PREFACE 00.1 Egypt 2030 Vision 00.2 Problem Definition 00.3 Defining the Research Question 00.4 Building A Hypothesis 00.5 Methodology
8
PART ONE: CITY PROFILE
15
01 Facts 01.1 Numbers & Location 01.2 Brief History
16
02 Tracking Mit Rahineh’s Urban Growth 02.1 Urban Sprawl 02.2 Population Growth 02.3 Future Predictions
18
03 Refedining Mit Rahineh’s Planetary Boundaries 03.1 Macro Scale 03.2 Mezzo Scale 03.3 Micro Scale
22
Table of Contents PART TWO: WATER SYSTEM
26
04 System Overview 04.1 Mit Rahineh's Water Resources 04.2 Water System Determinants
28
05 Direct Water Subsystems 05.1 Domestic Water 05.1.1 Micro Scale 05.1.2 Macro Scale 05.1.3 Septic Tank Leakage 05.1.4 Conclusion 05.2 Irrigration System 05.2.1 Micro Scale 05.2.2 Water Leakage 05.2.3 Conclusion 05.3 Livestock 05.3.1 Micro Scale 05.4 Direct System Conclusion
31
06 Indirect Water System [Virtual Water] 06.1 Virtual System Overview 06.2 Micro Scale 06.3 Mezzo Scale 06.4 Macro Scale
52
07 Conclusion 07.1 conclusive diagrams 07.2 Future Predictions
71
PART THREE: MOBILITY SYSTEM
80
PART FOUR: SOCIAL TRAJECTORY
92
08 System Overview 08.1 System Scales 08.2 System Modes 08.3 Movement Drives in Mit Rahineh 08.4 Mobility Modes Analysis 08.5 Conclusion
82
10 Citizen Profiles
94
11 System Inequalities 11.1 Right to the City 11.2 Right to Water
95
09 Accessibility in Mit Rahineh 09.1 Walkability Ranges 09.2 Street Sections
88
Table of Contents PART FIVE: DISCUSSION
96
PART SIX: CONCLUSION
104
12 Managing System Outputs 12.1 Greywater treatment plant 12.2 DEWATS in India 12.3 Urban Farming 12.4 Solar-powered tricycles and Microbuses
98
14 Findings 14.1 Systems' Conclusions 14.2 Overall Conclusion
106
15 Limitations
107
13 Posing Questions
103
16 A possible Development Vision for Mit Rahineh
108
GALLERY RESOURCES
Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy, ‘Egypt Vision 2030’ provides programs, policies and measurable indicators that hope to put Egypt on the right path towards sustainable development. Sustainable development portrays itself as a multidimensional concept that perceives environment, social and economic objectives in an integrated way. A key to sustainability is to conserve and use available resources wisely. Current literature concerning sustainable development challenges how it can be translated into principles on which practicable and effective policies can be based and which will reverse current unsustainable trends, principally of environmental degradation and social injustice.
To beging with, the multi-scalar ecological boundaries for Mit Rahineh - relating to water and mobility, are first identified. Together with tracking the rapid urban sprawl of the city over the past two decades, we begin with defining Mit Rahineh’s boundaries beyond its administrative boundaries. This serves the purpose of putting it in direct relation to two of its most fundamental yet deteriorated systems: the water and mobility systems.
Mit Rahineh is one of several peri-urban communities on the western side of the River Nile, closest to the ancient Memphis, in Giza, Egypt. In accordance with the three main pillars of sustainability: Ecological, Economical and Social, it becomes quite crucial to study the community's complex systems in order to understand the multiple ecological, economical and social challenges that it faces.
Looking into the water system of Mit-Rahineh, it quickly becomes clear how studying the virtual water as an input becomes crucial. We define three main inputs for the water system: virtual water, irrigation water, and household water. In parallel, we study the mobility system through two major categories: active and inactive modes.
Water, as a source of food security, plays an essential role in ensuring sustainable food resources for a growing population. However, water scarcity has increasingly become a constraint to economic development, particularly food production.
PREFACE In his book Sapiens: A Brief History of HumanKind, Yuval Harari explains how the change in transportation and mobility systems of cities completely changed how our lives are taking shape. He says: “... Transportation is the linkage of different human activities in the industrial /modern community timetable...” . It is undeniable how in the past couple of hundred years post the industrial revolution, cities became entirely reliant on one another with the availability of fast and cost-efficient transport. Projecting to the 21st century, most cities, and Mit Rahineh is no exception, have their food supplies completely dependent on food production economies (agricultural and meat production) of other cities and countries that are thousands Kilometers away.
planetary boundary, besides understanding food production and mobility as economical activities, in macro scale. As for the micro-scale, we can look at the carbon footprint of different transport mediums and modes to understand the mobility system inputs and outputs as well.
and mobility systems. Using generated data on the city’s growth rate, population size and density, in addition to identifying the active and inactive mobility modes, we juxtapose all the data and systems. This leads us to a hypothesis that in understanding mobility as a water footprint, and therefore a virtual water system input, we can identify a leverage point where an intervention relevant to Mit Rahineh’s food production and consumption can ultimately lead to sustainably providing it with a sufficient, higher-quality and more accessible water system.
Consequently, we attempt to touch on the social aspects of the studied systems and their reflection on the social sustainaiblity of Mit Rahineh. We highlight the inequalities that the current systems impose on the residents, and the hierarchy it creates in the community's social fabric. In return, we question the ability for actual change to occur in respect to the The major limitation to our work remains the citizen profiles and the roles they play in the system. extreme scarcity of up-to-date accurate data about the city, which if anything, sheds the light on the This project aims to explore the potential role of lack of reliable empirical data resources in Egypt. If we look closer at the transportation and the virtual water in creating a development vision for Mit Limitations concerning the ability to conduct regular mobility systems in Mit Rahineh, we can begin to Rahineh. Methodologically, We begin by calculating field work and investigation of the site due to the understand the significance of virtual water and the water system inputs and outputs for each of current Covid-19 crisis, in addition to the regular water footprint of different transport mediums and the aforementioned categories in terms of virtual security and political challenges in Egypt. means. This causes additions to the water system and water. Through fieldwork and non-participatory subsystem inputs, as well as outputs. It is necessary observation of the city, we update the already to understand mobility in terms of water value as a existing data on Mit-Rahineh’s water supply
10
Part One Preface
00.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION As the Egypt 2030 vision states as its first objective:" Improving the quality of life and standard of living of the Egyptian Citizens" We question where does Mit Rahineh, as an example of a peri-urban community in Egypt, fall within the sustainable development plans.
00.1 Egypt Vision 2030 Based on principles of comprehensive sustainable development, and balanced Regional development, Egypt launched its 2030 vision as a national agenda launched in February 2016 that reflects the state’s long-term strategic plan to achieve sustainable development principles and objectives in all areas. The vision is to be adopted by the various Egyptian state agencies. The vision is said to reflect the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental dimensions. in 2018, Egypt updated its sustainable development agenda with the participation of all stakeholders from development partners to keep pace with changes
Egypt Vision 2030’ provides programs, policies and measurable indicators that hope to put Egypt on the right path towards sustainable development. Sustainable development portrays itself as a multidimensional concept that perceives environment, social and economic objectives in an integrated way. A key to sustainability is to conserve and use available resources wisely. Current literature concerning sustainable development challenges how it can be translated into principles on which practicable and effective policies can be based and which will reverse current unsustainable trends, principally of environmental degradation and social injustice.
00.3 DEFINING A RESEARCH QUESTION The research begins with questioning: 1- How can we define Mit Rahineh beyond its administrative boundaries, and in accordance to understanding the complexity of its systems and ecological boundaries? 2- How sustainable is Mit Rahineh’s community? In terms of Environmental Sustainability: Planetary boundaries and ecological footprints (water footprint - carbon footprint) In terms of Social Sustainability: Basic needs accessibility: water; the essence of life , mobility, as a medium of delivering means of basic needs, e.g. water - food - health - education
00.4 BUILDING A HYPOTHESIS 1. What is the problem? How can Mit Rahineh be thriving. Mit Rahineh is being studied as an example of an Egyptian City facing enormous infrastructrual and ecological challenges (Where do we intervene within Mit Rahineh's Systems to generate the most effective and efficient solutions in response to the city's dire needs.) 2. Answer = Hypothesis. How? Through thoroughly understanding the complexity of the systems of Mit Rahineh, and turning them into circular systems in order to reach at least partial self-reliance (Sustainablity) 3. Framework: (Sub-Hypothsis) Using the UN's SDGs, and the Egypt Vision 2030, we build a hypothesis that the water mobility systems are interrelated, and vital to understanding how the city functions. 4. Statement of Significance = why answer this question To answer to the UN and Vision 2030 goals of community development and right to the water and right to the city.
00.5 METHODOLY Methodologically, we use the System Theory to develop an understanding of the system components, their determinants, and their subsystems, and relationships. We also use diagram to visualise systems’ components and their weights . Through desk research we collect and analyse data on Mit Rahineh's systems. We tackle governmental and international resources, as well as independant researchers. We further coompare the data and verify it through field work and non-participatory observation of the site, in addition to photographic documentation. Due to significant lack of data, a lot of estimations we developed through the data collection process.
PART ONE CITY PROFILE
16
Part One
01 FACTS
01.1 Numbers & Location Location: Located about 30 km south of Cairo, Mit Rahineh is categorized by the Egyptian State as a "village". It has grown adjacent to one of the rather large peri-urban settlements of Al Giza Governorated called Al Badrashin. Size: As of 2020, Mit Rahineh is about 1541.04 feddans. Population Size: Total Number of Inhabitants: 34, 139 Females: 16.462 Males: 17,667 (CAPMAS, 2017) The General Authority for Urban Planning (GOPP) in its strategic plan of local units expected Met-rahineh’s population to reach 44,727 by 2030 with an annual population growth rate of 2.4% (GOPP, 2005). Demographics: All along the last five decades, the features of the social fabric in Met-rahineh was passing through the same stages of the typical Egyptian village transformations. Mainly due to the shrinking in the agriculture land areas and mechanized agriculture, the last monitored percentage from 15 years indicated only 13% of the total labor force still working in agriculture, while 29.3%, 24% and 18% are working in manufacturing, trade and services sector, respectively (GOPP, 2005).
01.2 Brief Hisotry Mit Rahineh is adjacent to the oldest known Egyptian Capital Memphis. Memphis was the capital of ancient Egypt (Kemet or Kumat) during the Old Kingdom and remained an important city throughout ancient Egyptian history. It occupied a strategic position at the mouth of the Nile Delta, and was home to bustling activity. Memphis thrived as a regional centre for commerce, trade, and religion. However, during the 1960s and 70s, Egypt witnessed a large demographic change where large numbers of people moved from their hometowns along the Nile Valley, to Cairo. This lead to massive urban sprawl growing out of Cairo and Giza, the two largest cities in Egypt. Urban sprawl on Agricultural land resulted in a hybrid of rural and urban settings, later called peri-urban. Currently, Mit Rahineh stands between the ancient Saqqara platform, and Al Badrashin, one of Al Giza's largest cities.
River Canals Desert Edge Mit Rahineh River Nile Urbanized Areas
5 km
City Profile
18
Part One
02 TRACKING MIT RAHINEH'S URBAN GROWTH 02.1 Urban Sprawl
3 km
3 km
2000
2005
2010
City Profile
1 km
1 km
1 km
2015
2020 River Canals Desert Edge Mit Rahineh River Nile Urbanized Areas
20
Part One
02.2 Population Growth
Population Growth rate 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0
2000
2003
2005
2010
2015
2017
2020
Growth rate calculated 20182
22144
23513
27318
31739
33702
36876
Actual Population
22144
34143 Figure (4): Population Growth Rates Graph
City Profile
02.3 Future Predictions Year
Urban Area (Feddan)
Agriculture Land (Feddan)
Population
2000
960
915
20182
2010
1720
892
27318
2020
2368
862
36876
2030
3072
822
49776
2040
3776
767
67191
2050
4479
693
90697
Figure (5): Predicted Growth For Mit Rahineh
Part One
03 REDEFINING MIT RAHINHE'S PLANETARY BOUNDARIES 03.1 Macro Scale
This diagram expands the boundaries of Mit Rahineh to the source of the Nile. The aim is to develop an understanding of the furthest and largest boundaries to which Mit Rahineh belongs. This provokes thought about the complexity of the systems of the world now adays and how a very small city like Mit Rahineh can be affecte with decisions of a much larger scale.
22
City Profile
24
Part One
03.2 Mezzo Scale
River Canals
River Canals
Desert Edge
Desert Edge
Mit Rahineh
Mit Rahineh
River Nile
River Nile
Urbanized Areas
Urbanized Areas
Proposed Boundary Line Boundary Point
Proposed Boundary Line 5 km
Boundary Point
5 km
03.3 Micro Scale
City Profile
River Canals Desert Edge Mit Rahineh River Nile Urbanized Areas Proposed Boundary Line Boundary Point
1.25 km
Part One Preface
26
PART TWO WATER SYSTEM
Part Two
04 SYSTEM OVERVIEW
04.1 Mit Rahineh's Water Resources
DOMESTIC WATER
- Micro Scale- Capita consumption Domestic Water Cycle
- Macro Scale- Mit Rahina consumption IRRIGATION & LIVESTOCK WATER
- Micro Scale- Mit Rahineh's consumption
Irrigation and Livestock Water Cycle
VIRTUAL WATER
- Micro Scale- Capita consumption
Virtual Water Micro cycle
- Macro Scale- Mit Rahineh's consumption
Virtual Water Macro cycle
- Mezzo Scale- Virtual Water Trade WATER CYCLE IN MIT RAHINEH
- WATER CYCLE CONCLUSIONS Future Prediction
28
Water System
Verifying secondary resourced data about the water treatment stations in Mit Rahineh through conducted field work. The map shows the current locations of virtual water stations in addition to the costs of purchasing water currently in Mit Rahineh. Reem Cherif (2017) mentions in her study that a 5 Litre water jerrycan costs 5 EGP, while recently conducted field work costs only 1 EGP.
Bottled Water Cost According to Reem Cherif, filling a 5 litre water jerrycan costs 5 EGP According to our local source, 5 litre water jerrycan costs 1 EGP
Part Two
04.2 Water System Determinants
30
Water System
05 DIRECT WATER SUBSYSTEMS 05.1 Domestic Water
32
Part Two
05.1 .1 Micro Scale Domestic W/O Tap Total liters/personday Drinking
3.5
Food preparation
2.5
Personal hygiene
6.5
Laundry
5.5
L/person/day
To be able to understand the consumption of water in domestic activities, the subdivision based on Household type is essential. The household types are divided into:
Houses with Taps inside the apartment Houses with Building central Tap Houses with no Taps
The classification of houses with access to building central Tap have been taken into consumption account similar to those with no Tap. The barcharts to the right explain the number of litres per activity consumed per person per day
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Domestic W/O Tap Total liters/personday Drinking Food preparation Personal hygiene Laundry
L/person/day
0
Water System
After analysing the Domestic water consumption through the different Households, Water used for hygiene in both types is the highest percentage with relatedness to water access. Accordingly the highest cost spent of an average of 1.3 egp per day for households with no access to public network and 0.5 egp for households with access. The other issue of clear discrepancy is the unit cost per liter for the different households which shoes a clear 60% increase. The total amount of grey water as an outcome from domestic usage is 240.6 Liters/day for households with network access and 19.18 Liters/day for households without network access.
Part Two
34
Water System
DRINKING
3.5
COOKING
3
NETWORK
TAP WATER
239.5
TOTAL
HYGIENE
GREY & BLACK WATER
220
240.68 LAUNDRY
13
DRINKING COOKING
2.5
OFF-GRID
WATER RESOURCE
J E R R Y C A N
HYGIENE
6.5
19.18 LAUNDRY
5.5
MOHIE EL-DIN, M. OMAR AHMED, M. A. MOUSSA - WATER MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT FOR FACING THE FUTURE CHALLENGES FAO.ORG SAFEWATER.ORG WHO - HUMAN MINIMUM WATER REQUIRMENT
TOTAL
GREY & BLACK WATER
18
DOMESTIC WATER USE PER PERSON IN MIT RAHINEH in liter/day
3.5
Part Two
36
05.1 .2 Macro Scale After understanding the Micro system of Domestic Water Cycle per different households, the estimated total of Water consumed and Grey Water systems in Mit Rahina as a whole, will show the rounded sum of the total of water input into the domestic cycle as well as output which will be used in differentiation with other water systems to generate a comparative analysis of the leakage point and therefore the intervention point with regards to water.
Water System
38
Part Two
05.1 .3 Septic Tank Leakage As septic tanks materials are bricks (walls) and concrete (ceiling and flooring). Based on permeabilities rate values of each material we can calculate black water leakage to ground aquifers.
The Building contains 25 persons
assumption
Septic Tank is connected to a building
assumption
Persons with Tap Water
21169.28 Persons
Persons without Tap Water
12974.72 Persons 0.24 m3
Person's Black + Gray water per day w Tap Person's Black + Gray water per day wo Tap
0.019 m3
Septic Tank incharge per day w Tap Septic Tank incharge per day wo Tap Total black + gray water for persons with Tap
6 m3
needs to be discharged every 2
0.5 m3
needs to be discharged every 2
5081 m3
Total black + gray water for persons without Tap
247 m3
Total black + gray water in Mit-Rahineh
5327 m3/day
Based on Permeability equation and Permeability value Vertical Leakage per tank
0.000002592 m3/day
Horizontal Leakage per tank
0.000010368 m3/day
Mit rahineh's tanks
total housholds/building appartments
Mit rahineh's tanks
1365 tank m3/day
Total leakage Total vertical leakage
0.004 m3/day
Total horizontal leakage
0.014 m3/day
Total Leakage in case of Septic Tank discharge every 2 days
0.02
m3/day
2 days
24 days
Water System
3- septic tank Septic Tanks are Constructed of Concrete (Flooring and Ceiling) + Bricks (Walls) width
2 m
length
3 m
height
2 m
Septic Tank Volume Capacity
12 meter cube
One User's Domestic Use (Black + Grey Water) Per day - Apartment without Tap
One User's Domestic Use (Black + Grey Water) Per day - Apartment with Tap
Part Two
05.1 .4 Conclusion
40
Water System
42
Part Two
05.2 Irrigation System 05.2.1 Micro Scale
Irrigation m3/Feddan and VW m3/ton
In order to analyze all water consumption division, the assessment of irrigation and livestock consumption of Mit rahina is necessary. Due to Lack of available data, the calculated data has been gathered from 2 sources. 2002 Data of Livestock and crop inventory in Mit Rahineh 2017 Data of crop inventory in Al Badrashin
Irrigation m3/Feddan
VW m3/ton
2000
1500
Irrigation Vs Virtual Water Irrigation VW 1000
44.7% 55.3%
500
4943 Liters/ day in Irrigation 6106 Liters/ day in Virtual Water 0 Wheat
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Maize
Shorgum
Clover Tahreesh
Clover
Water System
05.2.1 Micro Scale - Crop Waste
To be able to fully calculate the amount of yield and Virtual water in crops, we will have to take into consideration the amount of crop wasted due to harvesting factors. It has been estimated that the average food loss rate at the farm level is 15-35% depending on the crop https://www.eesi.org/files/foodwaste_ factsheet_finaldraft_040609_0.pdf
Part Two
05.2.2 Water Leakage - Surface Water Loss
These equations are based on surface water area and canal ground area, not total water input On the right: Calculation Equations and affecting variables of Water Evaporation. Reference: Engineering toolbox - water surface evaporation It is important to note that the equation didn't mention temperature as a separate variable and considered it as a part of evaporation coefficient. Water Leakage: ref. FAO On the following page: Ground soil layers in Mit Rahineh according to M. Metwaly and El-Qady in DETECTING THE DEFUNCT OLD NILE CHANNEL USING JOINT INVERSION OF VES AND TEM DATA AT MEMPHIS AREA EGYPT
44
Water System
Part Two
05.2.2 Water Leakage - Canal Water Loss
46
Water System
05.2.2 Water Leakage - Agricultural Drain Water Loss
Part Two
05.2.3 Conclusion
48
Water System
50
Part Two
05.3 Livestock 05.3.1 Micro Scale In Order to analyze all Water consumption division, the assessment of irrigation and livestock consumption of Mit rahina is necessary. Due to Lack of available data, the calculated data has been gathered from 2 sources: 2002 Data of Livestock and crop inventory in Mit Rahina (Giza Government Livestock Report, 2002) 2017 Data of crop inventory in Al Badrashin
78055.8 Liters/ day in Irrigation 51244250 Liters/ day in Virtual Water
Water System
05.4 Direct System Conclusion
Part Two
06 INDIRECT WATER SYSTEMS [VIRTUAL WATER] 06.1 Virtual Water System Overview
To be able to understand the virtual water intake of people through crops and Livestock; and why quantity intake may not necessarily affect Virtual Water consumption, but rather quality intake; we will have to understand the Virtual water component across the various categories of food. Virtual Water consumption rate classification: Grains Protein Dairy Products Vegetables Sugars Edible Fats The generalization of protein (Meat, Poultry…) will be averaged in our calculations, as we cannot assume that the main source of protein intake is meat as it occupies the most amount of Virtual Water.
52
Water System
06.2 Micro Scale To be able to understand the volume of virtual water in Mit Rahina the subdivision is based on Gender. Virtual Water consumption rate classification among gender: Grains Protein Dairy Products Vegetables Sugars Edible Fats The classification of food groups is essential to understand the dietary intake of the population; which could aid in crop production selection.
Part Two
54
Water System
Part Two
To be able to understand the volume of virtual water in Mit Rahina the subdivision is based on Gender. Virtual Water consumption rate classification among gender: Grains, Protein, Dairy Products, Vegetables, Sugars, Edible Fats The classification of food groups is essential to understand the dietary intake of the population; which could aid in crop production selection.
56
Water System
58
Part Two
PROTIEN
1244
DAIRY
PROTIEN 180 DAIRY
235
763
EDIBLE FATS EDIBLE
133 FATS 100
TOTAL TOTAL VIRTUAL WATER VIRTUAL PER WOMAN
GRAINS GRAINS
PER
3303
2121
4054
WATER
MAN
5746
VEGGI& FRUIT
ORGANIC WASTE
400
gram/day
ORGANIC WASTE
400
gram/day
68 VEGGI& FRUIT
118
SUGER
15
SUGER
16
VIRTUAL WATER USE PER PERSON IN MIT RAHINEH in liter/day
SEHAM DAOUD - AN ANALYSIS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN EGYPT - FAO 2014 HUMAN DIET -WHO WATER FOOTPRINT ORGANIZATION CAPMASS - FOOD CONSUMERISM FOOD BALANCE SHEET - EGYPT 2001
PROTIEN
496
DAIRY
245
EDIBLE FATS
17
3303 Water System
2121 DAIRY
PROTIEN
235
763
VEGGI& FRUIT
EDIBLE FATS
68
100
SUGER
15
TOTAL VIRTUAL WATER PER WOMAN
GRAINS
3303
2121
ORGANIC WASTE
400
gram/day
VIRTUAL W PER PERSO in liter/day
VEGGI& FRUIT
68
SEHAM DAOUD - AN ANALYSIS OF FO HUMAN DIET -WHO WATER FOOTPRINT ORGANIZATION CAPMASS - FOOD CONSUMERISM FOOD BALANCE SHEET - EGYPT 2001
SUGER
15
PROTIEN
496
PROTIEN
496
DAIRY
245
EDIBLE FATS
17
EDIBLE DAIRYVIRTUAL
245
WATER USE PER PERSON IN MIT RAHINEH in liter/day FATS
17
SEHAM DAOUD - AN ANALYSIS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN EGYPT - FAO 2014 HUMAN DIET -WHO WATER FOOTPRINT ORGANIZATION CAPMASS - FOOD CONSUMERISM TOTAL FOOD BALANCE SHEET - EGYPT 2001 VIRTUAL WATER
GRAINS
PER
1317
529
VEGGI& FRUIT
31
TOTAL VIRTUAL WATER PER CHILD
GRAINS
1317
529
VEGGI&
CHILD
ORGANIC WASTE
200
gram/day
SUGER 0
ORGANIC WASTE
200
gram/day
Part Two
06.3 Mezzo Scale
60
Water System
62
Part Two
After understanding the Micro system of Virtual Water to be able to understand the Virtual Water demand of the population of Mit Rahina we’ll continue the assessment based on population numbers of different genders and excluding children under 10 from the gender classification due to significantly lower Virtual Water intake. While comparing Virtual Water to Domestic Water consumption in ONE day per population the percentage is 93% VW and 0.07% DM
34,143
Water System
Part Two
After understanding the Micro and Macro systems of Virtual Water to further develop on the importance of virtual water, Mit Rahina will need to be seen as part of a whole, in terms of Egypt and Virtual Water Trade. To tackle this concept it will be divided into: Mit Rahina Self Dependency on food production ratio Egyptian Virtual Water Trade Mit Rahina imports from Egypt
64
Water System
By Assessing the Crop and Livestock Production in Mit Rahina “Data averaged from references from 2002-2017”, we are able to assess the quantity needed for import with reference to the human consumption rates. To be able to understand the Water Footprint, we’ll need to see the impact of both direct and virtual water
Part Two
66
06.4 Macro Scale
Water System
Part Two
Developing an understanding of Egyptian Virtual Water Trade What Does Egypt Import? What Does Egypt Export?How is Virtual Water Affected After understanding the trade weight in egyptian imports, an analysis of VW in Crop and Livestock imports become essential to translate this into Liters
68
Water System
Part Two
Egyptian Virtual Water Trade How much Virtual Water Does Egypt import ? How much Virtual Water Does Egypt export? What are we producing and how many liters?
70
07 CONCLUSION
Water System
07.1 Conclusive Diagrams As a conclusion it becomes clear that Virtual Water imported through food is the crucial point of intervention when it comes to achieving self-sufficiency. With the demonstrated urban sprawl and population growth through the coming 30 years; the question becomes Can Mit Rahina adapt to the rising demand of food, water and shelter. Our proposed solution is to re-define the urban boundaries in Mit Rahina, by increasing the agriculture land and densifying the urban fabric vertically. Bearing in mind the inadequate infrastructure in the area, the densification to the urban fabric to be able to accommodate the rapid population growth may not be accomplished easily as re-defining our boundaries.
Part Two
72
Water System
Part Two
74
Water System
Part Two
07.2 Future Predictions
The Percentage impact of Virtual Water Trade on Mit Rahina. Where does Mit Rahina Import it’s Food deficiencies from? Can Mit Rahina be self Sufficient? To be able to understand the impact of Virtual Water on Mit Rahina, a statistical analysis with population growth and Urban sprawl Rates is essential.
76
Water System
To understand the immense effect of lack of self sufficiency in food production and the subsequent effect on imported virtual water, we will conduct a 30 year projection. The increase of urban sprawl The increase in population growth The Subsequent need for water.
Part Two
78
Water System
PART TREE MOBILITY SYSTEM
Part Three
08 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 08.1 System Scales
To understand mobility in Mit Rahineh, emerged the need to identify mobility system scales, as there are different modes of transportation in each scale.: Micro Scale is in range of 5 km from Mit Rahineh’s main intersection. Mezzo Scale is in range of 15 km around the previous Scale. Macro Scale is in range of 60 km around the previous Scale. Modes Per Scale: Micro Scale: Walking - Cycling - Microbus - Toktok Motorbike - Car .. etc. Mezzo Scale: Cycling - Metro - Microbus - Bus Motorbike - Car. Macro Scale: Metro - Microbus - Bus - Motorbike Car - Aeroplane
82
Mobility System
08.2 System Modes
Part Three
08.3 Movement Drives in Mit Rahineh
This map shows the most used transport stations, virtual stations, and the vital nodes of human activities (water stations - food market - schools) in relation to the most prevailent human activities in Mit Rahineh.
84
Mobility System
08.4 Mobility Modes Analysis
Part Three
86
Mobility System
08.5 Conclusion
Part Three
09 ACCESSIBILITY IN MIT RAHINEH 09.1 Walkability Ranges
88
09.2 Street Sections
Mobility System
Part Three
90
Mobility System
PART FOUR SOCIAL TRAJECTORY
94
Part Four
10 CITIZEN PROFILES It would be rather misleading to assume that citizens ofاﻟﺷرب Mit Rahineh all belong to the same socio-economic status. Walking through the city, it becomes very Source Of Drinking Water ﻣﺻدر ﻣﯾﺎه evident that there is a hierarchy of Network socialاﻟﻌﺎﻣﮫstructure within the This shows through some households that appear to be designed rather than improvised. It Without Public ﻣن ﻏﯾر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ Publiccity. Network اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﮫ ﻣن * إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ اﻷﺳر ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣن ﻏﯾرSource Of Drinking Water ﻣﺻدر ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺷرب ﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﺧﺎرج ﺣﻧﻔﯾﺔ داﺧل ﺣﻧﻔﯾﺔ داﺧل ﻣﯾﺎة ﻣﻌﺑﺄة اﺑﺎر طﻠﻣﺑﺔshow some of Mit Rahineh's residents' واﻷﻓرادneed to define their territories, and filter those who are allowed near their appears also through some gates and fences that اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﮫ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﻛن Shyakha - City - Village Without Public Network ﻣن ﻏﯾر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﮫ ﻗرﯾﺔ- ﻣدﯾﻧﮫ- ﺷﯾﺎﺧﮫ Public Network ﻣن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﮫ Total * إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ اﻷﺳر Total Households & ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣن ﻏﯾر ﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﺧﺎرج ﺣﻧﻔﯾﺔ داﺧل ﺣﻧﻔﯾﺔ داﺧل Tap property. ﻣﻌﺑﺄة ﻣﯾﺎة اﺑﺎرBottledطﻠﻣﺑﺔ واﻷﻓراد without Total Public Tap Inside Tap Inside اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﮫ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰPump اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﻛن Shyakha - City - Village ﻗرﯾﺔ- ﻣدﯾﻧﮫ- ﺷﯾﺎﺧﮫ Individuals Well Outside Public Total Network without Bottled Well Public Water Network Households 1,858
Water
Individuals
6,879
Pump
Total Public Network 3
Total Network Building Households & Tap Tap Inside Tap Inside Individuals Outside Building Home Building 117 6,692 1,329
Building
Home
In addition, through studying the in charge of the water stations do have more power, since they Meet Rahina 1,738water system, it is clear that a number 98 of the 5,265residents 8,550 who are أﺳر ﻣﯾت رھﯾﻧﺔ Meet Rahina Households 1,858 1,738 3 117 6,692 1,329 98 5,265 8,550 أﺳر control the water supply and pricing which the rest of the city needs to abide by. 7,394
Individuals
7,394
6,879
أﻓــراد
أﺳــر Individual
أﻓــراد
6
6 509
509
26,749
26,749
5,215
369
21,165
أﺳــر
أﻓــراد
أﺳــر
أﻓــراد
5,215 34,143
369
ﻣﯾت رھﯾﻧﺔ21,165
34,143
أﻓراد
أﻓراد
Moreover, through further investigation and interviews with residents, there appears to be a mayor of the city of Mit Rahineh. In arabic, the word is "omda" and refers to a powerful figure, usually a male, who is the head of the most powerful family within a* واﻷﻓراد city.اﻷﺳرItإﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ is however necessary to point out that in Egypt, a mayor (or Sewage Facility وﺳﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻰ Sewage Facility اﻟﺻﺣﻰ اﻟﺻرف وﺳﯾﻠﺔ Total Households & of the state. This drives us back to the main question of اﺧرى ارض ﻓﺿﺎء ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺷﺑﻛﺔheirarchical omda) is a feature of rural neighborhoods, and not ﺗرﻧش civilized cities اھﻠﯾﺔ that fall within ﻋﺎﻣﺔ the domain * واﻷﻓراد إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ اﻷﺳر Individuals Total Households & اﺧرى ﺗرﻧش ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اھﻠﯾﺔCesspit ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔPrivate Network Other ارض ﻓﺿﺎء Open Field Public Network Shyakha - City - Village ﻗرﯾﺔ- ﻣدﯾﻧﮫ- ﺷﯾﺎﺧﮫ Individuals whether Mit Rahineh identifies more asأﺳــر a city, Private orأﻓــرادaNetwork rural community. Currently, it relates to bothأﻓــرادin different ways. Other Open Field Cesspit Public Network Shyakha - City - Village أﻓــراد أﺳــر أﻓــراد أﺳــر أﻓــراد أﺳــر ﻗرﯾﺔ أﻓــراد- ﻣدﯾﻧﮫ- ﺷﯾﺎﺧﮫ أﺳــر أﺳــر أﺳــرIndividual أﻓــراد
أﺳــر Individual
Households Households Individual Individuals Individual Individual HouseholdHouseholds s s Households Households sIndividuals Households Individuals Households s s s Meet s
أﻓــراد أﺳــر Household Individuals Household
s Individuals
Households
Individuals
Household s
Throught the study pointed out33,814 several8,465 differences in citizen profiles, relating34,143 to gender, accessibility to resources. Here we attempt to 0 so far,0 we have 48 14 185 48 96 23 8,550 age, رھﯾﻧﺔand ﻣﯾت Meet Rahina 0 0 48 14 33,814 8,465 185 48 96 23 34,143 8,550 ﻣﯾت رھﯾﻧﺔ furtherRahina understand the social structure and composition of Mit Rahineh.
Shyakha / City/ /City Village Shyakha / Village Sex
Males Meet Rahina Females
Meet Rahina Total
Shyakha / City / Village
Sex
Shyakha / City / Village
Meet Rahina
Sex +90
5 Males
9
15
16
20
25
Females Total
اﺧرى
Sex
Other
Males
0
Females
1 Males
MeetTotal Rahina
-85 +90
1 Females
Total
5 15 20
s
ﻓﺋـــــــﺎت اﻟﺳــــــن
ﻓﺋـــــــﺎت اﻟﺳــــــن
Age Groups
Age Groups
-80
-85 -75
-70 -80
-65 -75
-60
-55 -70
-50-65
-45 -60
-40
31
52
31149
461 318
497 149
660231
823 461
967
138
231 52 162
287
393
779
29 60
9 16 25
42 94
29 60
42
94
527
575
709
1,024
1,235
1,532
138
287
162
393
318
779
891 1,858
-55 497 527 1,024
-35
-50
-30
-45 -25
-20 -40
-15
-10 -35
-5
-1-30
1,358
8231,414
1,445 967
1,775
1,980 1,196
2,211
2,102 1,358
1,196 660 1,164
1,253
2,360
2,611
575
1,235
2
0 1 1
41 41
1 1
2 15
2
Connection to Public Utilities
0 55
41165 41
1 13 2 2
5 17
15
77 110 138 55
165
1 70
1 84 2
12 5 17
76 208
61 7
77 17
336 690
138
14إﻧﺎث
70ﺟﻣﻠﺔ 84
اﻹﺗﺻــﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻣراﻓق اﻟﻌﺎﻣــﺔ
أﻗل ﻣن ﺳﻧﺔ Less Than -25 Total One Year
1,481
1,363
1,544
1,719
2,102
2,091
311 1,41417,677 323 16,462
2,895
2,808
3,319
3,699
4,313
4,193
634
709
1,532
( ﺳﻧﺔ20- 6 ) اﻟﺳﺑب اﻟرﺋﯾﺳــﻰ ﻟﻠﺗﺳــرب اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻰ ( ﺳﻧﺔ20- 6 ) اﻟﺳﺑب اﻟرﺋﯾﺳــﻰ ﻟﻠﺗﺳــرب Main Reason for Dropping out (Ages 6-20) Main Reason for Dropping out (Ages اﻟوﺻول 6-20)ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ اﻧﻔﺻﺎل وﻓﺎة اﺣد اﻻﻋﺎﻗﺔ اﻟزواج اﻟﻌﻣل ﺗﻛرار اﻟرﺳوب ظروف ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋدم رﻏﺑﺔ اﻻﺳرة ﻋدم رﻏﺑﺔ اﻟﻔرد اﻟواﻟدﯾن اﻟواﻟدﯾن ﻟﻠﻣدرﺳﺔ اﻧﻔﺻﺎل وﻓﺎة اﺣد اﻟﻧوع اﺧرى اﻻﻋﺎﻗﺔ اﻟزواج اﻟﻌﻣل ﺗﻛرار اﻟرﺳوب ظروف ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋدم رﻏﺑﺔ اﻻﺳرة Difficulty اﻟواﻟدﯾن اﻟواﻟدﯾن Total Parental Death of Financial Unwillingn of Repetition Separatio One of the Constrain Unwillingness of Disability Marriage Work Family ofess Financial Parental of Death Reaching of Failure n WorkParentsRepetition ts Individual Separatio One of the Constrain Other Disability Marriage School Unwillingness of Family of Failure n 14 Parents 132 ts 10 1 0 13 110 1 12 61 354 ذﻛور 1
اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻰ
891
1,858
1,164
2,360
1,253
2,611
اﻟﻧوع
-20
ﻗرﯾﺔ/ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ/ ﺷﯾﺎﺧﺔ
-15
-10
1,775
1,980
2,211
1,481
1,363
1,544
1,719
2,102
2,895
2,808
3,319
3,699
4,313
34,139
إﻧﺎث
ﺟﻣﻠﺔ
ﻣﯾت رھﯾﻧﺔ
اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ اﻟوﺻول ﻗرﯾﺔ/ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ/ ﺷﯾﺎﺧﺔ
ﻋدم رﻏﺑﺔ اﻟﻔرد
ﻟﻠﻣدرﺳﺔ Difficulty Unwillingn of ess of Reaching Individual School ﻣﯾت رھﯾﻧﺔ 132 10
اﻟﻧوع
ﻗرﯾﺔ/ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ/ ﺷﯾﺎﺧﺔ
Total
354
ذﻛور
76
7
336
إﻧﺎث
208
17
690
ﺟﻣﻠﺔ
ﻣﯾت رھﯾﻧﺔ
ﻏﺎز طﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﺻرف ﺻﺣﻲ ﻣﯾﺎه ﺷربthe CAPMAS ﻛﮭرﺑﺎءreport in 2017. The first schedule breaks down the exact age groups of the residents, and the second explains The schedules above are extracted from Connection to Public Utilities اﻹﺗﺻــﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻣراﻓق اﻟﻌﺎﻣــﺔ *إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ Natural Gas Sanitation Drinking Water Electricity Xiahereason - City - Village citizens drop ﻛﮭرﺑﺎءﻗرﯾﺔ - ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ- ﺷﯾﺎﺧﺔ Total gender. the of early education in relation to their Notice the differences in numbers, as the study previously mentions, women are usually ﻏﺎزout ﺻﺣﻲ ﻣﯾﺎه ﺷرب ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺻل ﻣﺗﺻلطﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻣﺗﺻل ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺻل ﻣﺗﺻل ﻣﺗﺻل ﺻرف ﻏﯾر ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺻل ﻣﺗﺻل Buildings *إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ Natural Gas Sanitation Electricity Not Not Not Drinking Water at Xiahe a disadvantage in reaching main resources. Not - City - Village ﻗرﯾﺔ- ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ- ﺷﯾﺎﺧﺔ Total Connected Connected Connecte Connecte Connected Connecte Connected
Meet Rahina
d
5,308
ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺻل
Not 0 Connecte d
d ﻣﺗﺻل
ﻣﺗﺻلConnected ﻏﯾر
ﻣﺗﺻل
Not 5,292 16 Connecte 285 Connected 5,023 Connected d
dﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺻل
41 Not Connected
ﻣﺗﺻل
5,267 Connected
ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺻل ﻣﺗﺻل Not 5,308 رھﯾﻧﺔ ﻣﯾت Connected Connecte d
Buildings
-5
ذﻛور 1,445
11 SYSTEM INEQUALITIES
11.1 Right to the City
Social Trajectory
11.1 Right to Water
One needs to really look into the data provided, and allign it within the larger universal codes and legislations in order to truly get a sense of the true size of Investigating details of the most necesseary element for life; water, in Mit the problem at hands. Rahineh, raised multiple questions on a rather large scale, stretching to what it means to have a right to one's own city. In a situation like the one presented On 28 July 2010, through Resolution 64/292, the United Nations General in Mit Rahineh, the citizens' rights to a sanitary environment and adequate Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation and acknowledged that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the housing is almost absent. realisation of all human rights. The Resolution calls upon States and international organisations to provide financial resources, help capacity-building and What is the right to the city? The concept was first developed by French sociologist Henri Lefebvre in his 1968 technology transfer to help countries, in particular developing countries, to book Le droit à la ville. He defines the Right to the city as a right of no exclusion of provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for urban society from qualities and benefits of urban life. In the text Lefebvre writes all. about socio-economic segregation and its phenomenon of estrangement. He refers to the “tragedy of the banlieusards,” people forced into residential ghettos What are the guidelines developed by UNGA and the WHO? far from the city center. Against this backdrop he demands the Right to the city Sufficient. The water supply for each person must be sufficient and continuous as a collective reclamation of the urban space by marginalized groups living in for personal and domestic uses. According to the World Health Organization the border districts of the city. In the 1990s Lefebvres’ idea was taken up in the (WHO), between 50 and 100 litres of water per person per day are needed to fields of geography and urban planning, and became the slogan for many social ensure that most basic needs are met and few health concerns arise. movements. Safe. The water required for each personal or domestic use must be safe, The Right to the city is not meant to be understood as an individual legal therefore free from micro-organisms, chemical substances and radiological right. It is often seen as a social utopia and collective claim inspiring ideas hazards that constitute a threat to a person's health. and suggestions for social movements and a better world. It is a slogan for movements worldwide which fight against the manifestations of many modern Acceptable. Water should be of an acceptable colour, odour and taste for each cities in which public processes and utilities have been privatized and where personal or domestic use. development is driven primarily if not solely by corporations and markets. Physically accessible. Everyone has the right to a water and sanitation service The status quo in Mit Rahineh amplifies the massiveness of the inequalities of that is physically accessible within, or in the immediate vicinity of the household, marginalized groups in Metropolitan Cairo. Not only through the inequalities educational institution, workplace or health institution. of the water system, and the inadequate housing, but also in the accessibility of the city, and the difficulty of reaching it through public means of transport. Affordable. Water, and water facilities and services, must be affordable for all. Differences between those who have access to water and those who do not, The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) suggests that water costs those with education and those without, men, and women, and children. Mit should not exceed 3 per cent of household income. Rahineh's state highlights how very little issues of basic human rights are taken into consideration within larger development plans that the state adopts, in Evidently, those criteria are rather absent in Mit Rahineh. The question raises itself, are there solutions that can truly intervene with the current situation? contrast to their claims.
PART FIVE DISCUSSION
98
Part Five
12 Managing System Outputs
12.1 Grey Water Treatment Plant
Why is it essential to treat greywater ? In the past three decades, a great increase in the reuse of wastewater for agriculture purposes occurred, especially in semiarid areas. Several factors led to that trend (WHO, 1989a): the scarcity of alternative water sources for irrigation; the high cost of artificial fertilizer; the demonstration that risks and soil damage are minimal if necessary; precautions are taken; the high cost of advanced wastewater treatment plants; the socio-cultural acceptance of the practice; the recognition by water resource planners of the value of the practice. Greywater can be equated to traditional wastewater when it comes to compare the centralised to the decentralised approach to wastewater management. The motivations to treat wastewater in a decentralised way are diverse. Indeed, the decentralised approach (Morel and Koottatep, 2003): does not require large and capital intensive sewer trunks; broadens the variation of technological options; reduces the water requirements for waste transportation; is adaptable to different discharge requirements; reduces the risks associated with system failure; increases wastewater reuse opportunities; allows incremental development and investment of the system.
Summary of untreated greywater characteristics from each source (Queensland, 2002)
In developed countries, greywater is reused for a whole range of applications: Urinal and toilet flushing Irrigation of lawns (college campuses, athletic fields, cemeteries, parks and golf courses, domestic gardens) Washing of vehicles and windows Fire protection Boiler feed water Concrete production Develop and preserve wetlands Infiltrate into the ground Agriculture and viticulture reuse WHO, W.H.O. (1989a). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture. Executive Summary. Morel, A., and Koottatep. (2003). Decentralised wastewater management. Greywatersafer.com. (2004). Greywater safer (www.greywatersafer.com).
Discussion Septic tanks are the most common small scale and decentralised treatment plants worldwide. They consist of an underground sedimentation tank having 2 to 3 compartments, in which settled sludge is stabilized by anaerobic digestion. Dissolved and suspended matter leave the tank untreated. They are used for wastewater containing settleable solids, especially domestic wastewater. The settled sludge must be pumped out periodically. In septic tanks, COD is removed to 25 – 50 %.
Anaerobic filters can be used for pre-settled domestic and industrial wastewater of narrow COD/BOD ratio. Therefore, they can only be used in combination with primary treatment (for example a septic tank). Anaerobic filters can also treat non – settleable and dissolved solids by bringing them in close contact with active bacteria mass on a filter media. The filter surface should be of 90 to 300 m2 per m3 of treated water and be rough. The tank should contain a volume of 0.5 – 1 m3 /capita. The COD removal is about 70 – 90 %.
Disadvantages Low treatment efficiency Foul-smelling emissions created by anaerobic digestion
Disadvantages High construction costs (filter media). Effluent can smell. Blockage of filter possible.
Advantages Simple operation Little space requirements Cost-efficiency regarding treatment
Advantages Simple and durable system if well constructed and properly pre – treated wastewater enters it. High treatment efficiency. Little space requirements.
100
Part Five
12.2 DEWATS in India
What is a Root Zone Wastewater Treatment? ‘Root Zone’ is a scientific term used to cover all the biological activity among different types of microbes, the roots of plants, water soil and the sun. It consists planted filter-beds containing gravel, sand and soil. The RZWT system utilises nature’s way of biologically processing domestic & industrial effluents. This effective technology called Decentralised Wastewater Systems (DEWATS) was developed in 1970s in Germany and has been successfully implemented in different countries mainly in Europe and America. The root zone wastewater treatment system makes use of biological and physicaltreatment processes to remove pollutants from wastewater. Due to its natural process, there is no need to add any input such as chemicals, mechanical pumps or external energy. This reduces both the maintenance and energy costs.
To accomplish this, the root zone wastewater treatment undertakes the following steps: Pre-treatment done in a Settler – a device that separates the liquid from the solid First treatment takes place in a Anaerobic Baffled Reactor – a device with several identical chambers through which the effluent moves from top to bottom. Second treatment happens in an Anaerobic Filter – a device filled with a filter material (cinder), through which the effluent moves from top to bottom. Third treatment takes place in a Planted Gravel Filter – a structure filled with gravel material and planted with water-resistant reed plants, which provide oxygen to the passing effluent. WHO, W.H.O. (1989a). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture. Executive Summary. Morel, A., and Koottatep. (2003). Decentralised wastewater management. Greywatersafer.com. (2004). Greywater safer (www.greywatersafer.com).
Discussion
12.3 Urban Farming New approaches and technologies Agriculture in the 21st century is strongly influenced by new scientific tools (molecular markers, gene editing, etc.) and new technologies (digital, mechanical, biological) which have resulted in a set of powerful technology outcomes with applications in rural and urban situations. Agronomy and agricultural biotechnology to innovate inputs for crop and animal agriculture such as seeds, pest control, seeds with new genetics, microbiome and animal health Mechanisation, robotics and equipment such as on-farm machinery, automation, drones guided by GPS or GIS systems, environmental sensors, and growing equipment Farm management software, Internet of Things systems with sensing and intervening – these include environmental, farming data capture devices, decision support software, big data analytics and miniaturised portable applications Novel farming systems such as indoor farms, plant factories with controlled environment, aquaculture systems, and grow-out facilities for insects, algae and microbes
https://www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/agriculture/opinion/disruptivetechnologies-transform-asian-agriculture.html Escaler, M. and P.S. Teng. 2014. Urban Food Security and Urban Agriculture in Asia: Cities as Part of the Solution. In The Politics of Food Security: Asian and Middle Eastern Strategies (Edtd. Sara Bazoobandi), pp. 159-178. Berlin: Gerlach Press. United Nations Development Program (2015) Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available at https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publication.
102
Part Five
12.4 Solar Powered Tricyles and Microbuses
Sustainable Transport Problems - 57% of air pollution is due to motor vehicles; - Emission of GHGs and SPM (1.1 micron); - 73.2% vehicles run on diesel or kerosene-mix-oils; - Average age of vehicles in public transport is 14 years; - Every fourth person suffers from respiratory tract diseases and asthma; - Increase in road-noise (peak-hours) is 16.6%; - Increasing private automobiles for point-to-point movement is decreasing urban carrying capacity; - Swelling load on rural vehicles for limited public transport options is deteriorating air quality.
https://www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/agriculture/opinion/disruptive-technologies-transform-asian-agriculture. html Escaler, M. and P.S. Teng. 2014. Urban Food Security and Urban Agriculture in Asia: Cities as Part of the Solution. In The Politics of Food Security: Asian and Middle Eastern Strategies (Edtd. Sara Bazoobandi), pp. 159-178. Berlin: Gerlach Press. United Nations Development Program (2015) Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/ publication.
Discussion
13 Posing Questions
The studied systems of water and mobility in Mit-Rahineh provoke to ask many questions regarding the present and the future of this peri-urban community.
Questions of Water: What is the condition of household network water pipelines? And what is the percentage of leakage into Aquifers? Which water treatment technology is used in the four water treatment stations of Mit-Rahineh? What is the quality of drinking water (network water - treatment station water) in comparison with WHO water quality standards? How to increase water resources in Mit-Rahineh to meet inhabitants needs of drinking water and food availability? What are wastewater ecological & sustainable alternative solutions for septic tanks system that could be applied in Mit-Rahineh? In the light of the continuous urban sprawl and the growing population, How to increase cultivation land areas to meet the growing demand of food?
Questions of Mobility: What are the other main human activities that drive people of Mit-Rahineh to move? Is the roads/ streets system in Mit-Rahineh suitable for active mobility? How to guarantee safety for active commuters in Mit-Rahineh? How to delivery essential services (e.g. ambulance - fire fighting - … etc.) to the high density and very narrow streets of MitRahineh’s urban tissue? And Could this mobility services be formed in a business model? How to transform spatial efficient modes of mobility to be environmental efficient ?
PART SIX CONCLUSION
106
Part Six
14 FINDINGS
14.1 Systems' Conclusions
WATER SYSTEM Systems’ performance is assessed through the three main pillars of sustainable development
ECOLOGICAL Grey Water
System Outputs
Agricultural Drain Organic Waste
ECONOMICAL A percentage of the population needs to purchase water Mit Rahineh is not self sufficient in its food supply (Virtual Water Content )
SOCIAL Citizens struggling to acquire water on daily basis end up paying a larger sum of money than those who have water taps. The water system is empasizing the social inequalities of Mit Rahineh.
MOBILTY SYSTEM The mobility system analysis revealed two main activities that deemed necessary on a daily basis for the everyday activities ; buying water , and buying food
ECOLOGICAL Data revealed the most used transport mode in Mit Rahineh is active mobility, therefore, carbon emissions of the system are rather limitied, leaving a great chance for the system to be of zero carbon emissions. Therefore, the ecological dimension of the mobility system would be the least necessary to intervene with
ECONOMICAL Interventions in the location, routes and modes between the nodes (System elements) of those activities is the most
SOCIAL The inadequacy of the transport system leads to limitied accessibility into and out of the city, and thus limiting the citizens’ opportunities in accessing the metropolis
THE INCLUSION OF THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF BOTH SYSTEMS GIVEN THE DIFFERENT PROFILES OF THE CITIZENS OF MIT RAHINEH PROVES NECESSARY IN DESIGNING A VISION FOR MIT RAHINEH
where outputs are recycled and upcycled to ensure a sustainable system.
14.2 Overal Conclusion
Conclusion
The studied systems of Mit Rahineh are Linear systems, which remains in contradictions to complex systems that need to be in some way circular where outputs are recycles and upcycled to ensure a sustainable system
EXISTING SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEM
PROPOSED SYSTEM
CIRCULAR SYSTEM
15 Limitations It is necessary to mention the limitations of the study at hand. For one, the current Covid-19 pandemic and recurrent lockdowns resulted in a lot less fieldwork and studies that the study may have required. Conducting regular ethnographic studies would have validated the study results immensly, and gave a lot more insight into other dimensions and systems that link to the systems studied. In addition, the Egyptian political atmosphere unfortunately does not support individual profound academic research and thorough data collection processes, nor do governmental agencies produce up-to-date reliable resources. Most of the study was based on data that can be considered out dated, and on data provided by international agencies which are subject to critique and question
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Part Six
16 A POSSIBLE VISION FOR MIT RAHINEH Mit Rahineh Thriving? An Imaginarium Post a security checkpoint, and along a partially covered drain canal wreaking impoverishment and forgetfulness, lies an anomaly of a city. Mit Rahineh, ambitiously growing out of fragments of the oldest Egyptian village, Memphis, has been attempting for decades to catch up with the surrounding urbanized cruel metropolis. Attempts that rendered it hanging, between the rural and the urban. Amid the confusion and seemingly fictional ambition, crowds of well groomed children excitingly stream through the streets as their school day ends. Their bright green uniform stands out among piles and piles of garbage over the sewage drain that their school overlooks. Among many dichotomies, the one between a thriving future that education promises, and the saddening reality of resource scarcity screams out the loudest. The Egyptian peri urban landscape articulates some of the most pressing challenges of the time, most of which are overlooked in the larger metropolis. Questions of where the water and the food come from, and where the waste goes, are barely on the mind of an average Cairene citizen. However, they represent the majority of the daily activities conducted by citizens of a community like Mit Rahineh. Attending school, or making trips to the bigger less accessible city, become a privilege, rather than an equally provided opportunity. Two beautiful twin girls follow us as we roam through the city. Intrigued by our foreignness, they approach us.
They try to understand what we say, while mocking the few English spoken words they overhear. One of them breaks the ice and asks:" who are you?"And it had never been harder to answer this simple question. It held in it's folds a lot that went beyond a simple identity question. To her, she is trying to understand whether we present an opportunity, or a threat. The heartbreaking state of the neighborhood justifies why two young girls would try to latch on to anyone they view as a possible ray of hope that their future may grow into something better than their present. Daily, they must walk through an unpaved road, alongside piled up garbage, maneuvering around big sweage trenches, small toktoks, and animal carts that sell barely one, or two crops, all as they watch many children of their very same age, much more humbly dressed, on their daily trips to the water treatment stations where they purchase the water necessary for their home. Attempting to understand Mit Rahineh’s complex systems of water, food and transport supply deemed a challenging endeavor. Its systems proved linear, with significant wasted outputs. It also highlighted discrepancies and inequalities in the access of different groups of residents to food, water and accessibility infrastructure. The forecasted conditions for 2050 as well do not seem promising, given the current conditions prevail. A simple exercise reveals that by 2050, only 701 feddans of agricultural land will remain as the
population grows from now 34,142 people to approximately 90,000. This rapid dissolution of the agricultural land as cancerous mutations of urban life take over, pose a question of the continuation of sufficient food supply, among many others. In 2016, Egypt announced its vision for 2030, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The vision allegedly focuses on improving the overall quality of life, and on ensuring aspects like justice and social equality become prevalent in Egyptian cities, which suggests,that by 2030, the twin girls should find it easy to move beyond Mit Rahineh, and commute easily daily to their universities, through streets that are safer, and cleaner. And while none of their neighbours would have the purchase water and carry it anymore, the food production of the neighborhood will at least be sufficient of its needs, let alone supporting neighboring cities. As sustainability promotes itself as a concept inclusive of ecological, economical and social aspects, we attempt to detect the range of possibilities that recon on the significance of the water and the mobility systems of Mit Rahineh. With an initial focus on turning linear systems into circular ones, the vision for a thriving Mit Rahineh begins with addressing the systems’ outputs. If we zoom out to take a look at the water system, its conventional and centralized model of management currently faces multiple challenges that manifest clearly in ecological degradation and
Challenges arise at the supply side, largely unmaintained infrastructure, weak governance structures, and most importantly a rapidly changing setting of water availability, driven by climate change. Meanwhile, the rapid urbanization, and demographic shifts over the years propose a set of demands that are not forecasted to be met. On the macro scale, an envisioned decentralization of the urban water can not be easily accomplished, as it requires a higher degree of system complexity and direct involvement of sectoral bodies. Alternatively, looking at low tech, innovative solutions that intervene with the micro scale water cycle could present opportunities that balance off the weights of the discrepancies in supply and demand, while diluting the social inequalities that the water system in Mit Rahineh currently highlights. Hence, grey and black water are considered possible leverage points. Grey and black water are mainly the domestic wastewater produced. With proper treatment grey water can be used for household activities such as laundry and toilet flushing, not to mention irrigation. Treated grey water can be used to irrigate both food and non food producing plants. As using grey water will significantly cut the demand on freshwater, it will reduce the demand on the public water supply, and thus allowing more residents to equally receive fresh water at home. It is possible to reuse grey water without any treatment; this usually involves short retention systems. These systems take wastewater from the bath or shower and apply a very basic treatment such as skimming debris off the surface and allowing particles to settle to the bottom of the tank. Major benefit of short retention systems is that they can be located in the same room as the source of
greywater, reducing the need for expensive, dualnetwork plumbing. As for the mobility system, studying it revealed that the ecological dimension of it may be the least concerning, since inactive modes of mobility such as cars and bikes are a lot less in use than cleaner sources, such as walking. Rather, within Mit Rahineh, on its microscale, two major activities constitute the residents’ everyday life; buying water, and buying food. As such, the vision proposes intervening with the locations and routes of the destinations of the activities in a way that provides easier, and more frequent accessibility to them, stimulating a more rapid economic cycle. In summary, a thriving Mit Rahineh aspires to the following: A decentralized urban water management system, that allows less reliance on the larger water cycles, and therefore is less burdened by the complexity of the larger system. Using calculations of virtual water input to properly estimate the water input and output of the system and realistically evaluate the water supply and demand. A circular water system in Mit Rahineh, that depends on the short cycles of reusing domestic grey and black water, which reduces the amount of fresh water needed, allowing equal shares and reaching opportunities between residents. An agricultural system that focuses on crops that Mit Rahineh’s citizens use the most, which in turn reduces the need to import crops, allowing
Conclusion Mit Rahineh’s economic system to self-support. Re-evaluating the locations and routes to the water treatment stations and the food markets as the two main constituents of the daily life of the residents of Mit Rahineh. Re-evaluating the transport modes in and out of the city, allowing further accessibility to the nearby cities and to the larger metropolis, where the residents can equally benefit from widely offered resources such as markets, job opportunities, educational and medical facilities and others. An understanding of the demographic composition of Mit Rahineh, including the different social and economic statuses of the residents, and including the elimination of social injustice and provision of equal opportunities as an overarching goal for any intervention schemes. Perhaps a thriving Mit Rahineh is not imaginary afterall. Perhaps with the necessary political will, a provision of small scale investment opportunities that allow young entrepreneurs to solidify their ideas and bring them to reality might allow the two young girls to live the life they aspire to. And perhaps to them, the state technocrats they thought we were will present models to look up to, ones that activate real change, instead of skeptical plans ignorant of their true difficulties.
GALLERY
RESOURCES Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, MWRI Radwan G. Abd Ellah, Water resources in Egypt and their challenges, Lake Nasser case study. CAPMAS 2017- Population Consumption Seham Daoud - An Analysis Of Food Consumption Patterns In Egypt - Fao 2014 Human Diet - WHO Water Footprint Organization Food Balance Sheet - Egypt 2001 Drinking Water and Sanitation in Giza Government. http://www.gcww.com.eg/CompanyCommercialPlaces.aspx giza.gov.eg/Farming/Lists CAPMAS 2017- Agriculture crops and production Area CAPMAS 2017 - Yield Water demand per crop Engineering toolbox: Leakage - Surface Water Evaporation FAO - Soil Permeability Detecting The Defunct Old Nile Channel Using Joint Inversion Of Ves And Tem Data At Memphis Area Egypt - Soil Layers in Memphis UK Department for Business, Energy, Industrial Strategies 2019 The European Cyclist Foundation, Cycling Emissions Wikipedia: Energy Efficiency in Transport Sapiens - Yuval Noah Harari Mizdrak, A., Cobiac, L.J., Cleghorn, C.L. Et Al. Fuelling Walking And Cycling: Human Powered Locomotion Is Associated With Non-negligible Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Sci Rep 10, 9196 (2020).