building performance anaLYSIs
engineering & consultancy
WIND
THERMAL
FIRE
eNERGY
ALKAZAR ENGINEERING & CONSULTANCY In the construction sector that we started our services in 2011, we have left behind our 7th year. We had the opportunity to take part in projects with many construction, architecture, engineering and supplier companies in that period. The visualization of the numerical data in our outputs has satisfactory results according to the feedback of our employers. The fact that our analyses are aimed at examining the performance of the building and that we are doing this in a digital media with high performance computer infrastructure showed us that we need to blend technology and information very well. Basically, the journey we started by solving air flow movements has led to continue planning to collect the necessary data for the entire building design steps. While analyzing the performance of the system with computational fluid dynamics for comfort, we have been able to construct investment and operating costs with energy analysis. For all these analyses, we recieve the necessary climate data from the meteorological stations we have established on the employer's site. Thus, our performance analysis services as one of the sub-headings of Building Information Modeling (BIM) have been evolved to the city scale by developing our services with national and international platforms such as TUBITAK and European Union Projects. In the projects we have completed whether the explosion in the fire with serious safety requirements or how smoke from the balcony below affect comfort of the upper floors... Wheter how far away ammonia gas from the factory chimney is blown or how many days of the year it is available to sit outside around the tower under effect of the prevailing wind... Whether it is safe to open the window on the 60th floor of the building or which will be the most comfortable thermally in the office in summer... Our wish for the intention of continuing to research extensively the different types of projects together... Founder - Güven Fidan
Barkın Kılıç - Msc. Mechanical Engineer Mustafa Yağız Yılmaz - Msc. Mechanical Engineer Oğuzhan Koral - Architect
engineering & consultancy Nisbetiye Mah. Gazi Güçnar Sk. No:4/ 7 34340 Istanbul, Turkey info@alkazar.com.tr Tel : +90 212 270 40 57 Fax : +90 212 337 36 10 All rights reserved. 1st Edition October 2018 Istanbul, Turkey
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CONTENT What, How, Why* We Do?
4
Wind Simulations
6
Fire Simulations
10
Evacuation Scenarios
13
Indoor Air Quality
14
Thermal Comfor t Analysis
15
Double Skin Facade Analysis
18
Daylight Analysis
20
Energy Modelling
22
Reference Projects
23
3
WHAT WE DO? Alkazar Engineering & Consultancy uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Energy Modelling methods to solve some difficult physical problems.
HOW WE DO? The topography of the project site is created by using the photogrammetry method with drone.
Computational Fluid Dynamics is used to solve mathematical equations that simulate how the flow of fluids, heat transfer and other associated phenomena are. (CFD modelling can be used to predict fire, smoke movement, heat, radiation, ventilation flow etc.) The most important advantage of using CFD is that it is simulated by using advanced mathematical calculations without any test. In order to build sustainable and safe building with the advice given during the project design phase. While Alkazar try to find solutions, use many different appropriate CFD analysis software. Collaborate effectively with; -
Architects Engineers Urban Planners Stakeholders on Sustainability
In order to make site-planning and wind-based analyzes, necessary measurements are made with wind mast before project construction begins.
On integrating sustainable design cases; -
Air Quality Pedestrian Comfort And Safety Energy Modeling Environment (Indoor - Outdoor) Snow Loading Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Wind Effects on Faรงade System Fire & Smoke Management Wind Climate Assessment Master Planning Daylight/ Sunlight Impact Assesment Thermal Comfort Wind Driven Rain Emergency & Daily Evacuation Scenarios
Our duty is to help clients to save money & time, reduce risk and achieve designs with higher level of performance overall. In addition to this, all of the cases solved by Alkazar Engineering & Consultancy helps nature to reduce carbon footprint and improve quality of our environment.
4
Different designs from architectural offices are placed on topography for ready to use in analysis.
Analyses are performed by OpenFoam using open source code.
The result of the analysis is converted to 2-3D images. These images are colored according to certain wind scales.
WHY* WE D0? Wind Expecting for the wind to blow faster to cool off in the summer, flying to napkins when you dinner at the balcony... Lack of ventilation for room in the highrise buildings due to unopened window...
Temperature Residents closer windows use the air conditioner due to sun effects, the others from office say that the air conditioner should be turned off because of the cold environment… In general, women's skin type is thinner than men’s, in this reason they are affected by cold air more…
Fire Temperature rising of fire smoke in front of closed windows, the paper inside the office might be enkindled by radiation unpredictably… Evacuating people in an emergency... Even tough the fire fighters can access to the scene of the incident, burning object is unreachable… Predicting of the evacuation’s hot smoke via gaps on the roof itself, but only by the forced ways to work out
Energy Passive lighting and the energy saving time required for the investment cost of thermal comfort because of the using sun breaker... Demonstration of investment and operating costs of HVAC devices by window-to-wall ratios… The repetition of different scenarios in planning the investment budget for energy efficient use…
5
WIND SIMULATIONS It is accepted that there are three basic flows flowing around the buildings as listed below.
WHAT IS IT? One of the most general applications of CFD analyses in the building sector is connected to the wind; - Determination of pedestrian comfort, - Calculation of wind loads on facade, - Analysis of acceleration according to the load value which will affect the structural static, - Visualization of the distribution of polluted air discharged from environmental structures or project buildings. The most significant point in the wind analyses is the atmospheric boundary layer formed by the relationship of the wind and the ground. The friction value is higher in the regions close to the ground because of this reason the wind energy is less consumed. In other words, while the elevation is higher, the wind speed is higher as well. It is important that the wind, which is shaped by physical conditions in the real environment, has the same conditions in CFD analyses. Wind distribution according to ground surface roughness will be 4m/s at 10m from sea level as reference values. Wind velocity will be lower for 10m as reference elevation in the city environment that lots of high-rise buildings are located.
The channel effect, which is likely to be occasioned by the two buildings located side by side, will make the wind velocity increase according to narrow gap between the buildings. Comfort will be affected by channeled flow. (Channelling Effect)
In most cases, wind velocity is increased in the areas where the passageways are located. If these types of winds encounter with the prevealing wind directions, they can cause continuous discomfort around the building. (Passage Acceleration)
600 10 m/s 500 10 m/s
Meter
400
300
8 m/s
200 6 m/s 100
10 m/s
8 m/s
6 m/s
8 m/s 6 m/s
0
Wind Profiles
6
Low-rise Building
High-rise buildings make the stronger winds from higher altitudes to the lower altitudes. It is the main reason why high-rise buildings cause higher wind velocity at the pedestrian level. (Downwashing Flow)
High-rise Building
10 m/s
ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER 8 m/s
With the data from the meteorology, a wind profile is created for each analysis.
6 m/s
10 m/s
8 m/s
6 m/s
The effects of wind velocity alteration on human is shown below according to Beaufort scale. Pedestrian level wind comfort calculations are based on 1.75 meter from the ground level. The analyses are interpreted through according to this acceptance; Long Time Sitting Comfort : 0,2 - 2,3 m/s Walking Comfort : 2,4 - 5,5 m/s
Light Breeze
Moderate Breeze
10 km/h & 2,8 m/s
15 km/h & 4,1 m/s
Gentle Breeze
Strong Breeze
20 km/h & 5,5 m/s
40 km/h & 11,2 m/s
Gale
Strong Gale
45 km/h
60 km/h
&
&
12,5 m/s
16,6 m/s
COMFORT INTERPRETATION Particularly in the projects designed for residence, hotel, shopping and entertainment purposes, the fact that the wind force exceeds certain levels. This situation makes people to feel uncomfortable in sitting, walking or resting areas. Vertical growth in urbanization requires resting areas for users at lower elevations of high-rise buildings. It is known physically that by the increase in the height of the buildings, effect of pressure zones around the building is increased as well as the high wind velocity at the lower elevations is. For this reason, detailed simulation studies are required for the users' wind comfort especially in the entrance to the high-rise buildings or in the places planned for ground level. For example, the height of the front glass parapet of a cafe (i.e. the edge of balcony, roof, etc.) is 1.2m for security purposes, and it may be necessary to turn it into 2m if the comfort level is not satisfying. There is no international standard accepted by everyone for the interpretation of wind comfort. The perception of comfort is differentiated due to the psychological, physiological and cultural habits of people. There are various interpretation criteria in the literature. The wind comfort of the Beaufort scale can be interpreted by references from especially the physical dynamics that occur depending on the velocity of the wind such as the release of flags, the dissolution of the hair, the flying of napkins, etc.
7
WIND SIMULATIONS WIND LOAD ON FACADE Various norms or standards can be used for facade load calculations. The TS498, EN 1991-1-4 and ASCE 7-10 norms and standards give output for particular building types and heights. However, for high-rise buildings (10 floors and more) or skyscrapers (20 floors and more), the norms and standards about calculations are inadequate. In this case, the necessary calculations with simulations are the primary method in terms of cost and time. The facades of the project building are exposed to wind in many different directions and intensities due to the structure of the project, the buildings around it, the topography or the form of the building itself. On the facades, two kinds of pressures are generated as positive pressure and negative pressure. kPa and kgf/m2 can be used as units. All the other buildings within a radius of 1 km with topography detail are modeled and buildings in the project are applied in 36 different directions with an angle change of 10Ëš. The highest wind loads on the facades for each direction are recorded. For these 36 different cases, the highest values of negative and positive pressures are recorded as a single 3D image and written into the report.
The model created for flow analysis studies must have a seamless geometric form. During designing the seamless model, the details less than 20 cm are not included in the model except curve details so these excluded parts of the projects are organized by CFD analyst. Mesh sizing around the area of main building in the project is very fine as well as the mesh further than this specific area is coarser. The critical issue here is that the mesh has to be enough to promote the functions of atmospheric boundary layers. It is possible to solve wind load calculations on facades for 36 directions and to establish the appropriate mesh so more accurate results can be taken as much as the experimental studies. In order to interpret the analyses in 36 directions, the facades are classified by numbering and the wind loads on the facades are shown in layers in dwg format as a 3D imagine in the report. kPa values
The facade load distribution given in the following figure indicates that the high wind velocity around the areas with blue-coloured distribution leads to the negative pressure (according to atmospheric pressure) passing through the surface and the areas with red-coloured distribution refers to the positive pressure on the facade. The calculations of the facade loads are determined by the average of the highest wind velocities from many years and the wind velocity data is defined to the CFD analysis at 10m as reference height. The velocity profile of the wind is an exponentially accelerating profile. Wind velocity close to the ground surface is slower than the higher locations due to surface roughness.
Pressure distribution due to wind load on facades 8
The movement of the flue gases around the surrounding buildings may not be directly related to the dominant wind direction due to pressure differences occur on the front and back sides of the buildings while the height of the buildings increases. In this case, the polluted air from the chimneys can stick to the facades of high-rise buildings and inflitrates to inner-side throughout the vents. It is possible to determine these scenarios by performing CFD method.
Polluted Air
Wind Direction
Adhesion of the flue gas exiting from the high-rise building facade
STACK GAS DISTRIBUTION It is released into the atmosphere and has a high level of pollutants; - Spreading from kitchen chimneys, - Air from the exhaust of parking garages, - Filtered toxic gas released by factories to the atmosphere, - The stove gas thrown by a residential area can be considered as a polluting source. The parameters such as the flow rate, type and temperature of the flue gas coming out of the chimney in the air pollution analyses are as important as the other buildings in the external environment due to the velocity and direction of the wind on the chimney. The differences in topography, the high buildings that may be in the environment or the chimney sitting on a lower elevation area compared to other buildings make it important to examine such physical conditions. This situation is a subject which should be examined carefully in terms of its effect on the city especially in industrial buildings. It can affect the health of the people living in the city.
25,09 24,85 24,62 24,39 24,16 23,93 23,70
The effect of gas from the chimney on the atmosphere
23,47 23,24 23,00 22,77 o
Temperature ( C ) The atmosphere temperature profile is prepared from the data and prepared to be ready to use for analyses.
It is very important the gas coming out of the industrial chimneys will enter the other parts of the building, whether it will affect the comfort and health of the worker. In order to prevent these effects, analyses are made by taking the wind data into consideration and the improving conditions can be determined.
9
FIRE SIMULATIONS SHOPPING CENTERS
WHAT IS IT?
When CFD fire analyses for the atrium in shopping centers are performed, the scenario is accurate to allocate the source of the fire for the fire fighters via performing these boundary conditions. Therefore, it is accepted that the evacuation of the people is completed within the first 3-4 minutes.
The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method allows to expressed the physical conditions of the system as mathematically and solved with high performance computers by dividing the system space into small computing volumes. The consistency of the analyses with the actual outputs varies depending on two fundamental factors. They are; -CFD analyst's experience about the physical conditions of the scenario -The resolution of the recent mesh for the scenario While fire and mechanical design engineerings can be supported by CFD simulations, these two main assumptions given above are important due to the safety factors. In this method that heat transfer is analyzed as coupled with flow distribution, for example selection of the turbulence model to be used (the most appropriate Large Eddy Simulation-LES should be selected), the resolution of the mesh around fire or sprinkler areas (not more than 15cm depending on the type of material burning), the compatibility of the combustion curve with the fire type and the compatibility of the area-dependent calculation of the flow between the flow/ velocity are the main considerations. There are many commercial and open source CFD software that can be used during performing fire analyses. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is a solver for fire analyses and is continuously updated by the American Standards Institute. Software such as Ansys Fluent, StarCCM+, FloEFD, Phoenics and AVL are commercial packages and are preferred by people who are experts in CFD and Fire Engineer.
10
The smoke produced by the fire in the middle of the atrium is forced to be evacuated by a forced or passive system.
1st Minute
20th Minute
60th Minute
Because of ventilation fans working for smoke dilution according to defined fire load, the hot smoke in the atrium tends to move towards the upper elevations in the first stage. Smoke evacuation by natural or forced methods is calculated based on the standards as well as performance can be seen by CFD simulation. How much active and passive applications support each other or not is comparable to the CFD simulation. Thus, the values provided by the smoke evacuation fans with high risk level or planned investment cost are visualized.
Distribution of ambient temperatures during fire
ISTANBUL NEW AIRPORT
Terminal Zone After the required ventilation flow rate is determined, analyses of these scenarios with parameters such as the suitable locations of the fans, blowing angles and blowing directions are re-analyzed to visualize indoor temperature, sight distance, air velocities and the dispersions of toxic gases in the environment thanks to fire simulations applied in highways and subway tunnels. Passive ventilation with holes in the ceiling during a fire at the new airport similar to tunnel fire scenarios and evacuation of smoke are foreseen by the fire consultant. Also for this situation, an assumption is accepted for analytical calculations according to NFPA standards. In addition to them, the simulation is performed to show that the risk level to the employer and the smoke under different meteorological conditions (summer, winter, extreme windy). Thus, how good performance of the system approved by fire consultant with analytical approaches or mechanical design team with knowledge is also clearly visualized when it is tested by simulations. Temperature distribution of fire, after burning bus
WHY IT IS NECESSARY? 1st Minute
The heat and flow distribution can be tested by experimental studies or analysed by using simulations. There are some test devices can be used to analyze different subjects. For instance tunnels can be used to determine wind distribution and designated test centers can be used to determine air quality or thermal comfort. In addition to them, some devices can be used to determine rain resistance and wind load resistance of facade.
5th Minute
15th Minute
30th Minute
Smoke distribution of fire, after burning bus 1st Minute
5th Minute
10th Minute
20th Minute
The physical conditions such as fire are risky during even the test phase in terms of human safety and performing scenarios such as fire requires a high cost and high standards of equipment. This issue makes it impossible to perform a fire test in the building sector. It is not possible to perform experiments at any location of subway tunnels, shopping centers, airports or high-rise buildings with atrium. For this reason, design calculations are based on standards (NFPA, SFPE Handbook, DIN, BS or TSE). However, standards can be supported by the simulation method in current complex and organic structures. In fire simulations such subjects should be carried out by taking advantage of the standards or by a fire consultant. For example, -Heat load of the fire and the amount of smoke generated due to it, -Determination of total fire duration, -How many air changes are foreseen etc. through simulations, all the proposed scenarios can be analyzed while the building is still in the design phase. In this way, the temperature change, velocity distribution and sight distance under smoke will be examined as output.
11
FIRE SIMULATIONS WHAT IS IT?
CAR PARKS Yanan Araรง
Subway Tunnels Classification of subway tunnels is analyzed in 3D by CFD method but analysis of fire in the tunnels is performed as 1D. The route of the evacuation that people exit the burning vehicle during the fire in tunnel should be opposite to the route where the smoke is evacuated. Therefore tunnel ventilation is critical. Axial fans to be used for air change calculations for the discharge of smoke during fire and the locations, the quantity and the flow rate of jet fans are analyzed by 1D CFD solvers such as Subway Environmental Simulation and IDA Tunnel. According to the presence / absence of fire separator doors in stations, scenarios are based on different fire loads such as burning luggage, train fire and fire in stairs or floors of the station and the performance of the general ventilation is tested by simulations. CFD analyses are the indispensable analysing tools in such studies which there are no experimental opportunities when the risk is very high.
Smoke reduction applications with jet fans are advantageous in parking garages. CFD simulations provide advantages in terms of security, cost and time as it was mentioned in fire simulations. The locations of the axial fans, which are expected to satisfy the need mechanically for fresh air and the jet fan, are determined according to the engineering knowledge and experiences. Since the location of axial fans is generally determined by the shaft location, it can be concluded with simulations where the locations of the jet fans are located.
Ventilation during fire and daily ventilation are performed by 1D fire analysis in tunnel. There are many factors that must be taken into account in tunnel daily ventilation. An important factor from them is the atmospheric pressure change in the openings at the tunnel shaft connections. Outdoor climate data is analysed by parameter which are, -Tube length and depth, -Moisture-holding capacity of soil surrounding the tunnel, -Daily information of train activities, -Total number of passengers, -Tunnel soil interior wall surface temperature.
3th Minute
Parking Garages -The fire load values to be applied to the parking garages fire analyses are determined by standards. The thermal load generated by the combustion of a vehicle is considered to be approximately 4800 MJ, while the combustion curve according to time varies from one vehicle type to another. -Smoke intensity of the vehicle as a result of burning affects the sight distance. Because of sprinkler systems cooling of smoke with water trigger is exahausted white smoke formation and this makes a lower sight distance than black smoke. -CFD method is accurate to allocate the source of the fire for the fire fighters via performing these boundary conditions.
30th Minute
60th Minute
12
EVACUATION SCENARIOS EVACUATIONS The evacuation situation becomes complicated as there is also a place to put shoes on the route of evacuation scenarios in private-use buildings such as mosques. The accumulation of a space filled with full capacity, the number of doors and the time of discharge according to the door placing can be determined in different scenarios.
WHAT IS IT? In the case of fire in the tunnel and all other buildings, the architectural design takes this criterion into consideration in order to allow people to evacuate the place in safe conditions. However, if the structure contains complex, crowded or evacuating elements according to the purpose of use, the human flow can be visualized using simulation support. This simulation support collected under evacuation simulations roof can be used for people and vehicles. In this approach where some psychological factors can be taken into account, - Human shoulder width, - Walking speed, - The movement in the intensity when it comes together, - For the factors such as acceleration, total discharge times can be determined using the calculations.
30th Second
Analysis studies can be used for emergency evacuation, and also in daily conditions. It shows how long people can evacuate when they use a place like escalator, tourniquet or elevator.
180th Second
View of Platform 4 train ever y 10 minutes 200 passanger ever y train
360th Second
With 1D analysis, the tunnel is designed schematically with all mechanical and passive systems. When operating the system, principles can be updated and re-analysed and improved.
Temperature Distribution of Subway Tunnel 13
INDOOR AIR QUALITY OPEN OFFICE
WHAT IS IT? The environmental quality of the interior environment is an important issue in terms of human health and productivity. Nowadays, the medical problem that can be seen in office buildings may be the most basic of the structure related to legionnaire disease. However, protection from this situation cannot be achieved due to ventilation and the sources (bacteria, fungi) should be eliminated. In addition, psychological disturbances may also be observed, but this may not depend on the structure / office ventilation or air conditioning. Apart from these, due to the engineering design, the patient building syndrome (Sick Building Syndrom) may occur due to air quality, thermal, visual and acoustic loss. In people with SBS disorders, this situation is not directly observed, but may be resolved when the office is abandoned. Indicators may be more ailment, headache, fatigue, irritability, or eye strain problems. It is seen that the productivity of the people living in these situations in the office environment decreased with time and as a result there were losses in the work efficiency. In order to protect both user health and productivity, office interior design has been a subject that requires many different disciplines to come together and work. The most important contribution of CFD studies in indoor air quality analysis is the ability to dissolve airflow movements in laminar or turbulent ways. In this way, the air velocities on the human body and volume are determined and depending on these values, the amount of heat from the surfaces can be transferred to the fluid. Obtaining "H c" (heat transfer coefficient) value is possible with experimental studies or flow simulations. Other parameters can also be obtained and used with other analysis methodologies. (Zone and analytical method etc.) For this reason, the CFD method gives the opportunity to simulate with many different boundary conditions, which is an advantage in terms of cost and time.
Temperature
14
With seperators
The study of how and to what extent the indoor air quality (IAQ) due to the placement of separating materials in a sample office room and on the table will be affected is analyzed in 3 dimensions by CFD method. The numerical values obtained are visualized for easier understanding.
Ventilating location for air conditioning
Hot air diffusers
Air intake diffusers
Analysis studies have been defined with reference to the winter climate period of Ankara. The outdoor air temperature is -12 C degrees. Heat conduction value of 1.7 W/m.K was accepted for applied wall structure. The 100-watt thermal load generated by the human body was taken into account and air-conditioned to keep them cool. Placed under a suspended ceiling and blowing in 4 directions, the hot air was distributed to the environment and collected back into the suspended ceiling and the cycle was completed as in fan coil systems.
With seperators
Without seperators
Analyses based on the given assumptions were completed and the numerical results were visualized in the sections taken in the average sitting level of the people inside the room. In the scenario where the local air quality visuals are present, people are likely to be exposed to Sick Building Syndrom in the red area. LAQI CO2
Without seperators
With seperators
Without seperators
THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS P.O. FANGER APPROACH
WHAT IS IT?
Comfort Parameters - PMV = Predicted Mean Vote - PPD = Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied
Cold
Cool
Slightly Cool Neutral Slightly Warm
PMV vs. PPD graph. temperature is slightly discomfort. Similarly, at 76% of people reported
Warm
Hot
Point A(-1,26) shows that when sensible cool, 26% of people experienced thermal point B(2,76) when the sensible temperature thermal discomfort.
The CFD method uses a lot of mathematical infrastructure, especially in the solution of turbulence. The outputs obtained here provide secondary outputs with the following simplified equations.
The loss of comfort, which is most common in the places where people live, and which makes it necessary to take precautions quickly when it is noticed, is generally from a thermal point of view. The protection of this balance in the heat transfer from the human skin surface to the environment is the physiological fundamental rule that keeps us alive. As the body core temperature changes by 1 or 2 degrees, we try to take action by changing external or internal factors for this life-threatening event. The clothes we wear, our metabolic heat production depending on our activity, the sunbathing or the active heating and cooling devices we use primarily to protect our core temperature, and then to make us feel comfortable thermally, even if it varies from person to person.
Thermoregulation
Air Flow
Clothing Sur face Convective Heat Transfer
BODY CORE Metabolic Heat Production
Evaporation heat transfer
Radiant Heat Transfer Skin Sur face
Conduction Heat Transfer
Clothes Face Area
Water Vapor Partial Pressure
Clothing Thermal Resistance
Air Temperature
Clothing Surface Temperature
Mean Radiant Temperature
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Relative Air Velocity
The speed and amount of heat transfer from the human body to the environment by conduction, convection and radiation is the factor that determines our thermal comfort level. We can name all the efforts to preserve the heat generated in the inner body of the body with 6 basic factors. The clothes we wear and the metabolic heat production are two parameters that are directly under our control, while the temperature, velocity, humidity range and radiation temperature of the surrounding surfaces are other external parameters. Using this data, the most basic thermal comfort calculation was described mathematically by the Danish scientist PO Fanger. In different environmental conditions by changing the 6 parameters, the subjects have collected feedbacks according to whether the environment is very cold (-3), very hot (+3) "Predicted Mean Vote - PMV" as defined. One result of this test is that 5% of people say that they feel uncomfortable under any circumstances. Through the feedback of the total subjects, the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied was obtained.
15
THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS
PROCESS OF ANALYSIS All materials and building materials contained in an office room are drawn in 1: 1 scale, 3 dimensional drawing on architectural plans. In CFD analysis studies, points where flow and heat transfer play an important role should be applied in the drawing. For example; details such as the handle of a door, decorative small ornaments or the placement of the devices in the suspended ceiling should be neglected with the experience of the engineer performing the application. The details to be applied in such analyses may lead to more erroneous outputs than the actual data of the results. The distribution of the air blown from the in-room culvert is placed in the space determined by the mechanical design team by drawing the 3D diffuser with one-to-one dimensions. The defined flow rate or the velocity which is directly from the vent is defined by defining if known. If the pressure loss inside the device before blowing is done before the blowing of the vent is requested, mechanical solution is included in the solution, otherwise in case of rapid solution, such cases are completed by acceptance.
The fancoil-operated cooling system is modeled by anemostat which will perform one-way blowing. Thus, only 19C degree air is blown around the table where the user works. The orifice air outlet varies according to the flow rate obtained from the system. The degree of blowing speed is not designed to cause noise and to provide adequate air conditioning. In addition, when the user reaches comfort zone, it should not exceed the order of 0.2 m / s. These criteria are clarified and adapted to simulations as a result of the selection of mechanical and architectural design teams.On July 21, there is no heat source other than the heat
16
Blowing diffusers Air intake diffusers Glasses
Door For the office room given in the image, cooling of the summer period and the hourly change of the thermal comfort level are examined. The door of the room faces the north faรงade, while the other two sides with glass faรงades are facing west and south. It is known that the southern faรงade of the room takes direct and diffuse solar radiation as of 11:30. In this analysis, the physical properties of all building materials are defined and the radiation permeability levels for the glasses are defined according to the wavelength range.
source formed by sunbathing in the room and the cooling system is operated at the highest capacity. Thus, when the solar radiation entering through the glass breaks through the surfaces, it works like a heat source and heats the materials in the room first. When all materials (metal, wood, concrete, coatings, etc.) reach their thermal capacities depending on their physical properties, they transfer the heat to the other surfaces in the environment according to the wavelength emission level of the surfaces and at the same time heat transfer from the surface to the air. In the course of time, the temperature inside the room and the corresponding increase in temperature are observed.
0,5 m By analyzing the results of the analysis, the value of the data at any point can be examined by means of CFD analysis. However, when interpreting comfort parameters or observing the visuals of parameters such as sensible temperature and velocity distribution, comfort zone definition according to EN norms should be taken into consideration. 1m from the glass, 0.5m from the walls and 1.8m from the ground should be taken. In the same way, data should be used at least 5cm above the floor and 1m away from HVAC devices.
0,5 cm
COMFORT ZONE
1m
1m In the sample images, PMV was displayed in the cross-section for the case where the single variable has a sunbathing time and angle from 09:00 to 17:00. Solar heat coming from the windows is the most important factor in both calculation and change of thermal comfort. In this example, 70% of the southern and western facades are glass wrapped and the resolution of the curtains without using them caused serious increases in temperature. But by changing the orifice angle, the cold air supply targeted to the region where only the user is, provided a local comfort. Passing through the room causes the user to feel high temperature as the solar radiation coming from the glass and by radiating in the materials that have reached the thermal capacity inside. The transmittance value of the glasses is 60% for the radiation and the light transmission value is 75%. The radiation permeability ratio from these values is the most basic parameter that can be changed to improve the design of the room in terms of thermal comfort.
The energy permeability values of the glass produced today can be changed with various interior and exterior coatings. This allows the glass to be absorbed or refracted. Thus, as the decision makers produce solutions with high reflectivity value, it can cause glare effect in areas where there is much structure, or heat island formation between asphalt and other buildings. In addition, there may be a disadvantageous situation due to inability to benefit from sunbathing during heating and transition periods. If the target is chosen by increasing the absorbance value, the high temperature increase over the glass will cause the effect of radiation to diffuse, not directly into the room over time. For this reason, the air and solar radiation distribution between the regions where the glass is located and the other areas of use are analyzed by CFD analysis and the qualified feedback will be provided to all design teams.
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
Transient PMV values in comfort 17
DOUBLE SKIN FACADE ANALYSIS EXAMPLE ANALYSIS
WHAT IS IT?
INTERIOR
Double Skin Façade (DSF ) systems have advantageous and disadvantageous compared to single facade systems. Advantages: - Supports natural ventilation up to 95%, - Sound insulation, - Thermal block support in transition seasons, - Positive effects of user’s interaction with external environment (transparency)
EXTERIOR DOUBLE SKIN FACADE (40cm)
Disadvantages: - Investment costs are high, - Maintenance is more difficult than a single façade system, - The air in the space between two façades can reach very high temperatures during summer periods.
Example as the above image, the graphical expressions are shown in the following tables. As a result of the analysis, the annual graph of the air temperatures in the space between the exterior and the interior. Assumptions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
First, it became widespread in northern countries in order to reduce heating cost with a gap between facades. (Distance can be changed among 20cm 200cm) Basic design parameters to be considered in Double Skin Façades; - Physical properties (transmissivity, reflectivity, emissivity etc.) of the front and rear windows of facades - Heat conductivities and heat capacities according to the color of metal panels used, - The gap distance between two façades, - The dimensions and layouts of the transition pores for air to be taken from the external environment.
For this reason, the air between the facades can reach more than 50% of the temperature. For example, if a DSF system designed according to Berlin climate conditions is applied to a building facade in Istanbul without any changes, it will be possible to see a 58% increase in critical design temperature in the summer period.
Location Weather Facade Direction Gap Distance Specs Of Exterior Glass Specs Of Interior Glass Metal Profile Altitude
Exterior Air Temperature 8,4 9 10,9 15,4 20 24,6 26,6 26,8 23,7 19,1 14,8 10,8
Months January February March April May June July August September October November December
Exterior Air Temperature
Gap Temperature
January
February
March
April
May
June
Months
18
Gap Temperature 8 10 11 16 28 36 43 39 27,5 22 18 12
Temperature
A common DSF system will function to form a thermal block between the external environment and the interior. In this case, the design will be advantageous for regions with high energy consumption during the heating period. However, in areas with a long or high outdoor temperature during the cooling period, a higher temperature will occur in the two front shells. The most basic parameter is the breaking of the solar radiation in the facade, passing all the energy to the other façade elements or the thermal accumulation in the glass.
Istanbul Sunny South < 40 cm %80 Transparency %55 Transparency Dark Grey 40 m
July
August
September
October
November
December
HOSPITAL BUILDING DOUBLE SKIN FACADE - In order to analyze temperature distribution around the facade, simulation of the whole building facade can be studied, and only specific regions can be examined by determining possible elevations and areas of local critical temperatures. - Analyzes require the interdisciplinary association that facade consultant, mechanical design team, architectural team and investor work together. In this way, the effects of the engineering improvements on the facade should be transferred with good communication to the mechanical design team, which is the other engineering unit in order to affect the output of the energy consumption results. - For architectural aesthetic concerns, adaptations are made without changing the initial design critically. - The consultant and the investor are aimed to provide a solution without exceedence of the cost / benefit limits determined by the total implementation costs and choices.
As a result of CFD analysis, groups in different disciplines will know; - Surface temperature ranges of facade profile materials, - The location of blinds can be determined as well as their thermal comfort and surface temperatures - Access to numerical data on the temperature distribution on glass surfaces in winter or summer period.
OFFICE BUILDING DOUBLE SKIN FACADE Double facade structures are applied in many different designs. They can be fully passive or supported by the mechanical system. Depending on the distance between two facades and the width of the modules, transporting the heated air to the upper floors with the stack effect may cause the undesirable noise in the facade. The fact that each facade element type can be changed or has a diÂŚerent value that will make it as a diÂŚerent design. For this reason, the designs should be analysed in digital platforms using CFD, before the application of DSF systems. In this way, it is possible to preclude from disadvantageous situations like critical temperature values.
Temperature distribution of front curtain
Temperature distribution of back curtain
Temperature of curtain
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DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS SHADING Shading analysis is carried out by taking into consideration the effect of surrounding buildings. While these analyzes can give the shadows formed as a single output on an annual basis, also give how shadows can occur on a daily basis.
WHAT IS IT? Daylight analysis is used to calculate the amount of light falling on the surfaces. The effects of light on the biological clock of living beings have not yet been fully resolved. Dark state, intensity, wavelength and duration of light have effects on human psychology, physiology and consequently productivity. The use of natural and artificial light in the building is now determining by making calculations in terms of both energy consumption and comfort. Thus, an effort is made to reach better quality in spaces with appropriate costs. It is important to test on the design stage for light quality by using experimental studies with physical scale models or it is also possible to use software. Completion of daylight analyses by software in the building scale is a must for performance improvement in construction sector. Increasing urbanization, the heights of the buildings cause serious calculation needs. In order to provide correct and sufficient light, the required lux values for different spaces and functions are determined in the standards. Glass light transmittations should be considered together in order to obtain sufficient light with energy savings, especially in the selection of glass. In addition to this, reduction of the cooling load in the summer period passively, adding the sunbreakers used outside of the faรงade and the importance of the calculation ability become more important.
June 21 J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
Overheated
O
N
D
Underheated
Fixed Shading Device Excessive Shading Period
Extend Shading Device During Transition Period
West
Glazing : 1,5 m. x 3 m. %30 Glazed Material of Facade : Aluminium Directions of Facade: East & South 1
Moveable Shading Device Retract Shading Device During Transition Period
The shading elements are separated seasonally. We can think of them as moving and constant. The movable ones can be used with awning, hinged extension or vegetation. If a mechanically movable system is to be preferred, the static calculations should be made accordingly.
20
North
Building facade elements can be analyzed separately by considering shading and indoor light amount taken in DF (Daylight Factor) and LUX (lumen / m2). As a result of this, it can also be determined how the heating / cooling loads in the interior can be changed. The thermal effect of these facade elements on the interior can also be analyzed by CFD methods.
Solar Symmetr y
Underheated
The room which is daylight analysis
3
No Shading Device
80 cm Horizontal Shading Device
2
4
10cm x 10 cm 3 Horizontal Gap Shading Device
80 cm Horizontal 10cm x 10 cm 3 Veritacal Gap Shading Device
The DF-LUX scale specified for the different facade types is as below.
0.00
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
0
251
501
752
1002
DF LUX
1st Facade No Shading Device
2nd Facade
10cm x 10 cm 3 Horizontal Gap Shading Device
3th Facade
80 cm Horizontal Shading Device
4th Facade 80 cm Horizontal 10cm x 10 cm 3 Veritacal Gap Shading Device
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ENERGY MODELLING
WHAT IS IT? The building sector is now the leading role in CO2 emissions, environmental impacts and energy consumption. 38% of the electricity consumption and 21% of the CO2 emissions are due to the buildings. For this reason, designing new buildings and improving existing buildings should be evaluated in terms of energy efficiency and environmental criteria. It is an effective method to program, plan, design and build structures with a holistic approach. This method includes climatic data, building orientation and form, lighting and thermal comfort, systems and materials and integrates these approaches into design. The microclimate must be fully understood, because the effects of such factors as the sun for the heating and lighting, the wind for the ventilation, the rain for irrigation and other water requirements are critical. Decisions in the design process of buildings can be determined by calculating the energy losses / gains of the annual life cycle assessment (LCA) of the building. This causes to find the solutions for excessive consumption by building. Energy Modelling gives knowledge about; - Architectures can learn about pre construction and operation energy costs, - Mechanical design groups can calculate the loads of HVAC systems that thermal loads of the building are, - Employees working on sustainability ensure that the entire system is certified, green building performance and creditable. - These studies, which are used in conjunction with building stock analyses, highlight the infrastructure and strengthening of infrastructure in public and local governments. EnergyPlus, which is developed by the Department of Energy, is preferred as the most basic solver for energy modeling. Having completed their validations and providing services to the building sector with the third package software with many different interfaces provide a gain on process management and operation by clarifying the consumption on an annual basis.
22
After the design of the building; structure, infrastructure, air conditioning costs are calculated, it is also possible to see how the changes affected the total cost. Structure Costs
Floor Area (m2) Cost (GBP)
Sub Total
457.3
HVAC Costs
Floor Area (m2) Cost (GBP)
Sub Total
457.3
Lighting Costs
Floor Area (m2) Cost (GBP)
Sub Total
457.3
Sub-Structure Costs
Floor Area (m2) Cost (GBP)
Sub Total
139.6
15353.5
Super Structure Cost
Construction Area (m2)
Cost (GBP)
Project external floor
34.9
2794.6
Project unoccupied pitched roof
208.1
20599.9
Project semi-exposed ceiling
135.7
25779.3
Project semi-exposed wall
22.5
2925.7
Project basement ground floor
139.6
47316.8
Project internal floor
105.8
22222.8
Project wall
312.0
40561.4
Project below grade wall
109.3
14214.8
Project partition
322.6
20643.4
Project internal floor_Reversed
139.5
29291.6
Project semi-exposed floor
33.7
4381.3
Sub Total
1563.7
230731.7
Glazing Cost
Surface Area (m2)
Cost (GBP)
Project external glazing
88.2
14119.1
96042.2
47733.9
28640.3
Local shading
0.00
Blinds and internal shades
0.00
Sub Total
14119.1
REFERENCE PROJECTS Shopping Centers - Metropol İstanbul - Pedestrian Wind Comfort - İstinyepark İzmir – Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort - İzmir Ege Perla – Pedestrian Wind Comfort - İzmir Karşıyaka – Pedestrian Wind Comfort - Kuzu Effect – Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort & Thermal Comfort - Karüsel – Fire Simulation - Capitol – Fire Simulation - Hilltown AVM Dış Akış Analizleri – Soğutma Kuleleri Su Buharı Oluşum Miktarları ve Yayılım Analizleri
Airport - İstanbul Grand Airport (IGA) Indoor Air Quality & CO Distribution in Outdoor
Mixed-use Buildings - Republic of Turkey Presidency Palace - Balo / Dinner Hall - Indoor Air Quality & Thermal Comfort - Republic of Turkey Presidency Palace - Library - Indoor Air Quality & Thermal Comfort - Republic of Turkey National Intelligience Organisation Buildings - Republic of Turkey Court of Casstion Room – Indoor Air Quality & Thermal Comfort - Presidency of Defence Industries - Fire Simulation & Thermal Comfort - Istanbul Technical University - Teknokent Building – Analysis of Double Skin Facade in order to determining temperature distribution between facades - Hilton Antakya Museum Otel - Pedestrian Wind Comfort - Koton General Management Building – Fire Simulations - Orjin Maslak Office – Analysis of Double Skin Facade in order to determining temperature distribution between facades
Air Quality & Fire Simulations on the Terminal Zone
- Fatih Tax Management Building – Thermal Comfort Simulations with Different
High-rise Buildings -
- Metrokent - Thermal Comfort
- İzmir Mavişehir Tower - Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
Diffuser Types
- İzmir Bayraklı Tower – Pedestrian Wind Comfort
Car Parks
- Mesa KOZ - Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
- Trioss2023 – Kapalı Otopark Duman Tahliye Analizlerinin Dış Akış Dağılımıyla
- OYAK Grup Dragos - Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
İrdelenmesi
- Beytepe Tower – Wind Load on Facade
- Republic of Turkey Presidency Palace – Carpark Design Performance Analysis
- Nidapark Kayaşehir - Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort Konfor &
- Küçükçekmece Otoparkı - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing
Thermal Comfort - Evacuation Simulations
Proficiency of Jetfan Capasities
- Mina Towers - Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
- Terrace Koru - Fire Simulations
- Nef22 Ataköy – Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
- İkitelli-Başakşehir Integrated Health Campus – Carpark Design Performance
- Allianz Kristal Tower - Thermal Comfort & Evacuation Simulations
Analysis
- Kale Kule Kartal - Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
- Blue Lake - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency of Jetfan
- Terrace Lotus – Wind Load on Facade
Capasities
- Seyrantepe Nidapark – Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
- Çiftçi Tower - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency of Jetfan
- Istanbul Finans Center (IFC ) – Wind Consultancy
Capasities
- Parkmozaik - Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
- Fourwinds – Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency of Jetfan
- Mesa Koza66- Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
Capasities
- Mahal Ankara – Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
- Altunizade Residents - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency
- Nida Kule Ataşehir - Wind Load on Facade & Pedestrian Wind Comfort
of Jetfan Capasities
- Kozyatağı Metro Alanı Konsept Tasarım Projesi – Wind Consultacy
- Fenerbahçe Ülker Arena – Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing
Hospitals
Proficiency of Jetfan Capasities - Zorlu Center - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency of Jetfan Capasities
- Gaziantep Integrated Health Campus – Thermal Comfort & Daylighting
- Gplus - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency of Jetfan
Simulations
Capasities
- Bilkent Şehir Hastanesi, Hasta Odaları İç Ortam Hava Kalitesi ve Termal Konfor
- Güngören Kapalı Otoparkları - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing
Analizleri
Proficiency of Jetfan Capasities
- Memorial Hospital Bahçeşehir – Analysis of Double Skin Facade in order to
- Bursa Alman Hastanesi, Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency
determining temperature distribution between facades
of Jetfan Capasities
- Ministry of Health Investments – Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in surgery rooms
- Magnesia AVM - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency of
with diffirent conditions in Turkish Standarts
Jetfan Capasities - Malatya Hilton - Indoor Carpark Fire Simulations and Analysing Proficiency of
Tübitak and EU Projects - America Texas Austin University - Researching effects of different types of double skin facade on the thermal comfort and invenstment costs - Garanti Pendik Technology Campus - Analysis of Double Skin Facade in order to determining temperature distribution between facades - Özyeğin University – Language Collage – Indoor Air Quality & Thermal Comfort (A project co-financed by the European Commission through the Seventh Framework Programme (http://need4b.eu) - Konya Necmettin Erbakan University– Faculty of Architecural Buildings - Pedestrian Wind Comfort for different building directions
Entertainment Centers
Jetfan Capasities
Mosques - Yeşil Vadi Mosque – Thermal Comfort - Al Nora Mosque -Ajman – United Arabian Emirates – Evacuation Simulations
Data Centers - TÜBİTAK – Indoor Temperature Distribution Analysis - İş Bankası Towers - Indoor Temperature Distribution Analysis - Turkcell İzmir Datacenter – Dispersion Analysis of Chiller Units On The Roof and Indoor Air Temperature Distribution with Different Cabinet Arrangements
- Etnospor Başakşehir - Pedestrian Wind Comfort – TPF ( Third Party Financing -
Sport Buildings
Brussels)
- FIFA 2022 World Cup Qatar Stadium - Thermal Comfort Analysis for Field of
- Tema World Entertainment Center - Pedestrian Wind Comfort
Industrial Buildings
Play & Spectator Permanent Seating Tiers
- Cargill Food - Ammonia Leakage Dispersion Analysis In and Around The Factory Buildings - Bosch Türkiye – Bursa Factory - Fire Simulations
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BUILDING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS WIND
THERMAL
FIRE
ENERGY
What are the completed analyses for the building performance, what should be taken into consideration during construction period and most importantly, why this is done, how to increase the level of comfort in people's accomodating, working and entertainment environments is shown with sample analyses. Nowadays designing sustainable living spaces with building performance analyses has become more important with changing climatic conditions. High performance mathematical calculations (simulations) ensure that the real values and analysis results are highly consistent. Computer-aided analysis is developed rapidly; on the other hand, increasing of urbanization causes micro-climates in our cities and the city's meteorological station data in certain regions are becoming inconsistent. Before starting the construction, the meteorological station(s) is/are placed in construction site for collect the annual data and the correct information in order to ensure the validation of the analysis and results of consistent comfort during appliying “Building Performance Analysis”. By providing this service, Alkazar continues to provide more accurate data for energy calculations in the meantime improving user comfort and improving itself with all these. Wind Simulations Fire Simulations Evacuation Scenarios Thermal Comfort Analysis Double Skin Facade Analysis Daylight Analysis Data Center Analysis Energy Modelling
engineering & consultancy
Alkazar Mühendislik & Danışmanlık Nisbetiye Mah. Gazi Güçnar Sk. No:4/ 7 34340 Beşiktaş / İstanbul info@alkazar.com.tr
