Our vision To deliver a variety of information in joyful manner that is close to the mind of our audience Why did we choose the magazine as a start? As first of all, magazines are less harder than text books and references, in presenting facts . Also it contain a variety of content. Why it was named PharmTech? Our aim is to involve the technology use in science, and here was in Pharmacy. And was the name PharmTech.
Pharmacy as a Bussiness Cr ystalline Polymorphs of Ranitidine Drugs are normally protected with a composition of matter patent. Surprisingly, some drugs have multiple different composition of matter patents. Multiple patents may be necessar y when a drug exists in multiple, different cr ystalline forms. These different forms are called polymorphs. In polymorphs, the same molecule can pack together in different orientations and patterns. Each pattern is a different polymorph. A simple example of polymorphs can be found with bricks, which can be stacked in various patterns as pavers. A few patterns are shown below. Molecules can stack in different patterns in much the same fashion. Because polymorphs can have different physical proper ties (e.g., solubility and melting point), a drug company must be able to control which polymorph of a drug is being synthesized. Ranitidine (1) is a drug that treats acid reflux. Glaxo, the discoverer of ranitidine, obtained a composition of matter patent on the compound in 1978. At the time, the term of patents in the United States was 17 years from the date of issue. Therefore, Glaxo's patent on ranitidine was set to expire in 1995, or 17 years after 1978. As Glaxo continued to research ranitidine, a second polymorph was discovered. Glaxo obtained a composition of matter patent on the second polymorph, called Form 2, in 1985. The Form 2 patent would expire in 2002. Glaxo ultimately marketed ranitidine as Form 2 under the name of Zantac. Zantac was a blockbuster drug ( a drug that generating more than $1 billion of revenue for the pharmaceutical company that sells it each year ) during the 1980s, and its success continued into the 1990s. Around 1990 a company called Novopharm, a generic drug manufacturer, started to develop a generic form of ranitidine. Novopharm hoped to capitalize on Form 1 of ranitidine because the patent on Form 1 was expiring in 1995.
During their research, chemists at Novopharm tried to make the original, Form 1 polymorph of ranitidine based on the Glaxo procedures. To their surprise, the Novopharm chemists could only prepare Form 2. Novopharm reasoned that if Form 2 was known all the way back in 1978 in the first work on ranitidine, then the 1985 Form 2 patent was not valid. Novopharm pushed ahead and applied to the FDA to market generic ranitidine in 1995, corresponding to the expiration of the Form 1 patent. Glaxo sued Novopharm for planning to market ranitidine's Form 2, on which Glaxo held a patent until 2002. A third-par ty lab was called in to prepare Form 1 of ranitidine from Glaxo's 1978 Form 1 patent. The lab successfully reproduced the procedure to make Form 1, and Glaxo won the case. Novopharm went back to work and managed to reproduce the Form 1 procedure. Novopharm then filed paper work with the FDA to market generic ranitidine (Form 1) star ting in 1995, the year of expiration of Glaxo's Form 1 patent. Glaxo again sued Novopharm. This time, Glaxo claimed that Novopharm's Form 1 of ranitidine likely contained impurities of Form 2. If so, then marketing this mixture would violate Glaxo's exclusive rights to Form 2. Novopharm provided evidence that their ranitidine was free of Form 2, and Novopharm won the case.
The Recall of Chloroquine Chloroquine is a medication used to prevent and to treat malaria in areas where malaria is known to be sensitive to its effects. Generic Name: chloroquine (KLOR oh kwin). Brand Name: Aralen Phosphate, Aralen Hydrochloride. -How does chloroquine work on malaria? This medicine works by interfering with the growth of parasites in the red blood cells of the human body. Parasites that cause malaria typically enter the body through the bite of a mosquito. ... Chloroquine is used to treat and to prevent malaria. -Chloroquine was discovered in 1934 by Hans Andersag. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. -Resistance of Chloroquine : The development of chloroquine as an antimalarial drug and the subsequent evolution of drug-resistant Plasmodiumstrains had major impacts on global public health in the 20th century. In P. falciparum the cause of the most lethal human malaria, chloroquine resistance is linked to multiple mutations in PfCRT(plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter) , a protein that likely functions as a transporter in the parasite’s digestive vacuole membrane. Rapid diagnostic assays for PfCRT mutations are already employed as surveillance tools for drug resistance. Here, we review recent field studies that support the central role of PfCRT mutations in chloroquine resistance. These studies suggest chloroquine resistance arose in 4 distinct geographic foci and substantiate an important role of immunity in the outcomes of resistant infections after chloroquine treatment. P. vivax which also causes human malaria, appears to differ from P. falciparum in its mechanism of chloroquine resistance. Investigation of the resistance mechanisms and of the role of immunity in therapeutic outcomes will support new approaches to drugs that can take the place of chloroquine or augment its efficiency .
This ar ticle is a summar y of professor Mar ty Lobdell Lecture at the college of pierce When you're learning new material, it can be over whelming when you think about how much time you need to truly understand it all. This studying technique can help you stay focused and take on more information with shor ter study sessions. Here are some tips to help you study effectively Study in chunked sessions: Your ability to retain information diminishes after about 25-30 minutes, so break it up into multiple, smaller sessions. Reward yourself with fun activities during your breaks Have a dedicated study area: Don't study where you do anything else. Don't study in your bed, where you play games (even if it's your computer), or in front of the TV. Know the difference between recognition and recollection: Recognition requires a trigger for you to remember something and you may not get that on a test. Study actively with focus on recollection. Quiz yourself and don't just glance over highlighted notes. Take good notes: Find a note-taking method that works for you and expand on them after your class lecture to increase retention and understanding. Be ready to teach what you've learned: If you can teach it to someone else, you have a solid grasp on the material. Read textbooks effectively: Use the SQ3R Method—sur vey, question, read, recite, review—to actively retain information. Just reading it is not enough. Lastly, divide ever ything you learn into two categories: facts and concepts. Facts are things that can fall out of your brain and you may need to come up with a mnemonic ( eg ROYGBIV for rainbow colour ) device in order to study them. Concepts are the glue that hold entire big picture together, making them the most impor tant par t to study. Concepts are why you're studying something to begin with and, once you learn them, they stick with you. Stop wasting hours studying at only a third of the pace you could be going and study smar t. Mar ty Lobdell was a great man, he is dead now!!!
3D Printing Is the dimensional printing process of building up materials layer by layer, via computer aid design models through printer to formulate drug materials into the desired drug form. In the process, the data intering is through Digital camera or 3D scanner, printing the data into the printer, aand building up the molecule to form dosage form. It is used to create custom prosthetics, dental implants, Bioprinting and Tissue engineering application. Advantages The 3D printing has a high production rate due to the fast operating system. Also reducing waste materiatls and costing effectiveness and time saving. Beside it is accurate and repetitive and flexible technique. Amazingly, it contribute in the combination of several APIs in one tablet. 3D Printing can flip over the pharmaceutical world by many ways, such as Personalized Drug Dosing, Unique dosage forms and More complex drug release profiles.
Spritam is the first 3D printed drug abbrobed by the FDA The 3D printed tablet
According to Jennifer Zieverink the spokesperson of Aprecia Pharmaceuticals “There is no increased efficiency in producing the pill with 3D printing; the technology simply allows the company to better manipulate the drug's composition compared with traditional press and dye pill-making technology�
Conventional oral drug administration does not usually provide rate-controlled release or tar get specificity. In many cases, conventional drug deliver y provides sharp increases of drug concentration at potentially toxic levels. Following a relatively shor t period at the therapeutic level, drug concentration eventually drops off until re-administration. Today new methods of drug deliver y are possible: desired drug release can be provided by rate-controlling membranes or by implanted biodegradable polymers containing dispersed medication. Over the past 25 years much research has also been focused on degradable polymer microspheres for drug deliver y. Administration of medication via such systems is advantageous because microspheres can be ingested or injected; they can be tailored for desired release profiles and in some cases can even provide or gan-tar geted release. Some reviews covering aspects of microspheres for drug deliver y are available and this review covers recent works not yet summarized and provides information regarding many factors affecting microsphere drug release and the manipulation of physical/chemical proper ties to achieve desired results. The idea of controlled release from polymers dates back to the 1960s through the employment of silicone rubber and polyethylene. The lack of degradability in these systems implies the requirement of eventual sur gical removal and limits their applicability. In the 1970s biodegradable polymers were suggested as appropriate drug deliver y materials circumventing the requirement of removal. Recent literature shows that suspensions of degradable microspheres can be employed for sustained drug release at desirable doses and by implantation without sur gical procedures. Biocompatibility can be achieved by the use of natural polymers such as cellulose, chitin, and chitosan or by the employment of polymers made from naturally occurring monomers such as lactic and glycolic acids (Fig. 1). Polymers derived from synthetic monomers also show excellent deliver y proper ties. However, their toxicity effects may require evaluation. The factors affecting drug release are controllable; they are attributed to proper ties such as polymer molecular weight, as well as microsphere size, distribution, morphology and make-up. Preparation: -By polymerization of monomers.
Factors affecting the drug release Polymer molecular weight’ Blends of the structurally different polymers Crystallinity Effects of the loaded drug Porosity Release from core-shell microspheres Size distribution Ph controlled release *If you are of visual type, then you may check this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNX0FuXEFWw
Voltaren Retard is tablet that contain Diclofenac and have longer effect becuase of the controled release of medication
Dr.Lina Elbaghir Omer Elsayed . A young Sudanese researcher, who was the four th in the Sudanese cer tificate, and an alumna from Faculty of medicine university of Khartoum. She got the master degree in molecular medicine from Institute of Endemic Diseases , and the Phd in HSP. Hereditar y spastic paraplegias (HSP) are the second most frequent motor neuron diseases. We used next generation sequencing to screen 74 HSP genes on 51 patients from 23 consanguineous families from Sudan. Two other families were studied by candidate gene sequencing. We established a genetic diagnosis in seven families (28%) with autosomal recessive complex HSP. Truncating homozygous mutations were identified in SPG11 and SACS genes in three and one families, respectively. Three missense mutations were also found, each in one family, in TFG/SPG57, ATL1 and ALS2. All were novel except one in SPG11 previously repor ted with earlier onset compared to our patients. The TFG missense mutation (exon 2: c.64C>T p.Ar g22Trp / PB1 domain) is the second identified worldwide, and we demonstrated its effect on TFG oligomerization in vitro. Patients did not present with visual impairment, as obser ved in the previously repor ted SPG57 family (p.Ar g106Cys / coiled coil domain), suggesting unique contributions of the PB1 and coiled coil domains in TFG complex formation/function. Our seven families manifested inter- and intra-familial variations implying the possibility of modifier factors, complicated by high inbreeding that precipitated the phenomenon of multiple genes segregating in different subfamilies. Fur ther genetic heterogeneity is expected in HSP Sudanese families. Dr.lina's research Now she is a lecturer in Faculty of medicine University of Khar toum in Biochemistr y Depar tment, and Neurogenetic . She star ted her research and activity about genetics since she was preparing for the master degree, while the real star t was at the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013. She was the first to introduce the science of Brain & Ner ves Genetics in Sudan. She teamed up at the end of 2013 and still, a team of about 40 members from various complemented professions, sub divided in subteams each concerned with a case (Epilepsy, HSP, Leucodisatrophy, and others) . Working on the genes , causing the common diseases in the Sudanese families, about 200 and growing up. Aims of the team: • To shed the light on Genetics , according to that it is impor tant. • To find out the genes causing the diseases in the Sudanese families, to facilitate in inventing medication. • To show up the genetic diversity in
Dr.linaIs an ordinar y person,But what distinguish her from us is her great achivement and passion for knowledge ,in addition the persevring that she broacheed one of the hardest and abandoned scinces in sudan .however , she was the first to establish team of Neurogentic in the sudan