjXXZhh d[ [jijgZ jgWVc eda^X^Zh iVg\Zi" YVi^dch id Vhh^hi i]Z XjggZci Z[[dgih ^c eaVXZ id ^cXgZVhZ VX" ^c\ ^c hdak^c\ h^b^aVg jgWVc egdWaZbh# XZeiVcXZ VcY l^YZhegZVY ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ \gZZc Wj^aY^c\ Vbdc\ XdcigVXidgh ^c i]Z =jYhdc KVaaZn#

Nk[Zg IeZggbg`(Ia'=' Ikh`kZf Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% ]bk^\mhk

=h^l >fihp^kf^gm Shg^ K^Zeer Phkd8 : <Zl^ Lmn]r h_ AZke^f >fihp^kf^gm Shg^ bg G^p Rhkd <bmr

I]Z E]#9# Egd\gVb egZeVgZh hijYZcih [dg XVgZZgh ^c

Ebg SaZg`

jgWVc eaVcc^c\ VcY jgWVc eda^Xn# I]Z egd\gVb ]Vh Vh ^ih

<eZkZ BkZs [Ze% Z]oblhk

heZX^ÒX ÒZaY d[ ^cfj^gn i]Z Vgi^XjaVi^dc d[ heVXZ jcYZghiddY

NK;:G IE:GGBG@(MA>LBL

Vh bViZg^Va [dgb! cdi bZgZ \Zd\gVe]^X iZgg^idgn VcY i]Z

iZVX]^c\! gZhZVgX]! VcY VYkVcXZY egVXi^XZ ^c i]Z ÒZaYh d[

hdX^dÄZXdcdb^X! eda^i^XVa! VcY e]nh^XVa jgWVc egdXZhhZh >c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! Vh V ]^\] gViZ d[ gVX^Va b^cdg^i^Zh i]Vi egdYjXZ VcY gZegdYjXZ i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# I]ZhZ bdk^c\ id ^ccZg X^i^Zh VcY l]^iZ 6bZg^XVch bdk^c\ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch iV`Z eaVXZ Vi kVg^djh heVi^Va hXVaZh [gdb id hjWjgWVc Xdbbjc^i^Zh! i]ZgZ ]Vh WZZc V YgVbVi^X i]Z cZ^\]Wdg]ddY id i]Z \adWVa VcY [dXjh Wdi] l^i]^c VcY ^cXgZVhZ d[ ^bedkZg^h]ZY Xdbbjc^i^Zh XdcXZcigVi^c\ djih^YZ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# Dg\Vc^o^c\ i]^h ^cfj^gn VgZ l^i]^c ^ccZgÄX^in VgZVh# I]^h `^cY d[ hdX^Va igVch[dgbVi^dc fjZhi^dch gZaViZY id i]Z Z[[^X^ZcXn VcY Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh d[ l^icZhhZY ^ihZa[ ZheZX^Vaan Yjg^c\ i]Z &.,%h VcY &.-%h! eaVcc^c\ egVXi^XZh! hdX^Va _jhi^XZ! VcY YZZeZg fjZhi^dch VcY ]Vh aZY id YZkVhiVi^c\ XdaaVehZ d[ 6bZg^XVc ^ccZgÄX^in gZaViZY id i]Z \gdli] VcY YZkZadebZci d[ hdX^Zi^Zh# Xdbbjc^i^Zh h^cXZ i]Zc# :kZc i]dj\] V hZg^Zh d[ ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci ^c^i^V" i^kZh ]VkZ WZZc YZh^\cViZY VcY eji ^cid VXi^dc Vh V gZ" hedchZ id VYYgZhh ZXdcdb^X YZegZhh^dc d[ ^ccZg X^i^Zh! i]Z djiXdbZh hZZbZY id WZ eZhh^b^hi^X# >c &..(! Vh V XZciZg" e^ZXZ d[ 8a^cidc 6Yb^c^higVi^dcÉh ]djh^c\ VcY Xdbbjc^in !


6 7

8

9

:

K^]^o^ehif^gm h_ A^kg^lZZkb% A^elbgdb

7g^Vc 7gjh] ?ZhhZ ;VgW Hjc <daYhiZZc!

Kh[^km ;^Znk^`Zk]% \kbmb\

B^aV\gdh AZXjdcV AZV] BdhVaa =njc Bndjc\ D] AVjgV EdjahZc ?Zcc^[Zg Hd ?dhZ[ HoZcYZ 6$7$8$9$:


K^]^o^ehif^gm h_ A^kg^lZZkb% A^elbgdb DBGG> MK:O>E

;>CA6C9


6 7

8

Bfikhobg` Khhl^o^em BleZg] Fh[bebmr

6jYgV 7gZX]Zg GZcViV 9gV\aVcY 6c\ZaV @^b 9Vk^Y

?ehr] EZii% bglmkn\mhk

6aVc HX]lVgio GdhVa^cY HigZZiZg 6cYgZl LViVcVWZ

9

@gjaZl^iX] Njc_^c\ A^ 9Vc^a CV\n 6aZmVcYgV GdhVh BZc\m^ Lj 6$7$8$9

B6C=6II6C


6

7

8

9 :

IeZggbg` _hk ma^ ?nmnk^ h_ FZgaZmmZgテ考 ?bgZg\bZe =blmkb\m @k^^gpb\a Lhnma :k^Z

8V^ia^c 9djgbVh]`^c Adj^hZ 9gZ^Zg K^`gVb <^aa

>ma^e La^__^k% \kbmb\

HVgV] B# H]^c =jcL^ Ndd 6$7$8$9$:

B^X]Va <gdhh EZiZg @Vio Hde]^V AVaVc^ H]Vd]jV A^ @njldc AZZ @g^hi^Vc Dc\dXd

7GDD@ANC


7

6

8

9

>qiehkbg` Pbma K^lb]^gml ma^ ?^Zlb[bebmr h_ K^lb]^gm Hpg^klabi h_ In[eb\ Ahnlbg` bg G^p Rhkd <bmr @k^m\a^g Lnlb% \kbmb\

8]g^hi^cV =jVc EVja ?VbZh HVc\\njc @Vc\ ?jc\hdd @^b 9dgn @dgc[ZaY ?dhZ :# BZaVgV K^Xidg^V D`dnZ N^]dc\ Hdc\ >i^g HdcjeVgaV` BVii 9# K^\\^Vcd 6$7$8$9

C:L NDG@ 8>IN


6 7

8

9

:

;

K^obmZebsZmbhg Hiihkmngbmb^l bg ;^]_hk]&Lmnro^lZgm% ;khhderg É :g >\hghfb\ =^o^ehif^gm IeZg

A^cYhVn 8VheZg H^bdcZ <gZZcWVjb BVg\VgZi

LmZ\^r Lnmmhg% \kbmb\

8VhZn LVc\ 9Vk^Y OnX` 6$7$8$9$:$;

=jYhdc 6a^hdc BVnZg Idgj DcVg^ 7gZcYVc H]ZgV ?VbZh H^bbdch <^iV HjWgVbdcn @Zk^c I]jgbVc

7GDD@ANC


lVnh d[ i]^c`^c\ VcY jg\Zci fjZhi^dch id VYYgZhh# >i ^h i]Z VbW^i^dc d[ i]Z <H6EE id ZhiVWa^h] i]Z ldgaYÉh bdhi YZ" X^h^kZ \adWVa cZildg` d[ iZVX]^c\! gZhZVgX]! VcY Xdbbj" c^XVi^dc VWdji i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# HjX] V \adWVa i]^c` iVc` bjhi WZ WVhZY dc i]Z YZZe Xdck^Xi^dc i]Vi i]dhZ eVgih d[ i]Z ldgaY i]Vi VgZ X]Vc\^c\ i]Z bdhi ]VkZ i]Z bdhi id iZVX] jh# :hiVWa^h]ZY XZciZgh d[ edlZg VcY l^hYdb bjhi aZVgc [gdb i]Z cZl XZciZgh! l]^X] ^c ijgc aZVgc [gdb ZVX] di]Zg# 6gX]^iZXijgZ XVc VXi Vh i]Z `Zn aZch dc djg ldgaY gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z jhjVa \adWVa [gVbZldg`h ZXdcdbn! ejW" a^X eda^Xn! ZXdad\n! ZiX# id aZkZgV\Z i]Z ^c]ZgZci dei^b^hb d[ i]Z ÒZaY ^cid cZl `^cYh d[ k^h^dcVgn jcYZghiVcY^c\# I]Z

Lmn]bh Q

VW^a^in d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ id gZÓZXi! bV\c^[n! Xdbbjc^XViZ! VcY

FZkd Pb`e^r% ]bk^\mhk

XZaZWgViZ djg ]^\]Zhi Vhe^gVi^dch WZXdbZh V edlZg[ja idda# I]Z k^h^dc d[ HijY^d M ^h id ZhiVWa^h] V jc^fjZ ZmX]Vc\Z

>c i]^h i^bZ d[ jcegZXZYZciZY \adWVa igVch" d[ ^YZVh VcY eZdeaZ WZilZZc 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in ^c CZl [dgbVi^dc! l]^X] ]Vh \ZcZgViZY hd bVcn jg\Zci Ndg` VcY `Zn gZ\^dcVa XZciZgh VgdjcY i]Z gVe^Yan Zkdak^c\ X]VaaZc\Zh! Wji Vahd l]daZ cZl [dgbh d[ \adWZ! ^cXajY^c\ 7Z^_^c\! H d EVjad! BdhXdl! 7g^hWVcZ! XgZVi^k^in! VgX]^iZXijgZÉh jc^fjZ VW^a^in id VYYgZhh Wdi] i]Z 6bbVc! VcY BjbWV^# I]Z V^b d[ i]^h ZmX]Vc\Z ^h V \adWVa bdhi Y^gZXi egVXi^XVa egdWaZbh [VX^c\ \adWVa hdX^Zin VcY eVgicZgh]^e VWaZ id d[[Zg hjeedgi id i]Z ]^\]Zhi edhh^WaZ i]Z ]^\]Zhi VbW^i^dch [dg i]Vi hdX^Zin WZXdbZh Vaa i]Z aZkZa d[ gZÓZXi^dc dc i]Z cZl gZVa^i^Zh VcY VXi^kZ! ^ciZa" bdgZ ^bedgiVci# 6h i]Z ÒZaY YZkdiZY id gZegZhZci^c\ i]Z a^\Zci! VcY egdYjXi^kZ Zc\V\ZbZci l^i] i]dhZ gZVa^i^Zh# \gZViZhi Vhe^gVi^dch d[ hdX^Zin! VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h V `Zn aZch I]Z `ZgcZa d[ i]^h bV_dg ^c^i^Vi^kZ ^h id d[[Zg V l]daZ cZl i]gdj\] l]^X] id hZZ! jcYZghiVcY! VcY eVgi^X^eViZ ^c djg `^cY d[ ]^\]an heZX^Va^oZY hiViZ"d["i]Z"Vgi egd[Zhh^dcVa VcY Zkdak^c\ ldgaY# 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^h V [dgb d[ dei^b^hb# BdgZ VXVYZb^X aZVYZgh]^e igV^c^c\ id djihiVcY^c\ \gVYjViZh i]Vc h^bean hjeedgi^c\ i]Z WVh^X g]ni]bh d[ ZkZgnYVn a^[Z! [gdb i]Z `Zn gZ\^dch d[ i]Z ldgaY jcYZg\d^c\ egd[djcY ^i ig^Zh id Zck^h^dc V WZiiZg a^[Z! ijgc^c\ egVXi^XVa Y^aZbbVh VcY gVe^Y igVch[dgbVi^dc l]^aZ Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ ^bbZgh" ^cid i]Z bdhi ZmegZhh^kZ deedgijc^i^Zh! l]Zi]Zg Vi i]Z ^c\ djghZakZh ^c i]Z adXVa XdcY^i^dch! `cdlaZY\Z! ]^hidgn! hXVaZ d[ V kVhi X^in! V Wj^aY^c\! V h^c\aZ ^ciZg^dg! dg V hbVaa VcY ZmeZgi^hZ ^c dgYZg id YZkZade V cZl aZkZa d[ YZWViZ VcY e^ZXZ d[ [jgc^ijgZ# NZi i]Z ldgaY lZ hZgkZ ^h X]Vc\^c\ hd gVe^Yan i]Vi l]daZ cZl [dgbh d[ XgZVi^k^in! ZmeZgi^hZ! VcY gZhedch^W^a^in VgZ cZZYZY# ;dg Vaa ^ih Xdch^YZgVWaZ higZc\i]h VcY dc\d^c\ hjXXZhh! <H6EE ]Vh Vh bjX] id aZVgc [gdb i]Z cZl \adWVa eViiZgch Vh ^i ]Vh id d[[Zg# 8]^cV! i]Z B^YYaZ :Vhi! :VhiZgc :jgdeZ! AVi^c 6bZg^XV! VcY 6[g^XV VgZ `Zn h^iZh [dg cZl

\adWVa gZhedch^W^a^in#


6 7

8

9

Lmn]bh Q

6bbVc! ?dgYVc0 BdhXdl! Gjhh^V0 BjbWV^! >cY^V0

FZkd Pb`e^r% ]bk^\mhk

7Z^_^c\! 8]^cV 6$7$8$9$:

:


8

6

7

:

;

9

<

CZl Ndg` 8^in! Jc^iZY HiViZh# K^Zl [gdb HijY^d M CZl

Historic Preservation, History and Theory# aZ[i id g^\]i/ <Vk^c

Los Angeles, %)$%,$'%%. :! Neighborhood Watch: Michael

Ndg` 6! GVe^Y GZhedchZ IK88 EdhiZg 8! GVe^Y GZhedchZ

7gdlc^c\! ?dg\Z DiZgdÄEV^adh! 7Vggn 7Zg\Ydaa! NZk\^cZn

Rock and Georgianna Stout, %.$'($'%%- ;! Neighborhood

EdhiZg 7! ÆHdk^Zi 8dciVb^cVi^dc!Ç 8ZaZWgVi^c\ i]Z

;^X`h! K^iVan @dbVg! ?ZVcÄAdj^h 8d]Zc! &'$%'$'%%- 9! The

Watch: ?dh]jV Eg^cXZÄGVbjh! %-$&)$'%%- <

ÒkZ"nZVg Vcc^kZghVgn d[ Future Anterior: Journal of

Geography of Buzz: Visualizing Cultural Space in New York and


6

7

8 9

:

7g^hWVcZ! 6jhigVa^V 6! H d EVjad! 7gVo^a 7$8$9$:


:km Zg] :k\abm^\mnk^ K^l^Zk\a EZ[hkZmhkr !::K!b^"E" R^an]Z LZ_kZg% ]bk^\mhk K>L>:K<A E:;

66G ^Z A ^h Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa [dgjb [dg VgX]^iZXih! Vgi^hih! Xg^i^Xh! XjgVidgh! VcY i]ZdgZi^X^Vch l]dhZ eg^bVgn V^b ^h id ZhiVWa^h] ed^cih d[ ^ciZghZXi^dc WZilZZc Y^[[ZgZci Y^hX^ea^cZh VcY YdbV^ch d[ `cdlaZY\Z# 7n Zc\V\^c\ [VXjain VcY hijYZcih Vi Vaa aZkZah VcY [gdb Y^[[ZgZci YZeVgibZcih VcY Y^hX^ea^cZh Wdi] l^i]^c 8dajbW^V VcY WZndcY! 66G ^Z A l^aa h^bjaiVcZdjhan egdk^YZ V adXjh [dg ^ciZaaZXijVa [ZgbZci! ZcXdjciZg VcY ZmX]Vc\Z VcY Vc deZc^c\ id i]Z WgdVYZg

;djcYZY ^c '%%*! 8ÄAVW XdaaVWdgViZh l^i] 6gX]^h VcY jg\ZcXn d[ i]Z ide^X! 8ÄAVW ]Vh WdggdlZY i]Z WddiaZ\ [dgbVi

VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY Vgi Xdbbjc^in# 66G ^Z A hZZ`h id ^cXgZVhZ 6BD dc KdajbZ! Vc ^cYZeZcYZci fjVgiZgan [dg VgX]^iZXijgZ id fj^X`an Y^hig^WjiZ dWhZgkVi^dch! ^c^i^ViZY ^c Y^Vad\jZ l^i] i]Z hXdeZ VcY Zc]VcXZ i]Z cdcÄa^cZVg eZgheZXi^kZ d[ Wdi] id \d WZndcY ^ihZa[#

JgWVc 8]^cV! dc i]Z Xg^h^h VcY ^ih bVcV\ZbZci#

Vgi VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]^h l^aa hZgkZ id Zcg^X] VcY Vbea^[n i]Z bdYZh d[ `cdlaZY\Z i]Vi Xdchi^ijiZ i]ZhZ Y^hX^ea^cZh! Wdi] KdajbZ &,/ 8dciZci BVcV\ZbZci

<abgZ EZ[

Vh i]Zn VgZ igVchaViZY VXgdhh VcY l^i]^c i]Z^g gZheZXi^kZ Cd hddcZg ]VY lZ [Zai i]Vi eaZcin d[ bdcZn! ^c[dgbVi^dc! C^__k^r Chaglhg% ]bk^\mhk ÒZaYh VcY ^c gZaVi^dc id di]Zg VgZVh d[ ^cfj^gn#

VcY edhh^W^a^i^Zh lZgZ cdgbVa i]Vc lZ WZ\Vc id [VXZ V ldgaY <k^llb\Z ;kZsb^k% MZm EZf% k^l^Zk\a^kl

66G ^Z A l^aa gZÓZXi VcY Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ [dhiZg i]Z ^ciZg" d[ hXVgX^in# EZg]Veh lZÉaa \d Ydlc ^c ]^hidgn Vh i]dhZ l]d K>L>:K<A E:; VXi^dc i]Vi dXXjgh Vbdc\hi ^cY^k^YjVa Vgi^hih VcY VgX]^iZXih# l^icZhhZY i]Z Vgg^kVa d[ Vc ZgV d[ jca^b^iZY VkV^aVW^a^in dcan id 8VhZ hijY^Zh d[ VgX]^iZXi XdaaVWdgVi^dch l^i] Vgi^hih l^aa WZ XdciZcY l^i] bVhh^kZ h]dgi[Vaah# GZhdjgXZh d[ Vaa `^cYh VgZ B^hh^dc V [dXVa ed^ci [dg dc\d^c\ edhiÄ\gVYjViZ hijYZci ^ckdakZbZci hV^Y id WZ Yl^cYa^c\/ i]Z hjYYZc adhh ^c VhhZih! Zfj^in! VcY DkZg i]Z cZmi '* nZVgh! ^i ^h egd_ZXiZY i]Vi 8]^cV l^aa VXXdjci VcY gZhZVgX] Z#\# G^X]VgY HZggV VcY EZiZg :^hZcbVc0 ;gZY" [jcY^c\0 i]Z YZXgZVh^c\ VkV^aVW^a^in d[ cdcÄgZcZlVWaZ [jZah0 [dg *% d[ i]Z ldgaYÉh cZl XdchigjXi^dc# I]Z bV_dg^in d[ i]^h Zg^X` @Z^haZg VcY G^X]VgY =Vb^aidc0 LVaiZg 9Z BVg^V VcY VcY i]Z hadl^c\ djieji d[ i]Z \adWVa [ddY hjeean X]V^c# HiZkZc =daa0 AZ 8dgWjh^Zg! :Y\Vg KVgZhZ VcY NVcc^h MZcV`^h #

XdchigjXi^dc l^aa dXXjg ^c Zm^hi^c\ X^i^Zh! dg cZlan [dgbZY

6i i]Z XadhZ d[ i]^h ZgV d[ ZmeVch^dc VcY hjgeajh 8ÄAVW jgWVc VgZVh# >i ^h i]Z b^hh^dc d[ i]Z 8]^cV AVW id WZXdbZ

I]Z AVW l^aa cdi dcan egdk^YZ V [gVbZldg` [dg i]Z hijYn d[ eVhi heZXjaViZh dc dcZ d[ i]Z eZg^dYÉh ZbWaZbVi^X ^ckZci^dch/ VXi^kZan Zc\V\ZY l^i] i]^h gVe^Y jgWVc^oVi^dc VcY heVi^Va ^chiVcXZh d[ hjX] ^ciZgVXi^dc Wji ZkZc bdgZ hd! l^aa WZ YZY^" 8dciZci BVcV\ZbZci! dg i]Z XdaaZXi^c\! dg\Vc^o^c\ VcY egdYjXi^dc dXXjgg^c\ ^c 8]^cV! i]gdj\] Wdi] gZhZVgX] VcY XViZY id i]Z ^c^i^Vi^dc d[ [jijgZ ed^cih d[ ^ciZghZXi^dc WZilZZc h]Vg^c\ d[ Y^\^iVa ^c[dgbVi^dc# Djg gZigdheZXi^kZ VeegV^hVa d[ YZh^\c# 7n [dgb^c\ higViZ\^X XdaaVWdgVi^kZ gZaVi^dch]^eh Vgi^hih VcY VgX]^iZXih# 6i i]Z XdgZ d[ i]Z AVW ^h cdi V ]^hidg^XVa gZXZci YZkZadebZcih ^c i]Z bVcV\^c\ d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc d[[Zgh l^i] ^chi^iji^dch! eg^kViZ egVXi^i^dcZgh! YZkZadeZgh! dg VgX]VZdad\^XVa djiadd` Wji ^chiZVY! V add` idlVgYh ^bedg" ^ch^\]i ^cid i]Z VW^a^in d[ 8dciZci BVcV\ZbZci id hZgkZ i]Z \dkZgcbZcih! ZiX#! lZ ^ciZcY id Xjai^kViZ V egdYjXi^kZ iVci egZXZYZcih d[ i]Z eVhi dcan id ^cXgZVhZ i]Z eZgheZXi^kZ d[ XjggZci gZVa^i^Zh d[ Y^\^iVa VWjcYVcXZ VcY bViZg^Va h]dgiV\Z! ZmX]Vc\Z i]Vi ]Vh i]Z ediZci^Va id n^ZaY jcegZY^XiVWaZ VcY i]Z egZhZci VcY id iV`Z eVgi ^c h]Ve^c\ i]Z [jijgZ#

VcY id egdiZXi Wdi] kVhi VcY ZmigZbZan a^b^iZY fjVci^i^Zh#

k^iVa djiXdbZh i]Vi l^aa egdk^YZ VaiZgcVi^kZ jgWVc higViZ\^Zh [dg i]Z ^cXgZVh^c\an jgWVc^oZY ldgaY#

I]Z AVW l^aa YgVl [gdb i]Z l^YZhi edhh^WaZ gVc\Z d[ egVXi^i^dcZgh! Wdi] l^i]^c i]Z JH VcY VWgdVY! ^cY^k^YjVah 8ÄAVW 7ddiaZ\h JgWVc 8]^cV [dg KdajbZ BV\Vo^cZ

VcY dg\Vc^oVi^dch Va^`Z# ;gdb i]^h ^i l^aa eVgi^X^eViZ ^c VcY 6h i]Z hZXdcY ^chiVaabZci ^c Vc dc\d^c\ ZY^idg^Va egd_ZXi BZ\VWadX` ZcXdjgV\Z Vc ZkZgÄl^YZc^c\ he]ZgZ d[ egVXi^XZ i]Vi l^aa WZilZZc JgWVc 8]^cV VcY KdajbZ! lZ ]VkZ egdYjXZY I]Z BZ\VWadX` gZhZVgX] egd_ZXi lVh ^c^i^ViZY ^c i]Z heg^c\ [jgc^h] i]Z AVW cdi dcan l^i] ^ih `cdlaZY\Z WVhZ! Wji l^aa i]^h a^b^iZY ZY^i^dc ejWa^XVi^dc dc i]Z dXXVh^dc d[ i]Z d[ '%%- VcY ]Vh Xdci^cjZY ^cid '%%.# I]Z BZ\VWadX` ^h! ZcVWaZ ^ih bZbWZgh id Vgi^XjaViZ hjW_ZXih d[ Xdbbdc ^ciZg" Zm]^W^i^dc >c[dgbVa 8^i^Zh Vi i]Z CZl BjhZjb# >che^gZY Wn [dg 8]^cV AVW! V Xg^i^XVa ed^ci d[ Zc\V\ZbZci l^i] i]Z Zhi# >c i]^h lVn! i]Z bZbWZgh i]ZbhZakZh l^aa ]Zae Y^gZXi i]Z jcd[ÒX^Va Xdbe^aVi^dch hdaY Wn [Vch Vi bjh^X XdcXZgih! 8]^cZhZ X^in# >i ^h djg eg^bVgn gZhZVgX] egd_ZXi! VcY dcZ i]Z [jcXi^dc^c\ VcY egd\gVbb^c\! Vh lZaa Vh ^ih ejWa^XV" lZ d[[Zg V WddiaZ\ ^hhjZ d[ JgWVc 8]^cV# I]Z WddiaZ\ ^h V lZ [ZZa YZhZgkZh VbeaZ ViiZci^dc# I]Z BZ\VWadX` ^h Wdi] i^dch! Xdaadfj^V! Zm]^W^i^dch VcY hZb^cVgh#

9>N [dgbVi [dg VhhZbWa^c\ VcY Y^hhZb^cVi^c\ ldg` l^i]^c VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb# L]Zc ^i ^h Vi ^ih WZhi ^i XVc

Egd\gVbh! XdbeZi^i^dch! VcY heZX^[^X egd_ZXih l^aa WZ V X^gXaZ d[ ]VgYXdgZ [Vch! ine^XVaan Xdch^hi^c\ d[ a^kZ ldg` egdk^YZ i]Z hZgk^XZh! k^iVa^in VcY ZcZg\n d[ V X^in nZi egdbdiZ ZkVajViZY VcY VcVanoZY dc Vc dc\d^c\ VcY XdbeVgVi^kZ WVh^h# gZXdgYZY! hZfjZcXZY VcY ZY^iZY Wn i]Z XdcXZgi\dZg# Jca^`Z cdi^dch d[ Xdbbjc^in VcY hdX^Va VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa I]Z kVg^djh egd_ZXih! Zm]^W^i^dch! VcY ZkZcih l^aa WZ VXXdb" V e^gViZY Xden dg [V`Z l]^X] ig^Zh id VhhjbZ i]Z ^YZci^in d[ hjhiV^cVW^a^in# 6i ^ih ldghi! ^ih Vjidcdbn XVc Y^hXdccZXi eVc^ZY Wn ejWa^XVi^dch# 6agZVYn haViZY VcY ^c i]Z egdXZhh d[ Vc Vji]dg^oZY egdYjXi VcY ^h bdi^kViZY Wn V YZh^gZ [dg egdÒi! i]Z YZkZadebZci [gdb i]Z jgWVc [adlh d[ i]Z X^in VcY WZ^c\ ZmZXjiZY ^h Vc Zm]^W^i^dc dc i]Z ldg` d[ 6jhig^Vc VgX]^" V WddiaZ\ VccdjcXZh ^ihZa[ Vh Vc ^begdk^hZY! ^aaZ\^i^bViZ XgZViZ YZ]jbVc^o^c\ ^hdaVi^dc# I]Z BZ\VWadX` ValVnh iZXi VcY Vgi^hi LVaiZg E^X]aZg! id deZc Vi i]Z ZcY d[ '%%-#

<henf[bZ EZ[hkZmhkr _hk :k\abm^\mnkZe ;khZ]\Zlmbg` !<ÈEZ[" C^__k^r BgZ[Z% ]bk^\mhk K>L>:K<A E:;

8ÄAVW! i]Z 8dajbW^V AVWdgVidgn [dg 6gX]^iZXijgVa 7gdVY" XVhi^c\! ^h Vc ZmeZg^bZciVa gZhZVgX] jc^i YZkdiZY id i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ cZl [dgbh d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ! hZi je Vh V hZb^ÄVjidcdbdjh i]^c` VcY VXi^dc iVc` Vi i]Z <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZhZgkVi^dc Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in# "

ldg` VcY ^h aVg\Zan bdi^kViZY Wn V l^h] id h]VgZ# <^kZc i]Z gjch i]Z g^h` d[ WZXdb^c\ Vc Vjidcdbdjh ^haVcY Vbdc\hi


;aVh] JgWVc^hb

d[ ^chigjXi^dch jhZY id bVcj[VXijgZ XdbedcZci eVgih [dg

I]Z XdciZbedgVgn 8]^cZhZ X^in egdk^YZh V edgiVa ^cid ]dl Wj^aY^c\h# 9Zh^\c^c\ VhhZbWan ZcXdjgV\Zh gZhZVgX] ^cid i]Z ldgaYÉh [jijgZ jgWVc aVcYhXVeZ b^\]i WZ [dgbZY# =dl ]dl i]Z ad\^Xh d[ bVcj[VXijg^c\ VcY VhhZbWan XVc WZXdbZ lZ jcYZghiVcY i]^h e]ZcdbZcdc ^h Xg^i^XVa id djg VW^a^in ^c[ajZci^Va YZh^\c Xg^iZg^V# I]Z i]^gY! YZh^\c^c\ ^cYjhign! id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z [jijgZ jgWVc^oVi^dc d[ i]Z ldgaY# I]^h ^h Vc dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa ^hhjZ l^i] V Yg^kZ idlVgY ^ciZ\gVi^dc! bZVch lZ bjhi ^ckZci cZl lVnh d[ i]^c`^c\ VWdji X^i^Zh VcY l]ZgZ kVhi Vbdjcih d[ YZh^\c ^c[dgbVi^dc VXgdhh bjai^eaZ WZ V\^aZ Zcdj\] id Xdci^cjVaan VYVei VcY$dg Y^hXVgY ZkZc i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZh XVc WZ bdYZaZY VcY Z[ÒX^Zcian bVcV\ZY# I]Z h]^[i bdhi gZXZcian YZkZadeZY i]Zdg^Zh# 6 cZl heZX^Zh d[ jgWVc idlVgYh bdgZ ZmeVch^kZ [dgbh d[ Y^\^iVa egdYjXi^dc l^i]^c i]Z i]^c`Zg ^h cZXZhhVgn [dg i]^h iVh`# L]d VgZ i]Zn4 =dl Yd i]Zn YZh^\c VcY XdchigjXi^dc ^cYjhign V[[dgYh deedgijc^i^Zh id cdi i]^c`4 =dl Yd ndj WZXdbZ dcZ4 >c i]Z [Vaa d[ '%%-! 8]^cV AVW dcan gZXdcÒ\jgZ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc i]Z `Zn Y^hX^ea^cZh! dg\Vc^oZY V eVcZa$YZWViZ d[ [djg eVgi^X^eVcih i]Vi gZegZhZci Wji Vahd ^cXdgedgViZ ^cYjhign hZXidgh cdi ine^XVaan VhhdX^ViZY i]^h cZl WgZZY d[ jgWVc i]^c`Zg# I]Z eVgi^X^eVcih lZgZ! CZk^aaZ l^i] Wj^aY^c\ XdchigjXi^dc# 6i i]Z XdgZ d[ i]^h h]^[i ^h i]Z ^haVcYh# L]Vi ^h i]Z [jijgZ d[ i]Z BZ\VWadX`4 =dl XVc i]Z BVgh! ?dhZe] <g^bV! AVjgZci <ji^ZggZo VcY LVc\ LZ^_Zc#

^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc l^i] i]Z VbW^i^dc d[ YZkZade^c\

BZ\VWadX` WZ XdcXZ^kZY Vh V hjXXZhh[ja bdYZa [dg [jijgZ

V XdbegZ]Zch^kZ WdYn d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc i]Vi XddgY^cViZh i]Z

:o^kr =b`bmZe ?Z[kb\Zmbhg EZ[

egdXZhh [gdb YZh^\c i]gdj\] V Wj^aY^c\Éh a^[ZXnXaZ# I]Z \dVa

]Vh ediZci^Va id ^che^gZ jc^fjZ VcY gVY^XVa jgWVc^hbh [dg L\hmm FZk[e^ $ Iabeebi :gsZehg^% ]bk^\mhkl

d[ i]Z ;VWg^XVi^dc AVW ^h id hjeedgi gZhZVgX] VcY ldg` i]Vi

i]Z [jijgZ# =dlZkZg! l]Zc ^i ^h YZeadnZY bZgZan Vh V idda d[ K>L>:K<A E:;

VYYgZhhZh VcY ^ciZ\gViZh i]ZhZ i]gZZ gZhZVgX] Y^gZXi^dch!

Z[ÒX^ZcXn! i]Z BZ\VWadX` d[[Zgh V [g^\]iZc^c\ [jijgZ# 8]^cV

Zmeadg^c\ i]Z h^\c^ÒXVcXZ d[ l]Vi i]Zn bZVc [dg VgX]^iZXih

jgWVc^oVi^dc4 I]Z ^YZV! dg XdcXZei! d[ i]Z BZ\VWadX` hi^aa

AVW ^h XjggZcian ldg`^c\ dc V Wdd` egd_ZXi i^iaZY Æ8]^cV AVW I]Z ad\^Xh d[ Y^\^iVa egdXZhhZh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ]VkZ WZ\jc id VcY i]Z deedgijc^i^Zh i]Zn d[[Zg [dg [jijgZ egVXi^XZ# <j^YZ id BZ\VWadX` JgWVc^hbhÇ l^i] V egdedhZY aVjcX] ^c higjXijgZ i]Z lVn i]Vi VgX]^iZXih YZh^\c! i]Z lVn i]Vi Wj^aYZgh i]Z heg^c\ d[ '%&%#

Wj^aY! VcY i]Z lVn i]Vi ^cYjhign ^h gZdg\Vc^o^c\# I]ZhZ

@kZiab\ :k\abm^\mnk^ Ikhc^\m !` Zi"

egdXZhhZh ]VkZ \ZcZgVaan [daadlZY dcZ d[ i]gZZ Y^gZXi^dch i]Vi Fb\aZ^e Kh\d% ]bk^\mhk BZ\VWadX` Hnbedh^jb Å 8ZcigVa 6XVYZbn

VgZ dcan cdl WZ\^cc^c\ id XdVaZhXZ ^cid V Xd]ZgZci hnhiZb K>L>:K<A E:;

d[ ;^cZ 6gih! 7Z^_^c\! BVgX] '%%.

d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa egdYjXi^dc# I]Z Òghi! YZh^\c^c\ YZh^\c! ^h V

8]^cV AVW dg\Vc^oZY V hnbedh^jb dc i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ i]Z egdXZYjgVa ^hhjZ VcY VYYgZhhZh ]dl YZh^\c egdXZhhZh VgZ L]^aZ VgX]^iZXih ]VkZ ValVnh hnci]Zh^oZY Y^kZghZ Y^hX^ea^cZh! BZ\VWadX`! l]^X] Wgdj\]i id\Zi]Zg aZVY^c\ hX]daVgh! WZ^c\ ^cÓjZcXZY Wn cZl Y^\^iVa ldg`Ódlh# KVhi Vbdjcih bZY^V iV`Zh Vc ^cXgZVh^c\an egdb^cZci edh^i^dc Vadc\h^YZ egVXi^i^dcZgh! YZkZadeZgh VcY \dkZgcbZci d[ÒX^Vah i]gdj\]dji d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc! Wdi] YZhXg^ei^kZ VcY VcVani^XVa! VgZ cdl YZh^\c! higjXijgZ VcY Wj^aY^c\ hnhiZbh# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! 8]^cV id Y^hXjhh i]Z XjggZci BZ\VWadX` YZkZadebZci igZcY ^chiVciVcZdjhan VkV^aVWaZ id ]Zae YZÒcZ VcY VhhZhh YZh^\c di]Zg YZh^\c Y^hX^ea^cZh! ]ZgZid[dgZ Xdch^YZgZY djih^YZ d[ VcY ^ih edhh^WaZ [jijgZ#

dei^dch# BjX]! ^[ cdi Vaa! d[ i]^h ^c[dgbVi^dc \Zih ÒaiZgZY i]gdj\] VgX]^iZXijgZ Å WgVcY^c\! VYkZgi^h^c\! egdbdi^dc! ejWa^X hd[ilVgZ i]Vi! Wn ZmiZch^dc! higjXijgZh i]Z Y^\^iVa Zck^gdcbZci gZaVi^dch! ejWa^h]^c\! Y^heaVn! Òab! ^ciZgVXi^kZ bZY^V! hdX^Va

BZ\VWadX` id BZiVWadX` Å 7Z^_^c\ HjbbZg Ldg`h]de %- ^c l]^X] lZ YZh^\c# I]Z egdXZhh d[ YZh^\c ]Vh WZXdbZ V cZildg`^c\ Å cdl ]VkZ cZl XjggZcXn! VcY XZgiV^c XVhZh 9jg^c\ i]Z hjbbZg d[ '%%-! 8]^cV AVW eVgi^X^eViZY ^c Vc XdbeaZm ldg`[adl ^c l]^X] \ZdbZig^X VcY! ^cXgZVh^c\an! eg^bVXn! ^c i]Z gZVab [dgbZgan \dkZgcZY Wn VgX]^iZXih# >c jgWVc YZh^\c ldg`h]de dg\Vc^oZY Wn JH8 9ZVc! F^c\njc eVgVbZig^X bdYZa^c\ ^h XdbW^cZY l^i] h^bjaVi^dc! VcVanh^h! i]^h Xdc¶iZmi! VaiZgcVi^kZ [dgbh d[ egVXi^XZ! bdgZ dg aZhh BV# ;djg ^chi^iji^dch Å JH8! Ih^c\]jV Jc^kZgh^in! HZdja VcY dei^b^oVi^dc hd[ilVgZ id [dgb Vc ^ciZ\gViZY Wj^aY^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa ^c cVijgZ! ]VkZ V \gZViZg ^cÓjZcXZ dkZg i]Z CVi^dcVa Jc^kZgh^in VcY 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in Å XdaaVWdgViZY ^c[dgbVi^dc bdYZa l]^X] XVc i]Zc \ZcZgViZ [VWg^XVi^dc VcY ejWa^X ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ Wj^aY^c\h! heVXZ! aVcYhXVeZ! X^i^Zh dc V hZg^Zh d[ ÒZaY gZhZVgX] egd_ZXih [dg i]Z CL fjVYgVci bVcj[VXijg^c\ ÒaZh# 9Zh^\c^c\ YZh^\c edhZh YZh^\c Vh V YZh^\c VcY Zck^gdcbZcih# I]Z \TVe add`h Vi ild VheZXih d[ i]dhZ d[ 7Z^_^c\ ^c Vci^X^eVi^dc [dg V edhiÄDanbe^X XdcY^i^dc# egdWaZb ^ihZa[ VcY [dgZ\gdjcYh gZhZVgX] ^cid iZX]c^fjZh ;daadl^c\ i]Z gZhZVgX] e]VhZ d[ i]Z ldg`h]de! 8]^cV [dg VgX]^iZXih id higjXijgZ i]Z ÆYZh^\c heVXZÇ ^c l]^X] i]Zn AVW egdYjXZY ^cYZeZcYZcian i]Z egd_ZXi ÉBZ\VWadX` id ldg`# I]Z hZXdcY Y^gZXi^dc! YZh^\c^c\ VhhZbWan! ^h V bViZg^Va BZiVWadX`É l]^X] egdedhZY V hnhiZbhÄWVhZY! XdchigjXiZY ^hhjZ VcY VYYgZhhZh ]dl Y^\^iVa egdYjXi^dc egdXZhhZh VcY cZildg` VeegdVX] id gZigd[^ii^c\! gZÄ^ciZ\gVi^c\! VcY bViZg^Vah ^cÓjZcXZ YZh^\c XdcXZeih# I]^h XZciZgh VgdjcY i]Z h]Vg^c\ gZhdjgXZh WZilZZc [gV\bZcih d[ 7Z^_^c\Éh X^in YZkZadebZci d[ Y^gZXi Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc! V Y^gZXi a^c` WZilZZc [VWg^X# 8]^cV AVW lVh gZegZhZciZY Wn iZc <H6EE hijYZcih YZh^\c ^ciZci VcY i]Z iddah VcY egdXZhhZh i]Vi bVcj[VXijgZ Mj 8]Zc! :\WZgi 8]j! HiZkZc <VgX^V! 8]g^h <ZZ! 8VgZc ;VnZ! Wj^aY^c\h! i]Vi ]Vh ^gdc^XVaan gZZhiVWa^h]ZY i]Z gdaZ d[ XgV[i 9Vc^Za @^YY! H]Vgdc @^b! 9ZWW^Z A^c! 9ZWdgV] G^X]VgYh ^c i]Z YZh^\c egdXZhh# I]gdj\] 8C8 iZX]cdad\^Zh! VgX]^iZXih VcY ?Z[[ L]^iZ VcY ild edhiÄ\gVYjViZh 8gZhh^XV 7gVo^Zg! XVc gZedh^i^dc YZh^\c higViZ\^XVaan l^i]^c [VWg^XVi^dc VcY B6gX] %- VcY IVi AVb! B6gX] %- VcY lVh Y^gZXiZY Wn XdchigjXi^dc egdXZhhZh hjX] i]Vi YZh^\c ^c[dgbVi^dc ZmiZcYh ?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc VcY A^ =j#

WZndcY i]Z gZegZhZciVi^dcVa id ^cXajYZ ]^\]an egZX^hZ hZih #


djih^YZ egVXi^XZh! Wdi] ^beadh^kZ VcY Zmeadh^kZ/ Vh [dgbh d[

CZiZg EZ[

)%% b^aZh VcY &!+%% b^aZh VWdkZ i]Z ZVgi]Éh hjg[VXZ #

aVc\jV\Z! Y^V\gVb VcY ^bV\^c\ i]Vi \^kZ g^hZ id VgX]^iZXijgZ! Rhlabdh LZmh% ]bk^\mhk

>i l^aa VXXdbbdYViZ idjg^hih l^i] VbZc^i^Zh [dg aZ^hjgZ

VcY Vh ineZh d[ ^bV\Z egdYjXi^dc i]Vi a^kZ ^c! dc! VgdjcY VcY Dngbh Dn]h% _hng]^k

VcY hjeedgi VXi^k^i^Zh hjX] Vh :Vgi] VcY Vhigdcdb^XVa

VWdji VgX]^iZXijgZ#

Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ% ZllblmZgm ]bk^\mhk

dWhZgkVi^dc VgZVh! gZhiVjgVci! adjc\Z! adlÄ\gVk^in \nb!

Cb Rhng` Dbf% R^ZApZ Dbf% <akblmbgZ <bZk]neeh%

Vgi^Ă’X^VaĂ„\gVk^in \nb! d[Ă’XZh! [Vgbh! \VgYZch! ZiX½

Ma^ <henf[bZ Ikhc^\m Hg Ahnlbg`

Fb\aZ^e PZe\a k^l^Zk\a ZllblmZgml

Fb\aZ^e ;^ee% ]bk^\mhk

@Zkk^mm ?bgg^r !AZ[bmZ[bebmr =^lb`g <^gm^k G:L:

Ebobg` :k\abm^\mnk^ EZ[

;kbZg Ehn`aebg% ikhc^\m ]bk^\mhk

Chaglhg LiZ\^ <^gm^k"% ^q^\nmbo^ Z]oblhk

=Zob] ;^gcZfbg Zg] LhhĂˆbg RZg`% ]bk^\mhkl

K>L>:K<A E:;

K>L>:K<A E:;

K>L>:K<A E:;

GZ 8ZciZg^c\/ CZl K^h^dch [dg ?djgcVa HfjVgZ

'%%- 7Z^_^c\ Danbe^X DeZc^c\ 8ZgZbdcn 8dhijbZ 9Zh^\c

6 Ldg`h]de [dg Egdidine^c\ GZhedch^kZ IZX]cdad\^Zh

;Vhi WZXdb^c\ i]Z dcan egd\gVb d[ ^ih `^cY Vi V i^bZ l]Zc ?VeVc AVW ]VY V jc^fjZ deedgijc^in id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c V >c Xdci^cj^c\ id YZh^\c VcY iZhi [jaaÄhXVaZ [jcXi^dc^c\ ]djh^c\ ^hhjZh ]VkZ XdbZ [gdci VcY XZciZg ^c V addb^c\ heZXiVXjaVg \adWVa ZkZci Wn ldg`^c\ dc i]Z YZh^\c d[ egdidineZh dkZg i]Z eVhi nZVg! i]Z A^k^c\ 6gX]^iZXijgZ \adWVa ÒcVcX^Va Xg^h^h! i]Z 8dajbW^V Egd_ZXi dc =djh^c\ i]Z XdhijbZh [dg i]Z '%%- 7Z^_^c\ Danbe^Xh DeZc^c\ AVW lVh egdkd`ZY Wn i]Z ^YZV i]Vi VgX]^iZXijgZ h]djaY hZ^oZY i]Z gdaZ d[ egdeV\VcY^hi! gZXd\c^o^c\ ^ih deedgijc^in 8ZgZbdcn dc 6j\jhi -i]! '%%- -$-$- Vi -EB ^c i]Z É7^gYÉh WZ gZVYVWaZ VcY lg^iVWaZ Å i]Z ejWa^X h]djaY WZ VWaZ id id WZ jc^fjZan ^cÓjZci^Va ^c i]Z gZYZkZadebZci d[ V `Zn CZhiÉ Danbe^X HiVY^jb YZh^\cZY Wn =Zgod\ YZ BZjgdc# Xdbbjc^XViZ l^i] ejWa^X dW_ZXih VcY ejWa^X Wj^aY^c\h# cZ^\]Wdg]ddY ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ V bV_dg igVch[dgbVi^dc# I]Z Danbe^X 8dbb^iiZZ [dgbZY Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa iZVb id ?djgcVa HfjVgZ! dg^\^cVaan Wj^ai dkZg i]Z EZcchnakVc^V YZh^\c i]Z DeZc^c\ 8ZgZbdcn AZY Wn V Òab Y^gZXidg! O]Vc\ A^k^c\ A^\]i lll#a^k^c\a^\]ihZdja#cZi GV^agdVY Xji i]gdj\] i]Z EVa^hVYZh VcY cVbZY V[iZg i]Z N^bdj0 hZi YZh^\cZg! BVg` ;^h]Zg0 heZX^Va Z[[ZXih Vgi^hi! 8V^ HedchdgZY Wn i]Z 8^in d[ HZdja! i]^h egd_ZXi ^h V Wj^aY^c\ gZ\^dcÉh adc\Äi^bZ cZlheVeZg! I]Z ?ZghZn ?djgcVa! lVh <jdÄF_Vc\0 HV^ @d``d`nd VcY VYk^hZg0 HiZkZc He^ZaWZg\ [VXVYZ d[ i]Z [jijgZ i]Vi Y^heaVnh V^g fjVa^in VcY ejWa^X i]Z eda^i^XVa! ÒcVcX^Va! VcY XjaijgVa XZciZg d[ ?ZghZn 8^in! Vbdc\ di]Zgh! i]Z egd\gVb! YZh^\c! VcY egdYjXi^dc ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z Zck^gdcbZci# I]Z higjXijgZ ^h V eZgbVcZci CZl ?ZghZn! [dg cZVgan ]Va[ V XZcijgn# >c bdgZ gZXZci nZVgh! b^aZhidcZh d[ i]Z AVW l^aa WZ ZhiVWa^h]ZY Wn i]Z ZkZciÉh djiYddg eVk^a^dc l^i] V \^Vci bVe d[ HZdja i]Vi ^aajb^cViZh i]Z cZ^\]Wdg]ddY ]VY [VaaZc YZgZa^Xi g^YYaZY l^i] Zbein XdhijbZ Y^gZXidg! :^`d >h]^d`V# adih! ^cVYZfjViZ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ VcY ^chj[ÒX^Zci ]djh^c\#

id WZXdbZ Vc ^ciZgVXi^kZ! Zck^gdcbZciVa Wj^aY^c\ [VXVYZ#

GZÓZXi^c\ i]Z XZaZWgVidgn he^g^i d[ i]Z 7Z^_^c\ Danbe^XhÉ 6 cZ^\]Wdg]ddY i]Vi ^h a^i je bZVch V^g fjVa^in ^h WZiiZg

=dlZkZg! Vh ^i eaVnh ]dhi id dkZg (%!%%% XdbbjiZgh ZVX] i]gZZ bV^c i]ZbZh/ <gZZc Danbe^Xh! =^\]ÄIZX] Danbe^Xh! idYVn i]Vc dcZ nZVg V\d! l]^aZ V cZ^\]Wdg]ddY i]Vi Wa^c`h YVn! ?djgcVa HfjVgZ ^h hi^aa i]Z h^iZ d[ igZbZcYdjh ^ciZgZhi VcY EZdeaZÉh Danbe^Xh0 i]Z AVWÉh YZh^\c ldg` lVh ^ciZcYZY bZVch hdbZdcZ ]Vh _jhi gZfjZhiZY ^ih XjggZci V^g fjVa^in# VcY deedgijc^in nZi jcgZVa^oZY! l]dhZ ediZci^Va \gdli] id hjeedgi i]Z cZZYh VcY d[ i]Z )*Äb^cjiZ X]dgZd\gVe]ZY 8^i^oZch XVc iZmi bZhhV\Z i]Z [VXVYZ l^i] V o^e XdYZ VcY [jijgZ Vh V bV_dg igVchedgiVi^dc ]jW VcY gZ\^dcVa eZg[dgbVcXZ VcY ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z ]jbVc WdYnÉh bdhi ^ci^" VcY i]Z [VXVYZ l^aa iZmi bZhhV\Z i]Zb WVX` l^i] i]Z XZciZg ^chi^\ViZh cZl ^YZVh d[ jgWVc^hb VcY ]djh^c\#

bViZ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY [jijgZ ediZci^Va d[ ^ih Xadi]ZY [dgb#

cZ^\]Wdg]ddYÉh V^g fjVa^in # I]^h higjXijgZ hj\\Zhih i]Vi V Wj^aY^c\ [VXVYZ ^ihZa[ XVc WZXdbZ V cZl `^cY d[ ejWa^X

GZ 8ZciZg^c\/ CZl K^h^dch [dg ?djgcVa HfjVgZ! XjgViZY Wn 7g^Vc Adj\]a^c VcY dg\Vc^oZY l^i] GdX^d 6gVcYV VcY IZVb XgZY^i/

heVXZ# >i XVc d[[Zg ^bedgiVci gZVaÄi^bZ ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji

<gZ\ 7g^X`Zn! h]dlXVhZh i]Z ldg` d[ )%Ă„eajh iZVbh d[ hij" 7Z^_^c\ Danbe^X 8ZgZbdcn 8]^Z[ 9^gZXidg! O]Vc\ N^bdj

djg h]VgZY gZhdjgXZh VcY djg XdaaZXi^kZ XdcXZgch#

YZcih Vi bjai^eaZ kZcjZh ^cXajY^c\ i]Z ?ZghZn 8^in BjhZjb! 8dhijbZ 9^gZXidg/ :^`d >h]^d`V i]Z 8^in =Vaa d[ ?ZghZn 8^in! VcY 8dajbW^VÉh )%% 6kZgn# :VX] <H6EE 9Zh^\c IZVb 9^gZXidg/ Ndh]^`d HVid

6be]^W^djh 6gX]^iZXijgZ

iZVb egdedhZY cZl [dgbh d[ ]djh^c\ Wdi] \adWVa VcY ad" 9Zh^\c IZVb/ GdWZgi 7gVX`Zii >>>! 8gZhh^XV 7gVo^Zg! 6cV >c dcZ d[ i]Z l^cc^c\ egd_ZXih [dg i]Z Zm]^W^i H^ijViZY XVa! XZciZg^c\ dc i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa XVhZ d[ ?djgcVa HfjVgZ l^i] AjX^V 8Vcd! EVka^cV <VciX]ZkV NZV=lV @^b! ?^ Ndjc\ @^b! IZX]cdad\^Zh/ IdlVgY i]Z HZci^Zci 8^in! hedchdgZY Wn i]Z V [dXjh dc i]Z ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ ]djh^c\! igVchedgiVi^dc VcY 8ViZ A^`Zc! 8]g^hiV Bd]c! IVi^VcV kdc EgZjhhZc! HiZe]Vcn ^c[gVhigjXijgZ ^c hZVgX] d[ cZl bZVch id bV`^c\ ]djh^c\ HVci^V\d! Bdgg^h HVid HijY^d V[[dgYVWaZ Vh lZaa Vh XZcigVaan XdccZXiZY id i]Z l^YZg jg" WVc gZhdjgXZh d[ i]Z bZigd VgZV# 6h bjX] V higViZ\^X ^ciZg" &,i] >66 =jbVch ^c HeVXZ Hnbedh^jb kZci^dc Vh ^i lVh Vc Zm]^W^i^dc! i]Z ldg` [gdb i]Z =djh^c\ ^c BdhXdl! Gjhh^V ?jcZ '%%. HijY^dh lVh ji^a^oZY id egdbei aVlbV`Zgh VcY X^in d[ÒX^Vah! ?VeVc AVW! Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] HeVXZ HijY^d 6YkVcXZY HijY^d ^chi^\ViZ Y^hXjhh^dch Vbdc\hi X^in gZh^YZcih! VcY VciV\d" >K ^h ^ck^iZY id egZhZci GZhZVgX] VcY 9Zh^\c egdedhVah c^oZ gZVa ZhiViZ YZkZadeZgh id Zbeadn WgdVYZg VeegdVX]Zh d[ HE68: =DI:A A:D Adl :Vgi] DgW^i Vi Æ&,i] >66 id Zck^h^dc^c\ i]Z [jijgZ d[ ?djgcVa HfjVgZ VcY ?ZghZn 8^in# >ciZgcVi^dcVa 6XVYZbn d[ 6ZgdcVji^Xh =jbVch ^c HeVXZ EVgih d[ i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc l^aa Xdci^cjZ igVkZa^c\ id kZcjZh ^c Hnbedh^jbÇ ]dhiZY Wn i]Z Gjhh^Vc HX^ZcXZ 6XVYZbn di]Zg cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ bV_dg igVch[dgbV" >c BdhXdl! Gjhh^V# I]Z =diZa A:D ^h id WZ V eaVXZ [dg i^dch! Wdi] \adWVa VcY adXVa! i]gdj\] i]Z [Vaa# $

h]dgi dg adc\Ă„iZgb ]VW^iVi^dc ^c adl :Vgi] dgW^i WZilZZc


6gX]^iZXijgVa AZV\jZ d[ CZl Ndg`! i]Z A^k^c\ 6gX]^iZXijgZ dg ]Zg VgX]^iZXijgVa XdcXZgch! i]Z gZhZVgX] WZ]^cY i]Z AVW ^h XdaaVWdgVi^c\ l^i] CViVa^Z ?ZgZb^_Zc`d VcY mYZh^\c Vc^bVi^dc Vh`h ]dl V gZegZhZciVi^dcVa iZX]c^fjZ XdjaY WZ :ck^gdcbZciVa =ZVai] 8a^c^X Vi CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in# I]Z bV^ciV^cZY l^i] i]Z VYdei^dc d[ cZl [dgbh VcY bdYZh d[ egd_ZXi hjWbZg\Zh jW^fj^idjh Xdbeji^c\ ^cid i]Z lViZg Å i]Vi egVXi^XZ# I]Z Vc^bVi^dc ^ciZ\gViZh a^kZ VXi^dc l^i] Y^\^iVa .% d[ i]Z :Vgi]Éh ^c]VW^iVWaZ kdajbZ l]^X] ZckZadeh CZl (9 XdciZci nZi gZiV^ch i]Z ]VcYÄXgV[iZY VZhi]Zi^X d[ AIAÉh Ndg` 8^in Wji gZbV^ch jcYZgÄZmeadgZY VcY jcYZgÄZc\V\ZY# hi^aa gZegZhZciVi^dcVa ldg`h Vh ^i h]^[ih [gdb V hiVi^X b^mZY Ild cZildg`h d[ ÓdVi^c\ ^ciZgVXi^kZ ijWZh ]djhZ YncVb^X A:9 bZY^V egVXi^XZ id dcZ i]Vi ^h Y^\^iVaan Vc^bViZY# VggVnh VcY hZchdgh [dg lViZg fjVa^in VcY egZhZcXZ d[ Òh]# 6

I]Z hZXdcY ^h V h]dgi YdXjbZciVgn Xdbb^hh^dcZY [dg

iZmiÄbZhhV\^c\ ^ciZg[VXZ Vaadlh X^i^oZch id Xdbbjc^XViZ l^i] i]Z '%%. >ciZgcVi^dcVa 6gX]^iZXijgZ 7^ZccVaZ GdiiZgYVb i]Z cZildg`h# I]Z egd_ZXi XgZViZh V YncVb^X VcY XVei^kVi^c\ Zmeadg^c\ i]Z HX]Zaa^c\ HZ\gZ\Vi^dc BdYZa# I]^h bdYZa aVnZg d[ a^\]i VWdkZ i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z g^kZg i]Vi bV`Zh k^h^WaZ YZkZadeZY Wn ZXdcdb^hi VcY CdWZa aVjgZViZ 9g# I]dbVh i]Z ^ck^h^WaZ0 Zc\V\Zh V cZl ZXdad\n d[ Òh]! eZdeaZ! Wj^aY^c\h! HX]Zaa^c\ ^c &.,- YZhXg^WZY ]dl X^i^Zh VcY cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh VcY ejWa^X heVXZ0 VcY heVg`h ejWa^X ^ciZgZhi VcY Y^hXjhh^dc#

WZXdbZ hZ\gZ\ViZY# HX]Zaa^c\Éh bdYZa! egdedhZY ^c i]Z

>c HjbbZg '%%.! i]Z CZiaVW aVjcX]ZY i]Z CZildg` 8^in

VWhigVXi! ]Vh WZZc k^hjVaan gZÄegZhZciZY Wn di]Zgh dkZg egd_ZXi id VcVanoZ ]dl cZildg`^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh! ^cXgZVh" GZkdaji^dc 9ddg

i]Z nZVgh ^c V aVg\Zan Y^V\gVbbVi^X VcY ^chigjXi^dcVa ^c\ \adWVa^oVi^dc! VcY hdX^Va X]Vc\Zh VgZ igVch[dgb^c\ i]Z

>c V cZl kZgh^dc d[ i]^h egd_ZXi! ;ajmmaVW Å V[Òa^ViZY l^i] bVccZg# I]Z ^ciZgZhi d[ djg YdXjbZciVgn ^h id XdciZmij" lVn lZ a^kZ# CZl Inedad\^Zh ^ckZhi^\ViZh i]Z igVch[dgbV" i]Z A^k^c\ 6gX]^iZXijgZ AVW Å ^h ldg`^c\ ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc Va^oZ i]Z bdYZa Wn [dXjh^c\ dc eZdeaZ VcY i]Z cZ^\]Wdg" i^dc VcY YZkZadebZci d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa inedad\^Zh ^c egdhV^X l^i] eVeZg Xjii^c\ Vgi^hi 7ZVig^XZ 8dgdc VcY i]Z 6kZgn ]ddYh ^i YZhXg^WZh! egZhZci^c\ cZl lVnh d[ Xdbbjc^XVi" Wj^aY^c\ egVXi^XZh# H^bjaiVcZdjh :ck^gdcbZcih ^h Vc Vc" 9^\^iVa ;VWg^XVi^dc AVW id XgZViZ V iZbedgVgn ^chiVaaVi^dc ^c\ VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ HX]Zaa^c\Éh ^bedgiVci Xdcig^Wji^dc i]gdedad\^XVa egd_ZXi! Zmeadg^c\ i]Z ^beVXi d[ Y^\^iVa VcY d[ i]Z GZkdaji^dc 9ddg [dg i]Z BjhZjb d[ 6gih VcY 9Zh^\c# Plll#bdk^c\^bV\ZaVW#XdbR#

cZildg` iZX]cdad\^Zh dc heVi^Va WZ]Vk^dg ^c ZkZgnYVn a^[Z

:cZg\n ]VgcZhhZY [gdb eZdeaZ ZciZg^c\ i]Z BjhZjbÉh

i]gdj\] e]did\gVe]n#

gZkdak^c\ Yddg l^aa WZ jhZY id ^aajb^cViZ V hZg^Zh d[ A:9h

G^mphkd :k\abm^\mnk^ EZ[

ldkZc ^cid V eVeZg Xjii^c\ YZh^\c#

DZsrl OZkg^ebl% ]bk^\mhk

I]Z CZiaVW deZgViZh ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] 6J98

K>L>:K<A E:;

]iie/$$lll#VjYX#dg\ l]^X] ^h XdÄY^gZXiZY Wn @Vonh KVgcZa^h

Fhobg` BfZ`^ EZ[ Zm <henf[bZ !FBE<"

VcY GdWZgi HjbgZaa#

FZmaZg KZmbgZf% ]bk^\mhk

:hiVWa^h]ZY ^c HZeiZbWZg '%%+! i]Z CZildg` 6gX]^iZXijgZ

K>L>:K<A E:;

AVW ^ckZhi^\ViZh ]dl XdbejiVi^dc! Xdbbjc^XVi^dch! VcY K^h^i^c\ HX]daVg! '%%-Ä'%%./ X]Vc\^c\ hdX^Va cZildg`h ^beVXi VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY i]Z X^in#

B>A8 ZmeadgZh i]Z Xdcig^Wji^dc i]Vi bdk^c\ ^bV\Zh bV`Z

BVg` H]ZeVgY <H6EE .*! Jc^kZgh^in Vi 7j[[Vad

9jg^c\ i]Z '%%-Ä'%%. VXVYZb^X nZVg! i]Z CZiaVW ejW"

id VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY YZh^\c Wn VXi^c\ Vh Vc VgZcV [dg hijY^dÄ a^h]ZY i]gZZ Wdd`h# >c[gVhigjXijgVa 8^in/ CZildg`ZY :Xdad" CZiaVW GZhZVgX] 6hh^hiVcih '%%-Ä'%%./ WVhZY! heZXjaVi^kZ! VcY Xg^i^XVa gZhZVgX]# I]Z aVW XgZViZh \^Zh ^c Adh 6c\ZaZh 68I6G ZmVb^cZh i]Z XdciZbedgVgn AZ^\]V 9Zcc^h! AZV] BZ^hiZga^c! BZaVc^Z H]Zadg! HjhVc ^c h]dgi [dgb! Y^gZXiZY ldg`h d[ Vc^bVi^dc! YdXjbZciVgn! jgWVc aVcYhXVeZ# Jh^c\ Adh 6c\ZaZh Vh V XVhZ hijYn! Ò[iZZc Hjg[VXZ! AVX^ K^YZbh`n VcY ÒXi^dcVa Òabh# 6h V h^iZ Xdbb^iiZY id XdaaVWdgVi^kZ! ZhhVnh l^i] VXXdbeVcn^c\ bVeh Wn CZiaVW VhhdX^ViZ AZV] ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn kZcijgZh bZY^ViZY Wn i]Z bdk^c\ ^bV\Z! BZ^hiZga^c ZmVb^cZ i]Z XdciZbedgVgn X^in Vh Vc VhhZbWaV\Z

Ma^ Ghg Ebg^Zk Lhenmbhgl Ngbm

i]Z aVWÉh egd_ZXiÄWVhZY VeegdVX] id gZhZVgX] Vahd ^c[dgbh d[ cZildg`ZY ZXdad\^Zh! Z# \# YncVb^X hnhiZbh XdbedhZY d[ <Zm^kbgZ MbZsshe]b% ]bk^\mhk i]Z eZYV\d\^XVa VcY Xjgg^XjaVg Y^hXjhh^dch gZaViZY id i]Z ]jbVc! W^di^X! VcY Vgi^ÒX^Va V\Zcih a^c`ZY cdi dcan Wn egdm" K>L>:K<A E:; ^ciZghi^i^Va heVXZ WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ! Òab! VcY Vc^bVi^dc ^b^in Wji Vahd Wn hdX^Va! cVijgVa! VcY iZX]cdad\^XVa cZildg`h# Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in# >c Wg^c\^c\ id\Zi]Zg V gVc\Z d[ CZildg`ZY EjWa^Xh B>I EgZhh ! YdcZ ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] 6\ZcYV Y^hXjhh^dch VcY YZh^\c ZmeZg^bZcih ]VeeZc^c\ l^i]^c i]Z i]Z 6ccZcWZg\ 8ZciZg [dg 8dbbjc^XVi^dc Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in >c V XdbeaZm! higjXijgZY X^in ^c l]^X] i]Z ^ciZgVXi^dch VXVYZbn VcY ZmiZgcVaan ^c egd[Zhh^dcVa egVXi^XZ! i]Z aVW ^h d[ Hdji]Zgc 8Va^[dgc^V ZmeadgZh ]dl cZl VcY bVijg^c\ cZi" Vbdc\ eVgih ^ciZch^[n0 ^c l]^X] i]Z cjbWZg d[ YZX^h^dc VWaZ id ViiZcY id i]Z ^bedgiVci fjZhi^dch [VX^c\ i]Z [jijgZ ldg`^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh gZXdcÒ\jgZ i]Z lVn i]Vi lZ ^ciZgVXi bV`Zgh VcY XjaijgVa hXZcVg^dh dkZgaVe! ^ciZgXdccZXi! VcY d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa gZegZhZciVi^dc ^c i]^h edhiÄY^\^iVa V\Z#

l^i] XdciZci! bZY^V hdjgXZh! di]Zg ^cY^k^YjVah VcY \gdjeh! hdbZi^bZh Xdaa^YZ0 ^c l]^X] i]Z iZbedgVa Y^bZch^dch

6i B>A8 lZ XjggZcian ]VkZ ild egd_ZXih ^c egdYjXi^dc# VcY i]Z ldgaY i]Vi hjggdjcYh jh# CZiaVW Y^gZXidg @Vonh d[ i]Z X^i^oZch VgZ Y^hh^b^aVg0 ^c l]^X] adXVa VcY \adWVa! I]Z Òghi ^h V h]dgi cVggVi^kZ Vc^bVi^dc hZi ^c AZl^h Ihj" KVgcZa^h Vahd ZY^iZY I]Z ?d]chdc IVeZh/ 8dckZghVi^dch 7Z" e]nh^XVa VcY k^gijVa Y^bZch^dch XdÄZm^hi! ^i ^h cZXZhhVgn id gjbV`^ AZl^h 6gX]^iZXihÉ EVg` IdlZg! V heZXjaVi^kZ egd_" ilZZc GdWZgi HiZgc VcY E]^a^e ?d]chdc BdcVXZaa^ ! Vc dgVa ^YZci^[n V hZi d[ YZh^\c iddah l]^X] XdjaY gZhedcY id YZh^\c ZXi dg^\^cVaan YZkZadeZY [dg i]Z '%%) KZc^XZ 6gX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn d[ i]Z ilZci^Zi]ÄXZcijgn VgX]^iZXi egdYjXZY Wn i]Z XdbeaZm^in# I]Vi ^h l]n ^c i]Z aVhi Ò[iZZc nZVgh! VgX]^iZXih 7^ZccVaZ# 7Z\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z cdi^dc i]Vi i]Z gZegZhZciV" IZbeaZ =dncZ 7jZaa 8ZciZg [dg 6bZg^XVc 6gX]^iZXijgZ# i^dcVa aVc\jV\Z d[ Vc VgX]^iZXi ^h ^c]ZgZcian a^c`ZY id ]^h

VYdeiZY VYkVcXZY Y^\^iVa iddah hjX] Vh Va\dg^i]bh!

HiVgi^c\ ^c ?VcjVgn '%%.! CZiaVW Y^gZXidg @Vonh KVg" YncVb^X gZaVi^dch]^eh! eVgVbZig^X hnhiZbh! bVee^c\! cZa^h WZ\Vc V Wdd`ÄaZc\i] ldg` Zci^iaZY I]Z BZVc^c\ bdge]d\ZcZh^h! XZaajaVg VjidbViV! VcY W^[jgXVi^dc l^i] d[ CZildg` 8jaijgZ/ 6 =^hidgn d[ i]Z 8dciZbedgVgn# I]Z Wgd`Zc hnbbZign# I]Z bdi^kVi^c\ ]nedi]Zh^h Vi i]Z WVh^h Wdd`Éh \dVa ^h id jcYZghiVcY i]Z cZildg` ^h cdi bZgZan V d[ CHJ ^h id Xdchda^YViZ VcY id X]VaaZc\Z i]Z gZhZVgX] ^c iZX]cdad\n l^i] hdX^Va gVb^ÒXVi^dch Wji gVi]Zg Vh V Xja" i]Z ÒZaY d[ XdbeaZm hnhiZbh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# ijgVa Ydb^cVci i]Vi jc^iZh igVch[dgbVi^dch ^c hdX^Zin!

CHJ ^ckZhi^\ViZh i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z eZgXZe"

ZXdcdbn! VZhi]Zi^Xh! VcY ^YZdad\n# 6c ZhhVn Wn KVgcZa^h i^dc d[ V heZX^ÒX VgX]^iZXijgVa gZVa^in VcY ^ih igVchaVi^dc dc cZildg` XjaijgZ lVh ejWa^h]ZY ^c i]Z XViVad\ [dg 9^h" ^cid V hZi d[ ZaZbZcih i]Vi XVc WZ bVc^ejaViZY i]gdj\] eZgh^dc! V h]dl Vi AdcYdcÉh >86 ^c heg^c\ '%%. VcY KVg" XdbejiZg^oZY bdYZah! VcY ]dl V heZX^ÒX egdWaZb d[ gZVa" cZa^h gZXZ^kZY Vc C:6Ä[jcYZY \gVci [gdb IjgWjaZcXZ#dg\ ^in XVc WZ igVchaViZY ^c V XdY^ÒZY hnbWda^X aVc\jV\Z# id lg^iZ V X]VeiZg dc ^bbZY^ViZY gZVa^in ^c XdciZbedgVgn

;gdb Vc Ze^hiZbdad\^XVa eZgheZXi^kZ CHJ gZhZVgX] V^bh id

Vgi [dg CZildg`ZY/ 6 CZildg`ZY 7dd` dc CZildg`ZY 6gi XdchiVcian X]VaaZc\Z i]Z WdjcYVgn Zm^hi^c\ WZilZZc i]Z bZV" ]iie/$$lll#ijgWjaZcXZ#dg\$cZildg`ZY$ #

hjgVWaZ VcY cdcÄbZVhjgVWaZ Y^bZch^dch ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# %


GZhZVgX] DkZg i]Z eVhi nZVg! CHJ egd_ZXih ^cXajYZ EVgVbZig^X

L' E'N' F' E:; !LnlmZbgZ[e^ Ebobg` Nk[Zg Fh]^e"

;jgc^ijgZ! V egd_ZXi YZkZadeZY ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ i]Z ;jgc^ijgZ :e_k^]h ;kbee^f[hnk` $ An[^km Denfig^k% ]bk^\mhkl HijY^d [Vaa '%%- l^i] E]^aa^e 6coVadcZ! BZVhjgVWaZ VcY CdcÄ K>L>:K<A E:; bZVhjgVWaZ ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ! VcY i]Z CZl CZl Ndg` Egd_ZXi# I]Z CZl CZl Ndg` Egd_ZXi lVh WVhZY dc i]Z YZÒc^i^dc d[ V ;djcYZY ^c i]Z VeegdVX]Zh VcY egVXi^XZh d[ JgWVc I]^c` IVc` bjai^ÄXg^iZg^V hnhiZb id YZÒcZ jgWVc VcY YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh# JÄII ! H#A#J#B A67 egdedhZh i]Vi VgX]^iZXih ZhX]Zl i]Z^g CHJ ldg`ZY l^i] :YjVgYd 7ZcVbdg 9jVgiZ dc XdcXZei XdckZci^dcVa gdaZ ^c igVY^i^dcVa ]^ZgVgX]^Zh VcY! ^chiZVY! hZgkZ YZkZadebZci VcY :YjVgYd 7ZcVbdg 9jVgiZ VcY <VWg^Za Vh Vc ZcVWa^c\ XdccZXi^dc Å V hncVehZ d[ hdgih Å WZilZZc 7VX] [dg i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V Òghi WZiV bdYZa

i]Z deedh^c\ [dgXZh d[ ideÄYdlc eaVcc^c\ VcY WdiidbÄje ^c^i^Vi^kZh# 6Xi^c\ id ViigVXi VcY XgZViZ Xdbbdc \gdjcY [dg

Egdidine^c\ i]Z 8^in

i]ZhZ ild [dgXZh! VgX]^iZXih XVc Za^b^cViZ Y^k^h^kZcZhh VcY

I]Z 9Zh^\c HijY^d ÆEgdidine^c\ i]Z X^inÇ ^h V ldg`h]de Wdgc ZcVWaZ i]Z ild [dgXZh id ^ciZgVXi edlZg[jaan VcY egdYjXi^kZan# hdaji^dch V hdX^ZinÉh cZZY [dg ZfjVa VXXZhh id ]djh^c\! Zb" [gdb V XdaaVWdgVi^dc WZilZZc Idg^cd '%%- LdgaY 9Zh^\c =Vk^c\ VhhjbZY i]^h gdaZ [dg JÄII! lZ ldg` l^i] eda^i^X^Vch! eadnbZci! iZX]cdad\n! hZgk^XZh! ZYjXVi^dc! VcY gZhdjgXZh 8Ve^iVa! i]Z 6gX]^iZXijgVa 6hhdX^Vi^dc! i]Z CHJ gZhZVgX] eda^Xn bV`Zgh! Xdbbjc^in \gdjeh! \adWVa XdgedgVi^dch! VcY Å [jcYVbZciVa g^\]ih [dg Vaa X^in YlZaaZgh# AVW Vi i]Z <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ EaVcc^c\ VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa egd[Zhh^dcVah# EgZhZgkVi^dc Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in! VcY 9ZcVaY^ AZ\cVb^#

>c dgYZg id XdccZXi \adWVa YZh^\c XVeVW^a^i^Zh l^i] jc"

?jhi Vh lZ Yd cdi Vhh^\c gZaVi^kZ ^bedgiVcXZ dg kVajZ id YZghZgkZY jgWVc edejaVi^dch! i]Z HAJB AVW iV`Zh V i]gZZÄ

ÆEgdidine^c\ i]Z X^inÇ lVh XdcXZ^kZY Vh V XViVani^X ZkZci ^c ÆideÄYdlcÇ kZghjh ÆWdiidbÄje!Ç lZ WZa^ZkZ i]Vi i]Z aZ\Va$ egdc\ZY VeegdVX]/ l]^X] (' hijYZcih [gdb Vaa dkZg i]Z ldgaY YgZl je! egdedhZY ZmigVÄaZ\Va dg eZg^e]ZgVa Y^hi^cXi^dc ^c jgWVc odcZh! VcY

& HZZ^c\ i]Z jchZZc Å >c[dgbVa VgZVh VgZ \Zd\gVe]^"

VcY Wj^ai Vc ^chiVaaVi^dc# I]Z iVh` lVh id YZh^\c VcY XdchigjXi i]Z g^X]$bVg\^cVa^oZY kVajVi^dc VgZ XdjciZgÄegdYjXi^kZ ^c XVaan VcY ZXdcdb^XVaan eZg^e]ZgVa# Æ>ck^h^WaZÉÇ id bVcn! i]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc YZh` d[ i]Z h^m hjbbZg hX]dda ldg`h]deh Zck^h^dc^c\ VcY ^beaZbZci^c\ V cZl bdYZa [dg jgWVc YZkZa" YZhe^iZ i]Z^g gZVa egZhZcXZ! i]Zn YZkZade i]Z^g dlc gdWjhi 9Zh^\c^c\ 8dccZXiZY EaVXZh i]Vi l^aa WZ ]ZaY ^c EdaaZcod#

debZci# I]jh JÄII ]Vh YZa^WZgViZan h]^[iZY [gdb i]Z [dgbVa hZa[Ädg\Vc^o^c\ ad\^X# =dlZkZg! i]ZgZ VgZ Vi egZhZci cd igVY^i^dcVa bVhiZg eaVch id V higViZ\n d[ VXi^k^hi VgX]^iZXi bZX]Vc^hbh [dg hjgkZn^c\! VXXdjci^c\! VcY eaVcc^c\ i]ZhZ

EgdidineZh I]Z XdcXZei d[ V YZh^\c egdidineZ ^h igVY^i^dcVaan a^c`ZY id

deZgVi^c\ Vh ^c^i^Vidg! bZY^Vidg! VcY YZh^\cZg#

VXi^k^i^Zh# Djg YViVÄ\Vi]Zg^c\ VcY k^hjVa^oVi^dc Vaadl jh id

JÄII edh^ih i]Z eZgeZijVa gZYZÒc^i^dc d[ \adWVa hnhiZbh hZZ i]Z jchZZc! id bZVhjgZ XVeVX^i^Zh! Vh lZaa Vh kjacZg"

^cYjhig^Va YZh^\c VcY i]Z gZaViZY ÒZaYh d[ bVcj[VXijg^c\# d[ jgWVc eaVcc^c\ VcY aZ\^haVi^dc id add` [dg i]dhZ adde]daZh VW^a^i^Zh! l^i]^c i]Z ^c[dgbVa# 6gX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh igVY^i^dcVaan aVX`ZY [dgbh d[ hZg^Va VcY jclg^iiZc Vhhjbei^dch i]Vi XVc Vaadl kVg^djh \gdjeh

' 9^V\cdh^c\ bdge]dad\n Å I]Z ^c[dgbVa ^h Vh bjX]

egdYjXi^dc VcY bVhh egdYjXi^dc VcY! Vh V gZhjai! egdidine^c\ [gZZYdb d[ VXi^dc# Id [jgi]Zg i]^h egdXZhh! lZ XgZViZY i]Z V bdge]dad\^XVa XdcY^i^dc Vh Vc ZXdcdb^X dcZ0 ^i d[iZc gZ" hZch^W^a^i^Zh ]VkZ ZkdakZY ^c gZaViZY ÒZaYh d[ YZh^\c# >c lZWh^iZ lll#HAJBA67#Xdb! V h]VgZY k^gijVa ldg`heVXZ h^YZh ^c XdciZhiZY dg ^aa^X^i gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i] aVcYÄjhZ VcY bdYZgc i^bZh! cZl VgX]^iZXijgVa ^YZVh ]VkZ [gZfjZcian [dg 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^inÉh <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! dlcZgh]^e gZ\jaVi^dch# 6h l^i] Vaa ^ih di]Zg ZaZbZcih! i]Z WZZc YZkZadeZY VcY i]Zc iZhiZY ^c gZaVi^dch]^e id Vc ^YZV EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZhZgkVi^dc VcY djg d[ÒXZ ^c 8VgVXVh# LZ ^c[dgbVa egdbdiZh WdiidbÄje bZi]dYh d[ bdge]dad\^XVa ^ck^iZ i]Z eVgi^X^eVi^dc d[ VXVYZb^Xh VcY egVXi^i^dcZgh [gdb YZiZgb^cVi^dc! VcY ZVX] ^cY^k^YjVa ^h V Y^gZXi V\Zci ^c i]Z d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa ineZ# I]Z ^YZV d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa ineZ ^h idYVn jcYZg\d^c\ V VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY ^c i]Z Z[[dgi id a^c` jgWVc YZkZadebZci XdchigjXi^dc d[ ]^h$]Zg dlc Zck^gdcbZci# I]Z Hajb AVW gVY^XVa gZYZÒc^i^dc dl^c\ id i]Z dWhdaZhXZcXZ d[ ]^hidg^XVa VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ YZh^\c Wn ^YZci^[n^c\ VcY Zmead^i^c\ hnc" Xdci^cjZh id Xdbe^aZ bdge]dad\^XVa Zk^YZcXZ! ^c i]Z [dgb bdYZah! l]^X] VgZ WZ^c\ gVY^XVaan gZXdcÒ\jgZY Wn cZl jg" Zg\^Zh WZilZZc ideÄYdlc VcY WdiidbÄje [dgXZh# I]Z egd" d[ e]didh! k^YZd! (9 bdYZah! VcY XVhZ hijY^Zh id jcYZg" WVc XdcY^i^dch! a^[ZhinaZh! VcY ZXdcdb^X igVch[dgbVi^dc#

edhZY jgWVc bdYZah i]Vi gZhjai V^b id igVchaViZ ^cid heVi^Va hiVcY i]Z gZh^a^ZcXZ VcY heVi^Va ^ccdkVi^dc d[ i]Z ^c[dgbVa# ( IVXi^XVa ^ccdkVi^dc Å LZ i]Zc hZZ` id aZkZgV\Z i]^h ^c[dgbVi^dc ^cid VXi^dcVWaZ hX]ZbZh# L]Vi ^cejih VgZ Zm" eZXiZY id WZ eg^bVgn ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z hajb4 =dl XVc lZ ÆgZkZghZ Zc\^cZZgÇ i]^h egdXZhh VcY gZÄYZeadn ^i Vh Vc VcVani^X VcY \ZcZgVi^kZ idda4 =dl XVc lZ Vgi^XjaViZ bViZg^Va VcY heVi^Va XdcÒ\jgVi^dch! \^kZc i]Z Zcdgbdjh kdajbZ d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY V bjai^ea^X^in d[ hdjgXZh4 =dl Yd WdiidbÄje iZX]c^fjZh ^c heVXZ Zcg^X] djg YZh^\c i]^c`" ^c\ [dg i]Z [dgbVa X^in4

LiZ\^(Mbf^ bgm^k_Z\^ EZ[ !LMbE" FZ[^e H' Pbelhg% ]bk^\mhk K>L>:K<A E:;

I]Z HeVXZ$I^bZ ^ciZg[VXZ AVW lVh [djcYZY ^c '%%, Vh V bZVch d[ ZmeZg^bZci^c\ l^i] cZl iZbedgVa iZX]cdad\^Zh i]Vi ^c[ajZcXZ Wdi] i]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ VcY egdYjXi^dc d[ heVXZ! l]Zi]Zg VgX]^iZXijgVa! jgWVc! dg k^gijVa# 6h V gZhZVgX] jc^i d[ i]Z <H6EE! i]^h ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn aVW Wg^c\h id\Zi]Zg gZhZVgX] VcY bZi]dYh [gdb i]Z ÒZaYh d[ Òab VcY k^YZd! hdX^Va ]^hidgn! k^hjVa XjaijgVa hijY^Zh! ^c[dgbVi^dc k^hjVa^oVi^dc VcY YViVWVhZ YZh^\c! VcY jgWVc VcY heVi^Va bVee^c\ id ZmVb^cZ i]Z X]Vc\^c\ gdaZ d[ eZgXZei^dc! bZbdgn! VcY heVXZ ^c djg XjggZci Y^\^iVa V\Z# >[ i]Z


bjhZdad\^XVa ijgc d[ idYVnÉh XjaijgZ Å i]Vi ^h i]Z hidgV\Z d[

gZaZVhZY id i]Z CV^gdW^ eaVcc^c\ Xdbbjc^in VcY ]Vh ]VY

bVhh^kZ fjVci^i^Zh d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc dcÄa^cZ VcY ^c ]VgY Yg^kZh!

V h^\c^ÒXVci ^beVXi dc eaVcc^c\ egdXZhh ^c i]Z gZ\^dc Wn

i]Z VgX]^k^c\ d[ ^bV\Zh VcY Vgi^[VXih Wn bjhZjbh VcY

ZfjVa^o^c\ VXXZhh id ^c[dgbVi^dc# <dd\aZ BVeh l^aa WZ jh^c\

^cY^k^YjVah! VcY i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc d[ Zci^gZ jgWVc Y^hig^Xih

i]Z YViV ^c i]Z^g WVhZh bVeh VcY l^aa Xdci^cjZ i]Z Y^hig^"

VcY eg^hi^cZ aVcYhXVeZh Å ]Vh ]VY V egd[djcY Z[[ZXi d[ i]Z

Wji^dc VcY YZkZadebZci d[ i]ZhZ bVeh dkZg i^bZ# HZXdcY!

]dl eaVXZh VgZ a^kZY VcY igVch[dgbZY! i]Zc ]dl b^\]i V

H>9A XdbeaZiZY V i]gZZ nZVg adc\ egd_ZXi dc cZ^\]Wdg]ddY

bdgZ cjVcXZY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]ZhZ cZl iZbedgVa [dgXZh

eaVcc^c\ VcY eg^hdcZg gZZcign ^c CZl DgaZVch# I]Z [djg nZVg

Vhh^hi i]Z VgX]^iZXih! eaVccZgh! VcY Vgi^hih l]d h]VeZ djg

VcVanh^h d[ i]Z \Zd\gVe]n d[ eg^hdc VYb^hh^dch gZhjaiZY ^c

Zck^gdcbZci4 I]Z HeVXZ$I^bZ ^ciZg[VXZ AVWÉh ZmeZg^bZciVa

i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ [djg e^adi ?jhi^XZ GZ^ckZhibZci egd_"

egd_ZXih hZZ` id Wg^c\ id\Zi]Zg ^chi^iji^dch VcY YZh^\cZgh id

ZXih Vadc\ V Xdgg^Ydg ^c 8ZcigVa 8^in# I]Z gZedgi lVh gZaZVhZY

^ccdkViZ cZl lVnh d[ k^hjVa^o^c\ VcY egZhZci^c\ i]Z XjaijgVa

^c ;ZWgjVgn i]^h nZVg! VcY i]Z ldg` ]Vh WZZc Zm]^W^iZY Vi i]Z

bZbdgn VcY ]^hidgn d[ jcYZg gZegZhZciZY ejWa^Xh#

6>6 8ZciZg [dg 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in Vh eVgi d[ Vc Danbe^X <VbZh# I]Z bdW^aZ YZk^XZh cdi dcan VaadlZY i]Z Zm]^W^i XVaaZY i]Z <adWVa Eda^h! >ciZgVXi^kZ >c[gVhigjXijgZh#

K^h^WaZ =^hidgn Egd_ZXi

EgZhh id bZVhjgZ V^g XdcY^i^dch Vcnl]ZgZ ^c i]Z 7Z^_^c\! Wji

>c CdkZbWZg '%%- AVjgV @jg\Vc XdaaVWdgViZY l^i] 9^aaZg!

6 [dgi]Xdb^c\ HI^A XdaaVWdgVi^dc! i]Z K^h^WaZ =^hidgn WZXVjhZ i]Z YZk^XZh lZgZ Vahd <EH gZXZ^kZgh! gZhZVgX]Zgh HXdÒY^d VcY GZc[gd! BVg` =VchZc VcY 7Zc GjW^c id egdYjXZ Egd_ZXi! XgZViZh V k^gijVa bjhZjb l]dhZ YViVWVhZ ]djhZh lZgZ VWaZ id bVe i]Z gZVY^c\h Vh i]Z EgZhh bdkZY i]gdj\] ÆIZggZ CViVaZÇ! V (+% YZ\gZZ Vc^bViZY egd_ZXi^dc jh^c\ heZX^[" ^bV\Zh VcY YdXjbZcih [gdb a^iiaZ `cdlc c^cZiZZci]Ä VcY i]Z X^in l^i] i]Z YZk^XZh# 6aa 6hhdX^ViZY EgZhh V^g fjVa^in gZ" ^X \adWVa YViV XdaaZXi^dch id k^hjVa i]Z eda^i^XVa! ZXdcdb^X VcY ilZci^Zi]ÄXZcijgn WaVX` bjhZjbh VcY Zmedh^i^dch ^c edgih XVbZ [gdb i]ZhZ YZk^XZh VcY i]Z ldg` lVh [ZVijgZY ^c Zck^gdcbZciVa XVjhZh d[ \adWVa b^\gVi^dc# I]Z Zm]^W^i lVh Xj" i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# :meVcYVWaZ VcY ÓZm^WaZ! i]Z cVk^\VWaZ i]Z CZl BjhZjbÉh CN8 JgWVc 8]^cV egd\gVbh# YViVWVhZ ZmiZch^kZan XViVad\jZh i]ZhZ egZk^djhan ^ck^h^WaZ

H>9A Vahd gZaZVhZY V cZl hijYn! l]^X] l^aa WZ ^cigdYjXZY

gViZY Wn EVja K^g^a^d VcY dc Y^heaVn Vi i]Z ;dcYVi^dc 8Vgi^Zg# H>9A Xdci^cjZh id ldg` dc i]Z Æ6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY ?jh"

^chi^iji^dch VcY ZkZcih [gdb i]Z eZg^dY d[ GZXdchigjXi^dc ^c i]Z ?djgcVa d[ :Xdcdb^X <Zd\gVe]n i]^h nZVg Å ÆI]Z i^XZÇ egd_ZXi VcY ]Vh gZXZcian hiVgiZY id ldg` l^i] i]Z id i]Z egZhZci# I]Z cZl k^gijVa bjhZjb l^aa gZÄegZhZci i]Z <Zd\gVe]n d[ 7jooÇ# >c i]^h egd_ZXi i]Z H>9A eVgicZgZY l^i] ?jhi^XZ BVee^c\ 8ZciZg dc V cVi^dcVa Æ?jhi^XZ 6iaVhÇ id XjgVidg^Va Zi]^X d[ i]dhZ l]d XgV[iZY i]Z Zm]^W^i^dch l]dhZ XdaaZV\jZh Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ Hdji]Zgc 8Va^[dgc^V JH8 WZ gZaZVhZY ^c DXidWZg '%%. l^i] i]Z hjeedgi d[ i]Z ;dgY ^YZdad\^XVa bZhhV\Zh gVc\ZY [gdb gVX^Va jea^[i id EVc id add` Vi i]Z hdX^Va heVi^Va eViiZgch d[ XjaijgVa ^cYjhig^Zh ;djcYVi^dc! i]Z EZl 8]Vg^iVWaZ Igjhi VcY i]Z DeZc HdX^Zin 6[g^XVc^hb id 8^k^a G^\]ih id 7aVX` CVi^dcVa^hb# 9ZiV^aZY ^c CZl Ndg` VcY Adh 6c\ZaZh# I]Zn idd` V jc^fjZ YViVhZi ^c[dgbVi^dc l^aa WZ VkV^aVWaZ VWdji eVgi^XjaVg Zm]^W^ih! i]jh VcY igVch[dgbZY ^i Wn \ZdÄgZ[ZgZcX^c\! XdY^c\! VcY eZg" ]^\]a^\]i^c\ i]Z gZaZkVcXZ d[ k^hjVa VcY bViZg^Va XjaijgZ ^c [dgb^c\ hiVi^hi^XVa VcVanh^h dc +!%%% ZkZcih VcY (%%!%%% i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ WaVX` ]^hidg^d\gVe]n# 6h V YViVWVhZ i]Z e]did\gVe]h iV`Zc ^c ZVX] X^in# I]Z gZhjaih h]dlZY i]Z XdaaZXi^dc d[[Zgh i]Z egdheZXi d[ cVk^\Vi^c\ i]Z k^gijVa heVXZ hdX^Va ZkZcih d[ i]Z XjaijgVa ^cYjhign iZcY id XajhiZg VcY d[ i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc VcY k^hjVa^o^c\ i]Z XdciZci d[ i]Z Zm]^W^ih i]Vi i]dhZ VXidgh cdi XdckZci^dcVaan ^ckdakZY ^c X^in YZkZa" ^c lVnh jc^bV\^cZY Wn i]dhZ l]d XgV[iZY i]Z dg^\^cVa debZci eVeVgVoo^! bVg`ZiZgh! bZY^V ]VkZ jc^ciZci^dc" Zmedh^i^dch VcY Wj^aY^c\h#

Vaan eaVnZY V h^\c^ÒXVci gdaZ ^c X^in YZkZadebZci# I]^h ldg` lVh [ZVijgZY ^c Vc Zm]^W^i^dc Vi HijY^dÄM CN8 Vh lZaa Vh V

Ma^ LiZmbZe Bg_hkfZmbhg =^lb`g EZ[ !LB=E" EZnkZ Dnk`Zg $ LZkZa PbeebZfl% ]bk^\mhkl K>L>:K<A E:;

\VaaZgn Vi Jc^kZgh^in d[ Hdji]Zgc 8Va^[dgc^V Adh 6c\ZaZh # H>9A Vahd XdbeaZiZY hdbZ dc\d^c\ egd_ZXih# ;^ghi! CV^" gdW^ AVcY JhZ bVeh0 <>H aVcY jhZ YViV VWdji CV^gdW^ lVh

I]Z HeVi^Va >c[dgbVi^dc 9Zh^\c AVW lVh XgZViZY ^c '%%)! Vh Vc ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn gZhZVgX] jc^i ^c i]Z <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZhZgkVi^dch Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in# >i ^h V i]^c`Ä VcY VXi^dcÄiVc` Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in heZX^Va^o^c\ ^c i]Z k^hjVa Y^heaVn d[ heVi^Va ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji XdciZbedgVgn X^i^Zh VcY ZkZcih# DkZg i]Z aVhi nZVg i]Z HeVi^Va >c[dgbVi^dc 9Zh^\c AVW H>9A ]Vh ldg`ZY dc V cjbWZg d[ cZl egd_ZXih# GZhZVgX]" Zgh [gdb H>9A lZci id i]Z 7Z^_^c\ '%%- Danbe^Xh l]ZgZ i]Zn iZVbZY je 6hhdX^ViZY EgZhh 6E gZedgiZgh id XgZViZ bdW^aZ V^g fjVa^in YZk^XZh id ZmedhZ 7Z^_^c\Éh V^g fjVa^in Yjg^c\ i]Z


I:G>/ 7gVo^aÄ>cY^V/ IZX]cdad\n! :beadnbZci VcY GZ\^dcVa >cZfjVa^in Egd_ZXi l^i] gZhZVgX]Zgh Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ HVd EVjad I:G> Egd_ZXi ^h V XdbeVgVi^kZ VcVanh^h d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa VcY ^cYjhig^Va eda^Xn X]d^XZh VcY i]Z^g ^beVXi dc ^ciZgÄhZXidgVa VcY gZ\^dcVa ZbeadnbZci ^cZfjVa^i^Zh dWhZgkZY Wdi] ^c HVd EVjad VcY @VgcViV`V gZ\^dch ^c 7gVo^a VcY >cY^V# >i jhZh fjVci^iVi^kZ VcY fjVa^iVi^kZ iZX]c^fjZh id XdcigVhi i]Z cVijgZh d[ i]Z^g ^cYjhig^Va X]Vc\Z! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z^g eda^i^XVa ZXdcdbn! ZbeadnbZci! ^cXdbZ! VcY ]ZVai] X]Vc\Zh# A>C:</ AVWdg >cheZXi^dc VcY CZl :Xdcdb^X <dkZgcVcXZ >chi^ijiZ# Æ6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY ?jhi^XZ ]Vh Vahd WZZc dc Y^h" h^i^Zh ^c gZ\^dcVa igVch[dgbVi^dc! ]ZVai] ^c[gVhigjXijgZ hjX] Egd\gVb l^i] @VgcViV`V AVWdjg 9ZeVgibZci! >cY^V eaVn ^c V h]dl i^iaZY Gdj\] 8ji/ 9Zh^\c IV`Zh V H]Vge :Y\Z Vh e]VgbVX^Zh! ]dhe^iVah! VcY Xa^c^Xh! VcY ^cYjhig^Va Y^heZg" I]^h egd_ZXi ViiZbeih id jcYZghiVcY egd\gZhh^kZ eaVcc^c\ [gdb CdkZbWZg '%%- jci^a DXidWZg '%%.#

h^dc VcY YZh^\c# I8AVW hijY^Zh d[ ^ccdkVi^dc Vahd ^cXajYZ dc ^cYjhig^Va ZbeadnbZci! ZXdcdb^X dg\Vc^oVi^dc! VcY 7di] AVjgV @jg\Vc VcY HVgV] L^aa^Vbh ]VkZ WZZc [ZV" i]Z VXijVa ^chi^iji^dcVa ZbWZYY^c\ d[ heZX^ÒX iZX]cdad\^Zh hdX^Va egdiZXi^dch VXgdhh i]Z [djg hdji]Zgc >cY^Vc hiViZh! ijgZY ^c i]Z egZhh/ i]Z CZl Ndg` I^bZh! 6iaVci^X BV\Vo^cZ VcY i]Z^g Y^[[jh^dc Å hjX] Vh kVXX^cZh! Y^V\cdhi^X `^ih! lV" l]^X] VgZ Vbdc\ i]Z [VhiZhi \gdl^c\ ZXdcdb^X gZ\^dch VcY bdgZ# AVjgV @jg\Vc lVh [ZVijgZY Vh dcZ d[ '%%-Éh iZg ejg^ÒXVi^dc hnhiZbh! ZcZg\n Z[ÒX^Zci iZX]cdad\^Zh Å dg d[ i]Z Xdjcign# GZ\^hiZg^c\ Xdch^YZgVWaZ ZXdcdb^X VcY WZhi VcY 7g^\]iZhi ^c :hfj^gZ BV\Vo^cZ# Æ6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ igVchedgiVi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh dc i]Z gZ\jaVi^dc d[ ^cYjhig^Va eda^Xn ViiZci^dc idYVn Vi i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa AVWdg ?jhi^XZÇ lVh Vahd VXfj^gZY i]^h nZVg Vh eVgi d[ i]Z eZgbV" ldg`h^iZh# >c Xdjcig^Zh i]Vi VgZ gVe^Yan ^cYjhig^Va^o^c\! hjX] Dg\Vc^oVi^dc VcY gZ\^dcVa ^cYjhign! aVWdg ^cheZXi^dc ^c cZci XdaaZXi^dc ^c i]Z 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY 9Zh^\c 9ZeVgibZci Vh >cY^V! 8]^cV! 7gVo^a! VcY @ZcnV! iZX]cdad\^XVa X]Vc\Z gZ" eVgi^XjaVg gV^hZh hZkZgVa ^ciZgZhi^c\ fjZhi^dch VWdji Vi i]Z BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi ^c CZl Ndg`#

hZVgX] ^h ZheZX^Vaan XdcXZgcZY l^i] i]Z eda^i^XVa ZXdcdbn higZZiÄaZkZa WjgZVjXgVXn VcY X]Vc\^c\ ejWa^X ZXdcdb^X d[ ^chi^iji^dch VcY \dkZgcVcXZ VgdjcY \gdli] VcY Zfj^in# gZ\jaVi^dc# I]Z A>C:< egd_ZXi add`h Vi i]Z d[iZc XdcÓ^Xi^c\

Ma^ <henf[bZ Ngbo^klbmr M^\agheh`b\Ze <aZg`^ EZ[ !M<EZ["

I]ZhZ ^cXajYZ i]Z \gdli] d[ ]ZVai] VcY hdX^Va ^chjgVcXZ! gdaZh d[ hiViZh VcY i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ fjVh^ÄgjaZh VcY

LfbmZ LkbgboZl% ]bk^\mhk

d[ ^cYjhig^Zh! VcY i]Z jeiV`Z d[ heZX^ÒX iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY gZ"

K>L>:K<A E:;

_ZXi^dc d[ di]Zgh# 8dbW^cZY l^i] i]Z YZch^in VcY eVXZ d[ jg" :HE>/ :Xdcdb^X VcY HdX^Va EgdiZXi^dc >chi^iji^dch Egd\gVb

i]Z h]^[ih ^c Xdbbjc^in VcY [Vb^an egdk^h^dc! i]Z gZ\jaVi^dc ^c[dgbVa VcY [dgbVa ^chi^iji^dch#

WVc^oVi^dc! i]ZhZ gZfj^gZ cZl lVnh d[ VeegdVX]^c\ i]Z hiViZ! I]Z :HE> egd\gVb fjZg^Zh i]Z jgWVc VcY gZ\^dcVa gddih I]Z IZX]cdad\^XVa 8]Vc\Z AVW I8AVW VhhdX^ViZY l^i] YZXZcigVa^oVi^dc! VcY heZX^ÒXh d[ ^ccdkVi^dc egdXZhhZh#

VcY heVi^Va bVc^[ZhiVi^dch d[ cVi^dcVa hdX^Va egd\gVbh

i]Z JgWVc EaVcc^c\ egd\gVb Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in

ZheZX^Vaan hdX^Va ^chjgVcXZ VcY i]Z^g eaVXZ ^c cVi^dcVa ZXdcdb^X \dVah# >i hijY^Zh i]Z cVijgZ d[ YjVa^hb VcY

Wg^c\h id\Zi]Zg ZXdcdb^X YZkZadebZci VcY hdX^Va EgVXi^XZ VcY gZhZVgX]

eda^Xn XdcXZgch jcYZgan^c\ iZX]cdad\^XVa X]Vc\Zh ^c L]Zi]Zg CdgY^X! JH! J@! <ZgbVcn! dg 8]^cV! lZ cZZY ^c[dgbVa^in ^c ZbeadnbZci gZaVi^dch VcY hdX^Va ^cXajh^dch# X^inÄgZ\^dch VcY Xdjcig^Zh# >i ^h Wdi] V gZhZVgX] VcY Vc ZXdcdb^X VcY eaVcc^c\ VchlZgh id ZkZgnYVn fjZhi^dch/ >[ >i Vahd egdWZh i]Z hZXjaVg kh# cdcÄhZXjaVg WVh^h d[ hdX^Va VYk^hdgn egd\gVb i]Vi add`h Vi iZX]cdad\^Zh! ^cYjhig^Zh! bVcj[VXijg^c\ YZXa^cZh! XVc ^i WZ Wgdj\]i WVX` id V X^in4 egdiZXi^dch VcY Xdbbjc^in! jgWVc! VcY gZ\^dcVa g^h`Ä VcY ^cYjhig^Va YZkZadebZci ^c hZkZgVa adXVi^dch# I8AVW BV`Z dg Wjn4 AdXViZ l]ZgZ4 L]^X] hZXidgh4 =dl Yd hiViZh! edda^c\ VggVc\ZbZcih# I]ZdgZi^XVaan! i]^h egd_ZXi VcVanoZh gZhZVgX] VcY egVXi^XZ ^ckdakZh ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V\ZcX^Zh! [^gbh! VcY di]Zg VXidgh aZVgc id hjeedgi iZX]cdad\^XVa i]Z XdÄZkdaji^dc d[ hdX^Va egdiZXi^dch egdk^YZY Wn i]Z HiViZ \dkZgcbZcih! cdcÄegdÒi dg\Vc^oVi^dch! jc^kZgh^i^Zh! VcY ^ccdkVi^dc ^c lVnh i]Vi gZYjXZ i]Z ^cZfjVa^in \Ve4 8Vc VcY hZkZgVa di]Zg hiV`Z]daYZgh VcY i]Z lVnh ^c l]^X] XdbeVc^Zh! Zmeadg^c\ ]dl iZX]cdad\^XVa VcY ^cYjhig^Va X^i^Zh dg gZ\^dch gZiV^c eda^i^XVa Vjidcdbn ^c aVg\Z cVi^dch i]ZhZ gZÓZXi cdi^dch d[ eVgi^X^eVi^dc! X^i^oZch]^e! Xd\c^i^kZ X]Vc\Z b^\]i WZ WZhi gZ\jaViZY! ZcXdjgV\ZY! Y^[[jhZY! VcY ^c dgYZg id ^chi^ijiZ ^cYjhig^Va igVch[dgbVi^dc4 =dl l^aa hZa[Ä^YZci^[^XVi^dc! VcY ^cYjhig^Va gZaVi^dch# I]Z :HE> bdhi Xdcig^WjiZ id adXVa lZaaÄWZ^c\#

V\g^XjaijgVa egdYjXi^k^in a^b^i i]Z \gdli] d[ X^i^Zh4 L^aa egd_ZXi ^h XgdhhÄcVi^dcVa VcY ]^hidg^XVa# >i YgVlh eg^bVg^an

I8AVW ]Vh hZkZgVa \gVYjViZ hijYZcih! jcYZg\gVYjViZh! \gZZc iZX]cdad\^Zh egdk^YZ Æ\gZZc _dWhÇ4 =dl XVc hiViZh [gdb LZhiZgc VcY Cdgi]Zgc :jgdeZVc VcY Hdji] 6h^Vc VcY edhiYdXidgVa VcY hZc^dg V[Òa^ViZh [gdb eaVcc^c\! ZXdcdb" gZ\jaViZ i]Z egdYjXi egdÒaZh d[ ^ccdkVi^kZ ^cYjhig^Zh hjX] ]^hidgn id hijYn ^chi^iji^dcVa ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ hiVijidgn VcY ^Xh! YZkZadebZci hijY^Zh! VcY Y^kZghZ dkZgaVee^c\ Y^hX^ea^cZh# i]Vi WZcZÒih he^aa dkZg id gZh^YZcih VcY cdi h^bean aZV` id ^c[dgbVa egd\gVbh# >i Xdcig^WjiZh id XdcÓ^Xi^c\ gdaZh d[ Zmedgi bVg`Zih4 H]djaY i]ZgZ WZ hdbZ eg^dg^in ^cYjhig^Zh hiViZh ^c ÆaViZÇ ^cYjhig^Va^oVi^dc VcY i]Z gdaZ d[ X^i^Zh VcY L]Vi ^h IZX]cdad\^XVa 8]Vc\Z4

[dg X^i^Zh! VcY ]dl l^aa i]Zn WZ ÒcVcXZY4 L]ZgZ l^aa ldg`Zgh gZ\^dch kh# cVi^dcÄhiViZh ^c ^cYjhig^Va lZa[VgZ#

>c ZXdcdb^Xh! iZX]cdad\^XVa X]Vc\Z gZ[Zgh id i]Z egdXZhh ^c \gdli] hZXidgh WZ ]djhZY VcY XVc i]Zn ldg` Vi ]dbZ 4

8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^inÉh >chi^ijiZ [dg HdX^Va VcY :Xdcdb^X

Wn l]^X] X]Vc\Zh id i]Z egdYjXi^dc [jcXi^dc XdbZ VWdji# L]Vi VgZ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc hiViZ dlcZgh]^e d[ aVcY GZhZVgX] VcY Eda^Xn >H:GE ]Vh _jhi VlVgYZY Egd[# Hg^c^" >c YV^an a^[Z! ^i gZ[Zgh id cZl lVnh d[ egdYjX^c\ \ddYh VcY ^cYjhig^Va YZkZadebZci4 VcY hZgk^XZh! d[iZc l^i] cZl bVX]^cZh VcY iZX]c^fjZh!

kVhÉh gZhZVgX]# 8dbedcZcih d[ Wdi] I8AVWÉh A>C:< VcY

BdgZdkZg! i]ZgZ Zm^hi XgjX^Va ^ciZggZaViZY Zc\^cZZg^c\! :HE> egd\gVbh VgZ gZegZhZciZY ^c i]Z VlVgYZY gZhZVgX]

kVg^Vi^dch ^c i]Z jhZ d[ XVe^iVa VcY ldg`Zgh! VcY h]^[ih YZh^\c! VcY ZXdcdb^X VheZXih ^c X]Vc\^c\ jhZg egdYjXZg i^iaZY/ ÆAd\^Xh d[ >cYjhig^Va^hb ^c i]Z ldgaYÉh aVg\Zhi YZ" id cZl [dgbh d[ ZXdcdb^X dg\Vc^oVi^dc# BdgZ WgdVYan! gZaVi^dch]^eh! iZX]cdad\^XVa igVch[Zg! VcY bVcj[VXijgZ d[ bdXgVXn/ VcVano^c\ iZX]cdad\^XVa X]Vc\Z VcY ]ZVai] ^c" iZX]cdad\^XVa X]Vc\Z ^h V egdXZhh d[ ^chi^iji^dcVa X]Vc\Z# >i iZX]cdad\^Zh# I]^h l^aa ]VkZ Vc ^beVXi dc ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb hjgVcXZ Zbe^g^Xh ^c >cY^VÇ# ]Vh ^bedgiVci ^bea^XVi^dch [dg ldg`ZghÉ lZa[VgZ! gZ\jaVi^dc ]djh^c\ YZh^\c VcY ]djh^c\ YZch^in id edhh^WaZ cZl bVcj" d[ ldg` h^iZh VcY ldg`^c\ XdcY^i^dch! \dkZgcbZci! Wjh^cZhh! [VXijg^c\ _dWh# 6 hiViZ i]Vi bV`Zh Y^gZXiZY ^ckZhibZcih VcY I8AVW 6Yk^hdgn 7dVgY VcY di]Zg XdbeVXih [dg ^cYjhig^Va igVch[dgbVi^dc#

XaZVg jhZ d[ bVg`Zi ^chigjbZcih VcY ZmZgih Xdcigda dkZg i]Z Egd[# ?dg\Z @Vio Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8]^aZ ! Egd[# AdjgYZh 7ZcZg^V

IZX]cdad\^XVa X]Vc\Zh VgZ adXVaan h^ijViZY VcY ZmeZg^" eg^kViZ hZXidg XVc! ^c eg^cX^eaZ! Y^gZXi i]Z eVXZ d[ X]Vc\Z ^c 8dgcZaa Jc^kZgh^in! 8^in VcY GZ\^dcVa EaVcc^c\ ! Egd[# ZcXZY# L]^aZ bjX] Zm^hi^c\ gZhZVgX] ZahZl]ZgZ heZV`h d[ `Zn ^cYjhig^Zh nZi hjW_ZXi id \adWVa ]Vgbdc^oVi^dc# ^ccdkVi^dc VcY ^chi^iji^dch ^c aVg\Zan cVi^dcVa iZgbh! I8AVW

BVgi]V 8]Zc =VgkVgY Jc^kZgh^in! ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn HX]dda

I]ZgZ VgZ i]gZZ XjggZci I8AVW ^c^i^Vi^kZh XdkZg^c\ >cY^V! d[ <dkZgcbZci ! Egd[# G^X]VgY AZhiZg BVhhVX]jhZiih

gZhZVgX] VcY VYk^hdgn cZXZhhVg^an VYYgZhh adXVa ZXdcdb^X 7gVo^a! VcY LZhiZgc VcY Cdgi]Zgc :jgdeZ/

>chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n! >cYjhig^Va EZg[dgbVcXZ 8ZciZg !

eaVcc^c\ VcY eda^i^Xh# I]ZhZ bVn ^cXajYZ i]Z gdaZ d[ jc^kZg"

Egd[# G^X]VgY CZahdc 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in! :Vgi] >chi^ijiZ


Egd[# B^X]VZa E^dgZ BVhhVX]jhZiih >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n! ZmeZg^bZciVa gZhZVgX] d[ i]Z VXVYZb^X hZii^c\ l^i] egVXi^XZh h^m l^cc^c\ XdbeZi^i^dc Zcig^Zh i]Vi XZaZWgViZ i]Z jc^fjZ :Xdcdb^X VcY Eda^i^XVa HX^ZcXZ ! Egd[# 7^h]lVeg^nV HVcnVa ZbWZYYZY ^c i]Z X^in VcY WZndcY#

ediZci^Va d[ i]Z eVg` Vh Wdi] V h^\c^Ă’XVci gZ\^dcVa gZhdjgXZ

BVhhVX]jhZiih >ci^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n! JgWVc HijY^Zh VcY

VcY V cVi^dcVa Zck^gdcbZciVa igZVhjgZ# 6 Wdd` VWdji i]Z

EaVcc^c\ ! Egd[# :aa^dii HXaVg 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in! JgWVc HV[Vg^ ,

eaVXZ! i]Z ejWa^X YZh^\c egdXZhh! VcY i]Z XdaaVWdgVi^kZ

EaVcc^c\ VcY HX]dda d[ >ciZgcVi^dcVa VcY EjWa^X 6[[V^gh ! HV[Vg^ ^h V hZa[Ä\j^YZY idjg d[ jgWVc Vc^bVa a^[Z Vadc\ CZl egdXZhh ^h WZ^c\ ejWa^h]ZY Wn Eg^cXZidc 6gX]^iZXijgVa Egd[# 6aV`] H]VgbV >chi^ijiZ d[ =jbVc 9ZkZadebZci! Ndg` 8^inÉh Cd# , hjWlVn a^cZ# HV[Vg^ , X^gXjaViZh Vc dc\d^c\ EgZhh VcY l^aa WZ Zm]^W^iZY Vi adXVa X^k^X kZcjZh# EVgicZgh/ CZl 9Za]^ ! Bg# G#@#6# HjWgV]VbVcnV HdX^Va HZXjg^in hZg^Zh d[ edYXVhih VcY bVeh i]Vi ZmeadgZ i]Z XdbeaZm^in! 8dajbW^V JAA VcY H>9A! KVc 6aZc >chi^ijiZ! CVi^dcVa EVg`h 6hhdX^Vi^dc! >cY^V ! Egd[# ?jY^i] Hjio Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ aV W^dY^kZgh^in! XdcÓ^Xih! VcY ediZci^Vah d[ CZl Ndg` 8^inÉh 8dchZgkVi^dc 6hhdX^Vi^dc# GZejWa^XV! Jgj\jVn! HX^ZcXZ! IZX]cdad\n! VcY HdX^Zin

ZXdhnhiZbh# HV[Vg^ , BVn '%%. edYXVhih VgZ XgZViZY Wn

lll#XdajbW^V#ZYj$iXaVW

hijYZcih ^c ?VcZiiZ @^bÉh hZb^cVg dc jgWVc ZXdad\n Vi i]Z 7ZndcY GZXgZVi^dc/ :bZg\^c\ 8dcXZeih d[ CVijgZ VcY 7VgcVgY VcY 8dajbW^V 8daaZ\Zh 6gX]^iZXijgZ Egd\gVb# EjWa^X :c\V\ZbZci ^c 6gi VcY EdejaVg BZY^V

Nk[Zg EZg]l\Zi^ EZ[

6YY^i^dcVa edYXVhih VcY bVee^c\h Wn ldgaYÄgZcdlcZY I]^h eVeZg! egZhZciZY Vi i]Z CVi^dcVa EVg` HZgk^XZÉh 9Zh^\c^c\

DZm^ Hk__% _hng]^k Zg] ]bk^\mhk

ZXdad\^hih! adXVa X^i^oZc hX^Zci^hih! VcY aVW gZhZVgX]Zgh XVc I]Z EVg`h 8dc[ZgZcXZ! ^YZci^Ă’Zh YZh^\c VcY egd\gVbb^c\

CZg^mm^ Dbf% ]bk^\mhk

WZ [djcY Vi HV[Vg^,#dg\# EVgicZgh! BILI;/ <aZc 8jbb^c\h higViZ\^Zh gZeaVX^c\ ÆgZXgZVi^dcÇ l^i] V bdYZa d[ eVgi^X^eVi^dc

EblZ >de^% Kh[bg ?bms`^kZe]Ăˆ@k^^g%

WVhZY dc ejWa^X Zc\V\ZbZci ^c i]Z Zck^gdcbZci#

>oZg LaZki% k^l^Zk\a^kl

I]^h >h CZlVg`

K>L>:K<A E:;

I]^h >h CZlVg` ^h Vc Vgih ^c^i^Vi^kZ Wn i]Z 8^in d[ CZlVg` 8dhbdeda^iVc :Xdad\^Zh XgZVi^c\ eZgbVcZci ^chiVaaVi^dch bVg`^c\ Vgg^kVa id i]Z I]^h eVeZg! egZhZciZY Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IdgdcidÉh AVcYhXVeZ

I]Z JgWVc AVcYhXVeZ AVW ^h Vc ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn Veea^ZY X^in# I]^h egd_ZXi lVh YZkZadeZY i]gdj\] Vc ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn >c[gVhigjXijgZh 8dc[ZgZcXZ! igVXZh i]Z ]^hidgn d[ CZl Ndg` gZhZVgX] \gdje Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in YZY^XViZY id YZh^\c X]VgZiiZ! Zm]^W^i^dc! VcY Wdd`aZi id ^c[dgb VcY 8^inÉh gZ\^dcVa ZXdad\n VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ Wn add`^c\ ^c YZiV^a VYkVcX^c\ Y^Vad\jZ VcY cZl YZh^\c bZi]dYdad\^Zh id Z[[ZXi ^ckdakZ i]Z ejWa^X! Xdbbjc^in dg\Vc^oVi^dch! VcY XdjcX^a Vi i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ ?VbV^XV 7Vn# edh^i^kZ X]Vc\Z ^c jgWVc ZXdhnhiZbh# LZ hijYn W^dY^kZgh^in! bZbWZgh ^c i]Z egdXZhh d[ hZaZXi^c\ VcY egdbdi^c\ V lViZg fjVa^in! lVhiZ! VcY ZcZg\n Vi adXVa VcY \adWVa h^iZh ^c egd_ZXi [dg YZkZadebZci# EVgicZgh/ Idc^ <g^[Òc VcY 9Vbdc gZaVi^dch]^e id Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z! VXXZhh id deZc heVXZ VcY G^X]! 9^k^h^dc d[ EaVcc^c\ 8dbbjc^in 9ZkZadebZci# lViZg[gdcih! VcY i]Z Zfj^iVWaZ Y^hig^Wji^dc d[ gZhdjgXZh VcY 7^gY HV[Z 7j^aY^c\ 9Zh^\c <j^YZa^cZh deedgijc^i^Zh ^c i]Z ejWa^X gZVab# I]Z AVW gjch iVg\ZiZY e^adi I]^h egd_ZXi! egdYjXZY Wn i]Z JAA [dg i]Z CZl Ndg` 8^in egd_ZXih0 iZhih Veea^ZY YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh0 bV`Zh YZh^\c VcY 6jYjWdc HdX^Zin! lVh [ZVijgZY ^c i]Z 7dhidc <adWZ! eaVcc^c\ egdedhVah ^c[dgbZY Wn bVeh! YViV! VcY ZmeZg^bZcih0 6gX]^iZXijgVa GZXdgY! 6jYjWdc BV\Vo^cZ! VcY ^c V ]daYh ldg`h]deh [dg Y^hXjhh^dc VcY XdaaVWdgVi^kZ YZh^\c0 YdXjbZciVgn [^ab dc l^aYa^[Z ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in# >i ]Vh WgdVYXVhih ÒcY^c\h dc jgWVc ZXdhnhiZbh id i]Z ejWa^X0 ^c[dgbZY i]Z <gZZc 7j^aY^c\ 8dYZ d[ CZl Ndg` 8^in VcY VcY VYkdXViZh [dg ejWa^X Zc\V\ZbZci ^c egd_ZXih VcY lVh i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ V '%%- JH<78 <gZZc7j^aY HZb^cVg# egdXZhhZh# I]Z AVWÉh aVcYhXVeZ$ZXdad\nÄWVhZY VeegdVX] I]Z Wdd`aZi ldc V CVi^dcVa 6hhdX^Vi^dc d[ AVcYhXVeZ id i]Z X^in Wg^c\h id\Zi]Zg V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ Y^hX^ea^cZh [gdb 6gX]^iZXih 6lVgY [dg 8dbbjc^XVi^dch# hX^ZcXZ! YZh^\c! VcY eda^Xn id [dXjh dc Zck^gdcbZciVa VcY YZkZadebZci ^hhjZh# LZ ldg` ^c eVgicZgh]^eh l^i] V WgdVY :ck^h^dc^c\ <ViZlVn gVc\Z d[ dg\Vc^oVi^dch djih^YZ d[ i]Z jc^kZgh^in id XdbW^cZ I]^h hijYn gZhjaiZY ^c V XdbegZ]Zch^kZ gZhZVgX] gZedgi VcY


6

7 8

:

<henf[bZ EZ[hkZmhkr _hk :k\abm^\mnkZe ;khZ]\Zlmbg` !<&EZ[" C^__k^r BgZ[Z% ]bk^\mhk

;

;^aa i]Z AV`Z 8dbeZi^i^dc :cign 6$7 ! JgWVc 8]^cV (& 8$9 ! KdajbZ &,/ 8dciZci BVcV\ZbZci :$;

9


6 7

8 9

:

;

<

<abgZ EZ[

BZ\VWadX` Hnbedh^jb 6 ! 8]^cV AVW ^c 8]^cV 7 !

C^__k^r Chaglhg% ]bk^\mhk

BZ\VWadX` id BZiVWadX` 8$9$:$;$<

<k^llb\Z ;kZsb^k% MZm EZf% k^l^Zk\a^kl


6

7

8

9

:

<

:o^kr =b`bmZe ?Z[kb\Zmbhg EZ[ L\hmm FZk[e^ $ Iabeebi :gsZehg^% ]bk^\mhkl

=

Amphorae! BVg` 7ZVgV` 9dgV @ZaaZ 6YVb BZgX^Zg E]^a^e 6coVadcZ 8$: 0 7g^Vc 7gjh] Ndc\?j AZZ 6 0 ?VXdW 7Zcn^ ; ! @Vi^Z H]^bV 7$9 ! Make it Work: Engineering ossibilities at the Center for Architecture <$= ! Component Systems >

;

>


@kZiab\ :k\abm^\mnk^ Ikhc^\m !` Zi"

Ma^ <henf[bZ Ikhc^\m Hg Ahnlbg`

Fb\aZ^e Kh\d% ]bk^\mhk

Fb\aZ^e ;^ee% ]bk^\mhk ;kbZg Ehn`aebg% ikhc^\m ]bk^\mhk


6 7

8

CZiZg EZ[

Cb Rhng` Dbf% R^ZApZ Dbf% <akblmbgZ <bZk]neeh%

HeVXZ =diZa A:D! NZV=lV @^b 60

Rhlabdh LZmh% ]bk^\mhk

Fb\aZ^e PZe\a% k^l^Zk\a ZllblmZgml

'%%- 7Z^_^c\ Danbe^X DeZc^c\ 8ZgZbdcn 8dhijbZ 9Zh^\c 7$8

Dngbh Dn]h% _hng]^k

@Zkk^mm ?bgg^r !AZ[bmZ[bebmr =^lb`g <^gm^k G:L:

Mhkn AZl^`ZpZ% ZllblmZgm ]bk^\mhk

Chaglhg LiZ\^ <^gm^k"% ^q^\nmbo^ Z]oblhk


6 7

8

Ebobg` :k\abm^\mnk^ EZ[ =Zob] ;^gcZfbg Zg] LhhÈbg RZg`% ]bk^\mhkl

A^k^c\ A^\]i 6$7 0 6be]^W^djh 6gX]^iZXijgZ 8


Fhobg` BfZ`^ EZ[ Zm <henf[bZ !FBE<" FZmaZg KZmbgZf% ]bk^\mhk


6

7 8

6

9

7

8

G^mphkd :k\abm^\mnk^ EZ[

>c[gVhigjXijgVa 8^in/ CZildg`ZY :Xdad\^Zh

DZsrl OZkg^ebl% ]bk^\mhk

^c Adh 6c\ZaZh 8 ! CZildg`ZY EjWa^Xh 6

Ma^ Ghg Ebg^Zk Lhenmbhgl Ngbm

H^bjaiVcZdjh :ck^gdcZbZcih 7$9

<Zm^kbgZ MbZsshe]b% ]bk^\mhk

LdgaY 9Zh^\c 8Ve^iVa 6$7$8


L' E'N' F' E:; !LnlmZbgZ[e^ Ebobg` Nk[Zg Fh]^e" :e_k^]h ;kbee^f[hnk` $ An[^km Denfig^k% ]bk^\mhkl


LiZ\^(Mbf^ bgm^k_Z\^ EZ[ !LMbE" FZ[^e H' Pbelhg% ]bk^\mhk

Ma^ <henf[bZ Ngbo^klbmr M^\agheh`b\Ze <aZg`^ EZ[ !M<EZ[" LfbmZ LkbgboZl% ]bk^\mhk


6

<

Ma^ LiZmbZe Bg_hkfZmbhg =^lb`g EZ[ !LB=E" EZnkZ Dnk`Zg $ LZkZa PbeebZfl% ]bk^\mhkl

7 8

9

:

;

>

?

=

I]Z <Zd\gVe]n d[ 7joo 6$7$8$9 ! Danbe^X <VbZh V^g fjVa^in :$;$? ! :m]^W^i^dc Vi HijY^d M < ! Terre Natale =$>


6

7

8

9

:

;

<

Nk[Zg EZg]l\Zi^ EZ[

HV[Vg^ , 6$7$8$9 ! I]^h ^h CZlVg` :$; !

DZm^ Hk__% _hng]^k Zg] ]bk^\mhk

I]^h ^h CZlVg` Ldg`h]de <

CZg^mm^ Dbf% ]bk^\mhk EblZ >de^% Kh[bg ?bms`^kZe]&@k^^g% >oZg LaZki% k^l^Zk\a^kl


I]Z K^h^i^c\ HX]daVg egd\gVb Vaadlh VYkVcXZY hijYZcih VcY hX]daVgh [gdb VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY id ^ciZgVXi l^i] <H6EE hijYZcih VcY egd[Zhhdgh! eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z a^[Z d[ i]Z HX]dda! VcY jhZ i]Z Jc^kZgh^in a^WgVg^Zh id Zcg^X] gZhZVgX] egd_ZXih WZ\jc Vi i]Z^g ]dbZ ^chi^iji^dch# I]^h nZVg! (( hijYZcih [gdb &. Xdjcig^Zh eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z egd\gVb#

Ma^ @^h`kZiar Zg] Ablmhkr h_ K^]ebgbg` FZgn^e ;' :Ze[^kl OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

;gdb ?VcjVgn '%%, i^aa 6j\jhi '%%-! BVcjZa 7# 6VaWZgh E]9! Jc^kZgh^in d[ 6bhiZgYVb! '%%+ lVh V k^h^i^c\ hX]daVg Zm]^W^i^c\ igVch[dgb Vc dW_ZXi d[ jhZ ^cid dcZ d[ Y^heaVn# VcY ]VkZ bVYZ ^i VeeZVa^c\ id i]Z XdgedgViZ ^ciZgZhi! id i]Z Vi <H6EE# 9g# 6VaWZgh ]Vh hijY^ZY i]Z \Zd\gVe]n VcY I]Z XVhZÄZmVbeaZh hijY^ZY Å H`VchZc! HidX`]dab! gZVa ZhiViZ ^cYjhign VcY id V cZl XaVhh d[ X^inÄXdchjbZgh# ]^hidgn d[ gZYa^c^c\! i]Z egdXZhh Wn l]^X] V bdgi\V\Z aZcYZg deZcZY ^c &-.&! VcY i]Z CdglZ\^Vc BjhZjb d[ 8jaijgVa

I]gdj\]dji i]Z Y^hhZgiVi^dc! > VcVanoZ ^c YZiV^a i]Z XVhZ

^YZci^ÒZh V heZX^ÒX cZ^\]Wdg]ddY l]ZgZ eZdeaZ VgZ jcVWaZ =^hidgn ^c 7n\Y³n! deZcZY ^c &.%' Å h]dl V kVgn^c\ jhZ d[ d[ CZl Ndg` 8^in jcYZg i]Z 7addbWZg\ VYb^c^higVi^dc! Wdi] id \Zi V bdgi\V\Z adVc id Wjn V ]djhZ# >i ^h V [dgb d[ eaVXZÄ k^hjVa! heVi^Va VcY ^ciZgVXi^kZ iZX]cdad\^Zh id egdeV\ViZ V WZ[dgZ VcY V[iZg i]Z LVaa HigZZi Xg^h^h d[ '%%-# > [dXjh dc WVhZY hdX^Va ZmXajh^dc i]Vi eVgi^XjaVgan Y^hVYkVciV\Zh adlÄ HXVcY^cVk^Vc Édg^\^cÉ [dg V cZl jgWVc^oZY VjY^ZcXZ# I]Z i]gZZ XVhZ hijY^Zh d[ gZYZkZadebZci i]gdj\] gZodc^c\ ^c i]Z ^cXdbZ cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh VcY Zi]c^XÄb^cdg^in cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh# egd_ZXi Xdch^YZgh i]Z egZk^djhan jchijY^ZY ^ciZghZXi^dc CZl Ndg` BZigdeda^iVc VgZV/ i]Z &'*i] HigZZi GZodc^c\ EaVc :kZc i]dj\] bdhi gZhZVgX] dc gZYa^c^c\ XdbZh [gdb i]Z WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ! XdaaZXi^c\ VcY XjgVi^dc i]Vi ZbZg\Zh ^c =VgaZb! i]Z :Vhi K^aaV\Z$AdlZg :Vhi H^YZ GZodc^c\ ^c JH! hdbZ gZYa^c^c\ gZhZVgX] ]Vh Vahd WZZc XVgg^ZY dji ^c ^c i]ZhZ XVhZ hijY^Zh# 6ai]dj\] ÉXdchZgkVi^kZÉ ^c ^ih \dVa Å 9dlcidlc BVc]ViiVc! VcY i]Z 8dcZn >haVcY HigViZ\^X EaVc di]Zg! bdhian 6c\ade]dcZ! Xdjcig^Zh# BVcjZaÉh gZhZVgX] ^h i]Z dW_ZXi^kZ lVh id hVkZ i]Z kVc^h]^c\ [VgbÄWj^aY^c\h d[ ^c i]Z 7dgdj\] d[ 7gdd`anc# >c i]^h lVn! > ^aajhigViZ ^c Xdc" i]Z Òghi id hnhiZbVi^XVaan XdbeVgZ gZYa^c^c\ egVXi^XZh ^c gVe^Yan ^cYjhig^Va^o^c\ CdgY^X Xdjcig^Zh Å i]Z HXVcY^cVk^Vc XgZiZ iZgbh i]Z XdcXZeih > ^cigdYjXZY Wn ZmVb^c^c\ heZX^ÒX Y^[[ZgZci Xdjcig^Zh VcY ^c Y^[[ZgZci i^bZh# BVcjZa! WZ^c\ V deZcÄV^g bjhZjb l^i] ^ih Zm]^W^i^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ Vi É&/&É eViiZgch d[ jgWVc YZkZadebZci VcY eda^i^XVa egVXi^XZ# ]djh^c\ VcY bdgi\V\Z heZX^Va^hi! ]Vh Vahd jhZY ]^h i^bZ Vi ]VY Vc ^cig^\j^c\ cdkZain ^c ^ih eg^k^aZ\^c\ d[ heVXZ Vh V

>bV\Z 8Vei^dc/ EdhiZg d[ bn Xdcig^Wji^dc id i]Z Æ>bV\^cZ

<H6EE id Yd gZhZVgX] dc i]Z ÒcVcX^Va Xg^h^h! hdbZ d[ l]^X] bZY^V [dg bVhhÄXdbbjc^XVi^dc#

8dcZn/ 7daY >YZVh [dg 8dcZn >haVcYÉh ;jijgZÇ ZkZci Å V BVc^"

^h ejWa^h]ZY ^c V heZX^Va ^hhjZ d[ i]Z Æ>ciZgcVi^dcVa ?djgcVa

[Zhid [dg 8dcZn >haVcY Å i]Vi lVh Zm]^W^iZY Vi i]Z Bjc^X^eVa

d[ JgWVc VcY GZ\^dcVa GZhZVgX]Ç ?jcZ '%%. d[ l]^X] ]Z ^h i]Z \jZhi ZY^idg# 8jggZcian! 9g# 6VaWZgh ldg`h Vh V gZhZVgX]Zg Vi i]Z 6bhiZgYVb >chi^ijiZ [dg BZigdeda^iVc VcY

Ma^ Ikh]n\mbhg Zg] <hglnfimbhg h_ ma^ <bmr3 6gi HdX^Zin ^c CN8 ^c ;ZWgjVgn VcY BVgX] '%%.# <bmr Ikh]n\^kl% <bmr <hglnf^kl% Zg] ma^ Kb`am mh G^p Rhkd <bmr bg ma^ ;ehhf[^k` >kZ =hpg ma^ Lmk^^m EZlm

>ciZgcVi^dcVa 9ZkZadebZci HijY^Zh 6B>9Hi ! Jc^kZgh^in d[ :e^llZg]kh ;nl

FZkbZ Kn[^km ]^ O^gm l

6bhiZgYVb! l]ZgZ ]Z ^h egZeVg^c\ V bVcjhXg^ei [dg V Wdd` OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

i^iaZY ÆEaVXZ! :mXajh^dc VcY Bdgi\V\Z BVg`Zih#Ç DkZg XZcijg^Zh! [dgXZh d[ egdYjXi^dc VcY Xdchjbei^dc d[ Hcj\an [^iiZY X^in higZZih \^kZ eaVn id i]Z hjggdjcY^c\

Ma^ :k\abm^\mnk^ hg =blieZr

i]Z jgWVc Zck^gdcbZci ]VkZ WZZc h]Ve^c\ VcY gZh]Ve^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]Zn ZcVWaZ Wj^aY^c\h id igVchXZcY i]Z^g

Mahk]bl :kka^gbnl

X^i^Zh VcY jgWVc gZ\^dch# I]Zn ]VkZ V[[ZXiZY djg X^i^ZhÉ Y^hi^cXi^kZcZhh! id Wgjh] je V\V^chi dcZ Vcdi]Zg! b^m

OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

hdX^dZXdcdb^X gZaVi^dch! h]VeZY i]Z hiVcYVgYh d[ jgWVc id\Zi]Zg VcY Xdc[djcY djg ZmeZXiVi^dch# I]Zn bV`Z ^i YZkZadebZci! VcY bdaYZY i]Z^g e]nh^XVa Zck^gdcbZci#

I]Z 6gX]^iZXijgZ dc 9^heaVn Xdch^YZgh i]Z ]^hidgn VcY

edhh^WaZ [dg higjXijgZh id Wdi] hiVcY dji VcY Y^hVeeZVg#

>c gZhedchZ id i]Z VXXZaZgVi^c\ gZigZVi d[ i]Z [dgY^hi HigZZih [dhiZg i]Z eZVXZ[ja XdZm^hiZcXZ d[ Y^[[ZgZci

YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z deZcÄV^g bjhZjb ^c HXVcY^cVk^V Yjg^c\ ZXdcdbn VcY id i]Z Y^b^c^h]ZY jgWVc ÒhXVa XVeVX^in d[ X^i" inedad\^Zh! eZg^dYh VcY hinaZh# i]Z [dgbVi^kZ nZVgh d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa bdYZgc^hb ^#Z# [gdb ^Zh ^c i]Z b^Y ,%h! V cZl ZcigZegZcZjg^Va! \gdli]Ädg^ZciZY

I]Z higZZi gZbV^ch i]Z `Zn ZaZbZci ^c i]Z Wj^aY^c\ d[

i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z &.i] XZcijgn je id &.(%# I]Z egd_ZXi Xdch^YZgh [gVbZldg` d[ jgWVc \dkZgcVcXZ ]Vh WZZc dc i]Z g^hZ# 6i bdgZ Z\Va^iVg^Vc X^i^Zh# I]^h ^h Vh igjZ [dg a^[Z ^c X^i^Zh ^c [dg" i]Z h^\c^ÒXVcXZ d[ i]^h YZkZadebZci [dg V WgdVYZg XjaijgVa Òghi ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in Yjg^c\ i]Z ÒhXVa Xg^h^h d[ i]Z ZVgan bVi^dc Vh ^i ^h [dg i]Z ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ Y^heVgViZ ZcXaVkZh VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z lVn ^c l]^X] kZgcVXjaVg XjaijgZ ^h ,%h! VcY aViZg ^c bdhi VYkVcXZY XVe^iVa^hi X^i^Zh ldgaYl^YZ! WgdVY bZigdeda^iVc gZ\^dch# Bn gZhZVgX] X]Vgih hdbZ d[ XdcXZeijVa^oZY Vh ]Zg^iV\Z/ ]dl i]Z kZgcVXjaVg WZXdbZh V cZl Za^iZ d[ ÆX^in egdYjXZghÇ ]Vh ZbZg\ZY Vh bV_dg bd" i]Z VciZXZYZcih VcY i]Zdg^Zh i]Vi ]VkZ h]VeZY i]Z higZZih eVgi d[ V \ZcZgVa XjaijgVa Y^hXdjghZ egdYjX^c\ kVajZh VcY idg d[ egdYjXi^dc d[ i]Z jgWVc heVXZ dkZg i]Z aVhi YZXVYZh# lZ lVa` Ydlc ZkZgn YVn VcY hig^kZh id YgVl [gdb i]Zb aZh" cVggVi^kZh ^c hdX^Zin Vi aVg\Z# I]Z XZcigVa ^hhjZ ^c i]Z I]ZhZ VXidgh ]VkZ WZZc egdVXi^kZan Zc\V\ZY ^c l]daan gZ" hdch i]Vi l^aa ZcVWaZ jh id \^kZ \gZViZg Xd]ZgZcXZ id Xdc" egd_ZXi ^h id hijYn ]dl higViZ\^Zh d[ hVk^c\! XdaaZXi^c\ VcY h]Ve^c\ i]Z hdX^Va! ZXdcdb^X! VcY e]nh^XVa [VWg^X d[ i]Z X^in! iZbedgVgn X^i^Zh# "


I]Z egdedhVah d[ Hdg^V n BViV! = cVgY! B^a_ji^c! =^aWZg" Òghi lZaaÄZhiVWa^h]ZY YZh^\c eVgicZgh]^e ^c Ijg`Zn [djcYZY lZa[VgZ d[ i]Z adl h`^aaZY edejaVi^dc4 I]ZhZ XVc ]VkZ V hZ^bZg! AZ 8dgWjh^Zg VcY HZgi0 i]Z bZigdeda^iVc k^h^dch d[ ^c &.*)/ IZ`Za^ÄH^hV 6gX]^iZXijgZ EVgicZgh]^e# L]Vi ^h Y^gZXi ^beVXi dc ^cZfjVa^in! Vh i]Z eZdeaZ ldg`^c\ ^c i]Zb 8dgWZi! =ddY VcY ;Zgg^h! VcY <jZYYZh0 i]Z jgWVc egd_ZXih d[ ^bedgiVci id jcYZga^cZ ^h i]Vi IZ`Za^ÄH^hV ^h i]Z dcan YZh^\c ZVgc bdgZ bdcZn! dg Vc ^cY^gZXi dcZ Vh adc\ ldg`^c\ 7V`ZbV VcY KVc YZg 7gdZX`! i]Z Hb^i]hdch! KVc :nX`! VcY d[ÒXZ ^c bdYZgc Ijg`^h] VgX]^iZXijgZ hjgk^k^c\ jci^a idYVn# ]djgh VcY ]^\] lV\Zh XgZViZ ZbeadnbZci [dg adl h`^aaZY @V]c0 i]Z VcVanhZh d[ 7jX]VcVc! 8jaaZc! A^cX] VcY 6eeaZnVgY! Dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! ^i XVc WZ ZVh^an Vg\jZY i]Vi i]Z XjggZci hZgk^XZ ldg`Zgh l]d cZZY id WZ adXViZY cZVgWn# Jh^c\ V KZcijg^ VcY HXdii 7gdlc0 i]Z k^h^dch d[ i]Z 6gX]^\gVb \gdje! hZa[Ä^bV\Z d[ i]Z YZh^\c VgX]^iZXi ^c i]^h Xdjcign YZhZgkZh hVbeaZ d[ :jgdeZVc X^i^Zh! i]Z ldg` ]Vh h]dlc i]Vi l]^aZ ?VcZ ?VXdWh VcY GjYdkh`n0 i]Z a^iZgVgn VegdVX]Zh d[ 9 WdgY V eVgi^XjaVg ViiZci^dc/ Ijg`Zn ZmZbea^[^Zh dcZ d[ i]Z VYkVcXZY egdYjXZg hZgk^XZh Å ^c eVgi^XjaVg i]Z ÒcVcX^Va VcY EZgZX0 VcY i]Z jgWVc higViZ\^Zh d[ BdhZh! BVg`Za^jh! 7d" ZVga^Zhi hdX^Zi^Zh ^c i]Z cdcÄLZhiZgc ldgaY i]Vi Vhe^gZY [dg hZXidg Å ^h VhhdX^ViZY l^i] aZkZah d[ ^cZfjVa^in! ]^\]ÄiZX] ]^\Vh! HdaV BdgVaZh VcY H^oV Vaa Ò\jgZ ^c i]ZhZ ZmeadgVi^dch#

bdYZgc^oVi^dc VcY ^ih egd[Zhh^dcVa egd_ZXi# 7VhZY dc i]^h bVcj[VXijg^c\ ZbeadnbZci hi^aa ]Vh i]Z ediZci^Va id

8VhZ hijY^Zh/ CZl Ndg` &.(.!&.+)! VcY '%%%0 7VgXZadcV! egdWaZb VcY gZhZVgX] hjW_ZXi! i]^h Y^hhZgiVi^dc ^h Vahd Vc gZYjXZ ^cZfjVa^in ^c adXVa VgZVh# &.-%0 BZYZaa c! '%%%

ViiZbei id d[[Zg V eVcdgVb^X VgX]^iZXijgVa k^Zl d[ i]Z gZXZci (% nZVgh [gdb i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z &.,% id '%%%# >c [VXi! i]Z

Ma^ Ahnl^ Zg] ma^ Mk^^3 LiZ\^% :mfhlia^k^ Zg] F^fhkr' =hf^lmb\ :`k^^f^gml ;^mp^^g Ma^ GZmnkZe Zg] :kmbÖ\bZe

^ciZgcVi^dcVa hXdeZ d[ i]ZhZ nZVgh egdk^YZh V [gj^i[ja [dXjh

Kb\Zk]h =^o^lZ

YZh^\c egVXi^XZ ^c Ijg`Zn VcY >hiVcWja VcY i]Z [jcYVbZciVa

OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

egZb^hZh d[ \adWVa^oVi^dc ^c i]Z ldgaY#

9jg^c\ bn K^h^i^c\ HX]daVg hiVijh Vi <H6EE > lVh VWaZ id

:k\abm^\mnk^ bg MkZglblmbhgl

MkZglbmÈLniihkmbo^ =^o^ehif^gm Fh]^e h_ Ab`aÈ=^glbmr <bmr

[dg ZmVb^c^c\ i]Z h]^[i ^c i]Z YZh^\c VgX]^iZXiÉh igVY^i^dcVa A^^cb Ebf XgZVi^kZ gdaZ Wn ZbWgVX^c\ i]Z cZl he^g^i d[ Xa^Zci h^ijViZY OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K I]^h gZhZVgX] lVh [dXjhZY dc i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc igVchedgiVi^dc VcY jgWVc [dgb# > VcVanoZY i]Z WVX`\gdjcY! i]Zdgn! XdciZcih! VcY XVhZh d[ igVch^iÄdg^ZciZY YZkZadebZci

VYkVcXZ bn Y^hhZgiVi^dc Zci^iaZY ÆI]Z =djhZ VcY i]Z IgZZ/ GbdZ @kZ[Zk

^c Jc^iZY HiViZh! ZheZX^Vaan i]Z CZl Ndg` bZigdeda^iVc

HeVXZ! 6ibdhe]ZgZ VcY BZbdgn# 9dbZhi^X 6\gZZbZcih OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

VgZVh# > lVh VYk^hZY Wn <gV]VbZ H]VcZ! 6Y_jcXi Egd[Zhhdg

7ZilZZc i]Z CVijgVa VcY 6gi^ÒX^VaÇ l]^X] > Vb YZkZade^c\

d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ# L]^aZ Yd^c\ gZhZVgX] > eVgi^X^eViZY ^c ]^h

Vh V E]#9# XVcY^YViZ ^c i]Z :IH67 :hXjZaV I Xc^XV 6h V k^h^i^c\ gZhZVgX]Zg > lVh ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ aZXijgZ! ÆGZXdbW^cVci JgWVc^hbÇ ^c dgYZg id jcYZghiVcY HjeZg^dg YZ 6gfj^iZXijgV YZ 7VgXZadcV #

d[ ?d Z EaZ c^` VcY K^c`d <aVco VcY ^ih XdccZXi^dch id ^hhjZh jgWVc [dgb VcY ^ih Zkdaji^dc aVhi hZbZhiZg# > hed`Z VWdji

HZb^cVgh VcY XdjghZh Vi 8dajbW^V jc^kZgh^in Vh lZaa Vh d[ gZ\^dcVa VcY cVi^dcVa ^YZci^in ^c HadkZc^V VcY Nj\dhaVk^V 7jcÄYVc\ CZlidlc! dcZ d[ i]Z h^iZh [dg ]^h XaVhh# aZXijgZh! Zm]^W^i^dch VcY Wdd` aVjcX]Zh Vi di]Zg ^bedgiVci V[iZg i]Z [Vaa d[ i]Z 6jhigdÄ=jc\Vg^Vc :be^gZ# I]Z g^X] ^chi^iji^dch ^c CZl Ndg` VcY cZ^\]Wdg^c\ X^i^Zh VaadlZY bZ VgX]^iZXijgVa dZjkgZ d[ <aVco lVh XgZViZY WZilZZc &.'. id ZmeVcY bn dg^\^cVa ^ciZaaZXijVa \dVah# >c i]Z HZb^cVg! VcY &.,,! ^c i]Z eZg^dY d[ gVY^XVa hdX^ZiVa X]Vc\Zh! l]^X] Æ6gX]^iZXijgZ V[iZg &.)*Ç iVj\]i Wn ;Za^X^in HXdii! > lVh VWaZ cdi dcan XVjhZY i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hX^ea^cZ id gZi]^c` ^ih

:k\abm^\ml Zg] :k\abm^\mnk^ :[khZ]3 ikh_^llbhgZe Zg] bgm^ee^\mnZe fb`kZmbhg% ^qbe^ Zg] mkZo^eebg` bg ma^ +)ma <^gmnkr

id YZkZade V XdbegZ]Zch^kZ gZhZVgX] dc BVgXZa 7gZjZgÉh XdciZci! Wji Vahd ^cÓjZcXZY ^ih VZhi]Zi^X ^bV\Z# >c bn ldg` Chl^ MZoZk^l <hkk^bZ ]^ EbkZ 8VZhVg 8diiV\Z l^i]^c i]Z 6bZg^XVc edhiÄlVg XdciZmi# I]^h > ^ckZhi^\ViZY ]dl XaVhh^XVa VgX]^iZXijgVa igVY^i^dc Xdci^cjZY OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K ^h dcZ d[ i]Z ]djhZh hZaZXiZY [dg VcVanh^h ^c bn Y^hhZgiV" l^i] EaZ c^` [gdb K^ZccV VcY EgV\jZ ^c i]Z A_jWa_VcV i^dc# I]^h gZhZVgX] VaadlZY bZ id egdedhZ V cZl gZaVi^dc" HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY ZX]dZY ^c <aVcoÉh ldg` V[iZg i]Z H^cXZ GZcV^hhVcXZ i]Z bV`^c\ d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn ]Vh h]^e WZilZZc cVijgZ VcY ]djh^c\ YgVl^c\ [gdb i]Z dcZ HZXdcY LdgaY LVg ^c Nj\dhaVk^V# L]^aZ gZ^ciZgegZi^c\ i]Z V adi id Yd l^i] Y^hadXVi^dc ZmeZg^ZcXZh# ;gdb Xdadc^o^c\ X]VgVXiZg^oZY ^c i]Z 6bZg^XVc hjWjgWh# ;dg Vcdi]Zg XVhZ XaVhh^XVa VgX]^iZXijgVa eg^cX^eaZh ^c i]Z cZl hdX^Va^hi gZVa^in! VcY b^hh^dcVgn egd_ZXih id i]Z XaVhh^XVa <gVcYÄIdjg VcY hijYn! i]Z =ZmZc]Vjh Wn 6a^hdc VcY EZiZg Hb^i]hdc! > lVh <aVco lVh dc i]Z dcZ ]VcY [VXZY l^i] XdchigjXi^c\ V cZl i]Z Òghi jc^kZghVa VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidg^Zh! i]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ VWaZ id lg^iZ VcY ZhhVn [dg BVg` L^\aZnÉh XdjghZ ÆI]Z =^h" VgX]^iZXijgVa ^bV\Z ^c ejWa^X heVXZ! l]^aZ dc i]Z di]Zg ]^h idgn d[ 6gX]^iZXijgVa I]ZdgnÇ l]ZgZ > VcVanoZY i]Z^g Wdd` gZXdchigjXi^dch d[ i]Z \dkZgcbZci higjXijgZh lZgZ id Zkd`Z Zci^iaZY 8]Vc\^c\ i]Z 6gi d[ >c]VW^iVi^dc# I]Vi eVeZg \VkZ V hZchZ d[ bdcjbZciVa^in# <aVcoÉh VgX]^iZXijgZ WZXVbZ bZ i]Z X]VcXZ id YZVa l^i] Hb^i]hdcÉh i]dj\]i ^c YZei]! V gZÓZXi^dc d[ hdX^ZiVa igVch[dgbVi^dch Wn gZVXi^c\ id i]Z VcY > gZVa^oZY i]Vi Vaa i]Z^g ldg` XVc WZ jcYZghiddY Vh V XdciZci! cZl bZVch d[ egdYjXi^dc! VcY id i]Z ejWa^X ^i lVh Æ8dc\adbZgViZ DgYZg^c\!Ç [gdb V Wj^aY^c\ id V Wdd`0 [gdb VYYgZhh^c\# Bn Y^hhZgiVi^dc [daadlh i]^h ÆbZiVbdge]dh^hÇ i]Z YZh^\c d[ V iVWaZ id lVaa eVeZg0 [gdb Vc Zm]^W^i^dc id V i]gdj\] i]Z hidgn d[ ]^h a^[Z VcY XgZVi^kZ ldg`# aZXijgZ# ;^cVaan! GZ^c]daY BVgi^cÉh E]#9# 8daadfj^jb ÆGZ" hZVgX] EgVXi^XZh/ 6gX]^kZh! DW_ZXih! =^hidg^ZhÇ egdk^YZY bZi]dYdad\^XVa ^ch^\]ih ^cid bn ldg` Vh V gZhZVgX]Zg#

:]oZg\^] Bg]nlmkb^l Zg] Bg^jnZebmr bg >nkhi^Zg <bmb^l G^be E^^

MkZ\bg` ma^ Lab_m bg ma^ =^lb`g :k\abm^\mÍl B]^Zebs^] <k^Zmbo^ Khe^ bg ma^ Ikh_^llbhgZe Phke]3 M^d^ebÈLblZ :k\abm^\mnk^ IZkmg^k& labi bg BlmZg[ne _khf *20) mh +)))

OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

F^kZe >dbg\bh`en

jcZfjVa4 >cZfjVa^in ^c :jgdeZVc X^i^Zh kVg^Zh VXXdgY^c\

OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

id V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ kVg^VWaZh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z Xdbedh^i^dc

I]Z gZhZVgX] ^ckZhi^\ViZh l]Zi]Zg X^i^Zh l^i] V ]^\] YZ\gZZ d[ ZbeadnbZci ^c VYkVcXZY ^cYjhig^Zh VgZ bdgZ

d[ adXVa edejaVi^dch! i]Z X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ lZa[VgZ hiViZh I]Z ZhhZci^Va egdWaZb edhZY Wn i]^h E]#9# Y^hhZgiVi^dc ^h VcY adXVa hdX^Va ^chi^iji^dch# I]^h gZhZVgX] add`h Vi i]Z gdaZ i]Z aVX` d[ Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa eda^Xn ^c bdYZgc Ijg`Zn [dg d[ VYkVcXZY ^cYjhig^Zh Å ^ccdkVi^kZ! ]^\]Ä]jbVc XVe^iVa Zmedh^c\ i]Z iZch^dc WZilZZc VgX]^iZXi Å Vh Vc Vgi^hi ^cYjhig^Zh l^i] V ]^\]ÄiZX]cdad\n XdciZci Å ^c aZVY^c\ VcY VgX]^iZXi Å Vh V Wjh^cZhh bVcV\Zg egdÒaZ jcYZg i]Z id ^cZfjVa^in# I]ZhZ VgZ i]Z Zmea^X^i \dVa d[ :jgdeZVc g^h^c\ ^cÓjZcXZ d[ i]Z Xa^ZciÉh hde]^hi^XVi^dc ^c i]Z eg^kViZ eda^XnbV`Zgh A^hWdc 6\ZcYV# 7ji l]Vi Yd i]ZhZ ^cYjhig^Zh hZXidg# >c dgYZg id VcVanoZ i]^h egdWaZb! > l^aa [dXjh dc i]Z bZVc [dg ^cZfjVa^in4 6cY l]Vi Z[[ZXih Yd i]Zn ]VkZ dc i]Z #


d[ igVkZa^c\ dkZghZVh ]Vh WZXdbZ V WVh^X XdcY^i^dc hZgk^XZ [jcXi^dch# 7ji idjg^hb XaV^bh cZl XdbeaZm gZfj^gZ"

I]^h gZhZVgX] hiVgih [gdb V h^c\aZ egd_ZXi VcY l^i]^c ^i!

d[ egd[Zhh^dcVa VcY ^ciZaaZXijVa egVXi^XZ# Dc i]Z dcZ bZcih VcY bV`Zh cZl YZbVcYh id ^c[gVhigjXijgZ VcY i]Z Y^hXdkZgh i]Z l]daZ ldg` d[ AZ 8dgWjh^Zg! ]^h i^bZ VcY i]Z ]VcY XdccZXiZY id bZgXVci^a^hb! ^beZg^Va^hb VcY cZdÄ Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# ;jgi]ZgbdgZ idjg^hb YZbVcYh egdk^h^dc Zci^gZ ]^hidgn d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]Z Zm]^W^i^dc WZ\^ch l^i] i]Z Xdadc^Va^hb! VcY dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY id i]Z YZeZcYZcXZ d[ Zcdj\] XVeVX^in VcY V ]^\] hd_djgc fjVa^in [dg i]Z k^h^idgh# \ZcZh^h d[ i]Z egd_ZXi! [daadlZY Wn i]Z YZh^\c Zkdaji^dc d[ jedc :jgdeZVc XjaijgVa eViiZgch VcY \adWVa ^ciZgbZY^Vi^dc I]^h bV`Zh bVhh jgWVc idjg^hb Vc ^bedgiVci ig^\\Zg [dg i]Z i]Z egd_ZXi! i]Z XdchigjXi^dc ^bV\Zh VcY i]Z YgVl^c\h d[ i]Z d[ \ddYh! eZdeaZ VcY ^YZVh! dcZ d[ ^ih ^ciZaaZXijVa gZhjaih YZkZadebZci d[ ]^\] fjVa^in XdciZbedgVgn heVXZh! Vc ^bedg" Wj^ai eVk^a^dc# I]Z ÒcVa hZXi^dc ^h i]Z Xg^i^XVa VcVanh^h d[ i]Z lVh i]Z Xdchi^iji^dc d[ ild WVh^X hi^aa deZgVi^kZ bdYZah d[ iVci ÒZaY d[ [jijgZ VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY jgWVc YZh^\c VXi^k^in# lg^i^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn/ l^i] gZ[ZgZcXZ id ]^ZgVgX]^XVa

egd_ZXi ^c gZaVi^dc id h^iZ eaVcc^c\! i]Z Wj^aY^c\ bZbWgVcZ

7Zga^c egdk^YZh V ^bedgiVci ZbZg\^c\ gZhZVgX] ÒZaY! WZ" VcY Zm]^W^i^dc ^ciZg^dgh# I]gdj\] i]^h Zm]^W^i^dc! ^i ^h edhh^WaZ

YjVa^i^Zh XZciZgÄeZg^e]Zgn! ]^\]Äadl! lZhiZgcÄi]Z gZhi0 XVjhZ i]Z egdXZhh d[ Æidjg^hi^ÒXVi^dcÇ ]Vh ^cÓjZcXZY VcY id WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY i]Z EVk^aadc YZh IZbeh CdjkZVjm VcY VcY id cVi^dcVa W^VhZh VcY WdjcYVg^Zh! Z^i]Zg e]nh^XVa! gZÄdg\Vc^oZY i]Z bZigdeda^h h^cXZ i]Z gZjc^ÒXVi^dc ^c &..% aZVgc bdgZ VWdji i]Z ldg` VcY ^YZVh d[ dcZ d[ i]Z \gZViZhi eda^i^XVa dg XjaijgVa#

bjX] bdgZ ^ciZch^kZan i]Vc ^c di]Zg X^i^Zh# H^cXZ '%%)! l^i] VgX]^iZXih VcY i]^c`Zgh d[ djg X^k^a^oVi^dc! AZ 8dgWjh^Zg#

DcZ d[ i]Z ejgedhZh d[ i]^h gZhZVgX] hZVhdc heZci ]ZgZ cZVgan (-%!%%% k^h^idgh V YVn VcY V \gdli] ^cYZm d[ ') eZg Vi 8dajbW^V ^h id X]VaaZc\Z i]dhZ ]^hidg^d\gVe]^X eVgVY^\bh nZVg! 7Zga^c gZVX]ZY i]Z ide ( d[ i]Z bdhi k^h^iZY eaVXZh Cneb^ Pbelhg Wn [VX^c\ i]Z eajgVa^in d[ ZmeZg^ZcXZh d[ bdkZbZci VcY ^c" l^i]^c :jgdeZ! Y^gZXian V[iZg EVg^h VcY AdcYdc#

OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

hZgi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXih ^c [dgZ^\c Xdjcig^Zh ^c i]Z Òghi ]Va[ d[ '%i] 8Zcijgn! l]Zc i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa^oVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa XjaijgZ hZZbh id ]VkZ Zc\V\ZY cZl g]ni]bh VcY XdcÒ\jgV" i^dch# I]Z gZhZVgX] ^h WVhZY ^c HVd EVjad! 7gVo^a! l]ZgZ Ydo" Zch d[ <ZgbVc! >iVa^Vc! Gjhh^Vc! Eda^h]! 6jhig^Vc! =jc\Vg"

:k\abm^\mnk^ Zg] K^ohenmbhg% IZobeehg ]^l M^fil Ghno^Znq% E^ <hk[nlb^k Zg] Ib^kk^ C^Zgg^k^m% *2,0 Bgm^kgZmbhgZe >qab[bmbhg bg IZkbl

Dc Wdi] h^YZh d[ i]Z 6iaVci^X! X^i^Zh VgZ WZ\^cc^c\ id gZeaVXZ dg hjeeaZbZci XjaijgZÄaZY jgWVc YZkZadebZci higViZ\^Zh l^i] XgZVi^kZ YZkZadebZci# I]Z ÆXgZVi^kZ XaVhhÇ cdi^dc ]Vh WZZc ZbWgVXZY Wn i]dhZ eaVXZh hZZ`^c\ id XVe^iVa^oZ

^Vc! ;gZcX] VgX]^iZXih lZci id a^kZ VcY ldg` [dg h]dgiZg dg BoZg Lanfdho

dc i]Z^g XgZVi^kZ gZhdjgXZh VcY egdbdiZ V ÆXgZVi^kZÇ

aVg\Zg eZg^dYh d[ i^bZ# 6adc\ i]Z eVhi [djg bdci]h Vi 6kZgn OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

^bV\Z! l]^aZ Vj\bZci^c\ i]Z X^in Vh Vc jgWVc idjg^hb

>ÉkZ WZZc hZVgX]^c\ gZ[ZgZcXZh id Wj^aY V aVg\Zg e^XijgZ VcY

YZhi^cVi^dc# I]^h hijYn l^aa ZkVajViZ! ^c Xg^i^XVa iZgbh!

l^YZg XViZ\dg^Zh VWdji i]^h l]daZ hXZcZgn ^c l]^X] adXVa =dl XVc V hdX^Va gZkdaji^dc WZ VX]^ZkZY i]gdj\] 6gX]^iZXijgZ4 i]Z l]daZhVaZ ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z XgZVi^kZ XaVhh ^YZV egdXZhhZh iV`Zh eaVXZ VcY ]Vh V gdaZ d[ ^ihZa[#

I]Z EVk^a^dc YZh IZbeh CdjkZVjm ^h cdi _jhi V bVhiZge^ZXZ d[ ^c Y^[[ZgZci jgWVc XdciZmih! l^i] Zbe]Vh^h dc ^hhjZh d[ BdYZgc 6gX]^iZXijgZ! Wji Vahd V Wj^ai bVc^[Zhid d[ JgWVc^hb hXVaZ VcY \Zd\gVe]^XVa adXVi^dc ^c i]Z gZaVi^kZ hjXXZhh dg

<hfiZkZmbo^ Zg] MkZglgZmbhgZe Lmn]r bg >]hÈMhdrh Zg] G^p Rhkd

VcY i]Z cZl lVnh d[ a^k^c\ ^c V Xg^i^XVa bdbZci [dg i]Z [V^ajgZ d[ XgZVi^kZ YZkZadebZci ^c JH VcY :J X^i^Zh# 6 XVhZ

F^`nfb FZmlnrZfZ

ZmeZg^bZci VcY Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXi d[ \gZVi fjVa^in# I]Z i]Z gZhZVgX] VcY ViiZci^dc l^aa WZ eV^Y id i]Z aZhhdch i]Vi

OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

^ciZg^dg Zm]^W^i^dc ]Vh V Y^YVXi^X VcY egdbdi^dcVa X]VgVXiZg# >i :jgdeZVc X^i^Zh b^\]i aZVgc [gdb i]Z eda^Xn ZmeZg^ZcXZh ^c

ldgaYÉh ]^hidgn# I]Z eVk^a^dc Wj^aY^c\ ^h V WgVkZ iZX]cdad\^XVa hijYn d[ i]Z 9JB7D VgZV d[ 7gdd`anc! CN l^aa WZ jhZY ^c

^h V higdc\ eda^i^XVa hiViZbZci VcY i]Z Òghi ejWa^X egZhZciVi^dc XgZVi^k^inÄaZY YZkZadebZci ^c JH X^i^Zh# Bn dg^\^cVa gZhZVgX] hjW_ZXi ^h i]Z ]^hidgn d[ :Vhi 6h^Vc d[ i]Z 8>6B gZhZVgX] VcY ^YZVh# I]Z egd_ZXi ^h V hnci]Zh^h X^i^Zh VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ! ZheZX^Vaan i]Vi d[ :YdÄId`nd [gdb d[ i]Z i]^gi^Zh VcY V jc^fjZ XdbW^cVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! i]Z b^YÄc^cZiZZci] id ZVganÄilZci^Zi] XZcijgn# I]^h egd_ZXi eV^ci^c\! VcY hXjaeijgZ! l]^X] AZ 8dgWjh^Zg l^aa aViZg YZÒcZ Xdch^hih d[ i]Z [daadl^c\ i]gZZ ide^Xh0 >cÓjZcXZ d[ 8]VgaZh Vh i]Z hnci]Zh^h d[ i]Z bV_dg Vgih# I]Z eVk^a^dc ^h V bVX]^cZ 6# 7ZVgY dc Id`nd 8^in EaVcc^c\ VcY 6Yb^c^higVi^dc V[iZg i]Vi igVch[dgbh i]Z k^h^idgh Wn ZYjXVi^c\ VcY Zmedh^c\ i]Zb i]Z \gZVi ZVgi]fjV`Z d[ &.'(0 ?VeVcZhZ Eg^kViZ 9ZkZadeZghÉ id i]Z cZl ^YZVh d[ JgWVc^hb VcY 6gX]^iZXijgZ# VcY 8^in 6Yb^c^higVidghÉ >ciZgZhih ^c 6bZg^XVc 8^i^Zh0 8]Vc\^c\ BZVc^c\ VcY 8]VgVXiZg d[ i]Z ÆEjWa^XÇ ^c Id`nd VcY CZl Ndg` l]^aZ XdaaZXi^c\ kVg^djh ]^hidg^XVa bVeh VcY YdXjbZcih Vi i]Z 8dajbW^V A^WgVg^Zh! CZl Ndg` =^hidg^XVa HdX^Zin VcY CZl Ndg` EjWa^X A^WgVgn! ZiX#

:k\abm^\mnk^ bg ma^ ÊMhnkblm <bmrË É Ma^ MkZgl_hkfZmbhg h_ :k\abm^\mnkZe Mriheh`b^l Makhn`a ma^ @khpma h_ Nk[Zg Mhnkblf bg ;^kebg CZgZ Kb\am^k OBLBMBG@ L<AHE:K

Idjg^hb ]Vh WZXdbZ V higdc\ \adWVa e]ZcdbZcdc l^i]^c i]Z bdYZgc aZ^hjgZ hdX^Zin! ^c[ajZcX^c\ bVcn hdX^Va! XjaijgVa VcY ZXdcdb^X VgZVh# I]Z h^\c^ÒXVcXZ d[ VgX]^" iZXijgZ [dg idjg^hb Å VcY k^XZ kZghV Å ^h g^h^c\# ;jaa YZhXg^ei^dch ^c idjg^hi \j^YZh ZmeZXi i]Z idjg^hi id dWhZgkZ VcY eZgXZ^kZ ]^h Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# I]Zh^h/ BVhh jgWVc idjg^hb ]Vh h]^[iZY Zm^hi^c\ VgX]^iZX" ijgVa inedad\^Zh l^i]^c gZXZci ]^hidg^XVa YZkZadebZcih# CZl inedad\^Zh ]VkZ ZbZg\ZY# Jci^a cdl i]Z egd[Zhh^dc X^in eaVc" cZgh! VgX]^iZXih i]dj\]i i]Vi idjg^hi YZbVcYh XdjaY WZ ZVh^an VXXdbea^h]ZY Wn Y^gZXi^c\ k^h^idg Ódlh VcY egdk^Y^c\ h^beaZ $


6 7

8

:

;

9

<

=

Oblbmbg` L\aheZk Ikh`kZf

6aZhhVcYgd 7jh| 6! G^XVgYd 9ZkZhV <! BZgVa :`^cX^d\aj :!

?VcV G^X]iZg CZl lViX] idlZg! 9dXjbZciVi^dc 8ZciZg d[

BZ\jb^ BVihjnVbV 9! BVg^V GjWZgi YZ KZci Fork in the road:

i]Z 7Zga^c LVaa! 7Zga^c '%%+# 8 >kVc H]jb`dk ;! ?ja^Z

The 20th century split between building and street# 8VhZ hijY^Zh/

L^ahdc =

CZl Ndg` &.(.!&.+)! VcY '%%%0 7VgXZadcV! &.-%0 BZYZaa c! '%%% 7!


;ZkgZk] $ <henf[bZ <hee^`^l :k\abm^\mnk^ Ikh`kZf

YjXidgn YZh^\c hijY^dh! 6gX]^iZXijgVa GZegZhZciVi^dc/ 6W"

DZk^g ?Zbk[Zgdl% ]^iZkmf^gm \aZbk

higVXi^dc VcY EZgXZei^dc! VcY i]Z ^cigdYjXidgn aZXijgZ XdjghZh!

I]Z gZfj^gZY hZfjZcXZ d[ XdjghZh WZ\^ch l^i] ild ^cigd"

EZgXZei^dch d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ# Id\Zi]Zg! i]ZhZ XdjghZh egdk^YZ V 6gX]^iZXijgZ ]daYh V jc^fjZ edh^i^dc ^c V a^WZgVa Vgih Xjg"

[djcYVi^dc d[ bViZg^Va Wdi] bV_dgh Xdci^cjZ id Wj^aY jedc# I]Z

g^Xjajb! VcY V a^WZgVa Vgih ZYjXVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ]daYh

hijY^dÄWVhZY bV_dg gZfj^gZh 6gX]^iZXijgVa 9Zh^\c > VcY >>! V

V jc^fjZ edh^i^dc ^c gZaVi^dch]^e id i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ# >c gZXZci

ildÄhZbZhiZg YZh^\c hijY^d i]Vi ^cigdYjXZh hijYZcih id bdgZ

nZVgh! VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh ZmeVcYZY ^ih gdaZ ^c i]Z ldgaY id

g^\dgdjh XdcXZeijVa! hdX^Va! VcY i]ZdgZi^XVa hijYn i]gdj\]

WZXdbZ Vh bjX] Vc ^ciZaaZXijVa egVXi^XZ Vh V iZX]c^XVa

XdbegZ]Zch^kZ YZh^\c egd_ZXih# HZc^dg XdjghZ ldg` ^cXajYZh

egVXi^XZ# >[ i]Z \dVa d[ V egd[Zhh^dcVa ZYjXVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ

hZc^dg hZb^cVg h ! Vc VYkVcXZY ZaZXi^kZ YZh^\c hijY^d! dg ^c"

^h id egZeVgZ hijYZcih id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z ldgaY Vh egVXi^X^c\

YZeZcYZci gZhZVgX]! VcY V i]Zh^h [dg hijYZcih XdbeaZi^c\ V

VgX]^iZXih! V a^WZgVa Vgih ZYjXVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ ^cigdYjXZh

]^hidgn$i]Zdgn bV_dg# I]Z Xjgg^Xjajb [dg Wdi] bV_dgh gZfj^gZh

i]Z hijYZci id i]Z hXdeZ VcY gVc\Z Wn l]^X] i]Vi ^h edhh^WaZ#

i]Vi hijYZcih XdbeaZbZci i]Z^g ldg` ^c i]Z bV_dg l^i] gZaViZY

>i ZmeadgZh i]Z kVhi VcY Xdci^cjdjhan Zkdak^c\ aVcYhXVeZ d[

XdjghZ ldg` ^c di]Zg Y^hX^ea^cZh! egdk^Y^c\ V a^c` WZilZZc Vg"

VgX]^iZXijgVa ^YZVh VcY egVXi^XZh! l]Zi]Zg gZaViZY id i]Z

X]^iZXijgZ VcY di]Zg hdX^Va VcY XjaijgVa ^hhjZh#

Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci dg id gZaViZY Y^hX^ea^cZh# >i ZhiVWa^h]Zh

6aa YZeVgibZciVa XdjghZh VgZ YZkZadeZY Wn [VXjain ^c

V b^cYhZi0 Vc ^ciZaaZXijVa [djcYVi^dc [dg jcYZghiVcY^c\

gZaVi^dch]^e id dkZgVaa Xjgg^XjaVg \dVah VcY Zkdak^c\ YZ"

VgX]^iZXijgZ WZ[dgZ i]Z egVXi^XZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ZkZc WZ\^ch#

eVgibZciVa eZYV\d\n! l^i] bVcn XdjghZh iZVbÄiVj\]i#

I]Z ejgedhZ d[ Vc jcYZg\gVYjViZ ZYjXVi^dc ^h id iZVX]

L]^aZ bdhi XdjghZh VgZ adc\hiVcY^c\ igVY^i^dch! ZVX] nZVg

hijYZcih id i]^c` VWdji VcY i]gdj\] VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh V lVn id

i]Z YZeVgibZci ^h ^ciZci^dcVaan ^c[jhZY l^i] cZl ^ceji

jcYZghiVcY i]Z ldgaY#

[gdb i]Z HeZX^Va Ide^Xh ^c 6gX]^iZXijgZ XdjghZh VcY i]Z

>c VgX]^iZXijgZ XdjghZh! lZ ZhiVWa^h] Vc ^ciZaaZXijVa Xdc"

^ciZgZhih [dgZÄ\gdjcYZY Wn i]Z :bZg\Zci 6gX]^iZXi K^h^i^c\

iZmi [dg hijYZcih id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z dc\d^c\ XdchigjXi^dc

;VXjain edh^i^dc# I]Z YZeVgibZci ^h Xdbb^iiZY id Xdci^cj"

d[ `cdlaZY\Z VWdji i]Z gZaVi^dc d[ [dgb! heVXZ! VcY bViZg^"

Vaan higZc\i]Zc^c\ ^ih gZaVi^dch]^e id CN8 VcY Vh hjX]! ]Vh

Vah id ]jbVc a^[Z VcY i]dj\]i# LZ Xjai^kViZ bdYZah d[ ^cfj^gn iZXijgZ ^cigdYjXZY i]gdj\] V hZg^Zh d[ hijY^d VcY VXVYZb^X YZkZadeZY i]^h VY_jcXi k^h^i^c\ iZVX]^c\ edh^i^dc i]Vi ^h hZZc i]Vi Zc\V\Z heZXjaVi^dc dc i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci VcY ^ih ed" XdjghZh i]Vi ZmeadgZ i]Z bjai^eaZ gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc Vg" Vh V Wg^Y\Z id i]Z X^in/ Vc deedgijc^in id ZmeVcY djg Y^Vad\ iZci^Vah VcY iZVX] hijYZcih ]dl id jhZ bVcn Y^[[ZgZci bZY^V X]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c! ]^hidgn! i]Zdgn! VcY Xg^i^X^hb# HijYZcih l^i] djg XdaaZV\jZh VcY V X]VcXZ id hjeedgi ZbZg\^c\ Vg" id gZegZhZci i]Z^g ^YZVh# HijYZcih aZVgc id hZZ VgX]^iZXijgZ VgZ ZmeZXiZY id YZkZade iZX]c^XVa h`^aah! YZh^\c ZmXZaaZcXZ! X]^iZXijgVa iVaZci# Vh dcZ d[ bVcn [dgbh d[ XjaijgVa egdYjXi^dc! VcY i]Z^g ldg` VcY V Xg^i^XVa jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh eVgi d[ djg

I]Z bV_dg! l]^aZ ^cYZeZcYZcian Y^gZXiZY Wn 7VgcVgY

Vh ^cfj^gn ^cid i]Z aVg\Zg ^YZVh VcY ^hhjZh i]Vi Vc^bViZ V k^hjVa! hdX^Va! VcY eda^i^XVa ]^hidgn VcY XjaijgZ# I]ZgZ VgZ 8daaZ\Z! ^h XadhZan a^c`ZY id i]Z <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^" a^WZgVa Vgih Xjgg^Xjajb/ l]Vi ^h i]Z gZaVi^dc d[ eZdeaZ VcY ild igVX`h id i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ bV_dg/ i]Z Òghi! l]^aZ ^c" iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\! VcY EgZhZgkVi^dc i]gdj\] Wdi] dcÄ\d^c\ i]Z higjXijgZh i]Zn bV`Z id cVijgZ VcY i]Z Zck^gdcbZci4 id XdgedgVi^c\ aZXijgZh! hZb^cVgh! VcY hX]daVgan gZhZVgX]! ^h eZYV\d\^XVa Y^hXjhh^dch Vh lZaa Vh i]gdj\] djg iZVX]^c\ heZX^ÒX h^iZh VcY cZZYh4 id i]Z b^Xgd VcY bVXgd [dgXZh i]Vi bdgZ higdc\an hijY^dÄWVhZY VcY0 i]Z hZXdcY! l]^aZ ^cXdg" Vhh^hiVcih l]d VgZ XjggZci hijYZcih [gdb kVg^djh \gVYj" ^cÓjZcXZ djg ZmeZg^ZcXZh4 id i]Z [dgXZh d[ ]^hidgn! eda^i^Xh! edgVi^c\ ^cigdYjXidgnÄaZkZa YZh^\c hijY^dh! ^h [dXjhZY dc ViZ egd\gVbh# 8djghZh ^c i]Z bV_dg! Vh lZaa Vh ÒZaY ig^eh dg ZXdcdb^Xh4 id i]Z ^YZdad\^Zh VcY VZhi]Zi^Xh d[ i]Z YVn4

i]Z ]^hidgn VcY i]Zdgn d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY ^h bdgZ higdc\an VcY di]Zg ZkZcih! iV`Z [jaa VYkVciV\Z d[ djg adXVi^dc ^c CZl

7VgcVgY VcY 8dajbW^V 8daaZ\Zh d[[Zg V bV_dg ^c VgX]^" Vaa^ZY l^i] i]Z 6gi =^hidgn YZeVgibZcih# !

Ndg` 8^in! VcY bVcn d[ djg hijYZcih iV`Z VYkVciV\Z d[ djg


^c\ i]Z bV`^c\ VcY i]Z bZVc^c\ d[ VWhigVXi VgX]^iZXijgVa gZegZhZciVi^dc# I]Vi ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc ^ckdakZY i]gZZ egd_ZXih YZh^\cZY Vh V egdXZhh [dg Xg^i^XVa VcVanh^h VcY egdYjXi^dc/ YdXjbZciVi^dc! VcVanh^h! VcY ^ckZci^dc$^ciZgkZci^dc# 6aa egd_ZXih gZfj^gZY XgZVi^kZ i]^c`^c\ VcY egZX^hZ ZmZXji^dc l^i] gZÒcZY XgV[i ^c i]Z hZgk^XZ d[ ^YZVh#

:k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g * $ + DZk^g ?Zbk[Zgdl% \hhk]bgZmhk ;:KG:K= $ <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L :K<ABM><MNK> IKH@K:F

:k\abm^\mnkZe K^ik^l^gmZmbhg3 :[lmkZ\mbhg

>c i]^h ildÄhZbZhiZg hZfjZcXZ hijYZcih hijY^ZY VgX]^iZXijgVa

Gb\he^ Kh[^kmlhg% Mh]] Khna^%

YZh^\c Vh V bdYZ d[ XjaijgVa Xdbbjc^XVi^dc Vh lZaa Vh

FZ]^ebg^ L\apZkmsfZg% \kbmb\l

^bV\^ cVi^kZ ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc# 6h i]Z hijY^d hZfjZcXZ ZkdakZY!

>]nZk]h @hgsZe^s% Arhng`È`ne Dhhd% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgml

Zbe]Vh^h lVh ^cXgZVh^c\an eaVXZY dc i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e

;:KG:K= $ <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L :K<ABM><MNK>

WZilZZc bViZg^Va! iZXidc^X! VcY egd\gVbbVi^X dg\Vc^oVi^dc

IKH@K:F% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

VcY i]Z hdX^Va VcY XjaijgVa XdciZmih d[ V h^iZ d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc#

I]^h XdjghZ ZmeadgZY i]Z XdckZci^dch d[ i]Z gZegZhZc"

:k\abm^\mnk^ _hk >gobkhgf^gm3 ?hh] _hk Mahn`am(;bd^ _hk <aZg`^

iVi^dcVa aVc\jV\Z d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# 7di] ildÄY^bZch^dcVa

dgi]d\gVe]^X egd_ZXi^dc eaVc! hZXi^dc! ZaZkVi^dc VcY i]gZZÄ DZ]Zf[Zkb ;Zqb% <^ebZ Bfk^r% Y^bZch^dcVa ZaVWdgVi^dch VmdcdbZig^X! bdYZa lZgZ jhZY Gb\he^ Kh[^kmlhg% I^m^k SnliZg% \kbmb\l id VcVanoZ heVXZ VcY lZgZ ^ckZhi^\ViZY [dg i]Z^g VW^a^i^Zh <akblmhia^k ;Zke^r% SZ\aZkr <he[^km% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgml adXVi^dc VcY \V^c ZmeZg^ZcXZ i]gdj\] ^ciZgch]^eh ^c i]Z X^in# id gZkZVa VcY XdcXZVa gZaVi^dch]^eh ^c heVXZ# EVgi^XjaVg ;:KG:K= $ <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L I]Z bV_dg ]Vh Vc VXi^kZ hijYZci XajW! 6gX]^iZXijgZ HdX^Zin Zbe]Vh^h lVh eaVXZY dc i]Z gZkZaVidgn kVajZ VcY a^b^iVi^dc :K<ABM><MNK> IKH@K:F% ?:EE +))1 i]Vi hjeedgih ldg`h]deh [dg hijYZcih VcY a^c`h hijYZcih d[ i]^h VWhigVXi aVc\jV\Z Å V aVc\jV\Z i]Vi ^h Wdi] V id i]Z aVg\Zg Xdbbjc^in# I]dhZ bV_dgh l]d X]ddhZ id Ve" XdcX^hZ bZi]dY [dg VWhigVXi^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa heVXZ Vh Vc I]^h hZbZhiZg lVh YZkdiZY id Zmeadg^c\ CZl Ndg` 8^in i]gdj\] ean id \gVYjViZ hX]dda VgZ gZ\jaVgan VXXZeiZY Vi i]Z bdhi VcVani^XVa idda ! VcY V \ZcZgVi^kZ bZi]dY [dg heZXjaVi^c\ dc i]Z aZch d[ ild Xg^i^XVa ^hhjZh i]Vi Zc\V\Z VgX]^iZXijgZÉh XdbeZi^i^kZ \gVYjViZ egd\gVbh ^c i]Z Xdjcign#

YZh^\c V XdcXZeijVa ^\c^i^dc #

gZaVi^dch]^e id Zck^gdcbZciVa hjhiV^cVW^a^in# HijYZcih XgZViZY

I]Z XdjghZ lVh Xdbeg^hZY d[ V hZg^Zh d[ egd_ZXih i]Vi jgWVc ^ciZgkZci^dch id YZbdchigViZ i]Z gdaZ VgX]^iZXijgZ XVc

:k\abm^\mnkZe K^ik^l^gmZmbhg3 I^k\^imbhg

VaadlZY [dg i]Z hZfjZci^Va YZkZadebZci d[ Wdi] iZX]c^XVa eaVn ^c XgZVi^c\ ^bV\^cVi^kZ VcY ^ccdkVi^kZ egdedh^i^dch i]Vi

DZ]Zf[Zkb ;Zqb% FZkbZ @kZr%

h`^aah VcY XdcXZeijVa i]^c`^c\# L]^aZ YZkZade^c\ ^cYZeZc" Vahd ^ciZ\gViZ Zck^gdcbZciVa XdcXZgch#

FZ]^ebg^ L\apZkmsfZg% \kbmb\l

YZci VeegdVX]Zh VcY egd_ZXih! Vaa hZXi^dch d[ i]^h XdjghZ

>]nZk]h @hgsZe^s% =Z^ Phhd E^^% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgml

^cXdgedgViZY V egd_ZXi i]Vi jhZY Vc Zm^hi^c\ Wj^aY^c\ dg Egd_ZXi & Å ;ddY [dg I]dj\]i

;:KG:K= $ <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L :K<ABM><MNK>

jgWVc heVXZ Vh i]Z hjW_ZXi [dg V ÒZaY d[ ^cfj^gn XdcXZgc" :aZbZcih d[ bZigdeda^iVc a^[Z ^ckdak^c\ [ddY XgZViZ heZX^ÒX

IKH@K:F% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h XdjghZ ^cigdYjXZY k^hjVa eZgXZei^dc Vh V XViVanhi [dg i]Z Xg^i^fjZ! gZegZhZciVi^dc VcY YZh^\c d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# HijYZcih aZVgcZY id jhZ VcY VcVanoZ kVg^djh heVi^Va bZY^V id ^ckZci VcY gZegZhZci VgX]^iZXijgVa heVXZ# :be]Vh^h lVh eaVXZY dc YZkZade^c\ V Xg^i^XVa jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ]dl heVXZ ^h eZgXZ^kZY Vh lZaa Vh ]dl Y^[[ZgZci bZY^V XVc WZ YZa^WZgViZan bVc^ejaViZY! XdcigdaaZY! VcY XdchigjXiZY Vh eVgi d[ V XgZVi^kZ VcY ^ckZci^kZ YZh^\c egdXZhh# L]^aZ i]Z XdjghZ gZÓZXiZY dc i]Z ]^hidg^XVa VcY XjaijgVa egdYjXi^dc d[ k^hjVa eZgXZei^dc! ^i eg^bVg^an XdcYjXiZY i]^h ^cfj^gn i]gdj\] bV`^c\! YgVl^c\! VcY Wj^aY^c\# >hhjZh d[ ^c]VW^i^c\ VcY ZmeZg^ZcX^c\ V heZX^ÒX heVXZ! hjX] Vh i]Z VXi^k^i^Zh eZg[dgbZY! i]Z eZgXZei^dc d[ i]Vi eZg[dgbVcXZ! VcY i]Z e]nh^XVa Viig^WjiZh d[ i]Z heVXZ lZgZ ZmeadgZY Vh eVgi d[ i]Z XgZVi^kZ YZkZadebZci d[ egd_ZXih# HdjgXZ bZY^V ^cXajYZY e]did\gVe]h! YgVl^c\h! Òabh! k^YZdh! bdYZah! dW_ZXih! \VbZh! iZmih! VcY k^gijVa VcY gZVa heVXZh# I]^h bViZg^Va egdk^YZY Wdi] i]Z [dXjh VcY i]Z bZ" Y^jb d[ i]Z VcVanh^h VcY YZh^\c# I]Z bjai^eaZ bZi]dYh d[ VcVani^XVa VcY gZegZhZciVi^dc h`^aah i]Vi hijYZcih YZkZadeZY [jcXi^dcZY Vh \ZcZgVi^kZ iddah ^c Xdci^cjZY YZh^\c ldg`! [dgb^c\ i]Z WVh^h [dg Xg^i^fj^c\ Zm^hi^c\ heVXZ VcY bZY^V! VcY [dg \ZcZgVi^c\ cZl heVXZh VcY i]Z^g gZegZhZciVi^dch# !


hdX^Va VcY ejWa^X heVXZh! Vh lZaa Vh ^ciZchZan eg^kViZ VcY Vh i]Z bVcn cZl iZX]c^fjZh d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc# 9Zh^\c^c\ Vaadlh hijYZcih id ldg` ^c hdbZ hjW_ZXi VgZVh i]gdj\] XdbbZgX^Va ZmX]Vc\Zh# GZXZci YZWViZh VgdjcY hbVaa [dg i]ZhZ X]Vc\Zh bZVch gZi]^c`^c\ i]dhZ higjXijgZh i]Vi dca^cZ aZVgc^c\! a^c`ZY id i]Z ^HX]ddaÉh hZgkZg VcY hd[ilVgZ# [VgbZgh kh# XdgedgViZ \^Vcih! ^ciZgZhih ^c dg\Vc^X [ddYh! ^c]ZgZcian a^b^i i]Z ediZci^Va [dg aZVgc^c\ id WZ XdaaVWdgVi^kZ! I]Z ÒZaY ldg` ^h ^cY^k^YjVaan YZh^\cZY id \^kZ ZVX] hijYZci ediZci^Vah d[ \gZZc bVg`Zih Vh ejW^X$Xdbbjc^in heVXZh! hdX^Va! ^ciZgVXi^kZ VcY egdYjXi^kZ Vi bjai^eaZ hXVaZh#

Vc deedgijc^in id aZVgc [gdb ZmeZg^ZcXZh djih^YZ d[ hX]dda

edhh^W^a^i^Zh d[ jgWVc [Vgb^c\! ^c[gVhigjXijgZh d[ l]daZhVaZ

Wji gZaViZY id i]Z^g ZYjXVi^dcVa \dVah# I]Z ^HX]dda [VX^a^iViZh

[ddY! hjeZgbVg`Zih! VcY \adWVa V\g^XjaijgZ VcY [ddY Egd_ZXi ( Å 9^\^iVa HXV[[daYh 9^\^iVa HigjXijgZh

i]^h ^cY^k^YjVa^oZY aZVgc^c\ i]gdj\] Vc ^ciZ\gViZY hd[ilVgZ

egdXZhh^c\ ^cYjhig^Zh ]VkZ h]dlc i]Z ^ciZchZ adXVa VcY I]Z Òghi egd_ZXi d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg lVh V egd\gVbbVi^X YZiV^a hnhiZb i]Vi Vaadlh hijYZcih VcY iZVX]Zgh id bdc^idg i]Z^g \adWVa cVijgZ d[ CZl Ndg` 8^in# ;dg Egd_ZXi &! hijYZcih Å V hbVaaÄhXVaZ YZh^\c ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc ^cid i]Z XdccZXi^dch egd\gZhh! VXXZhh! VcY XdbeaZiZ ]dbZldg` [gdb Vcnl]ZgZ Xdch^YZgZY i]ZhZ ^hhjZh VcY YZh^\cZY V egdidineZ [dg V WZilZZc bViZg^Va! egd\gVb! VcY e]nh^XVa VcY ehnX]dad\^XVa Wn ad\\^c\ dcid i]Z Æ>Ç# I]^h hX]dda ji^a^oZh iZX]cdad\^XVa hbVaa cdcÄegdÒi ZYjXVi^dcVa XZciZg XdbW^c^c\ V [ddY WVg! V heVXZ# Egd\gVb ^h Wdi] V a^hi^c\ d[ ZkZcih! heVXZh! dg XdYZh iddah [dg Y^[[ZgZci^ViZY aZVgc^c\ VcY VaiZgcVi^kZ bZVch d[ \VaaZgn heVXZ! VcY Vc deZc XaVhhgddb$`^iX]Zc [VX^a^in# I]^h Vh lZaa Vh Vc VXi^dc! Vc ^ciZgegZiVi^dc VcY egZhXg^ei^dc d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc l^i] i]Z^g ZmeVcYZY aZVgc^c\ Xdbbjc^in# egd_ZXi Vahd idd` dc YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh hj^iVWaZ [dg hbVaa ^ciZgVXi^dch# 9ZiV^a ^h Wdi] V hbVaa edgi^dc d[ V ldg` Vh lZaa Vh HijYZcihÉ YZh^\ch [dg i]Z ^HX]dda ^cXdgedgViZY Wdi] Æ^cÒaaÇ h^iZh ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in i]Vi VgZ aZ[i jcYZkZadeZY! dg Vc VXi d[ YZÒc^c\ gZaVi^dch Vbdc\ eVgih# I]Z YZiV^a Wn YZÒc^i^dc [dgbVa VcY ^c[dgbVa aZVgc^c\ Zck^gdcbZcih! ZmeZg^bZciVa jhZY Vh eVg`^c\ dg hZb^ÄejWa^X heVXZh#

^h a^b^iZY ^c hXdeZ! Wji i]^h a^b^iVi^dc Vh V YZh^\c eVgVbZiZg gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc i]Z hX]dda VcY i]Z ejWa^X! VcY Vaadlh [dg egZX^h^dc VcY XgZVi^k^in# I]Z egd\gVbbVi^X YZiV^a ^h ^ccdkVi^kZ VeegdVX]Zh id iZX]cdad\n VcY cZl bZY^V#

Egd_ZXi ' Å 7^`Z H]VgZ HiVi^dc

i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ hiVi^X! YZiZgb^cZY egd\gVb ZaZbZcih

I]^h egd_ZXi ZmeadgZY i]Z eZg^bZiZg d[ BVc]ViiVc! l]ZgZ ^cid ^ciZ\gViZY! YncVb^X heVXZh i]Vi bViZg^Vaan Zc\V\Z VcY

:k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g ,3 <^gmkZe TH_Ö\^V IZkd

^c XdcigVhi id i]Z egd_ZXi & ^cÒaa h^iZ! i]Z i^\]i eZgheZXi^kZh X]Vgi i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z WdYn ^c heVXZ VcY ^ih ;kbZg Ikb\^ $ =hfbgb\ E^hg`% \kbmb\l d[ i]Z X^in Wjghi dji id V ]dg^odc VcY deZc lViZg! eVg`! dg bdkZbZci ^c i^bZ# I]Z egd\gVbbVi^X YZiV^a h]djaY \ZcZgViZ D^bma @k^^gpZe]% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm X^in h`na^cZ k^Zlh# EaVch VgZ ^c eaVXZ! XjggZcian eVgi^Vaan jcZmeZXiZY [jcXi^dcVa! heVi^Va! VcY WdY^an V[Òa^Vi^dch Å V ;:KG:K= $ <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L ^cXdbeaZiZ! [dg V Xdci^cjdjh W^`Z eVi] X^gXa^c\ VgdjcY cZl VgX]^iZXidc^Xh d[ ZmeZg^ZcXZ# >i h]djaY WZ egdk^h^dcVa :K<ABM><MNK> IKH@K:F% ?:EE +))1 i]Z ^haVcY# I]^h eVi] Å V b^c^bVa ^c[gVhigjXijgVa VYY^i^dc VcY deZcÄZcYZY# >i ^h WVhZY dc heZXjaVi^kZ hdX^Va! X^k^X! [dg cdl Å deZch je V hZg^Zh d[ edhh^W^a^i^Zh id Zc\V\Z VcY bViZg^Va XdccZXi^dch i]Vi YgVl dji deedgijc^i^Zh [dg CZl Ndg`! dcXZ Vc VgX]ZineZ d[ 6bZg^XVc jgWVc^in! ]Vh \dcZ VcY VXi^kViZ i]Z lViZg[gdci l^i] ZmeVcYZY W^`ZÄgZaViZY VXi^kZ aZVgc^c\# ;^cVaan! i]Z egd\gVbbVi^X YZiV^a bVn WZ V hjWÄjgWVc# 8]VgVXiZg^oZY Wn i]Z bVaaÄ^ÒXVi^dc d[ Hd]d! egd\gVbh! VcY ^cigdYjX^c\ Zck^gdcbZciVaan [g^ZcYan Wj^aY^c\ WadX` dg bdge]dad\^XVa XdYZ i]Vi ^h \ZcZgVi^kZ d[ V i]Z i]ZbVi^oVi^dc d[ i]Z CZl Ndg`Éh ^cYjhig^Va ]Zg^iV\Z! igVchedgiVi^dc VaiZgcVi^kZh# ;dg V X^in a^`Z CZl Ndg`! jh^c\ bdgZ XdbeaZm heVi^Va hnhiZb dg VgX]^iZXijgZ0 ^i bVn WZ dcZ i]Z 9^hcZnÄÒXVi^dc d[ I^bZh HfjVgZ! VcY i]Z jW^fj^in d[ W^`Zh ^h cdi _jhi V aZ^hjgZan VXi0 ^i XVc Vahd VXi^kViZ V ejWa^X ^chiVcXZ d[ V aVg\Zg l]daZ nZi id WZ YZiZgb^cZY#

7^\ BVXh VcY HiVgWjX`h! CZl Ndg`Éh XdcXgZiZ _jc\aZ ]Vh

gZhedchZ id X^in V\ZcX^Zh ^c^i^Vi^kZh VcY egdedhZ V cZl lVn

WZZc YdbZhi^XViZY# 7ji ^h i]Z hjWjgWVc^oVi^dc d[ X^i^Zh

d[ i]^c`^c\ VWdji bdkZbZci ^c i]Z X^in! ^ckZhibZci ^c ejWa^X Egd_ZXi ) Å 6 Egdd[ d[ 8dcXZei =^\] HX]dda ;dg CZl Ndg`

gZ\gZhh^kZ dg YdZh ^i gZegZhZci jc[dgZhZZc deedgijc^i^Zh4

^c[gVhigjXijgZ! igV[ÒX VcY Xdc\Zhi^dc! VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa I]Z hZXdcY ]Va[ d[ i]Z hZbZhiZg ^h i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V cZl I]^h hijY^d egdedhZY id bdbZciVg^an edhiedcZ _jY\bZci d[ gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh# ;dg Egd_ZXi '! hijYZcih YZh^\cZY V cZl ineZ ejWa^X ]^\] hX]dda Å i]Z CN8 ^HX]dda# I]Z ^HX]dda ]Vh WVhZY l]Vi ]Vh WZZc YZZbZY V eZ_dgVi^kZ h]^[i idlVgYh hjWjgWVc d[ ejWa^X [VX^a^in Å V W^`Z h]VgZ hiVi^dc dc i]Z lViZg[gdci#

^ih Xjgg^Xjajb dc i]gZZ Y^[[ZgZci aZVgc^c\ bZi]dYdad\^Zh/ kVajZh! ^c i]Z hZgk^XZ d[ V Xg^i^XVa ZmeadgVi^dc d[ cZl hjW i]Z bdYjaZ! hZa[ÄeVXZY ^cY^k^YjVa^oZY ^chigjXi^dc! VcY ÒZaY jgWVc hXZcVg^dh VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa Z[[ZXih# EZg]Veh CZl

=^lb`gbg` _hk :\mbo^ E^Zkgbg`

ldg`# I]Z bdYjaZ ^h higjXijgZY Vh ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn aZVgc^c\ Ndg` XVc aZVgc [gdb i]Z inedad\^XVa ^ccdkVi^dc d[ hjWjgW^V#

DZk^g ?Zbk[Zgdl% FZkd Dkh^\d^e%

l]ZgZ ide^Xh VgZ XdccZXiZY id gZVa ldgaY ^hhjZh! VcY ldg` 8dch^YZg i]Z XdgedgViZ d[ÒXZ eVg`# 6h Vc Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z

Ch^[ Fhhk^ $ Dbf RZh% \kbmb\l

^h YdcZ l^i] Xa^Zci dg\Vc^oVi^dch# HZa[ÄeVXZY ^chigjXi^dc &.i] XZcijgn XdbeVcn idlc! i]Z d[ÒXZ eVg` Ze^idb^oZh

<akblmhia^k ;Zke^r $ SZ\aZkr <he[^km% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgml ;:KG:K= $ <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L :K<ABM><MNK> IKH@K:F% LIKBG@ +))1

I]^h hZbZhiZg [dXjhZY dc i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc d[ ZmeZg^bZciVa aZVgc^c\ Zck^gdcbZcih i]Vi ^ciZci^dcVaan ^cXdgedgViZ cZl bZY^V VcY iZhi cZl eVgVY^\bh d[ iZVX]^c\ VcY aZVgc^c\# 9^\^iVa bZY^V ^h ^c i]Z egdXZhh d[ igVch[dgb^c\ bVcn d[ djg XdciZbedgVgn ^chi^iji^dch VcY egd[Zhh^dch# 6h ^c[dgbVi^dc ^h cdl WgdVYan VXXZhhZY i]gdj\] i]Z ^ciZgcZi! cZl XdaaVWdgVi^kZ VcY ^ciZgVXi^kZ iZVX]^c\ VcY aZVgc^c\ bdYZah VgZ WZ^c\ YZkZadeZY i]Vi ji^a^oZ i]^h cZl VXXZhh^W^a^in Vh lZaa !


;^cVa EgdYjXi/

jcYZghiVcY^c\ Å i]gdj\] gZVY^c\! lg^i^c\! VcY bdYZa^c\

;jgc^ijgZ/ hZVi^c\

l^i] G]^cdÉh <gVhh]deeZg eaj\^c Å d[ ]dl hjX] V eVgV"

BVm Y^bZch^dch/ &- m&-

bZig^X eVgVY^\b ldg`h! VcY l]Vi ^i XdjaY edhh^Wan bZVc

BViZg^Vah/ &$'Ç A^\]ilZ^\]i B9;

[dg VgX]^iZXijgZ#

Egd\gVbh/ 6869! G]^cd! <gVhh]deeZg

Li^\bZe Mhib\l bg :k\abm^\mnk^3 Ihlbmbhgbg` IZkZf^mkb\ =^lb`g

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh :k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g Zg] OblnZe <nemnk^ Mh]] Khna^ $ FZ]^ebg^ L\apZkmsfZg% \kbmb\l

:]Zf FZk\nl% bglmkn\mhk

:ZgrZ <an`a $ F^` D^eer% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgml

;:KG:K= :G= <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L

;:KG:K= $ <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L

:K<ABM><MNK> IKH@K:F% LIKBG@ +))2

:K<ABM><MNK> IKH@K:F% LIKBG@ +))2

6bZg^XVÉh hjWjgWVc kVajZh d[ eg^kVi^oVi^dc! eVhidgVa^hb! 6i V i^bZ l]Zc VgX]^iZXih ]VkZ V l^YZ VggVn d[ cZl Y^\^iVa I]^h XdjghZ hZgkZY Vh Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc id VgX]^iZXijgVa ldg`! VcY i]Z cjXaZVg [Vb^an# =dl XdjaY i]Z WajggZY Y^k^h^dc iddah Vi i]Z^g Y^hedhVa! i]ZgZ VgZ Å Vh ^c Vcn eZg^dY d[ gVe^Y YZh^\c Vh Vc VcVani^XVa! gZegZhZciVi^dcVa! VcY egdYjXi^kZ d[ ldg` VcY aZ^hjgZ! ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ! jgWVc VcY hjWjgWVc iZX] cdad\^XVa ^ccdkVi^dc Å XdcÓ^Xi^c\ ^YZVh d[ ]dl i]Z cZl VXi# :be]Vh^h lVh eaVXZY dc Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ WZ gZYZÒcZY ^c i]Z eVhidgVa hVcXijVgn d[ 8ZcigVa EVg`4

iZX]cdad\n h]djaY WZ ^beaZbZciZY! VcY id l]Vi ZcY# I]^h ^iZgVi^kZ VcY ^c[dgbZY egdXZhh VcY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V

I]Z hjWjgWVc hViZaa^iZ idlch ZbZg\ZY [gdb i]Z Vh" XdjghZ! V ]nWg^Y hZb^cVg$ldg`h]de! ^ckZhi^\ViZY i]Z edhh^W^" bZi]dYdad\n [dg Wdi] ldg`^c\ VcY Xg^i^fjZ# HijYZcih lZgZ hjbei^dc i]Vi ^c V `cdlaZY\ZÄWVhZY ZXdcdbn! adXVi^dc a^i^Zh VcY ediZci^Vah d[ dcZ eVgi^XjaVg VeegdVX] id ^ciZ\gVi^c\ Vh`ZY id ldg` i]gdj\] kVg^djh VcVani^XVa VcY XdcXZeijVa YdZh cdi bViiZg# =dlZkZg! i]Z gZÄedejaVi^dc d[ CZl Ndg` Y^\^iVa egdXZhhZh ^cid VgX]^iZXijgZ/ eVgVbZig^X YZh^\c# Wn i]Z ZYjXViZYÄb^YYaZ XaVhh ^h Zk^YZcXZ i]Vi adXVi^dc YdZh ^c [VXi bViiZg#

VeegdVX]Zh ^c dgYZg id Xg^i^fjZ Zm^hi^c\ VcY ediZci^Va

EVgVbZig^X YZh^\c XVc addhZan WZ YZÒcZY Vh V ^beaZ" k^hjVa! heVi^Va! VcY egd\gVbbVi^X XdcY^i^dch# HijYZcih bZci^c\ V gZaVi^dcVa bdYZa i]Vi ^h VWaZ id Wdi] VXXdb" ldg`ZY i]gdj\] kVg^djh bdYZh d[ gZegZhZciVi^dc XdaaV\Z!

GVi]Zg i]Vc aVbZci i]Z h]^[i^c\ X]VgVXiZg d[ CZl Ndg`! bdYViZ VcY egdYjXZ YncVb^X [VXidgh l^i]^c i]Z YZh^\c h`ZiX]^c\! dgi]d\gVe]^X YgVl^c\! e]nh^XVa bdYZa ZiX# i]Z hijY^d egdedhZY Vc ZmigZbZ Zc\V\ZbZci d[ i]Z hjWÄ egdXZhh# 6i i]Z XdgZ d[ i]^h XdcXZei ^h i]Z ^YZV i]Vi i]Z VcY lZgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id ZmeZg^bZci l^i] lVnh d[ bV`^c\# jgWVc^oZY bZigdeda^h# I]Z hijY^d ZmVb^cZY i]Z inedad\n d[ XdbejiZg XVc ]Zae jh VcVanoZ! bVcV\Z! XVaXjaViZ! gZe" Jai^bViZan! i]Z XaVhh ZmeadgZY i]Z Æl]ViÇ! Æl]nÇ VcY Æ]dlÇ i]Z hjWjgWVc d[ÒXZ eVg` VcY ^bV\^cZY 8ZcigVa EVg` Vh i]Z gZhZci! VcY Xdbbjc^XViZ aVg\Z Vbdjcih d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc! ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z \ZcZgVi^dc d[ YZh^\c# \gdjcYh [dg V [jijgZ D[ÒXZ EVg`# LZ Xdch^YZgZY i]Z X^inÉh VcY hZVbaZhhan igVchaViZ i]Vi ^c[dgbVi^dc ^cid Wj^ai [dgb#

I]^h XdjghZ lVh heZX^ÒXVaan YZh^\cZY [dg hijYZcih bV"

Z\Va^iVg^Vc eVg` d[ aZ^hjgZ Vh ^ih deedh^iZ Å Vc Zc\^cZZgZY L]Zi]Zg Veea^ZY id higjXijgVa ad\^Xh! YZiV^a^c\ bZi]dYh! _dg^c\ ^c YZeVgibZcih di]Zg i]Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ# HijYZcih aVcYhXVeZ d[ Z[ÒX^ZcXn# I]Z hijY^d aZVgcZY [gdb i]Z d[ÒXZ dg eZg[dgbVi^kZ higViZ\^Zh d[ dgcVbZciVi^dc! eVgVbZig^X lZgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id [daY i]Z^g ^cY^k^YjVa VXVYZb^X ^ciZg" eVg`! ^bV\^c^c\ egd\gVbbVi^X! [dgbVa! VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa YZh^\c XVc ZcVWaZ i]Z VgX]^iZXi id ]VkZ cZl VcY jcegZX" Zhih ^cid i]Z^g ldg` VcY XaVhh Y^hXjhh^dch! ^c i]Z ]deZ i]Vi ^ckZgh^dch d[ i]^h jaigVÄeg^kVi^oZY! Vci^ÄhjhiV^cVWaZ ineda" ZYZciZY aZkZah d[ Xdcigda dkZg eVgih d[ i]Z YZh^\c VcY [VW" V XgdhhÄedaa^cVi^dc d[ ^YZVh VcY eZgheZXi^kZh Zcg^X]ZY i]Z d\n# 8ZcigVa PD[ÒXZR EVg` deZcZY i]Z edhh^W^a^in id gZYZÒcZ g^XVi^dc egdXZhh i]Vi egZk^djhan lZgZ aZ[i id di]Zgh# 7ji ^i dkZgVaa VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ ^c ^ih kVg^djh XdciZmih hd" i]Z gZaVi^dc WZilZZc ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ heVXZ#

Vahd gZfj^gZh `cdlaZY\Z VcY \gdjcY^c\ ^c ÒZaYh Vh Y^kZghZ X^Va! ]^hidg^XVa! heVi^Va ZiX# # Vh XdbejiZg egd\gVbb^c\ VcY cZildg` i]Zdgn! VgZVh i]Vi

=b`bmZe ?Z[kb\Zmbhg Phkdlahi

eZg]Veh igVY^i^dcVaan lZgZ hZZc Vh djih^YZ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ

Ar^ÈRhng` <ang` $ Mb^msÈ;Z\\hg% bglmkn\mhkl

Wji i]Vi VgZ cdl XZcigVa id XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXijgVa

;:KG:K= $ <HENF;B: <HEE>@>L :K<ABM><MNK>

egdYjXi^dc# I]Z \dVa d[ i]^h hZb^cVg lVh id [dgbjaViZ Vc

IKH@K:F% ?:EE +))1% LIKBG@ +))2

9^\^iVa 9Zh^\c VcY ;VWg^XVi^dc ^h gVe^Yan X]Vc\^c\ i]Z [VXZ d[ XdciZbedgVgn egVXi^XZ! ^c_ZXi^c\ ^ihZa[ ^cid Vaa VheZXih d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c! [gdb ^cXZei^dc id ÒcVa egdYjXi^dc# 6 hZg^Zh d[ i]gZZÄlZZ` ldg`h]deh WZ\Vc l^i] V \ZcZgVa Y^hXjhh^dc dc Y^\^iVa YZh^\c VcY [VWg^XVi^dc VcY ^ih Z[[ZXih dc XdciZbedgVgn egVXi^XZ! VcY ZcYZY l^i] ]VcYhÄdc Veea^XVi^dc d[ i]ZhZ YZh^\c eg^cX^eaZh i]gdj\] i]Z YZh^\c VcY [VWg^XVi^dc d[ V [jgc^ijgZ e^ZXZ# >c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] V Y^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc h]de Å I^ZioÄ7VXXdc Å hijYZcih lZgZ VWaZ id hZZ i]Z^g ÒcVa YZh^\ch gZVa^oZY! Xji dc V (ÄVm^h 8C8 B^aa^c\ BVX]^cZ# !


6

7

8

9

:k\abm^\mnkZe K^ik^l^gmZmbhg3 I^k\^imbhg

@Vg^ =^\YZb H]^kV NV]V\]^ 7 ! :g^c @ZccZYn 6 !

DZ]Zf[Zkb ;Zqb% FZkbZ @kZr% FZ]^ebg^

7gZcYVc A^b 8 ! B^X]ZaaZ EZcV 9

L\apZkmsfZg% \kbmb\l >]nZk]h @hgsZe^s% =Z^ Phhd E^^% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgml


6

7

8

9

:k\abm^\mnkZe K^ik^l^gmZmbhg3 :[lmkZ\mbhg Gb\he^ Kh[^kmlhg% Mh]] Khna^% FZ]^ebg^ L\apZkmsfZg% \kbmb\l >]nZk]h @hgsZe^s% Arhng`&`ne Dhhd% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgml

6cYZgh 7dbVc 9 ! Gji] @^c\ 6 ! 6a^hdc BX>akZg^YZ 7$8


6 7

:k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g *

6h^nV @]V`^ ?Zcc^[Zg AVi]Vb 7 ! 6h^nV @]V`^ 8 !

DZk^g ?Zbk[Zgdl% \hhk]bgZmhk

?Zcc^[Zg AVi]Vb 9 ! 6aZmVcYgZ K^Va 6

DZ]Zf[Zkb ;Zqb% <^ebZ Bfk^r% Gb\he^ Kh[^kmlhg% I^m^k SnliZg% \kbmb\l


8 9


6

7 8

9

:

;

:k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g +

6h^nV @]V`^ 7 ! G]Vo^ @dcZ A ! ?d]c @gVjhh 6 ! HVgV]

DZk^g ?Zbk[Zgdl% \hhk]bgZmhk

G^X]bdcY ; ! Idb HiZlVgi : ! AZhaZn BZgo ? ! 8]VgadiiZ

DZk^g ?Zbk[Zgdl% FZkd Dkh^\d^e%

;jgZi @ ! 6Vgdc =h^Z] 8 ! :kZanc I^c\ < ! 6a^hdc Kdc <a^cdl = !

Ch^[ Fhhk^% Dbf RZh% \kbmb\l

G^X]VgY ;jY\Z 9 ! @ViZ GZ\\Zk >


<

>

=

? @

A


6 7

:k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g ,3 <^gmkZe TH_Ö\^V IZkd ;kbZg Ikb\^ $ =hfbgb\ E^hg`% \kbmb\l D^bma @k^^gpZe]% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgm

6aZm 8dd` 6 ! ?dcVi]Vc EVncZ 7$8

8


6

7

8

9 :

;

<

=b`bmZe ?Z[kb\Zmbhg Phkdlahi

;jgc^ijgZ EgdYjXi^dc 6$7$9 ! 6cVhiVh^V @dhigdb^cdkV

Ar^ÈRhng` <ang` $ Mb^msÈ;Z\\hg% bglmkn\mhkl

?dcVi]Vc EVncZ HVna^ @dg\Vdc`Vg : 0 Nh]V^ NjYZ`dk^io GdWZgi 8aZbZch 8$< 0 6a^hdc BX>akg^YZ 6Vgdc =h^Z] ;


6 7

8

:

Li^\bZe Mhib\l bg :k\abm^\mnk^3 Ihlbmbhgbg` IZkZf^mkb\ =^lb`g :]Zf FZk\nl% bglmkn\mhk

9Vc^Za ;VaXdc^ : ! 6Vgdc =h^Z] 9 ! 6a^hdc BX>akg^YZ 7$8 ! 7gVcY^Z BdgZcd 6

9


Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh :k\abm^\mnkZe =^lb`g Zg] OblnZe <nemnk^ Mh]] Khna^ $ FZ]^ebg^ L\apZkmsfZg% \kbmb\l :ZgrZ <an`a $ F^` D^eer% m^Z\abg` ZllblmZgml

IdYY Gdj]ZÉh XaVhh aZ[i ! BVYZa^cZ HX]lVgiobVcÉh XaVhh g^\]i


G^p Rhkd(IZkbl3 Ma^ LaZi^ h_ Mph <bmb^l

XjaijgVa hijY^Zh! adXViZY cZVg i]Z AjmZcWdjg\ <VgYZch ^c

=Zgb^ee^ Lfhee^k% ]bk^\mhk

i]Z BdcieVgcVhhZ Y^hig^Xi d[ EVg^h# GZ^Y =Vaa d[[Zgh gZVY^c\ gddbh! adjc\Zh! V )!%%%"kdajbZ a^WgVgn! VYb^c^higVi^kZ d["

I]Z H]VeZ d[ Ild 8^i^Zh/ CZl Ndg`"EVg^h Egd\gVb ^h YZh^\cZY ÒXZh! VcY Vc ZmiZch^kZ cZildg` d[ VXi^k^i^Zh id ]Zae hijYZcih id YZkZade V hijYZciÉh Xg^i^XVa VeegZX^Vi^dc d[ jgWVc [dgbh! Wg^Y\Z i]Z \Ve WZilZZc 6bZg^XVc VcY ;gZcX] XjaijgZh# i]Z^g \ZcZh^h! VcY i]Z gdaZ d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! egZhZgkVi^dc!

I]Z H]VeZ d[ Ild 8^i^Zh YgVlh hijYZcih [gdb XdaaZ\Zh

VcY eaVcc^c\ ^c i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z XdciZbedgVgn jgWVc VcY jc^kZgh^i^Zh [gdb VXgdhh i]Z cVi^dc Vh lZaa Vh YZY^XViZY Zck^gdcbZci# 6h V dcZ"nZVg ^ciZch^kZ a^WZgVa Vgih egd\gVb edhi\gVYjViZh [gdb kVgn^c\ WVX`\gdjcYh# I]Z egd\gVb d[" l^i] V higdc\ hijY^d XdbedcZci! i]Z Xjgg^Xjajb [dXjhZh [Zgh i]^gin"ild XdjghZ XgZY^ih Veea^XVWaZ idlVgY 7VX]Zadg d[ dc Wdi] YZh^\c ^hhjZh VcY i]Z jgWVc ]^hidgn VcY i]Zdgn 6gih dg 7VX]Zadg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ YZ\gZZh \gVciZY Wn eVgi^X^" d[ i]ZhZ ild X^i^Zh# >c VYY^i^dc i]Z egd\gVb egdk^YZh Vc eVi^c\ ^chi^iji^dch VcY egdk^YZh Vc ZmXZaaZci egZeVgVi^dc [dg ^cigdYjXi^dc id i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc hijY^Zh! \gVYjViZ VcY egd[Zhh^dcVa hijYn# ;dg edhi\gVYjViZh i]Z [Vaa VcY eaVcc^c\ [dg ]^\]an bdi^kViZY jcYZg\gVYjViZh l]d Xjgg^Xjajb XVc WZ iV^adgZY id hVi^h[n egZ"\gVYjViZ hX]dda h`^aah [dg i]dhZ l^i] cd eg^dg ZYjXVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ! ]VkZ XdbeaZiZY Vi aZVhi ild nZVgh d[ hijYn Vi i]Z^g ]dbZ gZfj^gZbZcih# Jedc XdbeaZi^dc! bVcn hijYZcih VgZ VYb^i" ^i Vahd egZhZcih i]Z deedgijc^in [dg hijYZcih l^i] hdbZ ^chi^iji^dch dg [dg edhi WVXXVaVjgZViZ hijYZcih ^ciZgZhiZY iZY id \gVYjViZ egd\gVbh ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc eaVcc^c\! WVX`\gdjcY id ^begdkZ i]Z^g h`^aah VcY \V^c [jgi]Zg hijY^d ^c egZeVg^c\ [dg \gVYjViZ hijY^Zh# EgZk^djh hijYn ^c i]ZhZ VcY ]^hidg^X egZhZgkVi^dc Vi jc^kZgh^i^Zh ^cXajY^c\ 8dajb" ZmeZg^ZcXZ# >c VYY^i^dc id i]Z hZb^cVg VcY hijY^d edgi^dch d[ Y^hX^ea^cZh ^h cdi gZfj^gZY [dg VYb^hh^dc id i]Z egd\gVb! W^V! =VgkVgY! Eg^cXZidc! B#>#I#! EZcchnakVc^V! VcY NVaZ#

i]Z XdjghZ! i]ZgZ lZgZ lZZ`an aZXijgZh \^kZc Wn egdb^cZci

Vaadl^c\ hijYZcih [gdb V WgdVY gVc\Z d[ VXVYZb^X VcY

VgX]^iZXih [gdb i]Z CZl Ndg` bZigdeda^iVc VgZV#

egd[Zhh^dcVa WVX`\gdjcYh id eVgi^X^eViZ# I]Z egd\gVbÉh

Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh :k\abm^\mnk^

Xjgg^Xjajb ^h YZh^\cZY id egdk^YZ hijYZcih l^i] V WZiiZg =Zgb^ee^ Lfhee^k% ]bk^\mhk jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z YZh^\c VcY jgWVc hijY^Zh Y^hX^ea^cZh

G^p Rhkd =^lb`g Lmn]bh3 Ma^ LaZi^l h_ Mph <bmb^l

Vh i]Zn VgZ egVXi^XZY ^c Wdi] CZl Ndg` VcY EVg^h! d[[Zg^c\ 6 XdjghZ Xdbeg^h^c\ hijY^d VcY aZXijgZ [dgbVih! egZhZci^c\ IZmkb\d HÍ<hgghk% MahfZl ]^ Fhg\a^Znq% V jc^fjZ XdciZmi i]Vi Zc\V\Zh hijYZcih Vh lZaa Vh Xg^i^Xh V XdbegZ]Zch^kZ ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c# I]Z =Zgb^ee^ Lfhee^k% PbeebZf ?^n^kfZg% \kbmb\l VcY ^chigjXidgh [gdb VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc hijY^Zh! VcY di]Zg XdjghZ bZi ÒkZ YVnh dg ZkZc^c\h V lZZ` [dg ÒkZ lZZ`h# G>P RHKD(I:KBL% ?:EE +))1 ÒZaYh l^i] V Xg^i^XVa Y^Vad\jZ VXgdhh XjaijgZh jh^c\ ild d[ Ji^a^o^c\ CZl Ndg` 8^in Vh V aVWdgVidgn! i]Z bdgc^c\ hZhh^dch i]Z ldgaYÉh \gZVi X^i^Zh#

6h V Y^hX^ea^cZ! VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c [jcXi^dch!

YZkZadeZY Vc VlVgZcZhh d[ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc

CZl Ndg` VcY EVg^h VgZ ^bedgiVci \adWVa X^i^Zh! ZVX] hi^aa i]Z ]^hidgn! i]Zdgn! egVXi^XZ! VcY YZh^\c d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# gZegZhZciVi^kZ d[ ^ih ]^\]an jc^fjZ XjaijgZh# ;dg hijYZcih HZb^cVgh! ldg`h]deh! VcY [^ZaY ig^eh id i]Z d[[^XZh d[

'

^c eVgi! Vh V bdYZ d[ XjaijgVa Xdbbjc^XVi^dc! ^bV\^cVi^kZ ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc! VcY eZghdcVa

i]ZhZ X^i^Zh d[[Zg Vc ^YZVa deedgijc^in id ZmeadgZ i]Z ]^hidg^" egdb^cZci egd[Zhh^dcVah! id bjhZjbh! VcY id Wj^aY^c\h Xg^i^fjZ d[ `cdlc VgX]^iZXijgVa ineZh# I]^h XdjghZ ^cigd" XVa! hdX^Va VcY eda^i^XVa YZkZadebZci d[ jgWVc [dgb! VcY id [dXjhZY dc i]ZhZ ^hhjZh# I]Z V[iZgcddc dg ZkZc^c\ hZhh^dch YjXZY i]Z hijYZcih id i]Z bZi]dYdad\n! XdciZci VcY XgV[i XaVg^[n i]Z gdaZh d[ VgX]^iZXih! eaVccZgh VcY egZhZgkVi^dc^hih idd` eaVXZ ^c i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ hijY^d! i]Z WVh^X Zck^gdcbZci d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c! hd i]Vi ]Z$h]Z XVc YZkZade V jedc ^i# 9jg^c\ i]Z Òghi hZbZhiZg hijYZcih VgZ ZcgdaaZY Vi ^c l]^X] VgX]^iZXijgVa ZYjXVi^dc iV`Zh eaVXZ# HijYZcih [Vb^a^Vg^in l^i] WVh^X ZaZbZcih bVc^ejaViZY Wn i]Z i]Z <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZhZg" ldg`ZY l^i] hijY^d Xg^i^Xh dc V hZg^Zh d[ egd_ZXih egZhZciZY VgX]^iZXi id i]ZhZ XgZVi^kZ ZcYh# I]^h ild hZbZhiZg kVi^dc ^c CZl Ndg` VcY Zc_dn i]Z gZhdjgXZh d[ i]Z <H6EE VcY Wn i]Z hijY^d Y^gZXidg! egZhZci^c\ i]Z^g ^cY^k^YjVa YZh^\ch hZfjZcXZ d[ hijY^d YZh^\c ZmZgX^hZh dg egd_ZXih WZ\^cc^c\ 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in# I]Z [daadl^c\ hZbZhiZg hijYZcih VgZ id _jg^Zh Xdbeg^hZY d[ [VXjain VcY egVXi^i^dcZgh# 6ai]dj\] ^c CZl Ndg` VcY ZcY^c\ ^c EVg^h! ZmVb^cZY i]Z hnci]Zh^h d[ WVhZY Vi GZ^Y =Vaa! 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^inÉh XZciZg [dg ;gZcX] i]Z hijY^d ^h higjXijgZY id Vaadl i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ YZh^\c VWhigVXi [dgbVa eg^cX^eaZh! ^cig^ch^X VgX]^iZXijgVa YZiZgb^cVcih i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ i]Z ]jbVc WdYn! hXVaZ! a^\]i! ZiX# ! ZmiZgcVa XdcY^i^dch! h^iZ! egd\gVb Å i]Z XdchigjXi d[ XjaijgZ! VcY i]Z gdaZ d[ higjXijgZ! bViZg^Vah VcY XgV[i i]Vi Xjab^cViZh ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa [dgb# I]ZhZ egd_ZXih ^cigdYjXZY i]Z YZh^\cZgÉh ÇiddahÇ/ bdY" Zah! YgVl^c\h! \gVe]^Xh! ZiX#! l]^X] Xdbbjc^XViZ i]Z egd" XZhh d[ i]Z b^cYÉh hnci]Zh^h l^i] egdYjXih d[ i]Z ]VcY! \j^YZY Wn ]Z ZnZ# >c VYY^i^dc! i]Z hijY^d ZmZgX^hZh ^ckZhi^" \ViZY i]Z XdccZXi^dch WZilZZc VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY di]Zg Y^h" X^ea^cZh [Vb^a^Vg id i]Z a^WZgVa Vgih hijYZci! i]gdj\] V hijYn d[ egdXZhh bZi]dYdad\^Zh! ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn egd_ZXi XdciZci! gZVY^c\h VcY aZXijgZh# I]Z hijY^d ^h ^ciZcYZY Wdi] [dg i]dhZ "


Xjhh^dc VcY hZZ`h id YZÒcZ aVg\Zg eVgVbZiZgh i]Vi VgZ i]Z WVh^h d[ e]nh^XVa! XjaijgVa VcY hdX^Va eaVcc^c\ ^c di]Zg ldgaY X^i^Zh# ;^ZaYldg` VcY XdbeVgVi^kZ gZhZVgX] VgZ i]Z ^c^i^Va iZX]c^fjZh ^cigdYjXZY Vh ZVX] hijYZci YZkZadeh V egdedhVa id XdbeaZiZ Wn i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z^g hiVn ^c CZl Ndg`#

:k\abm^\mnkZe IeZggbg` Zg] Ik^l^koZmbhg É G^p Rhkd :gg ;nmm^gpb^l^k $ <Zkhe Pbeebl% bglmkn\mhkl G>P RHKD(I:KBL% ?:EE +))1

8aVhh HZhh^dch lZgZ Y^k^YZY WZilZZc k^h^ih id egVXi^i^dcZgÉh l^i] egZk^djh VXVYZb^X ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa YZh^\c!

Phkdlahi bg Nk[Zg Lmn]b^l

d[ÒXZh! ]ZVg^c\h! h^iZ k^h^ih! VcY ^c"XaVhh aZXijgZh VcY

l]d ldjaY a^`Z id YZkZade VYY^i^dcVa YZh^\c hijY^d h`^aah! Fhc]^a ;ZkZmehh% bglmkn\mhk

Y^hXjhh^dch# HijYZcih eVgi^X^eViZY i]gdj\] W^"lZZ`an

VcY i]dhZ l^i]dji egZk^djh VXVYZb^X ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c YZh^\c! G>P RHKD(I:KBL% ?:EE +))1

hijYZci aZY Y^hXjhh^dch d[ i]Z gZVY^c\ ide^Xh#

l]d VgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c \V^c^c\ Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ YZh^\c XdcY^i^dch ^c i]Z jgWVc XdciZmi d[ CZl Ndg` VcY EVg^h#

GZfj^gZY gZVY^c\ ^cXajYZY XaVhh^X iZmih hjX] Vh ?VcZ ?V" I]Z JgWVc HijY^Zh hZXi^dc d[ i]Z H]VeZ d[ Ild 8^i^Zh! CZl XdWh! 9ZVi] VcY A^[Z d[ <gZVi 6bZg^XVc 8^i^Zh0 @Zk^c AncX]! Ndg`$EVg^h ^h V hijY^d"WVhZY XdjghZ l^i] Vc Zbe]Vh^h >bV\Z d[ i]Z 8^in0 GdWZgi 8Vgd! I]Z EdlZg 7gd`Zg0 L^aa^Vb

BgaZ[bmbg` ma^ @kZg] IZkbl M^kkbmhkr

dc YZkZade^c\ gZhZVgX] VcY VcVani^XVa h`^aah gZaViZY id L]niZ! 8^in/ GZY^hXdkZg^c\ i]Z 8ZciZg0 VcY gZXZci Vgi^XaZh

@nbeeZnf^ Gl^naZnl% <akblmhia^ Pb]^kldb% \kbmb\l

jcYZghiVcY^c\ jgWVc XdciZmih# I]Z egd\gVb lVh YZkZadeZY [gdb _djgcVah! gZedgih! VcY cZlheVeZgh# I]ZgZ lZgZ ild

G>P RHKD(I:KBL% LIKBG@ +))2

WVhZY dc i]Z WZa^Z[ i]Vi Vaa hijYZcih l]d VgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c h]dgi eVeZg Vhh^\cbZcih i]Vi gZaViZY id i]Z gZVY^c\h! k^h" i]Z [jijgZ d[ X^i^Zh! ^cYZeZcYZci d[ i]Z^g ÒZaY d[ hijY^Zh ^ih! VcY i]Z hijYZciÉh ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ i]Z X^in# 6 iZgb egd_ZXi

I]Z heg^c\ hZbZhiZg ^c EVg^h lVh WVhZY dc h]djaY \V^c i]Z `cdlaZY\Z! h`^aah VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ lVh Vahd gZfj^gZY# ;dg i]^h! hijYZcih ldg`ZY ^c iZVbh d[ (

eZYV\d\^XVa dg^ZciVi^dch VcY egdWaZbVi^X hijY^Zh XdciZbedgVgn ^hhjZh! ^c dgYZg id eVgi^X^eViZ VcY ^begdkZ i]gZZ dg [djg VcY hZaZXiZY V XjggZci YZkZadebZci egd_ZXi heZX^ÒX id i]Z :jgdeZVc VcY ;gZcX] Xdbbjc^i^Zh# i]Z fjVa^in d[ a^[Z ^c i]Z [jijgZ jgWVc Zck^gdcbZcih# I]Z ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in [dg ^c"YZei] VcVanh^h# 6i iZgbÉh ZcY! ZVX]

I]Z VeegdVX] XVgZ[jaan h^ijViZY i]ZhZ fjZhi^dch ^c Vc egd\gVb ^h heZX^Vaan YZh^\cZY id gZÓZXi i]Z ZmeVcYZY! \gdje egZeVgZY Vc dgVa egZhZciVi^dc [dg i]Z XaVhh VcY \jZhi ]^hidg^XVa XdciZmi XgZVi^c\ V [gVbZldg` [dg Vc ZmeadgVi^dc d[ ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn VcY XdaaVWdgVi^kZ cVijgZ d[ i]^h [^ZaY# Xg^i^Xh! [daadlZY Wn V lg^iiZc egd[Zhh^dcVa gZedgi# XdciZbedgVgn fjZhi^dch VcY ^hhjZh#

;dXjhZY hijY^d egd_ZXih Vaadl [dg V ]^\]an ^cYZeZcYZci

I]Z '%%. heg^c\ hijY^d ZcXdjgV\ZY V eZgheZXi^kZ Ve" ldg` Wn ^cY^k^YjVa hijYZcih i]gdj\]dji i]Z hZbZhiZg#

;nbe]bg` G^p Rhkd

egdVX] Vaadl^c\ hijYZcih i]Z deedgijc^in id VeegZ]ZcY ]dl 6ai]dj\] i]Z hijY^d egd_ZXih VgZ ^cXdgedgViZY ^cid i]Z :g]k^p =hedZkm% bglmkn\mhk i]Z EVg^h^Vc iZgg^idgn ^h deZgVi^c\ VcY bjiVi^c\! i]gdj\] hZbZhiZgÉh \ZcZgVa Xjgg^Xjajb VcY X]dhZc jgWVc h^iZ! G>P RHKD(I:KBL% ?:EE +))1 XdciZbedgVgn VcY gZcZlZY VeegdVX]Zh id VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Zn VgZ Vhh^\cZY ^cY^k^YjVaan VcY WVhZY dc i]Z hijYZcihÉ XdbW^c^c\ Çb^m^inÇ VcY ÇYZch^in#Ç I]Z inedad\^Zh d[ egd_" ^ciZgZhih VcY kVg^ZY WVX`\gdjcYh# ZXih ZmeadgZY lZgZ WVhZY dc ÇhXVaZÇ VcY bZVci id egdk^YZ

I]^h XdjghZ lVh YZh^\cZY id [Vb^a^Vg^oZ hijYZcih l^i]

I]Z h]VgZY Zbe]Vh^h [dg i]Z 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY JgWVc i]Z ]^hidgn d[ i]Z bV_dg Wj^aY^c\ ineZh i]Vi Xdbeg^hZ i]Z

V [gVbZldg` Vh edhh^WaZ hdaji^dch id i]Z \dVah d[ i]Z hjh" HijY^Zh hijY^d egd_ZXih VgZ dc ^hhjZh gZaViZY id CZl Ndg` e]nh^XVa [VWg^X d[ CZl Ndg` 8^in# I]Z XdjghZ jhZY i]Z iV^cVWaZ XdciZbedgVgn X^in#

8^in# >c VYY^i^dc! i]Z JgWVc HijY^Zh HijY^d Wg^c\h ^cid Y^h" YZkZadebZci d[ Wj^aY^c\ ineZh Vh V WVh^h [dg add`^c\ Vi

"!


d[ gZVY^c\h! eZghdcVa^i^Zh! ^bV\Zh! i]Zdg^Zh! VcY egd_ZXih i]Vi GdbVci^X^hb kZghjh 6XVYZb^X^hb0 EgZ"LdgaY LVg >> EVg^h/ ]VkZ \ZcZgViZ heZX^ÒX ÉlVnh d[ hZZ^c\É ^c jgWVc^hb! hijYZcih 6kVci"<VgYZ VcY :hiVWa^h]bZci BdYZgc^hbh0 Edhi"LdgaY \V^cZY ^ch^\]i ^cid i]Z Xdchi^iji^dc d[ jgWVc eVgVY^\bh#

LVg >> EVg^h/ 8dci^cj^i^Zh VcY 8g^i^fjZh#

:VX] d[ i]ZhZ XdcXZeih lVh i]Zc h^ijViZY ^c i]Z Xdc" iZmi d[ i]Z jgWVc gZVa^in d[ EVg^h VcY ^ih gZ\^dc/ i]Z gVY^d"

Ablmhkr h_ ma^ >nkhi^Zg <bmr

XdcXZcig^X \gdli] d[ EVg^h! i]Z hjWlVn VcY ejWa^X igVch" Ob\mhkbZ LZg`^k% bglmkn\mhk edgi cZildg`h! i]Z XZcigVa^oVi^dc d[ i]Z ;gZcX] XVe^iVa! G>P RHKD(I:KBL% LIKBG@ +))2 i]Z \gVcY ZchZbWaZh VcY i]Z hdX^Va ]djh^c\ hnhiZb! i]Z bdge]dad\^Zh d[ Y^[[ZgZci EVg^h^Vc hZXidgh VcY ZgVh! bV_dg I]^h XdjghZ lVh WVhZY dc i]Z ]nedi]Zh^h i]Vi i]Z X^in ^c ejWa^X Wj^aY^c\h! VbZc^i^Zh! ]^hidg^XVa bdcjbZcih! ZiX#

\ZcZgVa! ^c i]^h XVhZ i]Z :jgdeZVc X^in! ^h i]Z [gVbZldg` l^i]^c l]^X] bV_dg bdbZcih d[ i]Z ]jbVc XgZVi^k^in ]VkZ

=^o^ehif^gm h_ IZkbl

iV`Zc eaVXZ Å i]Vi i]Z X^in ]Vh WZZc! h^cXZ ^ih VeeZVgVcXZ!

:eZbg Lhehfhg% bglmkn\mhk

V bVig^m l]ZgZ i]Z ^ckZci^kZ [dgXZh d[ i]Z ]jbVc b^cY

G>P RHKD(I:KBL% LIKBG@ +))2

lZgZ \^kZc e]nh^XVa [dgb# I]Z ^YZV d[ ^ckZci^dc ^h iV`Zc ]ZgZ ^c ^ih WgdVYZhi hZchZ! id bZVc Wdi] iZX]c^XVa

I]^h XdjghZ VYYgZhhZY i]Z aVnZgh! g^[ih! VcY Xdci^cj^i^Zh VcY XjaijgVa XgZVi^dc ^c V kVhi VgZV d[ ]jbVc VXi^k^in/ ^c EVg^h^Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc^hb l^i]^c ^ih ild V\g^XjaijgVa! Vgi^hVc VcY ^cYjhig^Va egdYjXi^dc! YZ[ZchZ! i]djhVcY nZVg Zkdaji^dc [gdb GdbVc egdk^cX^Va X^in id i]Z aVl! hX^ZcXZ! gZa^\^dc! aZ^hjgZ! ZiX# >c i]^h VeegdVX] id egZhZci egdXZZY^c\ ^c X]gdcdad\^XVa dgYZg# I]Z Òghi ]Va[ d[ i]Z jgWVc e]ZcdbZcdc i]ZgZ ^h Vc ViiZbei id Vgi^XjaViZ i]Z XdjghZ XdkZgZY i]Z eZg^dY [gdb i]Z <Vaad"GdbVc ZgV higjXijgVa XdccZXi^dch WZilZZc i]Z [dgbVa! k^hjVa VcY i]gdj\] i]Z ;gZcX] GZkdaji^dc# I]^h eZg^dY ^h X]VgVXiZg^oZY VZhi]Zi^X Ze^e]ZcdbZcV d[ djg Zck^gdcbZci VcY ^hhjZh Wn i]Z aVc\jV\Z d[ edlZg d[ i]Z bdcVgX]n VcY i]Z gja^c\ gZaViZY id cZXZhh^in! YZh^gZ VcY edhh^W^a^in# BdgZdkZg! i]Z a^iZ! jhjVaan ZmegZhhZY ^c XaVhh^XVa [dgbh# I]Z hZXdcY ]Va[ X^in ^h cdi egZhZciZY Vh V gZVYnbVYZ! Wji Vh V eVa^behZhi d[ i]Z XdjghZ Xdci^cjZY i]^h ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ l]dhZ jai^bViZ hiViZ l^aa cZkZg WZ YZiZgb^cZY# <^kZc kVg^djh CZl Ndg` cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh VcY i]Z lVnh ^c l]^X] VcY jgWVc heVXZ Vh bViZg^Va VcY VZhi]Zi^X Vgi^[VXih! Wji XdciZbedgVgn Xg^i^XVa ^hhjZh Zck^gdcbZciVa! YZbd\gVe]^X i]Zn ]VkZ YZkZadeZY VcY X]Vc\ZY#

Vahd Vh hdX^Va! eda^i^XVa VcY XjaijgVa XdchigjXih# ;dXjhZY VcY ZXdcdb^X egd[djcYan VaiZg^c\ lZhiZgc egZXdcXZei^dch

8aVhh Y^hXjhh^dch XdkZgZY i]Z e]nh^XVa VcY hina^hi^X Zkd" dc i]Z eZg^dY WZilZZc i]Z HZXdcY :be^gZ VcY i]Z egZhZci! VWdji Éi]Z WZVji^[ja! i]Z g^\]i VcY i]Z ]ZVai]n!É i]^h XdjghZ aji^dc d[ i]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\ ineZh VcY! i]gdj\] lVa`^c\ idjgh ^c i]Z hZXdcY ]Va[ d[ i]Z XdjghZ [dXjhZY dc Xdci^cj^i^Zh VcY V^bZY id ^cigdYjXZ i]Z hijYZcih id i]Z bjai^"[VXZiZY kVg^djh CZl Ndg` cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh! i]Z XaVhh ZmVb^cZY ]dl Xg^i^fjZh d[ XaVhh^X^hb VcY dc i]Z ^ciZgil^cZY e]ZcdbZcV jgWVc ÒZaY VcY id i]Z ZkZg bdgZ XdbeaZm YZX^h^dc"bV`^c\ i]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\h ldg` l^i]^c i]Z Zkdak^c\ [dgb d[ i]Z X^in d[ bdYZgc^oVi^dc! bdYZgc^in VcY bdYZgc^hbh# I]Z XaVhh egdXZYjgZh gZaViZY id ^i# VcY ^ih cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh# I]Z XaVhh hijY^ZY i]Z YZkZadebZci ^cXdgedgViZY aZXijgZh VcY h^iZ k^h^ih# I]ZbZh VcY eZg^dYh d[ gZh^YZci^Va VgX]^iZXijgZ! eVgi^XjaVgan gdl ]djhZh! idlc" XdkZgZY ^cXajYZY i]Z [daadl^c\/ ;gdb i]Z <Vaad"GdbVc ]djhZh! VcY bjai^eaZ YlZaa^c\h0 i]Z X]Vc\^c\ cVijgZ d[ EZg^dY i]gdj\] i]Z B^YYaZ 6\Zh0 I]Z H^miZZci] VcY HZkZc" XdbbZgX^Va VgX]^iZXijgZ [gdb bdYZhi adl g^hZ higjXijgZh iZZci] 8Zcijgn/ 8aVhh^X^hb | aV [gVc V^hZ0 I]Z H^miZZci] id \gZVi h`nhXgVeZgh0 VcY i]Z Zkdaji^dc d[ ejWa^X VcY ^chi^" VcY HZkZciZZci] 8Zcijgn0 I]Z :^\]iZZci] 8Zcijgn [gdb iji^dcVa VgX]^iZXijgZ Å i]Z hbVaa Wj^aY^c\h d[ i]Z ZVgan X^in GdXdXd id GZkdaji^dc VcY :be^gZ0 HZXdcY :be^gZ EVg^h# id hdbZ d[ i]Z \gZVi VgX]^iZXijgVa XdbeaZmZh d[ 6bZg^XV# 8djghZ Y^hXjhh^dch Vahd ^cXajYZY XdciZbedgVgn ^hhjZh ^c YZh^\c! eaVcc^c\ VcY egZhZgkVi^dc#

:k\abm^\mnk^ IeZggbg` Zg] Ik^l^koZmbhg É IZkbl <e^f^gm HkbeZk]% bglmkn\mhk G>P RHKD(I:KBL% LIKBG@ +))2

I]^h XdjghZ ]Vh V YjVa V^b/ id ^cigdYjXZ hijYZcih id i]Z YZkZadebZci! Xdbedh^i^dc VcY [jcXi^dc^c\ d[ EVg^h! VcY id egdk^YZ Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z lVnh ^c l]^X] i]Zdg^Zh VcY XdcXZeih XVc ^cYjXZ jgWVc VcY XjaijgVa [dgbh! [jcXi^dch! VcY igVch[dgbVi^dch# >i i]jh [dXjhZY dc ÇgZVY^c\Ç EVg^h VcY ^ih gZ\^dc i]gdj\] i]Z i]ZdgZi^XVa VcY XdcXZeijVa [gVbZldg` i]Vi a^Zh Vi i]Z [djcYVi^dc d[ jgWVc eaVcc^c\ VcY jgWVc YZh^\c# AZXijgZh lZgZ XdbedhZY d[ V Y^Vad\jZ WZilZZc i]Z i]Zdgn d[ jgWVc^hb VcY i]Z XdcXgZiZ jgWVc gZVa^in d[ EVg^h# >c ZVX] hZhh^dc! i]ZdgZi^XVa XdcXZeih Vi i]Z dg^\^ch d[ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ d[ jgWVc^hb Vh lZaa Vh i]dhZ YZeadnZY ^c i]Z Y^hXdjghZ VcY egVXi^XZ d[ jgWVc eaVcc^c\ lZgZ YZkZadeZY# Cdi^dch hjX] Vh ÇbZigdeda^h!Ç Çjide^V!Ç Çhd^a!Ç ÇaVcYhXVeZ!Ç ÇcZildg`!Ç ÇbZbdgn!Ç Çidjg^c\!Ç Çh^\c!Ç VcY Çh^ijVi^dc!Ç VcY VY_VXZci XdcXZeih lZgZ Y^hXjhhZY# I]gdj\] Vc ZmVb^cVi^dc ""


6

7 8

6

7 8

9 :

G^p Rhkd =^lb`g Lmn]bh3 Ma^ LaZi^l h_ Mph <bmb^l

?dY^Z O]Vc\ 6! IV`Vh]^ D]^gV 7! I^[[Vcn DWhZg 8

BgaZ[bmbg` ma^ @kZg] IZkbl M^kkbmhkr

IZmkb\d HÍ<hgghk% MahfZl ]^ Fhg\a^Znq%

@nbeeZnf^ Gl^naZnl%

=Zgb^ee^ Lfhee^k% PbeebZf ?^n^kfZg% \kbmb\l

<akblmhia^ Pb]^kldb% \kbmb\l

6nVo Bdb^c 6! =Zcgn :aa^h 7! BVnV 7dg\Zc^X]i 8! IV`Vh]^ D]^gV 9$:


hdc VcY i]Z <jVhiVk^cd ;^gZegdd[ 8dchigjXi^dc 8dbeVcn# I]Z XdaaZXi^dc ^h V bV_dg hdjgXZ [dg ]^hidg^XVa Zm]^W^i^dch VcY [dg eg^bVgn gZhZVgX] ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# 6kV^aVWaZ Wn Ve" ed^cibZci! i]Z XdaaZXi^dc lZaXdbZh hijYZcih! hX]daVgh! VcY egd[Zhh^dcVah# 6kZgn A^WgVgn Vahd egdYjXZh i]Z 6kZgn >cYZm id 6gX]^iZX" ijgVa EZg^dY^XVah! cdl Vc deZgVi^c\ egd\gVb d[ i]Z ?# EVja <Ziin Igjhi# 7Z\jc ^c &.()! ^i ^h i]Z bdhi ZmiZch^kZ eZg^dY^XVa ^cYZm ^c i]Z Ă’ZaY d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY egdk^YZh X^iVi^dch id dkZg +%%!%%% Vgi^XaZh ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa VcY gZaViZY eZg^dY^XVah# I]Z 6kZgn >cYZm ^h VXXZhh^WaZ id hijYZcih Vh dcZ d[ i]Z YViVWVhZh d[[ZgZY dc A^WgVgnLZW! i]Z 8dajbW^V A^WgVg^Zh lZWh^iZ#

:o^kr :k\abm^\mnkZe Zg] ?bg^ :kml Eb[kZkr

i^dc VcY ZmeVch^dc ^c '%%(# E]VhZ dcZ bV^can Xdch^hiZY

Fb\aZ^e KrZg% Z\mbg` ]bk^\mhk

d[ i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ V cZl B^g^Vb VcY >gV 9# LVaaVX] HijYn

6kZgn A^WgVgn WZ\Vc V adc\Ă„VlV^iZY egdXZhh d[ gZcdkV"

Dbmmr <ab[gbd% Zllh\bZm^ ]bk^\mhk(a^Z] h_ Z\\^ll l^kob\^l4 8ZciZg [dg 6gi VcY 6gX]^iZXijgZ! Zfj^eeZY l^i] cZl hidg" <eZn]bZ ?ngd^% kZk^ [hhdl \nkZmhk(bg]^q^k4

V\Z! egdXZhh^c\ VcY hijYn [VX^a^i^Zh [dg 6kZgnÉh 9gVl^c\h

IZneZ @Z[[Zk]% l^gbhk [b[ebh`kZia^k4 M^] @hh]fZg%

VcY 6gX]^kZh XdaaZXi^dc VcY [dg i]Z Jc^kZgh^inÉh Vgi egde"

`^g^kZe ^]bmhk% :o^kr Bg]^q4 CZg^m IZkdl% \nkZmhk h_

Zgi^Zh# 6kZgnÉh \gdjcY Óddg gZVY^c\ gddb! YZh^\cZY ^c &.&&

]kZpbg`l Zg] Zk\abo^l4 C^__ Khll% bg]^q^k(k^_^k^g\^

Wn L^aa^Vb B^iX]Zaa @ZcYVaa d[ i]Z BX@^b! BZVY VcY L]^iZ

eb[kZkbZg4 <akblmbg^ LZeZ% Zk\abm^\mnk^ [b[ebh`kZia^k(

Ă’gb! lVh Vahd gZcdkViZY VcY gZĂ„cVbZY i]Z B^g^Vb VcY >gV

bg]^q^k4 C^Zg^mm^ Lbeo^kmahkg^% ZllblmZgm ]bk^\mhk h_ ma^

9# LVaaVX] GZVY^c\ Gddb# >i ^h a^c`ZY id i]Z LVaaVX] HijYn

PZeeZ\a :km @Zee^kr4 ;Zk[ZkZ Lrd^lĂˆ:nlmbg% bg]^q^k(

8ZciZg Wn V &.,%h jcYZg\gdjcY ZmiZch^dc YZh^\cZY Wn i]Z

k^_^k^g\^ eb[kZkbZg4 :gg^fZkb^ OZg Kh^ll^e% Zk\aboblm4

aViZ Egd[Zhhdg 6aZmVcYZg @djobVcd[[# VcY ]ZaY ^c i]Z [Vaa d[ '%%-0 A^k^c\ 6gX]^kZ */ <dgYdc

LZeer P^bg^k% ]bk^\mhk h_ ma^ PZeeZ\a :km @Zee^kr( \nkZmhk h_ :km Ikhi^kmb^l

In[eb\Zmbhgl

BViiVĂ„8aVg` VcY 6cVgX]^iZXijgZ! i]Z cZmi kdajbZ ^c i]Z

<kZb` ;n\de^r% ]bk^\mhk

A^k^c\ 6gX]^kZ hZg^Zh l]^X] ^ck^iZh gZZmVb^cVi^dc d[ i]Z 6cVgX]^iZXijgZ \gdje0 6gX]^iZXijgVa AVcYhXVeZh ^c <gZZXZ!

AdXViZY dc i]Z adlZg Ă“ddgh d[ 6kZgn =Vaa VcY ^ih ZmiZch^dc!

i]Z ldgaYÉh aZVY^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa a^WgVgn hjeedgih i]Z ldg` I]^h nZVg i]Z EjWa^XVi^dch 9ZeVgibZci d[ i]Z <H6EE egd" dc i]Z ldg` d[ e]did\gVe]Zg :g^ZiV 6iiVa^! Vh lZaa Vh d[ hijYZcih VcY [VXjain Vi i]Z hX]dda Wn egdk^Y^c\! l^i]^c V YjXZY V gVc\Z d[ ejWa^XVi^dch i]Vi id\Zi]Zg gZegZhZci i]Z :Xd\gVb/ HdX^dÄ:Xdad\^XVa 9Zh^\c! Wj^aY^c\ dc i]Z dc\d^c\ hZg^Zh d[ heVXZh YZh^\cZY [dg hijYn VcY aZVgc^c\! V lZVai] ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn VXi^k^in d[ i]Z hX]dda VcY ^ih ZbWgVXZ d[ :Xd\gVb Xdc[ZgZcXZh Vi <H6EE! YZkdiZY id V Xg^i^XVa d[ gZhZVgX] bViZg^Vah VcY djihiVcY^c\ gZ[ZgZcXZ VcY ZmeZg^bZciVa egVXi^XZh# :c\^cZZgZY IgVcheVgZcXn/ I]Z ZmVb^cVi^dc d[ i]Zdg^Zh VcY egVXi^XZh hjhiV^cVWaZ YZh^\c# VXXZhh hZgk^XZh# Dg^ZciVi^dc idjgh d[ i]Z a^WgVgn! d[[ZgZY IZX]c^XVa! K^hjVa! VcY HeVi^Va :[[ZXih d[ <aVhh! ZY^iZY Wn id hijYZcih Vi i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z ;Vaa VcY HjbbZg B^X]VZa 7Zaa VcY ?ZVcc^Z @^b! gZXdch^YZgh i]^h hZZb^c\an hZbZhiZgh! VgZ higdc\an gZXdbbZcYZY#

>o^gml

[Vb^a^Vg bViZg^Va ^c a^\]i d[ ^ih XdciZbedgVgn igVch[dgbVi^dc ;^gcZfbg Ikhldr% ]bk^\mhk

I]Z 6kZgn 6gX]^iZXijgVa A^WgVgn lVh [djcYZY ^c &-.%! Wn YZkZadebZcih ^c Zc\^cZZg^c\! bViZg^Vah hX^ZcXZ! VcY [daadl^c\ V \^[i id 8dajbW^V Wn HVbjZa EjicVb 6kZgn# I]Z \adWVa VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZ! VcY ^h i]Z Òghi ^c V hZg^Zh I]Z hX]dda d[[Zgh V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ ZkZcih ^c i]Z [dgb d[ jc^kZgh^inÉh ;^cZ 6gih A^WgVgn lVh VYYZY ^c &.,-! VcY i]Z gZÄ d[ bViZg^Vah ejWa^XVi^dch _d^cian hedchdgZY Wn <H6EE ZkZc^c\ aZXijgZh! ajcX]i^bZ aZXijgZh! YZWViZh! Xdc[ZgZcXZh! cVbZY 6kZgn 6gX]^iZXijgVa VcY ;^cZ 6gih A^WgVgn cdl ]daYh VcY i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 8^k^a :c\^cZZg^c\ VcY :c\^cZZg^c\ hnbedh^V! Xdaadfj^V! VcY ^c[dgbVa Y^hXjhh^dch i]Vi gZÓZXi dkZg )*%!%%% cdcÄX^gXjaVi^c\ Wdd`h VcY eZg^dY^XVah gZaViZY BZX]Vc^Xh# I]Z JgWVc 9Zh^\c HijY^d ejWa^XVi^dch Xdci^cjZ i]Z Y^kZgh^in VcY ^ciZgZhih d[ ^ih egd\gVbh# >ciZcYZY id id VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc eaVcc^c\! Vgi ]^hidgn! VgX]VZdad\n! ]^h" l^i] i]Z ejWa^XVi^dc d[ :bZg\^c\ JgWVc ;jijgZh/ AVcY! [jgi]Zg Zcg^X] i]Z <H6EE ZmeZg^ZcXZ! hX]dda ZkZcih VgZ idg^X egZhZgkVi^dc! VcY i]Z YZXdgVi^kZ Vgih#

LViZg! >c[gVhigjXijgZ! ZY^iZY Wn Bd_YZ] 7VgViadd VcY \ZcZgVaan deZc id i]Z ejWa^X Ă… ^ck^i^c\ Vaa l]d ViiZcY id

I]Z 6kZgn A^WgVgnÉh gZXZcian jeYViZY lZWh^iZ d[[Zgh i]Z @Vi]^ =daiÄ9VbVci Vh lZaa Vh ild ZY^i^dch :c\a^h] VcY Zc\V\Z ^c i]Z ^YZVh ZmeadgZY VcY Xdcig^WjiZ id Y^hXjhh^dch# WZhi ^cigdYjXi^dc id ^ih XdaaZXi^dch VcY hZgk^XZh lll#Xdajb" =^cY^ d[ 9]VgVk^/ HXZcVg^dh [dg 9ZkZadebZci# I]Z HeVi^Va

I]ZgZ VgZ bdgZ i]Vc '*% \jZhi heZV`Zgh Vi i]Z hX]dda ^c

W^V#ZYj$Xj$alZW$^cY^k$VkZgn$^cYZm#]iba # I]Z Wdd` XdaaZXi^dc >c[dgbVi^dc 9Zh^\c AVW aZY Wn AVjgV @jg\Vc VcY HVgV] V ine^XVa hZbZhiZg# I]Z LZYcZhYVn ZkZc^c\ aZXijgZ hZg^Zh WZ\^ch l^i] i]Z Òghi eg^ciZY iZmi YZkdiZY id VgX]^iZXijgZ! L^aa^Vbh Xdci^cjZY i]Z^g ldg` dc k^hjVa^o^c\ i]Z a^c`h Wg^c\h ^ciZgcVi^dcVaan egdb^cZci egVXi^i^dcZgh! ]^hidg^Vch! AZdc 7Vii^hiV 6aWZgi^Éh 9Z gZ VZY^ÒXVidg^V ;adgZcXZ! &)-* ! WZilZZc fjZhi^dch d[ hdX^Va _jhi^XZ! VgX]^iZXijgZ! VcY VcY i]Zdg^hih id i]Z hX]dda id heZV` dc ^hhjZh d[ VgX]^iZX" VcY Xdci^cjZh l^i] ]daY^c\h d[ jc^fjZ YZei] VcY ZmigVdgY^" jgWVc^hb! l^i] i]Z ejWa^XVi^dc d[ ?jhi^XZ VcY GZ^ckZhibZci/ ijgZ! eaVcc^c\! YZkZadebZci! VcY jgWVc^hb# D[iZc a^kZ [ZZYh cVgn gVc\Z i]gdj\] id i]Z egZhZci# 6kZgn Vahd ^cXajYZh i]Z CZl DgaZVch# >c i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY WgdVYXVhi i]Z aZXijgZh id bVcn d[ i]Z gddbh i]gdj\]dji i]Z LVgZ BZbdg^Va A^WgVgn! V X^gXjaVi^c\ XdaaZXi^dc d[ dkZg .!%%% =^hidg^X EgZhZgkVi^dc! ?dg\Z DiZgdÄEV^adhÉh Xdcig^Wji^dc Wj^aY^c\ VcY ^c[dgbVa gZXZei^dch [daadl hd i]Vi i]Z VjY^" Wdd`h dc VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc eaVcc^c\! VcY gZVa ZhiViZ#

id i]Z '%%. KZc^XZ 7^ZccVaZ lVh i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ I]Z :i]^Xh ZcXZ XVc Xdci^cjZ i]Z^g Y^hXjhh^dch dc i]Z ^hhjZh egZhZci"

DkZg dcZ &#* b^aa^dc YdXjbZcih bV`Z je 6kZgnÉh 9gVl" d[ 9jhi ZY^iZY Wn :kV :WZghWZg\Zg VcY 9Vc^ZaV OnbVc ZY# BdcYVn c^\]ih ine^XVaan [ZVijgZ ejWa^X YZWViZh dc bV_dg ^c\h VcY 6gX]^kZh XdaaZXi^dc! ^cXajY^c\ dg^\^cVa YgVl^c\h VcY ejWa^h]ZY Wn I]nhhZcÄ7dgcZb^hoV 6gi 8dciZbedgVgn fjZhi^dch [VX^c\ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZh dg Y^hXjhh^dch d[ gZXZci Wn bVhiZgh hjX] Vh ;gVc` AadnY Lg^\]i VcY AZ 8dgWjh^" VcY LVai]Zg @Žc^\ KZgaV\ # HZg^Va ejWa^XVi^dch ^cXajYZ Zm]^W^i^dch! Wdd`h! VcY Òabh# >c VYY^i^dc! i]Z 6gX]^iZXijgZ! Zg0 dg^\^cVa e]did\gVe]h Wn AZl^h =^cZ! ?dhZe] Bda^idg! KdajbZ! egdYjXZY Wn 8ÄA67! 6gX]^h VcY 6BD! Vh lZaa Vh JgWVc 9Zh^\c! EaVcc^c\! EgZhZgkVi^dc! VcY GZVa :hiViZ 9Z" HVbjZa <diihX]d VcY di]Zgh0 VcY i]Z XdbeaZiZ dg eVgi^Va ;jijgZ 6ciZg^dg! VcY i]Z GZVa :hiViZ GdjcYiVWaZ hZg^Zh# kZadebZci egd\gVbh bV^ciV^c i]Z^g dlc aZXijgZ hZg^Zh i]Vi VgX]^kZh d[ bVcn bV_dg 6bZg^XVc egVXi^XZh! hjX] Vh G^X]" ;dgi]Xdb^c\ ejWa^XVi^dch ^cXajYZ Hda^Y HiViZh/ 8]Vc\^c\ VgZ deZc id i]Z Zci^gZ hX]dda Xdbbjc^in# I]ZgZ VgZ Vahd VgY Je_d]c! 6aZmVcYZg ?VX`hdc 9Vk^h! <gZZcZ <gZZcZ! I^bZ ;dg 8dcXgZiZ <H6EE VcY Eg^cXZidc 6gX]^iZXijgVa ^begdbeij ajcX]i^bZ aZXijgZh hX]ZYjaZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z LVggZc LZibdgZ! =VgdaY kVc 7jgZc BV\dc^\aZ! HiVc[dgY EgZhh! '%&% ! \ZcZgViZY dji d[ i]Z hZXdcY ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn hZbZhiZg [ZVijg^c\ i]Z gZXZci ldg` d[ ^bedgiVci k^h^idgh id L]^iZ! LVaaVXZ @# =Vgg^hdc! <dgYdc 7jch]V[i! E]^a^e ?d]c" bViZg^Vah Xdc[ZgZcXZ! YZY^XViZY id i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ XdcXgZiZ! CZl Ndg` 8^in dg ndjc\ egVXi^i^dcZgh VcY hX]daVgh# "$


CZl Hdk^Zi EZdeaZ L^aa 8dcfjZg 8dhb^X HeVXZ 8dcXZ^kZY ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] VgX]^iZXi 9ZVcZ H^behdc! VcY XjgViZY 7n 9ZVcZ H^behdc VcY BVg` LVh^jiV i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc Xdbe^aZY VgX]^kVa Òab YdXjbZcih gZaViZY id i]Z Hdk^Zi XdhbdcVji egd\gVb VcY egdYjXZY V hZg^Zh d[ bdYZah i]Vi ZaVWdgViZY dc i]Z idiVa YZh^\c egd_ZXi d[ XdhbdcVji [dgbVi^dc# L^i] Njg^ <V\Vg^c aVjcX]ZY ^cid dgW^i ^c 6eg^a &.+& Hdk^Zi aZVYZgh]^e VccdjcXZY V cZl e]VhZ d[ hdX^Va VcY iZX]c^" XVa dg\Vc^oVi^dc i]Vi EgZb^Zg @]gjh]X]Zk ldjaY gZ[Zg id Vh ÆheVXZÄV\ZÇ Xdbbjc^hb# L]^aZ ^ih ZbZg\ZcXZ ldjaY WZ a^c`ZY id ^Xdch d[ Hdk^Zi hX^Zci^ÒX VcY iZX]cdad\^XVa I]Z hX]dda VcY ^ih egd\gVbh hedchdg heZX^Va hnbedh^V

6 Òghi dgYZg d[ Y^hi^cXi^dc hZeVgViZY DW_ZXih Å gZ[dgb^hi! egdlZhh Å hjX] Vh i]Z gdX`Zih VcY heVXZXgV[i i]Vi hje"

VcY aVg\ZÄhXVaZ Xdc[ZgZcXZh Å d[iZc ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] Xdc[dgb^hi dg XdciZhiVidgn Å [gdb :ck^gdcbZcih! i]ZbhZakZh edgiZY i]Z Òghi heVXZÓ^\]ih Å [dg i]Z egZhh VcY ^c i]Z ejW" di]Zg jc^kZgh^i^Zh! bjhZjbh! VcY XjaijgVa ^chi^iji^dch Å Y^k^YZY Vbdc\ YZh^\c Vh edhijaVi^dc! YZh^\c Vh XdbbZciVgn a^X ^bV\^cVi^dc i]Z bdhi XdbeZaa^c\ bVc^[ZhiVi^dc d[ i]^h YgVl^c\ egdb^cZci \jZhih! [VXjain! VcY hijYZcih id\Zi]Zg VcY XdjciZgYZh^\c Vh edhijaVi^dc# >c V Xjcc^c\ gZkZghVa i]Z gZkdaji^dcVgn V\Z! lVh ^ih ZbWdY^bZci ^c i]Z [dgb d[ V cZl id Y^hXjhh ^hhjZh d[ i^bZan VcY ]^hidg^XVa ^bedgiVcXZ# H^cXZ DW_ZXih hZXi^dc lVh ^chiVaaZY ^c i]Z XdbeVgVi^kZan cVijgVa `^cY d[ ]jbVc hjW_ZXi/ i]Z XdhbdcVji# '%%,! ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] i]Z 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in ;j ;djc" Zck^gdcbZci d[ i]Z hXjaeijgZ \VgYZc l]^aZ i]Z :ck^gdcbZcih

I]Z XdhbdcVji lVh XdcXZ^kZY d[ Vh V bVaaZVWaZ! eaVh"

YVi^dc HX]dda d[ :c\^cZZg^c\ VcY 6eea^ZY HX^ZcXZ! VcY l^i] lZgZ eaVXZY l^i]^c i]Z bdgZ XdckZci^dcVaan ^chi^iji^dcVa i^X hjW_ZXi ^c [dgbVi^dc! XdcY^i^dcZY Wn VYkVcXZY hX^Zci^ÒX i]Z hjeedgi d[ h^\c^ÒXVci ^cYjhign hedchdgh! <H6EE ]Vh dg" heVXZ d[ i]Z bjhZjb \VaaZg^Zh# I]^h ^ciZgcVa^o^c\ bVcZjkZg igV^c^c\ bZi]dYh VcY i]gdj\] egdm^b^in id cZl heVXZ iZX]" \Vc^oZY V hZg^Zh d[ bV_dg Xdc[ZgZcXZh! ejWa^XVi^dch VcY Òabh ^bea^ZY i]Vi i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc ldjaY hiV\Z Vc VhhZhhbZci d[ cdi cdad\^Zh# I]Z XdhbdcVji VeeZVgZY Vi i]Z XdckZg\ZcXZ d[ ZVX] [dXjhZY dc V eVgi^XjaVg Wj^aY^c\ bViZg^Va# I]Z Xdc[Zg" dcan i]ZhZ heZX^ÒX Zck^gdcbZcih Wji Vahd d[ ÆZck^gdcbZciÇ i]Z iZX]cdad\^XVa! i]Z bni]^XVa VcY i]Z ZkZgnYVn! Vi dcXZ ZcXZ hZg^Zh! ^ciZcYZY id Wg^Y\Z VgX]^iZXijgVa ^hhjZh l^i] Vh Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa iZgb dg higViZ\n# 7n &.,' ÆZck^gdcbZciÇ i]Z ZmVaiZY Ò\jgZ d[ V eZg[ZXiZY! bVijgZ [dgb d[ i]Z Hdk^Zi Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY bViZg^Vah hX^ZcXZ! ]Vh VagZVYn VYYgZhhZY ]VY VagZVYn X^gXjaViZY i]gdj\] VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY YZh^\c [gdb hiViZ! VcY nZi! Vahd! i]Z egdidineZ [dg V cZl Hdk^Zi eZghdc! \aVhh VcY XdcXgZiZ# BZiVah VcY eaVhi^Xh VgZ Vahd Vbdc\ i]Z VXgdhh V gVc\Z d[ Y^hX^ea^cZh VcY i]gdj\] Y^kZghZ Òa^Vi^dch! Vc ZkZgnbVc l^i] hjeZg edlZg# >c i]^h XdciZmi! i]Z egZhZc" bViZg^Vah i]Vi l^aa WZ ZmeadgZY ^c hjWhZfjZci Xdc[ZgZcXZh#

[gdb i]Z Zck^gdcbZciVa YZh^\c bdkZbZci VcY ^ih Vhhd" iVi^dc d[ i]Z Æ]jbVc XdcfjZhiÇ d[ Xdhb^X heVXZ XVc WZ

>c i]Z '%%-Ä'%%. VXVYZb^X nZVg i]Z bV^c <H6EE ZkZcih X^Vi^dc l^i] i]Z hdX^Va VcY WZ]Vk^dgVa hX^ZcXZh! id W^dad\n! Va^\cZY aZhh id Ó^\]ih ^cid heVXZ l^i]^c Hdk^Zi heVXZXgV[i egd\gVb VadcZ [ZVijgZY gdj\]an (% aZXijgZh! '% YZWViZh! &% XnWZgcZi^Xh VcY i]Z YZ[ZchZ ^cYjhig^Zh! i]gdj\] id V bdgZ ]VgYlVgZ! i]Vc id i]Z egdYjXi^dc VcY egZhZciVi^dc d[ i]Z Xdc[ZgZcXZh! Xdaadfj^V VcY hnbedh^V VcY Wdd` aVjcX]Zh XjggZci cdi^dc d[ Zck^gdcbZci Vh a^c`ZY id fjZhi^dch d[ XdhbdcVjih i]Vi idd` eaVXZ dc i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z ZVgi] Wdi] VcY hXgZZc^c\h ^c VYY^i^dc id bVcn di]Zg heZX^Va^oZY ZkZcih ZXdad\n# L]^aZ Y^hXg^b^cVi^c\ Vbdc\ i]Z kVg^djh Vii^ijYZh! WZ[dgZ VcY V[iZg i]Z heVXZÓ^\]ih i]ZbhZakZh# hedchdgZY Wn i]Z hX]ddaÉh kVg^djh egd\gVbh# >i ^h V iZhiVbZci eda^i^Xh VcY higViZ\^Zh d[ i]Z eVgi^X^eVcih i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc Vahd

I]Z iZggZhig^Va XdhbdcVji! i]Zc! lVh i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ i]Z

id i]Z ZcZg\Zi^X XjaijgZ d[ i]Z hX]dda i]Vi! YZhe^iZ i]Z [VXi iZhiZY i]Z k^VW^a^in d[ i]Z XViZ\dgn ^ihZa[! VcY Vi i]Z hVbZ Zm]^W^i^dc# 9^k^YZY ^cid ild iZX]c^fjZh d[ XdhbdcVji [dg" i]Vi dji d[ cZXZhh^in i]Z ZkZcih VgZ ]ZaY dc ZkZc^c\h! lZZ`" i^bZ Xdch^YZgZY i]Z ediZci^Va hjgk^kVa dg Y^hVeeZVgVcXZ d[ bVi^dc! dc dcZ ]VcY i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc VYYgZhhZY i]Z egdYjX" ZcYh! VcY Yjg^c\ ajcX]! i]Zn VgZ ine^XVaan ÒaaZY id XVeVX^in! VgX]^iZXijgZ! VlVn [gdb ^ih dW_ZXi]ddY VcY ^cid Vc Zck^gdc" i^dc! VcY dc i]Z di]Zg i]Z egZhZciVi^dc! d[ i]^h cZl Xdhb^X d[iZc ZkZc ZmXZZY^c\ i]Z heVXZ i]Vi i]Zn VgZ ^ciZcYZY [dg VcY bZci d[ eZgXZeijVa gZaVi^dch! WZ]Vk^dgVa XdcÒ\jgVi^dch! hjW_ZXi# L]^aZ i]Z [dgbZg [dXjhZY dc i]Z iZX]cdÄhX^Zci^ÒX he^aa^c\ ^cid ]VaalVnh VcY kZhi^WjaZh d[ i]Z hX]dda# I]Z gZhjai VcY ÆYdbZhi^X g^ijVah#Ç d[ i]^h dkZgl]Zab^c\ VggVn d[ ZkZcih gZfj^gZh hijYZcih! egd"

egdYjXi^dc d[ cZl eZg[dgbVi^kZ a^b^ih [dg i]Z XdhbdcVji

Id YZbdchigViZ i]Z^g Zck^gdcbZcihÉ VaiZgVW^a^in i]Z YZ" i]gdj\] Vc ZmiZch^kZ hZg^Zh d[ heVi^dÄiZbedgVa ZmeZg^"

[Zhhdgh VcY k^h^idgh id ^ckZci Vc ^i^cZgVgn! XdchigjXi^c\ VcY h^\cZgh lZgZ Vh`ZY id egdk^YZ V Òab XdbedcZci# HZkZgVa d[ bZcih! i]Z aViiZg XdaaZXiZY Zk^YZcXZ d[ i]Z VZhi]Zi^X^oZY gZÒc^c\ i]Z^g dlc Xjgg^Xjajb#

i]Z VgX]^iZXih ^chiZVY X]dhZ di]Zg bZY^V VeegdVX]Zh! l]^aZ VcY X]dgZd\gVe]ZY hnhiZb d[ d[ÒX^Va XdhbdcVji gZegZ" :cod BVg^ gZ[jhZY i]Z ^chiVaaVi^dc VcY hjWb^iiZY dcan V iZmi hZciVi^dch# I]Z XdhbdcVji egd_ZXi ZcXdbeVhhZY V WgdVY

>qab[bmbhgl

[dg i]Z XViVad\jZ# >bea^X^i ^c i]Z gZhedchZh lVh gZXd\c^i^dc gVc\Z d[ XdbedcZcih Å bVcn l]^X] bVn WZ jcYZghiddY

FZkd PZlbnmZ% ]bk^\mhk

i]Vi i]Z Xdc_jcXi^dc d[ Zck^gdcbZci VcY bZY^V! ZheZX^Vaan Vh XdhbdcVji^XVa egdhi]Zi^X dW_ZXih Å l^i] Y^bZch^dch

=Zgb^e IZrg^% ZllblmZgm

l^i]^c i]Z ^ciZchZan hXgji^c^oZY adXVi^dc d[ i]Z bjhZjb! gVc\^c\ [gdb i]Z Zg\dcdb^X! VcY i]Z VgX]^iZXijgVa! id i]Z

IZmkb\d <hgpZr% :ggb^ <hhf[l% ;kbmmZgr =kZiZ\%

ldjaY ]VkZ i]Z XVeVX^in id \ZcZgViZ l]Vi J\d AV E^ZigV jgWVc VcY i]Z hdX^Va#

<eZbk^ =n[% En\Z ?Zkbg^eeb% F^ebllZ @he]fZg%

ldjaY XVaa ÆjcWVaVcX^c\ hnhiZbh#Ç 7ZndcY ^aajhigVi^c\

=ZebZ AZfZmb% KZ\a^e Abee^kr% Sh^ FZeebZkhl%

i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ i]Z Zck^gdcbZcih! i]Z Òabh VcY di]Zg Jide^VÉh <]dhi/ EdhibdYZgc GZXdch^YZgZY

>lm^[Zg K^b\a[^k`% Fb\ab Nlabh% \k^p

bZY^V egd_ZXih bdgZ XVgZ[jaan gZ\^hiZgZY i]Z YZh^\c edh^" I]^h gZhZVgX] Zm]^W^i^dc lVh WVhZY dc V hZb^cVg XdcYjXiZY i^dch d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXih ZheZX^Vaan Vh XVa^WgViZY ^c gZaVi^dc Wn GZ^c]daY BVgi^c Vi <H6EE ^c i]Z [Vaa d[ '%%+ VcY! l^i] V

:ck^gdcbZcih VcY 8djciZg :ck^gdcbZcih/ :meZg^bZciVa

id V gZXZci ]^hidgn d[ ZmeZg^bZciVa bjai^bZY^V ldg`! VcY Y^[[ZgZci \gdje d[ hijYZcih! ^c i]Z [Vaa d[ '%%,#

BZY^V ^c Italy: The New Domestic Landscape! BdB6 &.,'

ZmeVcYZY bZY^V egVXi^XZh#

8jgViZY Wn EZiZg AVc\! AjXV Bda^cVg^ VcY BVg` LVh^jiV

I]Z Òghi \gdje ]ZaeZY id YZkZade i]Z hZg^Zh d[ XdcXZeih

I]Z 8dajbW^V Zm]^W^i^dc Wgdj\]i id\Zi]Zg [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ [dg igVX`^c\ Jide^VÉh \]dhi! l]^X] lZgZ Òghi ZmeadgZY ^c V

Æ:ck^gdcbZcih VcY 8djciZg :ck^gdcbZcihÇ hiV\ZY V gZijgc h^cXZ &.,' i]Z Zci^gZ hZi d[ Òabh egdYjXZY [dg i]Z dg^\^cVa Zm" hbVaa egdidineZ Zm]^W^i^dc ^c 9ZXZbWZg '%%+# I]Z hZXdcY id i]Z XZaZWgViZY &.,' Zm]^W^i^dc Italy: The New Domestic ]^W^i^dc! bVcn d[ l]^X] hjgk^kZ dcan [gdb i]Z - bb XVgig^Y\Zh \gdje ldg`ZY l^i] VgX]^k^hih! XjgVidgh! VcY hiV[[ Vi i]Z 8V" Landscape# 8jgViZY Wn :b^a^d 6bWVho Vi i]Z BjhZjb dcid l]^X] i]Zn lZgZ igVch[ZggZY [dg i]Z &.,' Zm]^W^i^dc# I]Z cVY^Vc 8ZciZg [dg 6gX]^iZXijgZ id ZmiZcY VcY YZkZade i]ZhZ d[ BdYZgc 6gi i]Z &.,' Zm]^W^i^dc ZbWdY^ZY V XVgZ[ja! gZaViZY YZh^\c YdXjbZcih h]dlZY V gVc\Z d[ Vii^ijYZh id" XdcXZeih ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ i]Z 886 XdaaZXi^dch! hZaZXi^c\ VcVani^XVa! VeegdVX] id XViZ\dg^oVi^dc# 6h i]dj\] ^c[dgbZY lVgY i]Z XdcXZei^dc VcY i]ZdgZi^XVa ^beZgVi^kZh d[ i]Z Zck^" VcY dg\Vc^o^c\ i]Z bViZg^Va ^cXajYZY ^c i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc# Wn ^ih dlc hnhiZbh YZh^\c ad\^X! i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc ZcXdjciZgZY gdcbZcih i]ZbhZakZh VcY ^c i]^h gZheZXi i]Z 8dajbW^V Zm]^"

I]Z ]nedi]Zh^h d[ i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc lVh i]Vi l]^aZ i]Z

i]Z YncVb^X VcY XdbeaZman eda^i^XVa >iVa^Vc YZh^\c XdciZmi d[ W^i^dc ZcXdjciZgZY V\V^c bZY^Vh VcY Zck^gdcbZcih VcY i]Z^g ÆedhibdYZgcÇ egVXi^XZh VcY Y^hXdjghZh i]Vi ZbZg\ZY ^c i]Z ZVgan hZkZci^Zh! l]^X] ^i ZmVb^cZY VcY dg\Vc^oZY ^cid V ediZci^Va [dg i]^c`^c\ VcZl i]Z WdjcYVg^Zh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! i]Z &.,%Éh VcY &.-%Éh VeeZVgZY id gZ_ZXi Vaa [dgbh d[ jid" bVig^m d[ XViZ\dg^Zh! Y^[[ZgZcXZh VcY Y^hi^cXi^dch#

YdbZhi^X heVXZh! i]Z^g XdcY^i^dch VcY iZgg^idg^Zh#

e^Vc^hb ^c [Vkdg d[ ZXaZXi^X! ]^hidg^XVa X^iVi^dc! V cZl igVY^" "%


i^dcVa^hb! VcY$dg V cZl edeja^hb! cdcZi]ZaZhh kZhi^\Zh d[ l^i] 9ZVc BVg` L^\aZn VcY hX]daVgh]^e gZX^e^Zcih# >c i]Z Founder, Architecture for Humanity# BdYZgViZY Wn B^iX]Zaa jide^V eZgh^hiZY ^c i]Z ldg` d[ i]^h eZg^dY! d[iZc YZhe^iZ i]Z VXVYZb^X nZVg %-Ä%.! && hijYZcih gZXZ^kZY hX]daVgh]^eh ?dVX]^b! E]#9# B#6gX] &.., VcY >dVccV I]ZdX]Vgdedjadj! XaV^bh VcY Z[[dgih d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXih i]ZbhZakZh#

bVYZ edhh^WaZ Wn i]Z hjeedgi d[ djg Ydcdgh#

I]Z Zm]^W^i^dc Xdch^hiZY d[ Zk^YZcXZ id hjeedgi i]^h ]n"

E]#9# Bh669 &..+! E]#9# 6gX]# '%%, ! Adjunct Professors of Architecture, GSAPP.

edi]Zh^h# Dg^\^cVa YgVl^c\h [gdb i]Z 886 XdaaZXi^dc lZgZ <H6EE Vi V <aVcXZ

^chiVaaZY ^c V \g^Y d[ dkZg ''% gZegdYjXi^dch d[ ldg` [gdb

.(%% a^k^c\ <H6EE Vajbc^

6ajbc^ @ZncdiZ AZXijgZ VcY GZXZei^dc

i]Z hVbZ eZg^dY# I]Z bViZg^Va lVh dg\Vc^oZY VXXdgY^c\ id

',* BVn '%%. \gVYjViZh

9Vc^Za LddY B#6gX] &..' VcY 6bVaZ 6cYgVdh! WORK

XdcXZeijVa XViZ\dg^Zh i]Vi ^YZci^ÒZY ÒkZ Y^hi^cXi lVnh d[

Architecture Company, New York#

gZXd\c^o^c\ dg hZZ^c\ Jide^VÉh \]dhi/ >haVcYh0 >c ]jbVc 6ajbc^ Wn Egd\gVb HXVaZ0 GdVYh id Cdl]ZgZ0 LdgaYhÄl^i]^cÄldgaYh Gjhh^Vc

B#6gX] 7#6gX] TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT '!,-,

Ydaah 0 7VWZa$7VWWaZ#

Bh669 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT &!*(- @ZccZi] ;gVbeidc! Ware Professor of Architecture, GSAPP.

;VXjain @ZncdiZ AZXijgZ VcY GZXZei^dc

Bh6J9 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ,'* Di]Zg Zm]^W^i^dch VcY ^chiVaaVi^dch

BhJE TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT &%'*

EVcZa/ :8DÄH:6G8=/ GZhZVgX]! 8jaijgZ Eda^Xn

>c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] i]Z Hda^Y HiViZh Xdc[ZgZcXZ 66G

Bh=E TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT -)%

HVgV] =V\V! director, Owner’s Representative Studio, Jonathan

\gVYjViZ GdhVcV GjW^dÄ=Zgc{cYZo YZh^\cZY VcY ^chiVaaZY

BhG:9 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT &%.-

Rose Companies; C^aYV BZhV! assistant vice President,

Æ8dcXgZiZ IgV_ZXidg^ZhÇ Vc Zm]^W^i^dc i]Vi ZmVb^cZY i]Z

Bh 6gX]IZX] TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT '+(

Environmental Stewardship, Columbia University0 ?dg\Z DiZgdÄ

Zkdaji^dc! YZeadnbZci VcY bViZg^Va egdeZgi^Zh d[ XdcXgZiZ#

8Zgi^ÒXViZ =E TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ,

EV^adh! professor of historic preservation, GSAPP0 @ndc\ EVg`!

>c VYY^i^dc id i]ZhZ Zm]^W^i^dch egdYjXZY heZX^ÒXVaan

Bh EaVcc^c\$=djh^c\ 9Zh^\c TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT *-

associate professor of public culture, University of California,

i]gdj\] VcY [dg i]Z <H6EE i]Z hX]dda ^chiVaaZY V cjbWZg d[

Bh =ZVai] HZgk^XZh EaVcc^c\$9Zh^\c TTTTTTTTTTT (*

San Diego, founder, Storefront for Art and Architecture, New York; Hb^iV Hg^c^kVh! assistant professor of urban planning,

k^h^i^c\ Zm]^W^i^dch ^cXajY^c\ Æ:Xdad\n# 9Zh^\c# HncZg\nÇ Vc Zm]^W^i^dc i]Vi [ZVijgZY i]Z ZXdad\^XVa YZh^\c higViZ\^Zh d[ 6ajbc^ Wn BZigd 6gZV 7Z]c^hX] 6gX]^iZ`iZc VcY i]Z^g XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] IgVchhd"

CZl Ndg` 8^in TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT (.**

director, Technological Change Lab, GSAPP, BdYZgViZY Wn :aa^dii HXaVg! professor of urban planning, GSAPP#

aVg 8a^bViZ:c\^cZZg^c\# I]Z hX]dda Vahd ]dhiZY ÆEZggZi VcY

HVc ;gVcX^hXd! 86 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT )%)

AZ 8dgWjh^Zg/ 6 9^Vad\jZ ^c GZ^c[dgXZY 8dcXgZiZ! ÆXjgViZY

Adh 6c\ZaZh! 86 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT (,-

9^hXjhh^dch! Idjgh VcY :m]^W^i^dch

VcY YZh^\cZY Wn A^VcZ =VcXdX`# 8dci^cj^c\ i]Z AZ 8dg"

LVh]^c\idc! 9#8# TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT '*(

8VgWdc ;ddieg^ci/ 6 EZghdcVa 6^g FjVa^in IgVX`

Wjh^Zg i]ZbZ i]Z hX]dda ^chiVaaZY Æ6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY GZkdaj"

E]^aVYZae]^V! E6 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT &*.

HVgV] L^aa^Vbh! director, Spatial Information Design Lab,

i^dc! EVk^aadc YZh IZbeh CdjkZVjm! AZ 8dgWjh^Zg VcY E^ZggZ

B^Vb^! ;A TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT &)+

Columbia University GSAPP.

?ZVccZgZi! &.(, >ciZgcVi^dcVa :m]^W^i^dc ^c EVg^hÇ V gZhZVgX]

8]^XV\d! >A TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT &(&

Zm]^W^i^dc Wn >kVc H]jb`dk#

HZViiaZ! L6 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT &&%

6kZgn 9^\^iVa ;VWg^XVi^dc AVWdgVidgn

6iaVciV! <6 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ,*

7g^\^iiZ 7dgYZgh B#6gX] '%%. ! Henior Research Assistant,

H__b\^ h_ =^o^ehif^gm Zg] :enfgb K^eZmbhgl

Avery Digital Fabrication Laboratory, Columbia University ;VXjain '%%-Ä'%%.

GSAPP

=^ohg >k\heZgh IkhoZg% ZllblmZgm ]^Zg

B#6gX] Bh669 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT &(*

h_ =^o^ehif^gm Zg] :enfgb K^eZmbhgl

Bh6J9 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT '%

AZebgZ :o^kr% Zllh\bZm^ ]bk^\mhk% :enfgb K^eZmbhgl

BhJE TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT '- 6gX]^iZXijgZ

CnebZ ?bladbg% Zllh\bZm^ ]bk^\mhk%

Bh=E TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT '% GZ^c]daY BVgi^c! director, The Buell Center and Professor of

=^o^ehif^gm% Li^\bZe Ikhc^\ml

BhG:9 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT (,

I]Z IZbeaZ =dncZ 7jZaa 8ZciZg [dg 6bZg^XVc

Architecture, Columbia University GSAPP

GZmZlaZ FZkkZ% Zllh\bZm^ ]bk^\mhk% =^o^ehif^gm >lma^k MnkZr% =^o^ehif^gm :llblmZgm

:K:CIH

6be]dgVZ! i]Z '%%- Ndjc\ 6ajbc^ :m]^W^i^dc BVg` 7ZVgV` B#6gX] '%%- ! 9dgV @ZaaZ B# 6gX] '%%- ! VcY

I]Z <H6EE D[ÒXZ d[ 9ZkZadebZci VcY 6ajbc^ GZaVi^dch! 6ajbc^ LZZ` '%%-/ :Xd\gVb

6YVb BZgX^Zg Bh669 '%%-

ZhiVWa^h]ZY ^c '%%*! ^h YZY^XViZY id Wj^aY^c\ V higdc\ <H6EE egdYjXZY i]Z :Xd\gVb 8dc[ZgZcXZ [dg 6ajbc^ LZZ` [gVbZldg` [dg Vajbc^ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc! XdaaVWdgVi^dc VcY '%%-! DXidWZg '% i]gdj\] '*# I]Z 8dc[ZgZcXZ Xdch^hiZY d[ :Xdad\n# 9Zh^\c# HncZg\n# 7Z]c^hX] 6gX]^iZ`iZc cZildg`^c\! VcY id ZhiVWa^h]^c\ V higdc\ WVhZ d[ hjeedgi eVcZah! aZXijgZh VcY Zm]^W^i^dch Zmeadg^c\ ^hhjZh VgdjcY IgVchhdaVg 8a^bViZ :c\^cZZg^c\ [dg i]Z HX]dda! ^ih hijYZcih! VcY ^ih egd\gVbh#

hjhiV^cVW^a^in VcY i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci#

6gi]jg Gdhh 6gX]^iZXijgZ <VaaZgn! 7jZaa =Vaa

I]Z VccjVa 6kZgn AZVYZgh 9^ccZg lVh ]ZaY dc ;g^YVn 6ajbc^ HX]daVgh]^e ;jcY VcY i]Z 6kZgn =Vaa HdX^Zin

d[ 6ajbc^ LZZ` Vi 7^higd &%&-# AZVYZgh d[ i]Z 6kZgn =Vaa EVcZa/ :8DÄ:9/ :YjXVi^dc! EgVXi^XZ :Xdad\n

GZXd\c^i^dc [dg <H6EE 6ccjVa 9dcdgh

HdX^Zin bZi l^i] hX]daVgh]^e hijYZcih WZcZÒii^c\ [gdb <gZ\\ EVhfjVgZaa^! SHoP Architects, P.C, New York0 7gjXZ

:VX] nZVg! djg hijYZcih XdbZ id 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^inÉh i]Z^g hjeedgi# <H6EE id ^bV\^cZ ]dl i]Zn b^\]i WZiiZg i]Z ldgaY Wn

A^cYhZn! dean, Graduate School of Architecture and Urban

I]Z lZZ` Xjab^cViZY ^c i]Z HVijgYVn c^\]i 6ajbc^ Design, Washington University; ?d]c EZiZghdc! founder,

igVch[dgb^c\ i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci! VcY i]Z^g Xdbb^ibZci LZZ`ZcY 8ZaZWgVi^dc 9^ccZg ^c Adl A^WgVgn Vi l]^X] i]Z Public Architecture; Od`V OdaV! principal, Zoka Zola ^h XdciV\^djh# >c gZijgc! lZ egdb^hZ dcZ i]^c\/ \ZcZgdh^in XaVhhZh d[ É-( VcY É.- XZaZWgViZY gZjc^dc nZVgh# I]Z 8Za" architecture + urban design, Chicago; BdYZgViZY Wn BVg` idlVgYh i]Z i]dj\]ih i]Vi i]Zn ]VkZ nZi id ]VkZ#

ZWgVi^dc 9^ccZg [ZVijgZY i]Z '%%- Ndjc\ 6ajbc^ :m]^W^i^dc L^\aZn! dean, GSAPP

Djg bdhi \ZcZgdjh Ydcdgh VgZ gZXd\c^oZY Vh bZbWZgh 6be]dgVZ Vh V YgVbVi^X [dXVa ed^ci [dg i]Z ZkZc^c\# d[ I]Z 6kZgn =Vaa HdX^Zin VcY VgZ a^hiZY ^c i]Z VccjVa 6ajb"

<H6EE Vi BdbV

c^ HX]daVgh]^e ;jcY CZlhaZiiZg# 9dcdgh VgZ gZXd\c^oZY :kZcih VcY EVgi^X^eVcih >cXajYZY/

)% <H6EE 6ajbc^ [gdb VXgdhh egd\gVbh \Vi]ZgZY dc

Vi i]Z [daadl^c\ aZkZah/ '*%Ä ).. 6ajbc^ 8dcig^Wjidg0 EVcZa/ :8DÄ8G6;I/ 9Zh^\c! 8dciZmi >ccdkVi^dc

DXidWZg &' [dg V eg^kViZ idjg d[ =dbZ 9Za^kZgn/ ;VWg^XVi^c\

*%%Ä ... 6ajbc^ EVigdc0 &!%%%Ä .!... 6ajbc^ AZVYZg0 B^X]ZaaZ 6YY^c\idc! Professor, Yale School of Architecture! i]Z BdYZgc 9lZaa^c\ Vi i]Z BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi# ?ZgZbn &%!%%% <H6EE EVgicZg# AZVYZgh VcY EVgicZgh l^aa gZ" 9^X`hdc 9# 9Zhedbb^Zg! Professor of Public Health and :Yb^hidc Bh669 &..' ! 9dj\aVh <Vji]^Zg Bh669 &..' XZ^kZ V heZX^Va ^ck^iVi^dc id i]Z VccjVa hX]daVgh]^e ZkZci Microbiology, Columbia University, 8VbZgdc H^cXaV^g! Co– VcY 7Vggn 7Zg\Ydaa! I]Z E]^a^e ?d]chdc 8]^Z[ 8jgVidg d[ #


6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY 9Zh^\c [dg I]Z BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi! 6gX]^iZXijgZ 8VgZZg :kZci

i^dc d[ i]Z bVcn lVnh ^c l]^X] VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h ZkVajViZY

aZY Vajbc^ dc V idjg d[ i]^h Zm]^W^i l]^X] [ZVijgZY ldg` Wn <H6EEÉh i]^gY VccjVa 6gX]^iZXijgZ 8VgZZg 9Vn idd` eaVXZ VcY Y^hXjhhZY ^c ejWa^X# Wdi] ?ZgZbn :Yb^hidc VcY 9dj\aVh <Vji]^Zg#

dc 6eg^a ( VcY )# ;^gbh [gdb VXgdhh i]Z Xdjcign XVbZ

>c VYY^i^dc! i]Z 8ZciZg ]dhiZY V cjbWZg d[ hX]daVgan

WVX` id 6kZgn =Vaa id bZZi VcY ^ciZgk^Zl XjggZci hijYZcih# ZkZcih dg^ZciZY idlVgYh Zmeadg^c\ ^hhjZh! hjX] Vh i]Z gZ" <H6EE ^c B^Vb^

I]Vc` ndj id Vaa i]Z Vajbc^ VcY Ă’gbh l]d _d^cZY jh VcY id aVi^dch]^e d[ bdYZgc^hb id hZXjaVg^hb! i]Vi ]VkZ nZi id

Dc DXidWZg (%! BHG:9 Vajbc^ \Vi]ZgZY [dg l]Vi ^h WZXdb^c\ <H6EE 8VgZZg HZgk^XZh 6hh^hiVci! B^X]VZa 8]dl B#6gX] gZXZ^kZ hjhiV^cZY Xg^i^XVa ViiZci^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ# 6aa d[ Vc VccjVa Vajbc^ ZkZci Yjg^c\ i]Z '%%- JA> 8dc[ZgZcXZ# '%%. ! [dg dg\Vc^o^c\ i]Z ZkZci# 6iiZcY^c\ Ògbh ^cXajYZY/ i]ZhZ ^c^i^Vi^kZh WZadc\ id dc\d^c\ egd_ZXih i]Vi gZÓZXi i]Z ?dcVi]Vc 7gZZcZ BhG:9 &..* VcY B^X]VZa 7gZZcZ BhG:9 7gZccVc 7ZZg <dgbVc! 8ZigV$GjYYn >cXdgedgViZY! 7jZaa 8ZciZgÉh Xdbb^ibZci id i]Z hnhiZbVi^X ZaVWdgVi^dc '%%& ]dhiZY dkZg &%% BHG:9 Vajbc^ Vi i]Z HZiV^ ]diZa ^c :]gZc`gVcio :X`hiji @j]c! ;M;dlaZ! <ZchaZg! CN8 9:E! d[ ^bedgiVci ^hhjZh Xdc[gdciZY Wn ^ih kVg^djh! dkZgaVee^c\ B^Vb^ [dg i]^h ZkZc^c\ d[ XdX`iV^ah VcY cZildg`^c\#

LddYh 7V\di#

Xdchi^ijZcX^Zh#

<H6EE ^c HVc ;gVcX^hXd

GZVa :hiViZ 8VgZZg :kZci

@eh[Ze BgbmbZmbo^ _hk :kmĂˆ:k\abm^\mnk^ >qi^kbf^gml

=Zcgn JgWVX] B# 6gX] &..% ! 8jgVidg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY BhG:9 egZh^YZci! GVbdc BV^haZc! dg\Vc^oZY <H6EEÉh

9Zh^\c! H;BDB6! \ZcZgdjhan lZaXdbZY <H6EE 6ajbc^ i]^gY VccjVa BhG:9 HeZZY CZildg`^c\ ZkZci dc BVn &( CnebZ ?bladbg% Zllh\bZm^ ]bk^\mhk% id i]Z H;BDB6 dc BVn &! Yjg^c\ i]Z '%%. 6>6 CVi^dcVa Vi =VkVcV 8ZcigVa# BhG:9 Vajbc^ gZegZhZci^c\ kVg^djh =^o^ehif^gm% Li^\bZe Ikhc^\ml 8dckZci^dc ^c HVc ;gVcX^hXd# 6ajbc^ Zc_dnZY V XdX`iV^a hZXidgh eVgi^X^eViZY ^c gdjcYĂ„iVWaZ Y^hXjhh^dch l^i] XjggZci gZXZei^dc! ha^YZh d[ gZXZci Vajbc^ ldg` VcY V idjg d[ i]Z hijYZcih# 6iiZcY^c\ [^gbh ^cXajYZY/ 7gdlcZ ;^cd 9Vk^h! <H6EE ^h YZZean Zc\V\ZY l^i] XdciZbedgVgn Vgi Vh V Xg^i^XVa 6gX]^iZXijgZ <VaaZg^Zh Vi i]Z BjhZjb#

8dbbdc <gdjcY 8dbbjc^in! 8jh]bVc LV`ZĂ’ZaY! ^HiVg ZaZbZci [dg VXXZaZgVi^c\ VcY ZmeVcY^c\ ^ih ]dg^odch! ^ciZ\gVi^c\ ;^cVcX^Va >cX#! @^bXd GZVain 8dgedgVi^dc! Bdnc^]Vc HiVi^dc k^h^dch d[ VYkZcijgdjh Vgi^hih ^cid djg hijY^dh! ZkZcih! gZhZVgX]!

BhG:9 IVh`[dgXZ 9^ccZg

9ZkZadebZci 8dgedgVi^dc! GdX`gdhZ 9ZkZadebZci 8dbeVcn ejWa^XVi^dch! VcY Zm]^W^i^dch# Djg 6gi]jg Gdhh 6gX]^iZXijgZ <VaaZgn egZhZcih Zm]^W^"

I]Z BhG:9 IVh`[dgXZ bZi id idVhi BVgX =daa^YVn BhG:9 &..' VcY ]^h l^[Z! H]ZgZZ =daa^YVn! [dg i]Z^g \ZcZgdjh \^[i id i]Z BhG:9 Egd\gVb VcY id XZaZWgViZ i]Z gZVa^oVi^dc d[ nZVgh

M^fie^ Ahrg^ ;n^ee <^gm^k _hk ma^ Lmn]r h_ :f^kb\Zg :k\abm^\mnk^

i^dch V^bZY Vi VYkVcX^c\ i]Z XdckZghVi^dc VWdji Vgi VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ Vi i]^h i^bZ d[ [jcYVbZciVa X]Vc\Z ^c i]^c`^c\

d[ ldg` id igVch[dgb i]Z Egd\gVb# 8]Vc\Zh id i]Z Egd\gVb K^bgahe] FZkmbg% ]bk^\mhk

VWdji djg Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci VcY XjaijgVa egdYjXi^dc# GZXZci

^cXajYZ i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z BVgX =daa^YVn Egd[Zhhdgh]^e d[

Zm]^W^i^dch ^cXajYZ/ Æ<dgYdc BViiVÄ8aVg` VcY 6cVgX]^iZX"

GZVa :hiViZ 9ZkZadebZci! i]Z Òghi [jaaÄi^bZ [VXjain edh^i^dc I]Z IZbeaZ =dncZ 7jZaa 8ZciZg [dg i]Z HijYn d[ 6bZg^XVc ijgZ/ 6 9ZiZXi^kZ Hidgn!Ç 6ci]dcn BX8VaaÉh Æ;djg Egd_ZXiZY ^c i]Z Egd\gVb l]^X] l^aa WZ ]ZaY Wn i]Z cZl 9^gZXidg0 6gX]^iZXijgZ lVh [djcYZY ^c &.-'# >ih b^hh^dc ^h id VYkVcXZ i]Z BdkZbZcih!Ç VcY Æ9Vc <gV]VbÉh CZl ?ZghZn#Ç Djg ZkZcih i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z EVja B^ahiZ^c Egd[Zhhdgh]^e d[ JgWVc hijYn VcY VeegZX^Vi^dc d[ 6bZg^XVc VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc^hb! [ZVijgZ Vgi^hih hjX] Vh DaV[jg :a^Vhhdc! 9dj\ 6^i`Zc! VcY 9ZkZadebZci! i]Z hZXdcY [jaaÄi^bZ [VXjain edh^i^dc0 i]Z VcY aVcYhXVeZ# 6 hZeVgViZan ZcYdlZY Zci^in l^i]^c i]Z I]dbVh 9ZbVcY ^c XdckZghVi^dch l^i] hijYZcih! iZVX]Zgh! ZmeVch^dc d[ i]Z Egd\gVb id V (ÄhZbZhiZg Xjgg^Xjajb0 <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZhZgkVi^dc! VcY \jZhih Vi i]Z LddY 6jY^idg^jb! HijY^dÄM! i]Z BjhZjb i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ i]Z cZl 8dajbW^V BhG:9 6ajbc^ ^i hedchdgh aZXijgZh! Xdc[ZgZcXZh! ldg`h]deh! Zm]^W^i^dch! d[ BdYZgc 6gi! VcY i]Z CZl BjhZjb# 6hhdX^Vi^dc0 VcY i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ VXfj^g^c\ cZl hiViZÄd[Ä ejWa^XVi^dch! [Zaadlh]^eh! VcY VlVgYh egd\gVbh# i]ZÄVgi [VX^a^i^Zh [dg i]Z Egd\gVb# I]Z BhG:9 Egd\gVb l^aa

7j^aY^c\ jedc djg eVhi ldg`! i]Z 9ZVc ^h [dgbVa^o^c\

9jg^c\ '%%-Ä'%%.! i]Z 7jZaa 8ZciZg aVjcX]ZY hZkZgVa i]Z <adWVa >c^i^Vi^kZ [dg 6giÄ6gX]^iZXijgZ :meZg^bZcih Vh

aVjcX] V cZl 8VbeV^\c id gV^hZ [jcYh [dg i]Z cZl [VX^a^i^Zh cZl ^c^i^Vi^kZh YZY^XViZY id Zmeadg^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZÉh Xdc" Vc ^bedgiVci XjaijgVa VcY VXVYZb^X egd\gVb d[ i]Z HX]dda# VcY di]Zg eg^dg^i^Zh ^c ;Vaa d[ '%%.#

ig^Wji^dch id VcY gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh l^i]^c i]Z ejWa^X he]ZgZ# I]Z ^c^i^Vi^kZ l^aa [jgi]Zg i]Z YncVb^X XdckZghVi^dc VWdji 6bdc\ i]ZhZ lZgZ V hZg^Zh d[ ZkZcih i]Vi Xdch^YZgZY cZl VgiÄVgX]^iZXijgZ ^ciZg[VXZh Wn iV`^c\ i]Z Zm^hi^c\ egd_ZXih edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg ejWa^X ]djh^c\ ^c a^\]i d[ i]Z gZXZci ÒcVcX^Va id i]Z cZl aZkZa VcY ^cXjWVi^c\ gVY^XVa ldg` i]Vi iZhih i]Z Xg^h^h! Xjab^cVi^c\ ^c V [VXjain$hijYZci eda^Xn VcY YZh^\c a^b^ih d[ Vgi^hi^X VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZ# X]VggZiiZ ]ZaY Vi <H6EEÉh HijY^dÄM Ydlcidlc# I]Z gZhjaih d[ i]Z X]VggZiiZ l^aa WZ ejWa^h]ZY Vh V eVbe]aZi! VcY i]Z <H6E Vi I]Z *(gY KZc^XZ 7^ZccVaZ 8ZciZg l^aa Xdci^cjZ id YZkZade lVnh d[ Zc\ZcYZg^c\ V cZl Dc ?jcZ +! '%%.! ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] I76Ä'&! K^ZccV! <H6EE XdckZghVi^dc VgdjcY ejWa^X ]djh^c\ ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh#

egZhZciZY V hnbedh^jb Zci^iaZY ÆI]Z AVhi IZbeiVi^dc D[

>c VYY^i^dc! i]Z 8ZciZg XdckZcZY V [jaa YVn bZZi^c\ d[ I]Z 8dciZbedgVgn/ 6gi VcY 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^c 9VcXZ l^i] V cjbWZg d[ VXVYZb^XVaan egdb^cZci JHÄWVhZY VgX]^iZXih =Zg^iV\Z#Ç Jh^c\ i]Z 7^ZccVaZ ^chiVaaVi^dc Wn djg =^hidg^X id Y^hXjhh VgX]^iZXijgZÉh gZhedchZ id i]Z ÒcVcX^Va Xg^h^h EgZhZgkVi^dc Egd[Zhhdg ?dg\Z DiZ^gdÄEV^adh! ÆI]Z :i]^Xh d[ VcY gZaViZY ^hhjZh V[[ZXi^c\ i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ bdgZ \ZcZgVaan# 9jhi/ 9d\ZÉh EVaVXZ! KZc^XZ '%%.!Ç Vh V heg^c\WdVgY! ild 6h l^i] i]Z X]VggZiiZ! i]Z gZhjaih d[ i]^h bZZi^c\ d[[Zg dcZ eVcZah d[ Vgi^hih! VgX]^iZXih! ]^hidg^Vch! Xg^i^Xh! XdaaZXidgh! ed^ci d[ YZeVgijgZ [dg [jgi]Zg! bdgZ XdbegZ]Zch^kZ gZÓZX" VcY XjgVidgh VYYgZhhZY i]Z cZl [dgbh d[ Zc\V\ZbZci WZilZZc ZmeZg^bZciVa ldg` VcY ]Zg^iV\Z Å gZXdch^YZg^c\ i]Z aViZhi i]^c`^c\ dc i]Z [jijgZ d[ i]Z eVhi# EgZhZciZY Vi i]Z >chi^ijid Y^ HX^ZcoZ! AZiiZg ZY 6gi^ ^c KZc^XZ! i]Z hnbedh^jb [ZVijgZY 9ZVc BVg` L^\aZn VcY ?dg\Z DiZ^gdÄEV^adh! I76Ä'&Éh ;djcYZg ;gVcXZhXV kdc =VWhWjg\ VcY XjgVidg 9Vc^ZaV OnbVc! VcY 9dj\ 6^i`Zc! 9Vc 8VbZgdc 9^gZXidg VcY 8jgVidg d[ EgdheZXi#&! CZl DgaZVch ! AdgZcod ;jh^ 8jgVidg! A^kZgedda 7^Zcc^Va ! 7dg^h <gdnh Egd[Zhhdg d[ E]^adhde]n VcY 6gi I]Zdgn! 6XVYZbn [dg 9Zh^\c! @Vgahgj]Z! <ZgbVcn ! BV_V =d[[bVcc ;djcY" Zg! AjbV ;djcYVi^dc ! VcY Idb @gZch HZc^dg 6Yk^hdg [dg >ciZgcVi^dcVa 6[[V^gh! <j\\Zc]Z^b ;djcYVi^dc # #


6

7 8

6

7

8

9

;

<

: =

In[eb\Zmbhgl

EjWa^XVi^dch! '%%-Ä'%%. 6! Emerging Urban

E^\mnk^l

AZWWZjh LddYh 6! I]ZdYdgZ EgjYdc! CdgbVc

<kZb` ;n\de^r% ]bk^\mhk

Futures: Land, Water, Infrastructure 7! HegZVY

;^gcZfbg Ikhldr% ]bk^\mhk

LZ^hh! BVg` EVhc^`! 7 BgVY 8adZeÒa 8!

[gdb Engineered Transparency: The Technical, Visual, and Spatial Effects of Glass 8

NVchdc\ BV 9! ?Z[[gZn 9# HVX]h :!


>

A

?

B

@

C

D

E

F

G

H

I J

K

@# I# GVk^cYgVc ;! A^hV =Zcgn"7Zc]Vb <! L^aa^Vb 9Vgna

GZb @dda]VVh A! BVg` L^\aZn! GZb @dda]VVh B!

@ZccZi] ;gVbeidc H! 9Vc^Za A# 9dXidgd[[ I! EZiZg AVc\!

L^aa^Vbh! BVWZa D# L^ahdc! ?# NdaVcYZ 9Vc^Zah =! 8]g^hi^cV

:cg^fjZ M# YZ 6cYV C! =j\d HZ\VlV! =Vcc^V < bZo D!

BVg` LVh^jiV J! I]db BVncZ K

8d\YZaa >! BVg` L^\aZn ?! :g^X 7jc\Z! B^b^ =dVc\ @!

7ZgcVgY IhX]jb^ E! 6ci]dcn K^YaZg F! 9ZVcZ H^behdc G!


6

7

8

9

:

;

<

=

>\h`kZf3 Ma^ LnlmZbgZ[bebmr Jn^lmbhg

8VbZgdc H^cXaV^g 6! BVg` L^\aZn 7! @ZccZi] ;gVbeidc!

Od`V OdaV! ?d]c EZiZghdc! 7gjXZ A^cYhZn! BVg` L^\aZn <!

>dVccV I]ZdX]Vgdedjadj 8! 9^X`hdc 9# 9Zhedbb^Zg 9!

>dVccV I]ZdX]Vgdedjadj! B^iX]Zaa ?dVX]^b! HVgV] =V\V!

B^X]ZaaZ 6YY^c\idc :! ?dg\Z DiZgdÄEV^adh! @ndc\ EVg` ;!

C^aYV BZhV =


6

7

8

9

:

;

<

=

A

B

>

?

Lheb] LmZm^l3 <aZg`bg` Mbf^ _hk <hg\k^m^% Ma^ L^\hg] <henf[bZ <hg_^k^g\^ hg :k\abm^\mnk^% >g`bg^^kbg`% Zg] FZm^kbZel

BVWZa D# L^ahdc 6! ?ZhhZ GZ^hZg 7! =Vch HX]dWZg 8! HVc[dgY

@

NhgVZa HZ^cj` =! HjgZcYgV H]V] >! ?VXfjZh ;Zgg^Zg! ?VXfjZh

@l^ciZg 9! 6c\Zad 7jXX^! ;ZgcVcYd BZc^h! HiVcaZn HV^idl^io ;!

Aj`Vh^`! 8]g^hi^Vc BZnZg ?! AVjg^Z =Vl`^chdc @! EVjad

Idh]^`d Bdg^ :! 6cid^cZ E^Xdc! HVc[dgY @l^ciZg! Idh]^`d Bdg^!

BdciZ^gd A! BVWZa D# L^ahdc! 6c\Zad 7jXX^! ;ZgcVcYd BZc^h!

<jn CdgYZchdc! NhgVZa 6# HZ^cj`! ?ZhhZ GZ^hZg <!

HiVcaZn HV^idl^io! =Vch HX]dWZg B


6

7

8

9

:

;

>o^gml3 Lmn]bh Q

<

Neighborhood Watch! <Zdg\^VccV Hidji! B^X]VZa GdX` 6!

by Way of its Likeness, its Reproduction! AVgh ;^hX]Zg! 9Vk^Y

EVaZhi^cZ LVa`h/ <Vk^c 7gdlc^c\ 7! Every Day the Urge

GZ^c[jgi 8! Soviet Contamination: Future Anterior! ?dg\Z

Grows Stronger to Get Hold of an Object at Very Close Range

DiZgdÄEV^adh! 7Vggn 7Zg\Ydaa! NZk\Zc^n ;^`h 9! Soviet


= >

?

@

Contamination: Future Anterior! K^iVan @dbVg :! The

7Vggn 7Zg\Ydaa! NZk\Zc^n ;^`h! ?ZVcÄAdj^h 8d]Zc <! The

Commons! 7gdd`Z H^c\Zg! CdgV A^WZgijc YZ 9jgZc ;!

Commons! BVg` H]Ze]VgY =! Examined Life! 6k^iVa GdccZaa!

The Commons! <Vk^c 7gdlc^c\! ?dg\Z DiZgdÄEV^adh!

6higV IVnadg >! :mVb^cZY A^[Z ?! I]Z GVjbaVWdg ^c 9JB7D @


6

7 8

9

:

;

=^[Zm^l

Matters of Sensation 6! EVdaV 6cidcZaa^! Hnak^V AVk^c 7! Flash

<

Store in the Shadow of Redevelopment! HiVXZn Hjiidc :! K^X`n

Urbanism: The Making of the Contemporary Chinese City! ?Z[[gZn

LZ^cZg! HiVXZn B^iX]Zaa! E]^a^e AdeViZ <! Flash Urbanism: The

?d]chdc! LZ^_Zc LVc\! ?dhZe] <g^bV! AVjgZci <ji^ZggZo! CZk^aaZ

Making of the Contemporary Chinese City! ?dhZe] <g^bV <

BVgh 8! Crisis ?dhZe] <g^bV 9! Urban Visions: The Neighborhood


6

7

8 9

:

;

7

8

6

9

:

>g] h_ R^Zk >qab[bmbhg

BVg` LVh^jiVÉh hijY^d 6! BVWZa D# L^ahdcÉh

;

<

>o^gm Ihlm^kl

hijY^d 7! GdWZgi BVg^cdÉh hijY^d 8! @VgaV

Texture l^i] Idh]^`d Bdg^ 8! Continuous Variation l^i] ?ZhhZ GZ^hZg 9! Abstraction in

Gdi]hiZ^cÉh hijY^d 9! ?dVfj^b BdgZcdÉh

Adanced Architectural Research 6!

Experimental Preservation :! Deathbowl to

hijY^d :! 8]VgaZh :aYgZYÉh hijY^d ;

:^hZcbVc$ L^\aZn Discussion 7! Pattern, Culture,

Downtown ;! Conflicts l^i] I]dbVh AZZhZg <


6

7

9

8

:

;

<

Cnkb^l

=

>

=^aVgn HVbeaZ! AVjgV @jg\Vc! BVg` LVh^jiV! B^X]VZa 7Zaa!

Bdg^ ; 0 E]^aa^e 6coVadcZ! IZggn Hjg_Vc < 0 Ndh]^`d HVid! BVg`

HXdii BVgWaZ 6 0 ?VcZiiZ @^b! =^aVgn HVbeaZ! AVjgV @jg\Vc!

L^\aZn = 0 :cg^fjZ LVa`Zg! BVWZa D# L^ahdc! L^aa^Vb 6gW^oj!

BVg` LVh^jiV 7 0 B^X]VZa 7Zaa 8 0 EZi^V Bdgdodk 9 0 6a^XZ

AVjg^Z =Vl`^chdc! B^X]VZa Ndjc\! 6a^XZ 8]jc > 0 G^X]VgY

8]jc : 0 BVg` L^\aZn! @Z^i] @VhZbVc! <^_h A^WdjgZa! Idh]^`d

Eajco ? 0 BVgn BXAZdY @ 0 6a[gZYd 7g^aaZbWdjg\ A 0 AVjg^Z


?

@

A

B

C

D

F

E

G

H

I

=Vl`^chdc B 0 AZha^Z <^aa! AVjgV @jg\Vc! 9Vbdc G^X]!

Egdh`n F 0 NdaVcYZ 9Vc^Zah G 0 6a^XZ 8]jc! BVg` GV`ViVch`n!

BVg\VgZi CZlbVc! 9Vk^Y HVaVoVg! A^cYhVn 7gZbcZg!

CVi]Va^Z Gdodi! 7VWV` 7gnVc! 9Vc^ZaaZ HbdaaZg! BVgX

7g^Vc Adj\]a^c! BVg`jh 9dX]VcihX]^ C 0 <Va^V

IhjgjbV`^! I]dbVh YZ BdcX]ZVjm H 0 9Vc^ZaaZ HbdaaZg!

Hdadbdcd[[! ?dh]jV J]a D 0 E]^aa^e 6coVadcZ E 0 7Zc_Vb^c

BVgX IhjgjbV`^! I]dbVh YZ BdcX]ZVjm I


6 7

8

9

:

Cnkb^l

BVgX IhjgjbV`^! Ndh]^`d HVid! BVg` L^\aZn! @Z^i] @VhZbVc!

9Vc LddY! E]^a^e EVg`Zg! ?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc 8 0 HddÄ^c NVc\!

!<hgmbgn^]"

<^_h A^WdjgZa! Idh]^`d Bdg^! @VgaV Gdi]hiZ^c 6 0 =jWZgi

6YV IdaaV! AVjgV @jg\Vc! <^jhZeeZ A^\cVcd! I]dbVh YZ

@ajbecZg 70 BVg` @gdZX`Za! <Va^V Hdadbdcd[[! ?ZVccZ <Vc\!

BdcX]ZVjm 9 0 ?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc! B^X]VZa Ndjc\! ?dZW BddgZ!


;

<

=

>

IVi^VcV kdc EgZjhhZc! E]^a^e EVg`Zg : 0 Idgj =VhZ\VlV!

9Vc^Zah < 0 GdWZgi BVg^cd! BVWZa D# L^ahdc! ?dcVi]Vc

?ZVccZ <Vc\! HXdii BVgWaZ! Ndh]^`d HVid! 7^aa H]VgeaZh!

@^ghX]Zc[ZaY! EZiZg BX8aZVgn! @Zaan L^ahdc = 0 BVg`

9Vk^Y 7Zc_Vb^c! ?ja^Z 7ZX`bVc ; 0 8gV^\ 7jX`aZn! NdaVcYZ

LVh^jiV! B^X]VZa 7Zaa! HXdii BVgWaZ > 0 ?jVc =ZggZgdh ?

?


6

8

7

9 ;

: <

=

>

?

@

Cnkb^l

9Vk^Y Hb^aZn! @Z^i] @gjbl^ZYZ! ?VcZiiZ @^b! AZha^Z <^aa!

!<hgmbgn^]"

HXdii BVgWaZ! 9Vk^Y 7Zc_Vb^c 60 9Vk^Y Hb^aZn 70 HXdii BVgWaZ!

B^X]ZaaZ ;dgcVWV^! I^cV BVc^h! IdY L^aa^Vbh! 7gZii HcnYZg

:Y 7V`dh! 8]VgaZh :aYgZY 8 0 8gV^\ 7jX`aZn! BVg` L^\aZn 9 0

< 0 @Zaan L^ahdc = 0 9^VcV BVgi^cZo > 0 Idgj =VhZ\VlV ? 0

?dVfj^b BdgZcd : 0 Idh]^]^gd D`^ ; 0 BVg` GV`ViVch`n!


A

B

C

D G

F

HiZkZc =daa @ 0 K^Xidg^V CZl]djhZ A 0 B^X]VZa 7Zaa B 0

@VYVbWVg^ 7Vm^ E 0 9Vc LddY F 0 <Va^V Hdadbdcd[[! K^Xidg^V

=V^`d 8dgcZa^hhZc C 0 6a[gZYd 7g^aaZbWdjg\! K^gZc

CZl]djhZ! HXdii BVgWaZ! HiZkZc =daa! B^X]VZa 7Zaa G

7gV]bW]Vii! 9ZWdgV] <Vch! BVg^d <ddYZc D 0

E


8

6

7

:

;

9

<

=

>

@

?

A

Cnkb^l

?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc! B^X]VZa Ndjc\ 6 0 ;g Y g^X AZkgVi 7 0

!<hgmbgn^]"

HVc\]njc NVc\ 8 0 AZha^Z <^aa 9 0 6g_jc 6eeVYjgV^! GZ^c]daY

E]^a^e EVg`Zg < 0 AVjgV @jg\Vc = 0 HVgV] L]^i^c\ > 0

BVgi^c! BVg` LVh^jiV! AVjgV @jg\Vc! @VYVbWVg^ 7Vm^!

<j^Yd Oja^Vc^ ? 0 7g^Vc Adj\]a^c @ 0 B^iX] BX:lZc A

AVjg^Z =Vl`^chdc : 0 BVg` @gdZX`Za! ?ZVccZ <Vc\ ; 0


6

7

8 9

:

;

<

>qab[bmbhgl

CZl Hdk^Zi EZdeaZ L^aa 8dcfjZg 8dhb^X HeVXZ 6$7$8$9 !

FZkd PZlbnmZ% ]bk^\mhk

:ck^gdcbZcih VcY 8djciZg :ck^gdcbZcih/ :meZg^bZciVa BZY^V

=Zgb^e IZrg^% ZllblmZgm

^c Italy: The New Domestic Landscape! BdB6 &.,' :$;$<


6

7

8

9

:

;

<

= >

M^fie^ Ahrg^ ;n^ee <^gm^k _hk ma^ Lmn]r h_ :f^kb\Zg :k\abm^\mnk^

Public Housing/Public Sphere Debate! GdWZgi 7ZVjgZ\VgY! 7gjXZ

Public Housing/Public Sphere Debate! EZiZg BVgXjhZ < !

K^bgahe] FZkmbg% ]bk^\mhk

GdWW^ch! BVWZa L^ahdc! 8aVgV >gVoVWVa! EZiZg BVgXjhZ 7 !

EjWa^X =djh^c\ 8]VggZiiZ 8$9$;$=$>

Public Housing/Public Sphere Debate! 7gjXZ GdWW^ch 6 !

Public Housing/Public Sphere Debate! GdWZgi 7ZVjgZ\VgY : !


6

7

8

=

H__b\^ h_ =^o^ehif^gm Zg] :enfgb K^eZmbhgl =^ohg >k\heZgh IkhoZg% ZllblmZgm ]^Zg h_ =^o^ehif^gm Zg] :enfgb K^eZmbhgl

6ajbc^ LZZ` 6$7$8 ! <H6EE ^c B^Vb^ 9$;$<$=$>$? ! Ecogram edhiZg :

9

:

;

<

>

?


6

7

8

9

:

;

<

=

H__b\^ h_ =^o^ehif^gm Zg] :enfgb K^eZmbhgl

<H6EE ^c B^Vb^ 6$7 0 8VgZZg 9Vn EdhiZg 8 0 <H6EE Vi i]Z *(gY KZc^XZ 7^ZccVaZ/ Cdgidc <VgÒc`aZ! HVaan B^cVgY! Gji]

7ZVig^XZ 8dadb^cV! BVg` L^\aZn < 0 <H6EE ^c HVc ;gVcX^hXd/

=^ohg >k\heZgh IkhoZg% ZllblmZgm ]^Zg

=dgdl^io! B^X]VZa CVX]bVc 9 0 Adj^h 6ee^\cVc^! AVjg^Z EVaadi : 0

9dcVaY BVX9dcVaY! ?dZ EZiZgh =

h_ =^o^ehif^gm Zg] :enfgb K^eZmbhgl

GZXZei^dc Vi 9d\Z h EVaVXZ ; 0 ;gVcXZhXV kdc =VWhWjg\ !


6 7

9

8

:

@L:IIÍl @eh[Ze BgbmbZmbo^ _hk :kmÈ:k\abm^\mnk^ >qi^kbf^gml

9dj\ 6^i`^c 6! Fiction, Fact, + Fabrication l^i] I]dbVh

KZc^XZ! '%%- 9! ?dg\Z DiZgdÄEV^ad The Ethics of Dust:

9ZbVcY 7! Today! l^i] 9dj\ 6^i`Zc 8! EgdXZhh

Doge’s Palace! KZc^XZ! '%%. :

CnebZ ?bladbg% Zllh\bZm^ ]bk^\mhk%

YdXjbZciVi^dc d[ The Ethics of Dust: Doge’s Palace!

=^o^ehif^gm% Li^\bZe Ikhc^\ml


B^iX]Zaa 9# 6YZahiZ^c

<VWg^Za 7VX]

EVja 7ZciZa

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Manager of GSAPP Online

Adjunct Associate Professor of Historic Preservation

Bdh]Z 6YaZg

AZha^Z 7V^aZn

?dVc 7Zg`dl^io

Adjunct Associate Professor of Urban Planning

Dean’s Office Assistant

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation

:a^oVWZi] 6a^XZV

I^id 7VncZ

BVg` 7]Vh^c

Business Office Administrative Coordinator

Output Shop Manager

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

@Zk^c 6aaZc

6cV 7Vei^hiV

C^X]daVh 7^ZchidX`

Audio Visual Assistant

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

?d]c 6ahX]jaZg

Bd_YZ] 7VgViadd

B^XVZaV 7^gb^c\]Vb

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

and of Urban Design ;gVcXd^hZ 7daaVX`

8VhZn 6ai Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVg` 7ZVgV`

Adjunct Associate Professor of Historic Preservation

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture I^bdi]n 7dnaZ

8]g^h 6cYgZVXdaV Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

7dW 7ZVjgZ\VgY

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Director of the Urban Planning Program, E]^aa^e 6coVadcZ

Professor of Urban Planning

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

I]dbVh 7dni^cX` Adjunct Assistant Professor

Director of Building Technologies, I^b 7Z]aZ

of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development ?Zhh^XV 7gVjc

AZd 6g\^g^h Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

B^X]VZa 7Zaa

Executive Assistant to the Dean

Associate Professor of Architecture, :g^ZiV 6iiVa^

Director of Core Studies

AnccZ 7gZha^c Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture =Vc` 7Zaa =Va^cV 6kZgn

Special Lecturer in Architecture, Urban Planning,

6a[gZYd 7g^aaZbWdjg\

Associate Director of Alumni Relations

and Real Estate Development

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

?Vbn 7VXX]jh

9Vk^Y 7Zc_Vb^c

9Vc^Za 7gdY`^c

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

%


=^aaVgn 7gdlc

GdWZgi 8dcYdc

HXdii 9nZg

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

AZ^\] 7gdlc

7g^\^iiZ 8dd`

BVoZc :a @]Vi^W

Program Assistant of Historic Preservation

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

;^dcV 8djh^ch

9Zkdc :gXdaVcd EgdkVc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Development Officer

NdaVcYZ 9Vc^Zah

8]VgaZh :aYgZY

Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

7gjXZ 9Vk^hdc

9Vk^Y ;Vcd

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Design

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

I]dbVh YZ BdcX]Vjm

HVWg^ ;Vgdj`^

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

B^X]VZa 9Za[VjhhZ

Aj^h ;ZgcVcYZo

Architecture Program Assistant

Audio Visual Manager

LVgY 9Zcc^h

L^aa^Vb ;ZjZgbVc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

B^X]VZa 9Zkdch]^gZ

?ja^V ;^h]`^c

Adjunct Assistant Professor HP

Associate Director of Development

and Urban Planning 7VWV` 7gnVc Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture 8gV^\ 7jX`aZn Publications Editor B^X]VZa 7jX`aZn Director of the Real Estate Development Program Adjunct Professor of Real Estate Development :g^X 7jc\Z Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture :g^X` 8VgXVbd Associate in Architecture CVi]Vc 8VgiZg Building Manager :b^a^d 8]VXdc 9db^c\jZo Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

and Special Projects 9dj\aVh 9^Vo Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture,

B^X]VZa ;^h]bVc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of UrbanDesign

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

=ZgcVc 9^VoÄ6adchd

<Vgn ;d\\

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

;Vidj 9^ZnZ

B^X]ZaaZ ;dgcVWV^

Student Affairs Officer

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVg`jh 9dX]VcihX]^

BVgX ;dgcZh

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor

6cYgZl 9da`Vgi

?VcZi ;dhiZg

of Real Estate Development

Director of the Historic Preservation Program

Assistant Director of Urban Planning

BVg` 8daa^ch

?VbZh BVghidc ;^iX]

@ZccZi] ;gVbeidc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Associate Professor of Historic Preservation

Ware Professor of Architecture

B^X]VZa 8dcVgY

?dh] 9gVeZg

AVcXZ ;gZZbVc

Adjunct Associate Professor of Urban Design

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Associate Professor of Urban Planning

CdV] 8]Vh^c Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Design 6a^XZ 8]jc Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture 8Vgda 8aVg` Adjunct Associate Professor of Historic Preservation B^X]VZa 8aVg`

%


CVch^ ;g^ZYbVc

?VcZ =Vgg^hdc

6cYgZV @V]c

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Associate Professor of Urban Design

G^X]VgY ;gdZ]a^X]

Idgj =VhZ\VlV

?dh]jV @V]g

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

;gVc` ?# <Vaa^cZaa^

AVjg^Z =Vl`^chdc

@Z^i] @VhZbVc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Professor of Architecture, Director of Advanced Studios

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVg` <^Whdc

HVja =Vnji^c

:YlVgY @ZaaZg

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Design

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

6a^hiV^g <^aa

GdWZgi =Z^ci\Zh

EZigV @Zbe[

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Design

AZha^Z <^aa

?jVc =ZggZgdh

=Vggn @ZcYVaa

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Visiting Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation

B^X]VZa <^aa^VgY

6gi]jg =^WWh

>Vc @Zdj\]

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVgi^c <daY

9Vk^Y =^c`aZ

C^Xd @^Zcoa

Adjunct Professor of Real Estate Development

Associate Dean

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

7Zc <daY^Z

B^b^ =dVc\

?VcZiiZ @^b

IT Server and Support Manager

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVg^d <ddYZc

HiZkZc =daa

9Vk^Y @^c\

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Professor of Architecture

Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

BVg` <gZZcZ

?ndi^ =dhV\gV]Vg

=jWZgi @ajbecZg

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

EZiZg =VcXZ

?Z[[gZn >cVWV

8gV^\ @dcn`

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

8aVgV >gVoVWVa

C^X]daVh @di]Vg^

Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

?Vhdc >kVa^di^h

@naZ @gVaa

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVgn ?VWadch`^

@jc^d @jYd

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

B^X]VZa ?VXdWh

AVjgV @jg\Vc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

EVbZaV ?ZgdbZ

;adnY AVee

Adjunct Associate Professor of Historic Preservation

Adjunct Professor of Urban Planning

B^iX]Zaa ?dVX]^b

8]VgaZh AVkZc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Professor of Real Estate Development

?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc

K^cXZci AZZ

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

8VhZn ?dcZh

I]dbVh AZZhZg

Adjunct Assoicate Professor of Urban Design

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

%


@Vi]n B^c^Xdoo^ GSAPP Receptionist 7g^Vc BX<gVi] Adjunct Associate Professor of Urban Design A^dcZa BX>cingZ Assistant Professor of Urban Planning BVgn BXAZdY Professor of Architecture <ZZiV BZ]iV Visting Associate Professor of Urban Design AZZ B^aaZg Adjunct Professor of Urban Planning ?jhi^c BddgZ Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urban Design ?dVfj^b BdgZcd Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture ;g Y g^X AZkgVi

GdWZgi BVg^cd

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

?Zcc^[Zg AZkn

HVcYgd BVge^aaZgd

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Design

@Zk^c A^X]iZc

CViVh]V BVggV

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Associate Director of Development

<^jhZeeZ A^\cVcd

K^Xidg^V BVgh]Vaa

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Design

?VbZh A^bV

GZ^c]daY BVgi^c

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Associate Professor of Architecture, Director of the

7gjXZ BdhaZg Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development 7gjXZ BjggVn Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development C^Y]^ CVgVnVcVc IT System Coordinator B^ccV C^cdkV Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning,

?d]c I# A^k^c\hidc

Adjunct Associate Research Scholar of Urban Planning

Temple Hoyne Buell Center for American Architecture,

9Vk^Yhdc Cdgg^h

Director of the Architecture Ph.D. Program

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

?dcVi]Vc BVgi^c

EVig^X` DÉ8dccdg

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Program Coordinator of the New York/Paris Program

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development GdWZgi Ajcio Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture 9^VcV BVgi^cZo

CVi DeeZc]Z^bZg

8]g^h BVXVg^d

Program Coordinator of the Temple Hoyne

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

IT System Coordinator

Buell Center for American Architecture

@g^hi^cV BVc^h

9dj\aVh BVhh

Assistant Professor of Architecture,

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Assistant Professor of Urban Design

HXdii BVgWaZ

:a^Vh BViVg

?ja^V DÉ7g^Zc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Urban Design Program Assistant

EZiZg BVgXdijaa^d

Ad^h BViZ

NZhZc^V Dodg^V

Adjunct Associate Professor of Urban Planning

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Business Office Administrative Coordinator

EZiZg BVgXjhZ

9Vc BX8dn

@jgi EVYVkVcd

Professor Emeritus of Urban Planning

Admissions Administrative Assistant

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

@ViZ Dg[[

%!


GdWZgi B# EVaZn Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development Hda EVg` IT System Coordinator E]^a^e EVg`Zg Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture BVii]Zl G# EVjan Associate in Urban Design G^X]VgY E^ZeZg

9Vk^Y GZ^c[jgi

8]g^hide]Zg HX]aVc`

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

E]^a E^igjoZaad

?VcZi GZnZh

:g^X HX]jaYZc[gZ^

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Director of Finance

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

G^X]VgY Eajco

6aZm G^X]iZg

:aa^dii HXaVg

Professor of Architecture and Urban Design,

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Professor of Urban Planning

6gjc G^bVa

;Za^X^in HXdii

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Assistant Professor of Architecture

C^XdaZ GdWZgihdc

EVja HZ\Va

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Professor of Architecture

;gVc d^h GdX]Z

9Vc^Za HZh^a

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

B^X]VZa GdX`

<gV]VbZ H]VcZ

Adjunct Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Professor of Architecture,

Director of the Urban Design Program BVgX EdaadX` Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture <gZ\\ Ede`^c Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development G^X]VgY EdocVch`^ Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development ?Zcc^[Zg EgZhidc Associate in Architecture

Adjunct Professor of Urban Design @VgaV Gdi]hiZ^c

7Zc_Vb^c Egdh`n

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Director of Special Events

:i]Za H]Z[[Zg Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

G]Zii Gjhhd I]ZdYdgZ EgjYdc

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Associate Professor of Historic Preservation

9Vc^Za H]ZgZg Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

G^X]VgY Gjhhd GdWZgi FjVXd

Adjunct Assistant Professor

8]VgaZh H]dgiZg

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Associate Professor

C^X]daVh FjZccZaa

NZ]jYV HV[gVc

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVg` GV`ViVch`n

9Vk^Y HVaVoVg

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

?d]c GVbV]ad

9Vk^Y HVbehdc

IT Director

Adjunct Professor of Historic Preservation

GVfjZa GVbVi^

?dh H{cX]Zo

Adjunct Professor of Real Estate Development

Lecturer in Architecture

BVi]VcgV_ GVi^cVb

Ndh]^`d HVid

Associate Dean of Admissions,

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture

Director of the New York/Paris Program

@jgi GZ^X]ZcWZg\Zg

6cYgZl HX]ZgZg

GdaVcY Hcdd`h

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Professor of Urban Planning

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

of Real Estate Devlepment ?dZa H^akZgbVc Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development ?VbZh H^c`h Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture B^X]VZa H`gZWjiZcVh Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning 9Vc^ZaaZ HbdaaZg

%"


<Va^V Hdadbdcd[[

:a^c K^V

HVgV] L^aa^Vbh

Assistant Professor of Architecture

Business Office Administrative Assistant

Director of Geospatial Analysis and

Hb^iV Hg^c^kVh

?dhZe] K^Y^X]

Professor Emeritus of Urban Planning

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

?Zhh^XV HidX`idc

9Vc^Za Kdh

Associate Professor of Architecture,

Real Estate Development Program Coordinator

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Director of the Advanced Architectural Research Program

?d]c HijWWh

:cg^fjZ LVa`Zg

6ci]dcn LddY

Adjunct Associate Professor of Historic Preservation

Director of the Advanced Architecture Design Program,

Adjunct Associate Professor of Historic Preservation

Remote Sensing, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urban Planning BVWZa D# L^ahdc

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture L^aa^Vb Hj` Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

@Vi]Zg^cZ LddY 9Vk^Y LVaaVcXZ

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation

Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture <gZiX]Zc Hjh^ Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

<lZcYdanc Lg^\]i 6a^XZ LVggZc

Professor of Architecture

IT System Coordinator HiVXZn Hjiidc Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

I]dbVh Lg^\]i BVg` LVh^jiV

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Director of Exhibitions, ?d]c Hodi

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

B^X]VZa LnZiocZg Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

?VbZh LVhhZa 8ViZg^cV I^VoodaY^

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

HddÄ^c NVc\ Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVgX LZ^YcZg 6YV IdaaV

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

B^X]VZa Ndjc\ Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

8Vga LZ^hWgdY 6WWV Idg

Adjunct Associate Professor

BVn^cZ Nj

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

<gV]Vb IgZahiVY

CdgbVc LZ^hh

Da\V OV^ihZkV

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Adjunct Associate Research Scholar

IT System Coordinator

of Historic Preservation 7ZgcVgY IhX]jb^ Professor of Architecture

HXdii 9# Ol^aa^c\ <Zdg\Z L]ZZaZg

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Real Estate Development

Director of Conservation at the GSAPP ?d]c Ihj^ Adjunct Assistant Professor

9Vk^Y L]^iZ

of Real Estate Development

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

BVgX IhjgjbV`^

?d]c L]^iZaVl

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture

:hi]Zg IjgVn

BVg` L^\aZn

Development Office Assistant

Dean, Professor of Architecture

9Vk^Y IjgcWjaa Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture ?dh]jV J]a Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture @Vonh KVgcZa^h Adjunct Assistant Professor of Architecture 8Vb^ad KZg\VgV Adjunct Assistant Professor of Urban Planning %#


BVhiZg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ

8]g^hi^Vc GjjY

@^ Jc\ CV

7g^Vc 6X`aZn

9Vc^Za GjoZj

HVh`^V CV\Za

OVX]Vgn 6YZgh

AVjgZcXZ HVggVo^c

BVgXZad CV_ZgV <VgX^V

8]g^hide]Zg 7VgaZn

:a^oVWZi] H]ZVgZg

<VWg^Za C^X]dah

Di^h 7Zg`^c

A^cYhZn H]ZgbVc

:[gVi C^oVc

7g^\ZiiZ 7dgYZgh

@Vi^Z H]^bV

I]VY CdWj]VgV

HVbjZa 7g^hhZiiZ

Igdn I]Zgg^Zc

OVX]Vgn DaXoV`

BVgad 7gdlc

BVii]Zl Kdhh

?VbZh DÉBZVgV

B^X]VZa 8VkVcYZg

B^g^Vb LVgY

?dh]jV EVY\Zii

B^X]ZaaZ 8]Vc\

:aZc^ EVeVcVhiVh^dj

AZjÄNj 8]Zc

BVhiZg d[ HX^ZcXZ ^c 6YkVcXZY 6gX]^iZXijgVa 9Zh^\c

HVc\ =lVc EVg`

?jc]dc\ 8]d^

8]g^hi^cV 6`^h`Vadj

Hjc Ndjc\ EVg`

Njc Hj` 8]d^

8]Vgan 6aVogV`^

HdcVa EViZa

B^X]VZa 8]dl

>dVccV 6c\Za^Ydj

EVWad EZgZo EVaVX^dh

:\WZgi 8]j

B^X]VZa 6gZaaVcZh >>

:aZc^ EZiVadi^

OVX]Vgn 8daWZgi

BVg^V 6ggVhViZ

BZ\Vc Fj^cc

B^X]VZa 8dciZcid

9Vc^nV 6iiV

B^X]VZa GZ]b

6Vgdc 9Vk^h

CViVa^V GdjbZa^di^

7gZii 9dg[bVc

6aZmVcYgdh 6kadc^i^h :jchj` 7VZ

GnX]^ZZ :he^cdhV

?dg\Z 7VggV\Vc

>\cVX^d HZcgV

?^c End :jc

6YVb 7g^aa]Vgi

?dg\Z HZgeV

Eg^hX^aaV ;gVhZg

7VggZii 7gdlc

?Vn H]V]

HiZkZc <VgX^V

7Zc_Vb^c 8Vgg

=ZZ_dd H]^

HVbjZa <gZcVYZg

<dcoVad 8Vh^h

HVc\ LVc H]^c

<gZiV =VchZc

NjÄNjVc 8]Vc\

?VbZh H^`Zh

?^c Ldd =Zd

G^`V 8]VjY]gn

6Yg^Vc Hb^i]

;dggZhi ?ZhhZZ

6cVhiVh^V 8]da^

:bbVcdj^a HiVkgV`V`^h

:b^an ?d]chdc

Hjc\ :jc 8]jc

>c]d Hj]

=^ccV @Veddg

9Vk^Y 9Vk^aV 6gVfjZ

@d`d IV`V]Vh]^

L^aa^Vb @ZbeZg

9ZaVa 9Zb^gX^d\aj

?Zcc^[Zg IVc

H]Vg^[ @]Va_Z

6aZ_VcYgd YZ 8Vhigd BVoVggd

8ZhVg IVgVcXdcÄ=ZgVh

9Vc^Za @^YY

8]j`jnZbZoZ :Ydo^Z

E^Zigd IdYZhX]^c^

?ZZÄ=nZ @^b

7gVYaZn :c\ZahbVc

?dc\ HZd @^b

9^Z\d ;ZgcVcYZo K^aaVkZgYZ

8]VgaZh KVaaV :g^X KZg\cZ

@njc\ ?VZ @^b

HZg\^d <dbZo

=ZVi] LZhi

GV^cV A^ @^b

9Vk^Y <dcoVaZo

8]^Ä8]Zc NVc\

H]Vgdc @^b

HiZe]Vc^Z =VggdX]

@Vg^c NVc\

=ndjc\Ä<ja @dd`

?jc^X]^gd =dg^`VlV

6cYgZV OVaZlh`^

@VgZc @jWZn

HddcÄ=njc ?jc\

6Yg^VcV OVgg^aad

Hjc\ Ndc\ AZZ

:kVc\Za^V @VgVX]Va^dj

AVjgZc OjX`Zg

Ndc\ ?j AZZ

=Vc @^b

E]^a^e A^c

Bddcndjc\ @^b

BVhiZg d[ HX^ZcXZ ^c JgWVc 9Zh^\c

7g^Vc BVcc^c\ÄHe^cYi

@dhVgV @j_jcYo^X

7Zc_Vb^c 6WZabVc

Idbbn BVcjZ

LZ^Ä?j AV^

=VW^WV 6`]iVg

HZi] BX9dlZaa

EVig^X` AVjhZaa

BVg^V 7ZXYVX]

?dhZe] K^cXZci BX<gVi]

9VZ Ldd` AZZ

BVg^Zaan 8VhVcdkV

AZV] B^`V BZ^hiZga^c

H^ :jc AZZ

BVg^VcZaaV 8Vhi^aad

8a^cidc B^aaZg

BVg^a^^h A^adkZg

Da^be^V 8ZgbVh^

?Z[[gZn B^aaZii

?VZ =Zdc A^b

=j^ 9dc\

?^ Nddc D]

6cc^Z Ad

GdWZgi 9gjgn

Ndjc?^c EVg`

?d]c AdX`Z

?V^bZ ;V_VgYd

9Vc^Za EVncZ

BVii]Zl Ajio

CjVaV <VaaV\]Zg

?ja^Z EZc\

<lZcYdanc BVX;VgaVcY

H]gji^ <Vdc`Vg

H]VgdcZ E^dci`dlh`^

CVhZg BVYdj]

E^ZggZÄAdj^h <Zga^Zg

Da^k^V GVbdh

EVdaV BVgfjZo IdkVg

IVcV =dkaVcY

7Zc_Vb^c GZ^X]

6ccVÄBVg^V BZ^hiZg

6g^Za NZcÄ_j =h^Z]

9ZWdgV] G^X]VgYh

H^cV BZhYV\]^

=hjZ]Ä=h^Zc =h^Z]

9V]a^V GdWZgih

@VgZc B^ig^

O]Zc\ =j

L^aa^Vb GdZY^\ZgÄGdW^cZiiZ

<Zdg\^dh B^igd\^dg\^h

O]Z ?^c

6nVaV GdhZc

BVhV`^ Bdg^cdWj

Gdb^cV @]VcYVc^

%$

EVcV\^di^h HVga^h


9dc\hZ^ @^b

6ccV AVc

?VX` =ZVcZn

BVgi]V @dad`digdc^

HiZe]Vc^Z A^b

6YVb =ZaaZg

6bVgYZZe AVWVcV

@Vi]gnc A^e^ZX`^

BVii]Zl =dlZaa

=ZXidg A^b

?^jnjVc A^j

8]g^hide]Zg @VaaVc

H]gZnV BVaj

6aZmVcYZg BV^hjgVYoZ

=lVcÄ=ZZ @Vc\

9Vc^Za BdciZh HVciVbVg^V

Idbbn BVcjZa

:a^Vh @Z[Va^Y^h

HjV] CV

6cYgZV BVge^aaZgdÄ8dadb^cV

6c\ZaV @^b

K^k^Vc C\d

=ZZhZd` EVg`

:jc @njc @^b

BVg\Vg^iV EVeVY^b^ig^dj

6WYja HVWddg

HVgVc\ @ja`Vgc^

NV`^bV EZcV EZgZo

HVYVb^ihj HV`d\jX]^

CZVa @jbVg

<^ccn H]VgbV

?jVc ;gVcX^hXd HVaYVgg^V\

:g^X AV\YVbZd

H]Zc\ÄLZ^ H]^]

BVii]Zl HX]lVgio

?d]c AVlhdc

?ja^V H^ZYaZ

Ndjc\ >c HZd

B^X]VZa AVo^Zg

6h]aZn HeViV[dgZ

F^Vcf^ H]Zc

GdWZgi A^eidc

6`]^aV Hg^c^kVh

EgZZi^ HdY]^

K^Xidg^V Ad\k^ch`n

BVc^V IV]Zg

EVig^X` HigZZiZg

7gdd`Z AdkZaa

L^aa^Vb IViZ

NjVc IVc\

EVig^X` BVX9dcVaY

?Vn IgVc

?Zhh^XV KVc =djiZc

6VW^g BVa^`

:b^an LZ^YZc]d[

8V^ia^c LVgWZadl

HVci^V\d BVcXZWd

Cjd Mj

A^c O]Vc\

6c_Va^ BVc\Va\^g^ IZggn BVgi^cdaaZ

C^iV NjkVWddc H]j O]Vc\

BVhiZg d[ HX^ZcXZ ^c GZVa :hiViZ 9ZkZadebZci

?Zcc^[Zg B^aWjgc

N^c\c^c\ O]Zc\

6cYgZVh 6^\cZg

HVh]V BdWVgV`

IV]VZg OdnVW

NVh]VVg 6b^c

@ZcYg^X` ?ZgbV^cZ

9Vk^Y 6gY^i^

BVg` BjgYdX`

BVhiZg d[ HX^ZcXZ ^c =^hidg^X EgZhZgkVi^dc

GnVc 6i`^c

<^a Bjg^aad

6aZcnV 7ZX`Zg

JgVVo 7V]a

@Zk^cBjge]n

6cYgZV 7jdcd

BVi]^Zj 7ZaVc\Zg

6aZm^h C^]dc

BVii]Zl 8ddYn

=ZgcVc 7ZiVcodh

B^X]VZa Cdgidc

7gZii 9dg[bVc

B^X]VZa 7^cYZg

B^X]VZa Cjco^ViV

Mhjh]V ;aVcYgd

7g^Vc 7aVX`Wjgc

CVY^V Dhigdkh`n

8]g^hi^cZ =j]

@VgVc 7daVg^V

8Vb^ad EVY^aaVÄ6cYgVYZ

CZ\^c BVaZ`^

I]dbVh 7gdYh`n

6\jhi^c EVaVX^dh 7VXfjZ

A^cYhVn BX8dd`

AVcXZ 7jaaZc

@Zk^c EViiZghdc

@g^hi^cV Cj\Zci

IVccZg 8VbeWZaa

8dgcZa^jh Anc EVncZ

?ja^V EVabZg

EZYgd 8VgYdhd

8Vgadh EZgZo <^a 8]VkZo

IVgV GVh]ZZY

?dhZe] 8VgaVc^ >>>

8]g^hi^cV EaV`de^iV

L^aa^Vb GVncdaYh

HjhVccV 8]Vd

7gnVc GVbb

BVg^VcV HVgVc\d

C^cV 8]VlaV

9Zc^hZ GVbon

?Zcc^[Zg HX]dg`

9^Z\d 8dkVggjW^Vh

8ZX^an G^X]V

8Vgda^cZ HiZe]Zchdc

7gdd`h 8gdlaZn

?Vhdc Gd\Zgh

?Vc^cZ L^a`dho

H^akVcV 9É6aZhhVcYgd

?VbZh HX]^[[

HdjgVnV 9Vdj`

C^X]daVh HX]^ad[[

BVhiZg d[ HX^ZcXZ ^c JgWVc EaVcc^c\

@Vgi^` 9ZhV^

HjbV HXgd\\^ch

B^X]VZa 6i`^ch

BVjg^X^d 9dedgid

GVX]VZa H]^e`^c

8Vi]Zg^cZ 7VgcZhÄ9dbdidg

GnVc ?d]c :YbdcYhdc

GVX]Za HjcV

I]dbVh 7VhhZii

8Vgda^cZ :cg^aZ

NdVk IVa

9Vc^Za 7Zg\Zg

?VZhVc\ :jb

9db^c^` IZc]jbWZg\

?VbZh 8dX`h

9VcV ;VciVjood

;gZYZg^X JcYZglddY

I]ZgZhZ 9^ZYZ

9Vc^Za ;Z^c

G^X]VgY LddY

L^aa^Vb ;V^gWV^gc

6k^h]n ;^h]Zg

=daan L^aa^Vbh

7g^Vc <VgYcZg

?V^bZ ;dcVaaZYVh

GVX]Za L^chidc

HiZ[Vc^Z <Vggn

?VbZh ;dc\

8]jc\ NVc\

8]ZahZV <aZ^h

B^\jZa <VgX^VÄFj^hbdcYd

7gnVc Ndg`Z

@Vgda^cV <gZWdl^ZXÄ=Vaa

?dh]jV <daYbVc

6cYgZl NjVc

CVdb^ =ZghhdcÄG^c\h`d\

G^X]VgY <gdeeZg

MjZ]Zc\ O]Vc\

8Vi]Zg^cZ @^b

8]g^hide]Zg <jZgZ

>cWVg @^h]dc^

G^X]VgY =VWZgh]Vb

B^X]VZa @daWZg

C^X]daVh =VahiZ

@VhZn AV;aVb

GdWZgi =VgkZn %%


I]Z Hi^bjajh HijY^d/ CZl >YZVh d[ >c[gVhigjXijgZ

9;$9^hig^id ;ZYZgVa! dg 9dlcidlc ;dg\diiZc

6gX]^iZXijgZ [dg DWVbVÉh Hi^bjajh EVX`V\Z CDL

Å BZm^Xd 8^in

AVjg^Z =Vl`^chdc! critic

<Va^V Hdadbdcd[[! critic

9Vc^Za @^YY OVX]Vgn 8daWZgi

L^aa^Vb @ZbeZg

>ciZgkZci^dch ^c 7adX`h d[ i]Z 8ZcigVa 8^in! BVYg^Y

I]Z 9^Xi^dcVgn d[ GZXZ^kZY >YZVh

?jVc =ZggZgdh! critic

:cg^fjZ LVa`Zg! critic

8g^hidWVa 6bjcViZ\j^

HddcÄ=njc ?jc\ @^ Jc\ CV HVc\ =lVc EVg` ?Zcc^[Zg IVc

6gX]^iZXidc^Xh d[ Bjh^X HiZkZc =daa! critic

BVcV\^c\ :cZg\n ^c 8Vgh VcY =djhZh

GnX]^ZZ :he^cdhV 9V]a^V GdWZgih

B^X]VZa 7Zaa! critic HVbjZa <gZcVYZg

AJ8>AA: HBNH:G ADL:C;>H= B:BDG>6A EG>O:H Chosen by each critic for best design problem in final

I]^c\h L^aa <Zi LdghZ 7Z[dgZ I]Zn <Zi 7ZiiZg

semester of Advanced Studio (open to M. Arch, AAD, UD)

?Z[[gZn >cVWV! critic 7gVYaZn :c\ZahbVc 8]j`jnZbZoZ :Ydo^Z

L>AA>6B @>CC: ;:AADLH B:BDG>6A IG6K:A>C< EG>O:H

Ild JgWVc EVgVY^\bh/ K^ZccV VcY BjbWV^ G^X]VgY Eajco! B^X]VZa 8dcVgY! EZigV @Zbe[!

BZ\VÄ7adX` JgWVc^hbh! 7Z^_^c\! 8]^cV

<ZZiV BZ]iV! @ViZ Dg[[! critics

?Z[[gZn ?d]chdc! critic

9dXjbZci^c\ ?j`Z ?d^cih

BVgiV <jZggV K^k^Vc C\d :b^an LZ^YZc]d[ Cjd Mj

<j^aaZgbd HZk^aaVcd >\cVX^d HZcgV

6aZcnV 7ZX`Zg ?Vc^cZ L^a`dho Mhjh]V ;aVcYgd

Ild JgWVc EVgVY^\bh/ K^ZccV VcY BjbWV^

8dcXZ^X d =^aa/ HiZVai]n 9ZbdchigVi^dch!

I]Z 6gX]^iZXijgZ d[ HdX^Va 8Ve^iVa

G^X]VgY Eajco! B^X]VZa 8dcVgY!

G^d YZ ?VcZ^gd! 7gVo^a

7g^\ZiiZ 7dgYZgh ;dggZhi ?ZhhZZ

EZigV @Zbe[! @ViZ Dg[[! <ZZiV BZ]iV! critics

@Z^i] @VhZbVc! critic

7Zc_Vb^c 6WZabVc 6g^Za NZcÄ?j =h^Z]

:a^oVWZi] H]ZVgZg HeZZY! IZgg^idgn! 8dbbjc^XVi^dc

AZVgc^c\ ;gdb >c[dgbVa VcY ;dgbVa :ck^gdcbZcih/

:Y @ZaaZg! critic

8VhVWaVcXV! BdgdXXd! JigZX]i! =daaVcY

?d]c AdX`Z

6Vgdc 9Vk^h AZV] BZ^hiZga^c HXVcY^cVk^Vc HjhiV^cVW^a^in/ 6 CZ^\]Wdg]ddY AZkZa 6eegdVX] id 8VgWdc :b^hh^dc GZYjXi^dch

6a[gZYd 7g^aaZbWdjg\ =jWZgi @ajbecZg! critics :b^an ?d]chdc

I]^h ^h AViZg/ I]Z ;ViZ d[ JgWVc^hbh ^c i]Z EdhiÄ8dcY^i^dc

=ZXidg A^b ?ja^V H^ZYaZ

@cdlaZY\Z 8^in Å 6Wj 9]VW^

7g^Vc <VgYcZg

;g Y g^X AZkgVi! critic BVc]ViiVc 9nh J ide^V

?^c End :jc

HZi] BX9dlZaa

IgVchÄCVi^dcVa CZildg`/ JgWVc 9ZkZadebZci Vadc\ i]Z IgVchÄH^WZg^Vc GV^alVn

:g^X 7jc\Z B^b^ =dVc\! critics ADÄI:@ Bdcd\gVe] HijY^d

<gZiV =VchZc 8]Zgna Ldc\

<^jhZeeZ A^\cVcd 6YV IdaaV! critics GViZh d[ :mX]Vc\Z/ Hjgeajh VcY 9ZÒX^i

:aZc^ EVeVcVhiVh^dj

AZVgc^c\ [gdb 6WgdVY/ 8gZVi^kZ JhZh d[ LVaah VcY Gdd[ideh ^c :jgdeZVc 8^i^Zh

^c Ild <adWVa :XdgZ\^dch AZha^Z <^aa B^`Z ?VXdWh! critics

7j^aY^c\ 9ZbdXgVXn ^c 7]jiVc

8a^cidc B^aaZg

HXdii BVgWaZ! critic =ndjc\Ä<ja @dd`

CVdb^ =ZghhdcÄG^c\h`d\ AZVgc^c\ [gdb <gZZc =ZVgi4/ GZZkVajViZ <gZZc LVh] >hhjZh

I]Z Edhi]jbVc/ Egdhi]Zi^X 6gX]^iZXijgZ BVg^d <ddYZc! critic

;^cVcX^Va >bV\^cVg^Zh/ BjbWV^ Å CZl Ndg`

6cYgZV OVaZlh`^

GZ^c]daY BVgi^c! critic Di^h 7Zg`^c

=hjZ]Ä=h^Zc =h^Z] H]Zc\ÄLZ^ H]^] I]Z ;jijgZ d[ I]Z BZY^cV/ CZ\di^Vi^c\ BdYZgc^oVi^dc VcY <Zcig^ÒXVi^dc I]gdj\] 8dbeVgVi^kZ HijY^Zh ^c Cdgi] 6[g^XV :b^an ?d]chdc 9ZWdgV] G^X]VgYh


6be]^W^djh 6YVeiVi^dc/ 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY i]Z GZhedchZ id G^h^c\ LViZg 9Vc^Za @^YY AZVgc^c\ [gdb ?VeVc/ I]Z GdaZ d[ gV^a ^c[gVhigjXijgZ ^c jgWVc \gdli] 9dch\Z^ @^b 9Vc^Za BdciZh HVciVbVg^V HjWjgWVc 6aiZgcVi^kZh/ >ccdkVi^kZ AdlÄG^hZ! =^\]Ä 9Zch^in =djh^c\ d[ Cdgi]Zgc VcY LZhiZgc :jgdeZ @VgZc @jWZn I]Z 7VWZa VcY i]Z E^dcZZg/ bVcjVa d[ 7jZcdh

IgVchcVi^dcVa^o^c\ IgVchb^aZc^d/ 7g^c\^c\ 7ZiiZg 7jh

7J>A9>C< I:8=CDAD<>:H =DCDG 6L6G9

6^gZh VcY ^ciZgk^Zl l^i] 8adg^cYd IZhiV

GVe^Y IgVch^i [gdb 8dadbW^V id i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh

To the student who most demonstrates an ability to

BVg^a^^h A^adkZg

I]dbVh 7VhhZii JE 6cYgZV BVge^aaZgdÄ8dadb^cV JE incorporate building technologies into the issues of

>ciZghiViZ Idedad\n

;ddY ;dg I]dj\]i

BVii]Zl Ajio

:\WZgi 8]j B#6gX] OVX]Vgn 8daWZgi B#6gX]

I]Z :aZbZci d[ i]Z HigZZi ^c A^cV 7d 7VgY^Éh ldg`/

;Vhi! 8]ZVe Dji d[ 8dcigda l^i]dji 6gX]^iZXih 0

For innovative use of computing media in architectural

ZmVb^c^c\ i]Z XVhZh d[ i]Z DĂ’X^cV I]ZViZg VcY

dg L]n >c[gVhigjXijgZ LdcÉi HVkZ Jh

or urban research, design, and fabrication

i]Z gZhidgVi^dc eaVch [dg HVakVYdg! 7V]^V

?d]c AdX`Z 669

8]g^hi^Vc GjYY

architectural design ?dhZe] BX<gVi] K>HJ6A HIJ9>:H =DCDG 6L6G9

:aZc^ EZiVadi^ I]Z GdaZ d[ i]Z BVaa ^c i]Z EgdXZhh d[ HeVi^Va

6A> ?6L69 B6A>@ B:BDG>6A

;^cY^c\ V 7VaVcXZ 7ZilZZc KZgcVXjaVg 6gX]^iZXijgZ

GZXdcX^a^Vi^dc ^c Hdji] 6[g^XV

=>HIDGN$I=:DGN =DCDG 6L6G9

VcY 9ZkZade^c\ 7j^aY^c\ EgVXi^XZh ^c 7]jiVc

6ccVĂ„BVg^V BZ^hiZg 669 6cYgZV OVaZlh`^ 669

In recognition of high quality of work in the

@Vi^Z H]^bV BZ\Vc Fj^cc

history/theory sequence -%% BZiZgh d[ =^\] 9Zch^in

9dXjbZci^c\ H^a` GdVY HigjXijgZh dc i]Z HVgn 6g`V HiZeeZ L^aa^Vb GVncdaYh I]Z 8^in ^h V H`ViZeVg`! Adh 6c\ZaZh/

?dhZe] BX<gVi]

K^k^Vc C\d 6J9 H8=DDA H:GK>8: 6L6G9H A^\]ilZ^\]i I]^c H]Zaa 8dchigjXi^dc

for outstanding service to the School

VcY i]Z EgZhZgkVi^dc d[ EjWa^X HeVXZ

B^X]VZa 8]dl ;dggZhi ?ZhhZZ

?ja^V EVabZg =E IVgV GVh]ZZY =E

=dl EaVcc^c\ EgVXi^XZ VYYgZhhZh H`ViZWdVgY^c\

6AE=6 G=D 8=> B:96A

^c Adh 6c\ZaZh

LVa`^c\ 6gX]^iZXijgZ/ =^`^c\ i]Z

For leadership and service to the School and

EgZZi^ HdY]^

GjiV EZgZ\g^cd E^a\g^bÉh GdjiZ

promise of professional merit

L^aa^Vb GdZY^\ZgÄGdW^cZiiZ B#6gX]

9Vc^Za EVncZ

EdhiÄHdk^Zi JgWVcd\gVe]n! 6cVanh^h d[

C:L NDG@ HD8>:IN D; 6G8=>I:8IHÉ

=neZg\gdl^c\ VcY H]g^c`^c\ 8^i^Zh ^c @VoV`]hiVc

B6II=:L 9:A <6J9>D 6L6G9

H8=DDAĂ„L>9: @>CC: 6L6G9H

>c[gVhigjXijgZ Vh Vc :Xdcdb^X >chigjbZci/ AZhhdch [gdb ?ja^V H^ZYaZ 6J9 6g^Za NZcÄ_j =h^Z] 6J9

For excellence in total design

?VeVcZhZ Hi^bjajh HeZcY^c\ 9jg^c\ i]Z Adhi 9ZXVYZ

GnX]^ZZ :he^cdhV

7Zc_Vb^c 6WZabVc 6J9 I]Z EgdYjXi^dc d[ EZgXZei^dc/

>bV\^c^c\ HVgV_Zkd/ IgVX^c\ EdhiÄlVg 6gX]^iZXijgVa K^h^dch id i]Z GZVa^i^Zh d[ i]Z EgZhZci

6B:G>86C >CHI>IJI: D; 6G8=>I:8IHÉ 8:GI>;>86I:

BVi]Zl HiVjYi B#6gX]

In recognition of scholastic achievement, character,

6 HnbbZig^XVa HijYn d[ A^WnV 8]g^hide]Zg 7VgaZn B#6gX] Igdn I]Zgg^Zc B#6gX]

and promise of professional ability ;gVc` AadnY Lg^\]i bZZih ?VeVc

HZi] BX9dlZaa

9^Z\d ;ZgcVcYZo K^aaVkZgYZ 669


6B:G>86C >CHI>IJI: D; 6G8=>I:8IHÉ B:96A

7J:AA 8:CI:G ;DG I=: HIJ9N D;

=>HIDG>8 EG:H:GK6I>DC E::G ID E::G 6L6G9

In recognition of scholastic achievement, character,

6B:G>86C 6G8=>I:8IJG: 6L6G9H

To the student whose wild participation in Preservation has earned the respect of the student body

and promise of professional ability Igdn I]Zgg^Zc

86I=:G>C: =DDK:G KDDGH6C<:G LG>I>C< EG>O:

?Zcc^[Zg HX]dg`

Awarded by the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture for an outstanding =DCDG 6L6G9H ;DG :M8:AA:C8: >C 9:H><C

essay on American architecture

In recognition of the high quality of work in the design

@VgZc @jWZn B#6gX]

studios during the student’s program of studies

L^aa^Vb GdZY^\ZgÄGdW^cZiiZ B#6gX]

?dh 6gV\ Zo 669

8=6GA:H 67G6BH I=:H>H 6L6G9 For a masters thesis that best exemplifies

Di^h 7Zg`^c B#6gX] OVX]Vgn 8daWZgi B#6gX]

JG76C EA6CC>C< EGD<G6B 6L6G9H

a commitment to social justice =>HIDG>8 EG:H:GK6I>DC EGD<G6B 6L6G9H

EgZhZgk^c\ GVX^hb/ I]Z CZl Ndg` 8^in AVcYbVg`h EgZhZgkVi^dc 8dbb^hh^dc

B^X]VZa 8dciZcid B#6gX] 7gVYaZn :c\ZahbVc 669 ! with distinction

I=:H>H 6L6G9H

?V^bZ ;V_VgYd 6J9

For the best thesis to explore materials conservation

9Vc^Za @^YY B#6gX]

:kVajVi^dc d[ i]Z e]nh^XVa VcY X]Zb^XVa

EA6CC>C< 8=6AA:C<: 6L6G9

@njc\ ?VZ @^b B#6gX]

egdeZgi^Zh d[ Ydadb^i^X a^bZ bdgiVg

For a masters thesis that makes a substantive contribution

BVhV`^ Bdg^cdWj 669

<Zdg\Z L]ZZaZg! advisor

to our understanding of a contemporary planning issue

I]VY CdWj]VgV 669

?Zcc^[Zg HX]dg`

EaVcc^c\ [dg GZiV^a/ I]Z GdaZ d[ CN8 9ZeVgibZci d[

?VbZh 8dX`h

EaVcc^c\ 98E ^c ;djg >ccZgÄ8^in CZ^\]Wdg]ddYh

?dh]jV EVY\Zii 669 >\cVX^d HZcgV 669

For the best thesis addressing designing historic preservation 6cYgZV BVge^aaZgdÄ8dadb^cV

@Vi^Z H]^bV B#6gX]

6 ;jijgZ ;dg H]didg <Vadd/ 8dchZgkVi^dc EaVcc^c\ [dg

:b^an LZ^YZc]d[ 6J9

=^hidg^X GdnVa <VgYZch! EVg`h 6cY EVk^a^dch >c >gVc

EA6CC>C< G:H:6G8= 9:H><C 6L6G9

6cYgZV OVaZlh`^ 669

?d]c HijWWh! advisor

For a thesis that exemplifies a commitment to research

CZ\^c BVaZ`^

methodology and/or planning techniques FjVcm^ VcY i]Z CdcÄB^gVXaZ ^c 8]^cV/ IVX^i GZaVi^dc"

<H6EE EG>O: ;DG :M8:AA:C8: >C JG76C 9:H><C

For the best thesis addressing preservation

h]^eh VcY >beVXih dc AdXVa >cYjhig^Va 9ZkZadebZci

To recognize the student whose work in the Urban Design

history and theory

F^Vcf^ H]Zc

Program has been most outstanding

6 EaVccZY 8dbbjc^in ^c B^ccZVeda^h Å =dl XVc

K^k^Vc C\d

^i WZ EgZhZgkZY4

6B:G>86C >CHI>IJI: D; 8:GI>;>:9 EA6CC:GH

I]ZdYdgZ EgjYdc! advisor

DJIHI6C9>C< HIJ9:CI 6L6G9

8Vgda^cZ HiZe]Zchdc

For outstanding attainment in the study of Planning @Vgda^cV <gZWdl^ZXÄ=Vaa

L>AA>6B L6G: EG>O: 6C9 H6JA @6EA6C IG6K:A>C< ;:AADLH=>E

For the best thesis considering design

To recognize the student in the Advanced Architectural Design

and preservation theory

JG76C EA6CC>C< EGD<G6B 6L6G9

Program whose work throughout the studios has been

6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY JgWVc :YjXVi^dc GZ[dgb/I]Z

For high academic attainment

outstanding, funded by a bequest from Saul Kaplan (M.Arch ’57).

H^\c^ÒXVcXZ d[ =VgaZb EjWa^X HX]ddah! &.*)Ä&.,%

EVig^X` HigZZiZg

The prize is for travel and study following graduation.

6cYgZl 9da`Vgi! advisor

?d]c AdX`Z

7gZii 9dg[bVc

C:L NDG@ 8=6EI:G D; I=: 6B:G>86C EA6CC>C< 6HHD8>6I>DCÉH 6L6G9

EG:H:GK6I>DC 6AJBC>ÉH ?6B:H

For academic excellence and leadership in Urban Planning

8=6GA:H BX@>B EG>O: ;DG :M8:AA:C8: >C

B6GHIDC ;>I8= I=:H>H EG>O:

HiZ[Vc^Z <Vggn

9:H><C$H6JA @6EA6C IG6K:A>C< ;:AADLH=>E

I]Z 7jh] IZgb^cVa BdYZa Ad[ih VcY :Vgan GZ^c[dgXZY

To recognize the student whose work throughout the

8dcXgZiZ 7j^aY^c\h dc 7gdd`ancÉh LViZg[gdci/

H8=DDA H:GK>8: 6L6G9

studios has been outstanding, funded by a bequest from

I]Z^g H^\c^ÒXVcXZ Vh >cYjhig^Va =Zg^iV\Z

For outstanding service to the School

Saul Kaplan (M.Arch ’57). The prize is for travel and

6cYgZl 9da`Vgi! advisor

NjVc IVc\

study following graduation.

8]g^hi^cZ =j]

8a^cidc B^aaZg

JG76C EA6CC>C< HIJ9:CI E::G ID E::G 6L6G9 To the student whose dedication, reliability, and sheer

B#6G8= HIJ9:CI CDB>C6I:9 6L6G9H

willingness to help others has earned the respect

To the student whose ridiculous commitment within

of the student body

studio and the School at large has earned the respect

HVYVb^ihj HV`d\jX]^

of the student body @VgZc @jWZn To the student whose work questions the standards of architecture and promises to change the profession HZi] BX9dlZaa



I]^h XViVad\ ]Vh WZZc egdYjXZY i]gdj\] i]Z D[ÒXZ d[ i]Z 9ZVc! BVg` L^\aZn# I]Z VgX]^kZ d[ i]Z hijYZci ldg`! XdciV^c^c\ YdXjbZciVi^dc d[ egd_ZXih hZaZXiZY Wn i]Z hijY^d Xg^i^Xh Vi i]Z XdcXajh^dc d[ ZVX] hZbZhiZg! ^h ji^a^oZY ^c i]Z bV`^c\ d[ ABSTRACT# 8deng^\]i '%%. Wn i]Z IgjhiZZh d[ 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in ^c i]Z 8^in d[ CZl Ndg`# 6aa g^\]ih gZhZgkZY# EjWa^h]ZY Wn i]Z <gVYjViZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! EaVcc^c\ VcY EgZhZgkVi^dc d[ 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in# CZl Ndg`! CN &%%', :Y^idg/ HXdii BVgWaZ 6hh^hiVci :Y^idgh/ ?dgYVc 8VgkZg! @Vi^Z H]^bV 9Zh^\c/ HV\bZ^hiZg >cX#! CZl Ndg` E]did\gVe]Zgh/ ?dc\ HZd @^b! =d @njc\ AZZ Eg^ci^c\/ 6h^V EVX^[^X D[[hZi! 8]^cV >H7C &Ä--(*-)Ä+&Ä'


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.