República Bolivariana de Venezuela Instituto Universitario Politécnico “Santiago Mariño” Extensión: Mérida Ingeniería Agronómica
ALBUM OF FLOWER AD FRUIT Student: Geles V. Herrera S. I.C.: v-23.304.331
Mérida, Februar y
THE FLOWER. A flower is a structure of sexual reproduction characteristic of cer tain types of plants and aims to produce seeds of new plants for the perpetuation of the species.
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PARTS OF A FLOWER. *Corolla: It is formed by the petals are colored inside leaves sepals. *The calyx: It is formed by the sepals, which are a set of green leaves at the base of the flower.
*The stamens: They are the male organs of the flower. They consist of a filament with a bag containing small pollen grains, inside of which are the male reproductive cells.
*Egg: the body of the plant that forms in the ovary and the embryo sac containing the female gamete.
CLASSIFICATION Classification of flowers by arrangement:
- Solitar y. Adonis vernalis Akebia quinata Adonis annua L.
Inflorescences *Red lantana
Arum maculatum
Trifolium rubens
Classification of flowers according to the general symmetr y:
- Classification of flowers according to the general symmetr y:
-Cigomoras: -Atinomorphic:
-Asymmetric:
Classification of flowers according to the separation of the sepals:
Dialisepals: having separated sepals. Are the calyx or flowers with free sepals, or that are not joined. Gamosepals: present united sepals.
Classification of flowers according to the separation of the petals:
- Dialipetals: having separated petals.
Gamopetals: the petals are attached or semi - attached. -
Classification of flower s according to the position of the ovar y relative to the perianth.
- Surpass: have the ovar y on the inser tion point of the petals. It is the normal arrangement.
- Inferas: the ovar y is located under the inser tion point of the petals. Is enclosed within the thalamus.
ANGIOSPERMS.
By their seeds are classified as dicots and monocots.
Reproduction in angiosperms: the player or gametophyte apparatus consists of the flower, which may contain both female structures ( carpel or pistil) and male ( stamen ) or may be in different plants or flowers. Pollen or male gamete must be transferred to the pistil (pollination ) where a pollen tube fertilizes the egg and it turns into seed develops.
Monocotyledons and dicotyledons Monocotyledons: Do angiosperms, full and visible flower, possess a single embryonic leaf or cotyledon in their seeds. Dicotyledons: Angiosperms are a class of plants whose seed is provided with two cotyledons on either side of the embryo.
GYMNOSPERMS. Gymnosperms are seed plants ( seeds ) with eggs and seeds are not formed in closed cavities . Its carpels not differ in ovary, style and stigma.
FORMULAS AND DIAGRAMS FLORAL.
The floral formula is a way to symbolically represent the structure of a flower using letters, numbers and other signs. Typically, the floral formula is used to represent the morphological characteristics of the flowers of a par ticular plant family rather than a
THE FRUIT The result is the body from the flower, or par ts thereof that contains the seeds until they ripen and then helps to disseminate them.
In typical fleshy fruit is divided into the following parts: * PERICARP: Is everything that surrounds the seed. - Epicarp: is the outermost part, which leads to the shell skin or crust. - Mesocarp: An intermediate zone of parenchymatous tissue, is usually referred to as "meat" of the fruit. - Endocarp: The innermost part or shell covering the seed. * SEED: Is fertilized and mature egg. - Integument: They own the egg, though generally more hardened. They are known by the names of testa and tegmen. - Almond: It's all part contained in the integument. 1. Embr yo: It can distinguish the beginning of root or radicle, the beginning of a stem and first leaves or cotyledons. 2. Albumen: nourishing tissue that surrounds the embryo and from which it is fed to go to develop.
FRUIT PARTS
T YPES OF FRUITS
The first division can be per formed as to the fruit is dr y, meaty, depending on the pericarp is a more or less moist leather y structure or a structure. They can also be divided, attending to stop or free the seeds, dehiscent or indehiscent, respectively.
FLESHY FRUIT. * Drupa: fruit containing a single seed. For example, peach or cherry. * Pomo: Fruit in which the pericarp comes in part from the floral receptacle that becomes fleshy. For example, apple and pear. * Berr y: Any fruit with thin epicarp and mesocarp and endocarp fleshy and juicy. Containing numerous seeds. For example, tomatoes, grapes and bananas . * Hesperidium: Fruit coming from a superior ovary with carpels closed. The epicarp is very rich in essences. For example, orange and lemon. * Pepo: Fruit formed from an inferior ovary, with the outermost edge of hardened pericarp and a central cavity.
DRIED FRUITS.
* DEHISCENT: Upon reaching maturity, the pericarp opens and frees the seeds inside. - Follicle: Drift of a single carpel that opens on one side to reach maturity. - Pulse: Very similar to the follicle, but open on both sides. - Silicula: Formed by two carpels soldiers who arrived at maturity are removed, leaving the seeds attached to a persistent central partition. - Capsule: Formed from a compound ovary, supero or inferior, which upon reaching maturity frees seeds by different methods (pores near the apex of the capsule, longitudinal opening, etc). - Loment: Variety of fruit vegetable, but with which fragments to reach maturity. - Pixidio: Variety of fruit capsule opens transversely at the top (lid), exposing the bottom (urn), which may be unilateral or pluricarpelar.
MAIN T YPES OF INDEHISCENT NUTS.
* INDEHISCENT: The seeds remain in the result even after it has been separated from the plant. - Aquenio: seeded fruit in which the seed is free in the carpel cavity, except for one point. It is very common for this type of fruit are gathered form diaquenios, tetraquenios , etc. . - Samara: The fruit achene with one or two membranous wings. - Car yopsis: special Aquenio formed from a compound with the seed ovary and welded to the wall of the fruit. - Walnut: seeded fruit, similar to the achene and the very hard shell. - Glans: Achene large, with a protective cover or dome at the base. - Esquizocarp: Fruit derived from a compound ovary, upon reaching maturity, opens into a number of portions, each with one seed.
DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS.
Hydrochor y Anemocory, gliding structures: a, maple or maple (Acer), b, elm (Ulmus); c, linden (Tilia) d, a composite, E of catalpa (Catalpa).
Zoocoria
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERMS.
CYCLE OVERALL PLAYER IN AN
Monocotyledons and dicotyledons
Comparison between the seed of a (right) monocot and a dicot plant (lef t).
Monocotyledons - The embr yo has one cotyledon. - Each floral whorl is usually composed of three par ts, in the flower has three petals, sepals three three stamens and carpels three or a multiple of three. This type of flower is called trimer. - On leaves the venation usually parallel distributed - The vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. - There is no true secondar y growth, the presence of vascular cambium. - The pollen grain usually has a single fold or groove; monocolpado called.
Dicotyledons - The embr yo has two cotyledons. - Each floral whorl is generally composed of four or five pieces. They are said tetrameric or pentameric respectively flowers. - On leaves, reticulate venation usually, pinnate or palmate. - The vascular bundles are distributed on the stem to form a ring. - They have a true secondar y growth from vascular cambium. - The pollen grain usually has three creases or grooves, called tricolpate.