Compendium on Two Days Training Programme on
INTEGRATED DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN RABI CROPS (24-25 March, 2021) Course coordinator Dr. Ranbir Singh
Organized by SAMETI-J in collaboration with Division of Plant Pathology
Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Compendium on Two Days Training Programme on
INTEGRATED DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN RABI CROPS (24-25 March, 2021) Course coordinator Dr. Ranbir Singh
Compiled by Ranbir Singh Uma Shankar S.K. Singh
Organized by SAMETI-J in collaboration with Division of Plant Pathology
Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Contents Chapter(s) Topic(s)
Speaker(s)
Pages
1
Integrated Disease Management in Vegetable Crops
Ranbir Singh
1-5
2
Integrated Pest management in Field and
Uma Shankar
6-18
Horticultural Crops in Rabi season 3
Role of Biological Control agents in Rabi Crops
Vishal Gupta
19-21
4
Seed Treatment: An option for Seed and Soil Borne
A. K. Singh
22-25
Disease Management in Crops 5
IDM in pulses
Upma Dutta
26-36
6
IDM in oil seed crops
V. B. Singh
37-41
Identification of plant pathogens causing various
Ranbir Singh
diseases (Practical)
1 Integrated Disease Management in Vegetable Crops Ranbir Singh, Sachin Gupta and S. K. Singh Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture SKUAST-Jammu Introduction
component. The basic objectives of any IDM
Integrated disease management can be
program should be to achieve at least the
defined as a decision-based process involving
following:
co-ordinated use of multiple tactics for
1. Reduce the possibility of introducing
optimizing the control of pathogen in an
2. Avoid creating conditions suitable for
ecologically and economically manner. In most cases IDM consists of scouting with timely application of a combination of strategies and tactics. These may include site selection and preparation,
utilizing
resistant
cultivars,
altering planting practices, modifying the environment by drainage, irrigation, pruning, thinning, shading and applying pesticides, if necessary. But in addition to these traditional measures, monitoring environmental factors (temperature, moisture, soil pH, nutrients, etc.), disease forecasting, and establishing economic thresholds are important to the management scheme (Khoury and Makkouk, 2010). These measures should be applied in a coordinated
integrated
diseases into the crop
and
harmonized
manner to maximize the benefits of each
disease establishment and spread 3. Simultaneous management of multiple pathogens 4. Regular monitoring of pathogen effects, and their natural enemies and antagonists as well 5. Use of economic or treatment thresholds when applying chemicals 6. Integrated use of multiple, suppressive tactics. Principles of Plant Disease Control 1. Avoidance—prevents disease by selecting a time of the year or a site where there is no inoculum or where the environment is not favorable for infection. 2. Exclusion—prevents the introduction of inoculum.
1
3. Eradication—eliminates, destroy, or inactivate the inoculum. 4. Protection—prevents infection by means of a toxicant or some other barrier to infection. 5. Resistance—utilizes cultivars that are resistant to or tolerant of infection. 6. Therapy—cure plants that are already infected Advantages of Integrated Disease
restrictions
corrective measures to keep pathogen from causing significant problems, with minimum risk or hazard to human and desirable components of their environment. Some of the benefits of an integrated approach are as follows:
Promotes sound structures and healthy plants
Decreases workers, tenants and public exposure to chemicals
Alleviates concern of the public about pest & pesticide related practices.
Maintains
or
increases
the
cost-
effectiveness of disease management
Management Integrated approach integrates preventive and
Reduces or eliminates re-entry interval
programs Components
of
Integrated
Disease
Management The
major
management
components are
of
host-plant
disease resistance,
cultural practices, biological control and chemical
control.
Even
though
these
components will be dealt with individually, it should be mentioned that often the different components are complementary to each other
Promotes the sustainable bio based
with strong interaction among and between
disease management alternatives.
them and the environment. The major
Reduces
the
associated
with
encouraging
the
environmental
risk
management adoption
of
by more
components
of
Integrated
Disease
Management are Cultural practices
ecologically benign control tactics
Cultural
Reduces the potential for air and ground
techniques, mulching, intercropping, plant
water contamination
density, planting date, crop rotation, strip
Protects the non-target species through
farming, timing of harvest, barrier crops,
reduced
crop mixtures, roguing, healthy planting
impact
of
plant
disease
practices
such
as
cultivation
management activities.
material, soil solarization, soil amendments,
Reduces the need for pesticides and
fertilizer
fungicides by using several management
management have been used singly and in
methods
combination
Reduces or eliminates issues related to
management. Cultural control methods not
pesticide residue
only serve in promoting the healthy growth
management, as
tools
and for
water disease
2
of the crop, but are also effective in directly
discouraging growth of most pathogens. Soil
reducing
inoculum
enhancing
the
potential
biological
and
in
aeration and drying can be enhanced through
activities
of
incorporation
of
composted
organic
antagonists in the soil. Crop rotation is a very
amendments in the soil. Build up of
important practice, especially for soil borne
inoculum can be reduced by removing all
disease
borne
plant materials (infected and apparently
diseases, at least a 3-year-rotation using a
healthy) after harvest. Between-row cover
non-host crop reduces pathogen populations.
crops reduce plant injury from blowing sand.
This practice is beneficial for Phytophthora
Polyethylene mulch can be used as a physical
blight of pepper and Fusarium wilt of
barrier between soil and above-ground parts
watermelon. Vegetable fields should be
of plants. This is an important practice for
located as far as away as possible from
fruit rot control in the field. Highly UV-
inoculum and insect vector sources. Weed
reflective (metalized) mulches repel some
control is important for the management of
insects. It is beneficial to use metalized
viral diseases. Weeds may be alternate hosts
mulch during certain times of the year when
for several important vegetable viruses and
insect vectors of some viral diseases are
their vectors. Elimination of weeds might
prevalent. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
reduce primary inoculum. Cover crops help
incidence
to reduce weed populations that may harbor
populations have been demonstrated to be
pathogens between seasons. For this purpose
effectively reduced by using metalized
use cover crops that grow fast and provide
mulches on tomatoes. Plant nutrition and soil
maximum biomass. Excessive handling of
pH can also impact some diseases. Fertilizers
plants such as thinning, pruning and tying
with a higher proportion of nitrate nitrogen
may be involved in spread of pathogens,
(NO3) than ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4) will
particularly
some
help to reduce the incidence of Fusarium wilt
pathogens can only enter the host through
on tomato. Increasing soil pH by liming is a
wounds, situations which promote plant
good
injury should be avoided. During pruning
Fusarium wilt incidence as well as Botryis
process
gray
control. For
and
bacteria.
harvest,
many soil
Because
workers
should
and
associated
management mold
severity.
vector
strategy
to
Optimum
thrips
reduce calcium
periodically clean their hands and tools with
nutrition and higher soil pH may reduce the
a disinfectant, such as isopropyl alcohol. If
incidence of bacterial wilt in the field.
applicable, plants can be staked and tied for
Adequate calcium is necessary to minimize
improved air movement in the foliar canopy.
blossom end rot and to provide for overall
A more open canopy results in less wetness,
healthy growth. Avoiding excessive nitrogen
3
leads to less dense canopies, thus improving
Bjorkman,
1998),
air movement in the canopy. High soil
(Lumsden
and
moisture enhances the development of soil
Streptomyces griseus (Cook et al., 1996).
borne pathogens including Phytophthora,
However, the use of naturally occurring bio-
Pythium and the bacterial wilt pathogen.
control
Excess water damages roots by depriving
pathogens can be traced back to many
them of oxygen and creates conditions that
centuries through the traditional practice of
favor
borne
crop rotations that primarily permit the
pathogens. Irrigation management, based on
reduction of pathogens’ inoculum potential in
plant
an
the soil below injury level. This approach is
pathogen
still the most important single component, in
infection needs,
environment
by
will
certain help
unfavorable
soil
to
create
for
agents
Gliocaladium Walter,
1995)
(antagonists)
of
virens and
plant
survival and disease development.
both developed and developing countries
Chemical control
used to manage root pathogens. This process
For many decades fungicides played an
is often accelerated by adding composts or
important
role
manures,
the1960s,
systemic
in
disease
control.
fungicides
In
started
which
enrich
the
soil
with
antagonistic microflora (Baker and Cook,
gradually to replace the older non-systemic
1974).
chemicals with more effectiveness and
Host-plant resistance
specificity in disease control. Very quickly,
Host plant resistance is an important tool to
triazole fungicides gained 24% of the total
control diseases of major food crops in
fungicides market (Hewitt, 1998). However,
developing countries, especially wheat, rice,
the
as
potato, cassava, chickpea, peanuts and
mancozeb and chlorothalonil plus copper and
cowpea. The use of resistant varieties is very
sulpher-based products continued to have a
much welcomed by resource poor farmers
good share of the market, especially in
because it does not require additional cost
developing countries because of their lower
and it is environment-friendly. Rice varieties
cost.
resistant to rice blast, bacterial blight, rice
Biological control
tungro and brown spot are widely used. Rusts
Success in using microorganisms against
have been known to cause serious disease on
plant pathogens started with the control of
wheat since its domestication. The use of
crown gall with Agrobacterium radiobacter
genetic resistance is still the most economic
K84 (Kerr, 1980), and that of seedling blights
and feasible mode of disease control.
non-systemic
fungicides
such
caused by Pythium and Rhizoctonia with Trichoderma
harizanum
(Harman
and
4
Conclusion Integrated disease management (IDM) is a disease control approach that uses all available management strategies to maintain disease pressures below an economic injury threshold. It does not advocate a routine chemical application program to prevent disease, but promotes the integration of cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies.
Infected Tomato samples with Tomato leaf curl virus
Infected Potato Plants with Potato leaf roll virus in the field
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) induced Tomato leaf curl virus
Serological testing for PLRV in various test samples by ELISA (Antibody based assay) 5
2 Integrated Pest management in Field and Horticultural Crops in Rabi season Uma Shankar and Amit Kumar Singh Division of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu
Introduction
nutritional
India is bestowed with a diverse kind of
diversification
agroclimatic
interventions
conditions
which
is
security.
With
and in
the
innovative
agriculture
with
congenial for varieties of field and
horticultural crops, we can ameliorate the
horticultural crops in rabi season. Rabi
nutritional security problems.
season
the
Further, the climatic aberration and the
phonological growth of crops in winter
insect pests attack may become major
season in India. A large magnitude of
constraints in successful cultivation of
field crops such as wheat, chickpea,
these crops which may be addressed in
Garden pea, faba bean, mustard and
right time through the use of Integrated
horticultural
crops,
Pest Management (IPM) to mitigate the
tomato, capsicum, onion, peach, pear and
problems and save our crops to enhance
plum are grown and successfully attains
the
the reproductive growth. Apart from
ecosystem and environment.
these, mango also bears inflorescence and
Insect pests of field crops
new groeth and development starts on
Insect pests of Wheat
guava and pomegranates with the onset
Wheat Aphids (Sitobion avenae)
of spring season.
Among the insect pest attacking wheat
Although our country has attained the
crop in India, cereal aphids has assumed
self sufficiency in food grain production,
economic importance during past three
we are still lagging behind in terms of
decades and have become regular pests in
popularly
crops
reflects
like
cole
production
and
safeguards
our
6
all major wheat growing areas. In India,
ml per lit of water is recommended
aphids are the major pest of cereal crops
on border rows at the start of the
in the winter/spring. Aphids are soft
aphid colonization.
bodied insects that can be found in wheat during the growing season. The most common aphids found on wheat are the bird cherry oat aphid, root aphid, green bug, corn leaf aphid and English grain aphid. The first four occur mostly in the fall and winter. Only the green bug aphid causes direct feeding damage that appears speckled brown and discoloured with some leaf curling. Aphids also act as vector for viral disease named barley yellow dwarf (BYD). Wheat and barley can be severely damaged, but oats are mostly Infection
susceptible can
to
occur
this
disease.
from
seedling
emergence through heading, but yield loss is greatest when plants are infected in the fall. Yield losses of 5-15% are common but losses can exceed 30% during epidemics. This year, a serious aphid infestation has been recorded in Jammu region which is the indication for future outbreak of aphids. Integrated Management 1. Growing aphid resistant varieties may be promising, if available. 2. For the management of aphids, foliar spray of imidacloprid 17.8 SL @0.2
Wheat Aphids (Sitobion avenae) and white eggs of syrphid flies 3. A well timed application of Lamda cyhalothrin can reduce the incidence of barley yellow dwarf (BYD) and increase yields. 4. Spraying oxydemeton methyl @ 1 ml per litre of water may be beneficial in reducing the aphid infestation. Fall
army
worm
(Spodoptera
frugiperda) Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm) is an invasive pest of many crops but most serious pest for wheat, maize and many vegetable crops. It is an emerging insect pests problems which have been recorded from different parts of our country on many host crops. It is migratory lepidopteran army like pest infesting more than 100 plant species in India. 7
a.
Entomopathogenic
formulations:
Application
Metarhizium
anisopliae
fungal of talc
formulation (1x108cfu/g) @ 5g/litre at 15-25 days after sowing. Another 1-2 sprays may also be given at an interval of 10 days depending on pest damage. Bacillus thuringiensis var.
Fall army worm on wheat
kurstaki
Integrated Management 1. Clean cultivation and balanced use of fertilizers is recommended to avaoid its attack. 2. Deep ploughing is advocated before sowing to expose the FAW pupae to predators. 3. Monitoring is done by installation of pheromone traps @5/acre in the current and potential area of spread in crop season and off-season. 4. Erection of bird perches @ 10/acre during early stage of the crop (up to 30 days). 5. Augmentative Trichogramma
release
of
pretiosum
or
Telenomus remus @ 50,000 per acre at weekly intervals or based on trap catch of 3 moths trap. 6. Biopesticides: Suitable at 5% damage in seedling to early stage and 10% panicle
damage
with
entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria.
formulations @ 2g/l (or) 400 g/acre. 7. To manage 2nd and 3rd instars larvae at 10-20% damage, spray Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 g/l of water or Spinosad @ 0.3 ml/l of water or Thiamethoxam
12.6%
+
lambdacyhalothrin 9.5 %@ 0.5 ml/l of water or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4 ml/l of water. Termites
(Microtermes
obesi,
Odontotermes obesus) Termites are social insects, live in colonies and build up nests on the ground to attack growing plants, timber wood, dry leaves and grasses. Due to attack of termites on crops, roots and stems are damaged which resulted into wilting and drying of plants. The queen may lay 30,000 to 80,000 eggs/day and 15 million eggs throughout her life span of five years. A large number of 8
workers are involved in damaging the
48%, towards total pulses production. In
crops.
India, Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a
Integrated Management
Rabi season food legume grown and
1. Do not use raw or undecomposed
ranked first in area 96.00 (lakh ha) and
farmyard manure. 2. If possible irrigate the field when infestation is serious. 3. Treat the seed with chlorpyriphos @ 5 ml/kg of seed before sowing. 4. In the termite prone areas, (especially
production 88.325 (lakh tones) in the world. In India, chickpea is severely affected by around 57 species of insect pests causing economic damage. It faces the attack of more than 60 insectpests right from germination to maturity.
the northern states) seed treatment
Among
with chlorpyriphos @ 0.9g a.i /kg
(Helicoverpa armigera) and cutworm
seed.
(Agrotis ipsilon) are recognized as major
5. Fipronil (Regent 5FS @ 0.3 g a.i./kg seed) is also very effective.
them,
gram
pod
borer
pests causing an extent of 25-30 per cent crop loss in India.
6. In the standing crop, the broadcasting of the insecticide treated soil 15 DAS be practiced. For this, chloropyriphos @ 3 ml mixed in 50 Kg soil be used for one hectare field. Insect Pests of chickpea In India, more than 80 per cent people depend upon vegetarian food wherein, pulses constitute a major component of
Helicoverpa armigera on chickpea
their diet. Pulses occupy an important
Integrated management
place in human nutrition as dietary
1. At the time of land preparation,
protein and have unique characteristics in
broadcast cartap hydrochloride @ 20
ameliorating and restoring soil fertility.
kg.ha is quite beneficial in reducing
Among the pulses, chickpea (Cicer
the damage of Helicoverpa and cut
arietinum L.) is an important nutritious
worm in chickpea.
grain legume crop of India contributed 9
2. Installation of pheromone traps @ 5-7 per ha for detection and mass
Integrated management 1. Soil solarization and seed treatment
trapping and destruction @ 12-15 per
with
ha of male moths.
nursery raisings.
3. Erection of bird perches @ 50/ha for the insectivorous birds
Trichoderma
of
seeds
for
2. Plant one row of Agrican marigold as trap crop for every 16 rows of
4. Spray Ha-NPV 250 to 500 LE/ha (freshly prepared) 2-3 times at 10 days interval at evening hours. 5. Spraying of the following insecticides Bacterial formulation @ 500g .ha is
tomato. 3. Monitor or clipping of top 3 tender leaves
for
Helicoverpa
eggs
destruction. 4. After 45 days of transplanting give 23 sprays of NSKE 4% at 10 days
also promising. 6. Alternative spraying of cypermethrin @ 1 ml/lit water and Dimethoate @ 2ml/lit of water at 12 days interval.
interval 5. Erection of bird perches @ 50/ha for the
insectivorous
birds
(Black
Insect pests of Horticultural crops
drongo) especially in tomato field and
Tomato
installation of pheromone traps @ 5-7
Fruit
borer:
Helicoverpa
armigera
per ha for detection and mass
Helicoverpa is a very serious pest and
trapping and destruction @ 12-15 per
has been reported on more than 200 host
ha of male moths.
plants in India. In the pre-fruiting stage, the caterpillar feeds on the tender foliage including leaves, flowers and buds and the crop gives a perforated look. After fruiting, they bore large, clear, circular holes into fruits and feed on the pulp. The larvae thrusts its half of the body in to the fruits or pods and feeds the inner contents and rendering them unfit for the human
Helicoverpa on tomato
consumption. It causes damage up to the tune of 30 to 40 %. 10
6. Spray Ha-NPV 250 to 500 LE/ha
2. Seed treatment with Gaucho @ 3 g/
(freshly prepared) 2-3 times at 10
kg seed provides protection from
days interval at evening hours.
whiteflies at nursery.
7. Spraying
of
the
following
insecticides- cypermethrin @ 1 ml/lit water or Dimethoate @ 2ml/lit of water. White-fly (Bemisia tabaci)
3. Rouge out and burning of the infected plants in early stages. 4. Use of delta traps also recorded effective in catching whiteflies. 5. Cover the nursery bed with Agronet
Both adults and nymphs suck sap from
or nylon net (200 gauge) or muslin
the leaves of the host plants and lower
cloth for 25-30 DAS to prevent entry
their vitality. Tiny, white flies are also
of adults of whitefly.
responsible for transmitting the virus in tomato causing tomato leaf curl virus.
6. Spray
metasystox
@
1
ml
or
imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml per lit of water
Severe stunting of plant with downward
Garden pea
rolling, crinkling of leaves and severe
Garden pea is an extensively grown
chlorosis of newly formed leaves takes
vegetable as well as for seed crops in
place. Older leaves become leathery and
Jammu region which harbours a large
brittle.
magnitude of insect pests ranging from leaf feeding defoliators, miners, sucking insect pests and fruit boring insect. Pea stem
fly,
Ophiomyia
phaseoli;
pea
aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum; leaf miner, Chromatomyia
horticola;
green
pod
borer, Helicoverpa armigera and bird pest, Alexandrine parakeet were the major insect pests causing considerable White-fly on tomato Integrated Management 1. Use of Cartap hydrochloride 4G @ 1 kg a.i. per ha as soil treatment in nursery.
damage to garden pea crop at various stages. Integrated Management 1. Thiomethoxam
25WG was found
superior in reducing the pea leaf 11
miner population and damage in the
and causing fruit drop. Heavy puncturing
field condition.
and continuous draining of the sap
2. Soil application carbofuran 3G +
encourages development of sooty mould
of
Maliola mangiferae and Capnodium
cypermethrin and imidacloprid 17.8
mangiferae on leaves and inflorescence.
SL was found superior in mitigating
The extent of damage depends upon the
the larval population of Helicoverpa
critical crop stage and hopper population.
armigera.
Cloudy weathers and precipitations are
alternative
foliar
spray
conducive conditions which favours the pest population build up at the time of blooming.
Temperature
humidity environmental
and
constitute factors
relative important
regulating
the
population of the mango hoppers.
Pea leaf miner Insect Pests of Mango Mango is better known as the king of fruits and is attacked by over 500 species of insect pests wherein, only few are recorded to be economic insect pests. Mango hoppers
Mango hoppers
Only 3 species are serious pests such as
Integrated management
Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus clypealis
1. Conserve the natural enemies like
and Idioscopus niveosparsus in India.
coccinellids, chrysopids and spiders
The mango leaf hoppers are small wedge
as they are potential predators of
shaped insects which continuously suck
nymphs of hoppers.
the saps from the inflorescence thereby
2. In senile orchards, dense tree canopy
reducing the vigour of the plants and
should be pruned heavily to have
particularly destroying the inflorescence
better light penetration. 12
3. Spray insecticides at critical crop stages, namely, bud burst stage, panicle emergence and after fruit set. First
spray
cypermethrin
or
fenvalerate (1ml per lit of water) followed by imidacloprid (0.3 ml per lit of water) at fortnightly interval at evening hours. Do not spray when trees are on full bloom to avoid
Mango fruit fly
killing of pollinators.
The maggots come out of the affected
Mango fruit fly
fruit to pupate in soil. Due to climate
Fruit flies are polyphagus in nature and
change and adoptability of insects the
their extent of damage depends upon
unripe and immature fruits are also
type,
claimed to be damaged by the fruit fly.
size
availability
and of
condition different
of
fruit,
hosts
and
On the average, 36-40% fruits of
population density. They have been
mango have been observed damaged.
recorded on various host crops in Jammu
Integrated Management
like mango, guava, litchi, citrus, ber,
1. Fourty five days prior to harvest,
peach, phalsa etc. About a dozen species
deep plough the soil around trees to
of Bactrocera dorsalis complex are
expose and destroy the fallen and
considered of economic importance in
pupating fly populations.
Asian continent. Female lays eggs below
2. Install sixteen methyl eugenol bottle
the fruit epidermis (1-4mm) deep. On
traps
hatching, the maggots feed on fruit pulp
commercially available trap per tree.
(0.1%)
per
ha
or
one
and the infested fruit starts rotting due to
3. One months before harvest, spray
further bacterial infection. Attacked fruits
decamethrin (0.5 ml/lit) or malathion
usually
(2ml/lit) along with gur solution and
show
signs
of
oviposition
punctures and ripe fruits with high sugar content exude a sugary liquid.
sticker. 4. C.
13
3. Raking of soil around the tree trunk
Mango mealy bug Mango mealy bugs are polyphagous and
and mixing with drench the tree basin
serious pests from India on several host
with imidacloprid @ 0.5 ml per lit of
crops. Nymphs and adult female bugs are
water for controlling early instar
flat, oval and covered with waxy white
nymphs of mealy bugs in the month
powder which makes them hard to
of November–December.
control. Generally eggs are laid in silken
4. Release Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
pouch in ending May to June, which
at
10
beetles/plant.
Mealybug
hatches out during ending December to
destructors are observed devouring
starting January. The newly hatched
the mealybugs in Jammu conditions.
nymphs ascend the trees and settle on
5. After mud plastering 25 cm wide, 400
inflorescence causing flower drop and
gauge alkathene (polythene) sheet
affecting fruit set.
should be fastened to the tree trunk about 30 cm above the ground level to
prevent
migration
of
freshly
hatched nymphs of mealy bugs in the month of December-January. Pomegranate Pomegranate Butterfly The larvae bore into the fruit can destroy up to the 50 % of the fruits. The female butterfly lay egg singly on the calyx of
Mango mealy bugs
flowers or small fruits. On hatching, the
Integrated Management 1. Deep
ploughing
of
orchard
immediately after harvest or during summer months to expose eggs and pupae of mealy bugs to natural enemies and sun heat. 2. Heavy
irrigation
of
orchard
in
October also helps in destruction of
larvae bore inside the developing fruits and feeds on aril and seeds. The entry hole allows secondary infection of fungi and bacteria to cause rotting of the fruits and
rendering
consumption.
them The
unfit
affected
for fruits
ultimately fall down.
eggs of mealy bugs. 14
Integrated Management 1. Sparying of dimethoate @ 2ml per lit or imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml per lit of water before flowering. If incidence is
high
dimethoate
enough, @
2ml
Sparying per
lit
of or
imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml per lit after fruit set. Anar butterfly larva
Peach
Integrated Management
Peach crops have been found infesting by
1. Removal and destruction of fallen
peach leaf curl aphid, peach fruit fly and
and affected fruits with exit hole.
peach twig borer as major insect pests in
2. Remove flowering weeds in and around the anar crops.
Jammu. Peach leaf curl aphid
3. Release of Trichogramma chilonis @
It is a serious pest of peach and indirectly
2.5 lakhs per ha four times at 10 days
reduces the yield and quality of produce.
interval.
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from all
4. Spray decamethrin @ 1ml per lit of
tender parts especially leaves of the plant.
water at the time of 50 % fruit set.
Affected leaves turn pale and curl up,
Repeat after 15 days with fenvalerate
blossom withers and fruits do not develop
0.5 ml per lit of water during non-
and drop prematurely.
rainy season. Pomegranate Thrips Thrips are minute insects having piercing and sucking type mouth parts. They suck the sap from tender leaves and flowers causing leaf tip or margin curl and shedding of lowers. When they feed on tender fruit causing scab like symptoms and reduce the market value of fruits.
Peach leaf curl
15
2. Summer ploughing just after harvest
Integrated Management 1. Conserve
and
encourage
is essential to expose the hibernating
the
pupae to sun and for parasitisation.
coccinellids beetle to suppress the aphid populations.
3. Methyl eugenol or Bait traps should be used to suppress the fly pest
2. Spray the trees with metasystox @
population.
1ml per lit or imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml per lit of water.
4. Flooding and drenching the orchard
Peach fruit fly
with fipronil through irrigation water
Adult females lay eggs in small batches
is also beneficial to check the
of 2-10 inside the ripening fruits by
pupating population of fruit fly.
making punctures with their ovipositors
Citrus
(egg laying apparatus). On hatching, the
More than 300 species of insects and
maggots feed on the pulp and fruit
mites have been recorded on different
becomes soft, ferments and drops. The
Citrus spp. from Asia. However, the key
attack is more serious on late maturing
pests are leafminer, psylla, mealybugs,
varieties. Full-grown maggots come out
scales,
of the infested fruits and jump into soil
fruitfly, fruit sucking moths, mites and
for pupation.
thrips. In Jammu condition, six
blackfly,
whiteflies,
aphids,
insect pest viz., citrus psylla, leaf miner, whiteflies, mealybug, aphids and citrus caterpillar and their natural enemies have been recorded as the major pests of citrus. Citrus Psylla The citrus psylla is widely distributed in Peach fruit fly Integrated Management 1. Fallen fruits should be collected and burnt to maintain sanitation in peach orchard.
A
’
y
l
b ng c ll
Asian psyllids. Adults are grey coloured actively flying insects and while at rest, they raise their body upward. The nymphs are orange yellow in colour, flattened and circular in shape. The 16
damage is caused by the nymphs and
Citrus Leafminer
adults who suck sap from buds and
Leafminer adult is a tiny silvery white
leaves. The affected leaves get curled and
moth with black eyes and narrow fringed
shoots become dry. The psyllid also acts
white hind wings. Eggs are minute,
as a vector of greening disease. There are
rounded
no systematic data available on extent of
caterpillars are legless and pale yellow in
damage, however, citrus psylla has been
colour with brownish head. The larvae
reported causing loss to mandarin to the
feed on the epidermis of tender leaves
tune of Rs. 40 million (about US $ 1.04
making serpentine mines of silvery
million) alone in Vidharva region of
colour. Severely infested leaves become
Maharashtra in India.
distorted, crumpled and finally fall off.
and
yellowish
green.
The
Attack of leafminer encourages the incidence of canker during rainy season.
Citrus Psylla Integrated Management 1. Several species of predators and syrphids have been reported feeding on eggs and nymphs of citrus psylla. 2. At the initiation of new flush, spray monocrotophos (1.5 ml per lit) or dimethoate
(3ml
per
lit)
or
Imidacloprid (0.5 ml per lit). If required, repeat the spray at 15 days interval, once or twice.
Citrus leaf miner Integrated Management 1. For the effective management of citrus leafminer, clipping of infested leaves and their pruning is advised. 2. Commencement
of
new
flushes
should be sprayed with fenvalerate (0.05%) and neem seed extract (2%), alternatively, at 10-12 days interval. 17
3. Release
of
parasitoids
C.
quadristriatus and T. phyllocnistoides is also recommended. Citrus caterpillar Two species of citrus caterpillar butterfly namely Papilio demoleus and P. Polytes have been recorded in Jammu causing complete defoliation of citrus. The pests are active throughout the year except winter months. The infestation is more pronounced in nurseries and on young trees. Peak pest activity coincides with the new flushes in citrus. This pest has also been found defoliating the beal fruit (personnel observation).
Citrus caterpillars Integrated Management 1. Collect and destroy the larvae which look like bird excreta in early stage. 2. Spray endosulphan @ 2ml per lit or carbaryl @ 2g per lit of water.
18
3 Biological Control in Rabi Crops Vishal Gupta, S. K. Singh and R. S. Sodhi Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture SKUAST-Jammu Introduction
consumption of pesticides in India, 80 %
The burgeoning human population in the
are in the form of insecticides, 15 % are
developing countries like India requires
herbicides, 2 % are fungicides, and less
increased amounts of food and fiber from
than 3 % are others. While comparing the
a shrinking land base. To date, modern
worldwide consumption of pesticide,
agriculture has largely achieved these
47.5 % is the share of herbicides, 29.5 %
objectives by intensive and extensive
is the share of insecticides, 17.5 % is that
cultivation of high yielding varieties
offungicides, and others account for 5.5
coupled with chemical fertilizers and
% only. On the contrary, the consumption
pesticides. This chemical pathway to
of herbicides in India is probably low,
intensify crop production has led to
because weed control is mainly done
poisoning in human beings and animals
manually by hand. In addition to public
and also polluting the environment
health and agricultural use, pesticides
including air, soil and water resources.
also find their use in other sectors too.
The worldwide consumption of pesticides
Chemical pesticides and their residues
is about two million tonnes per year, out
have been detected in the food grains,
of which 45 % is used by Europe alone,
vegetables, fruits, oils, feed, fodder and
25 % is consumed in the USA, and 25 %
fiber in most parts of the country. This
in the rest of the world. India’s share is
has given rise to the serious concerns
just 3.75 %. The usage of pesticides in
regarding health problems and seeking
Korea and Japan is 6.6 and 12.0 kg/ha,
alternatives to the overdependence on
respectively, whereas in India, it is only
synthetic
0.5
production emerged as new system which
kg/ha.
Discussing
the
total
chemicals.
Organic
crop
19
is characterized by the absence of
synthetic pesticides and fertilizers but practices that promote ecosystem health.
specific plant diseases.
Organic agriculture has increased its importance worldwide over the past 20
organic
agricultural
land.For
fungi
present
naturally in the soil, are known to protect the
crops
from
various
are
essential
for
crop
growth
enhancement. Regular incorporation of Trichoderma
spp.
in
high
value
agricultural or horticultural crops can reduce the dependence on chemical pesticides. Advantages
Biological control is less costly and cheaper than any other methods.
Bio-control agents give protection to
eliminate
growth the
by
way
beneficial
of soil
microflora.
It increases the crop yield also.
It helps in the volatilization and sequestration of certain inorganic
soil-borne
diseases and also supply nutrients which
plant
encouraging
insects, weeds and diseases. Out of beneficial
can
Bio-control agents not only control and
being used to manage the pests including
the
agents
the disease but also enhance the root
micro-organisms that are increasingly
spp.,
Bio-control
pathogens from the site of infection.
are a class of environmentally friendly
different bio-control agents, Trichoderma
They multiply easily in the soil and leave no residual problem
plant
disease suppression, bio-control agents
Application of bio-control agents is safer to the environment.
certified organic producers farmed more than 43 million hectares of certified
They do not cause toxicity to the plants
years with growth rates more than 10% in many countries. Approximately 2 million
They are highly effective against
nutrients.
Bio-control agents are very easy to handle and apply to the target.
Bio-control agents can be combined with biofertilizers.
They are easy to manufacture.
Effective against various diseases Trichoderma spp. is effective against various soil borne diseases like wilt, collar rot, rhizome rot, corm rot, dry root rot, stem rot, damping off, etc.,
the crop throughout the crop period 20
Application methodology
4. Tuber/ rhizome/corm treatment
1. Seed treatment
Dip
Make a paste or slurry of 4g of
suspension prepare by mixing 50 g of
Trichoderma powder in 100 ml of water,
Trichoderma powder in 10 L of water for
to it add 1 kg of seed and mix properly to
30 minutes before planting/ sowing.
coat the seeds uniformly. Shade dry the
Advantages
coated seeds for 30 minutes before
Trichoderma
sowing.
management against a wide range of
2. Soil treatment
plant diseases. It acts on the disease
Mix 1 kg of Trichoderma powder in 50
causing organism in more than one ways.
kg of well decomposed FYM in a pit 3' x
Being an excellent saprophyte it has high
6' and cover it with polythene sheet. After
level of perpetuation in the soil thus
every 3-4 days give thorough turning to
increasing its populations and exerting
the FYM and regularly sprinkle small
long-term control over phytopathogenic
amount of water to maintain humidity.
fungi. It also helps to decompose organic
After 15 days the mixture will be ready to
matter, converting nutrients into available
apply on one acre of land. One kg of
forms so that plant can easily uptake
Trichoderma +FYM mixture can also be
them. Due to the indirect effect on crop
applied to the tree basin before the onset
nutrition
of monsoon and after monsoon to
because it secretes metabolites that
manage soil-borne diseases.
promote
3.
Nursery Treatment Bed treatment:
the
tuber/rhizome/corm
it
spp.
offers
stimulates
the
the
effective
crop
plant
in
growth
development
processes. Trichoderma spp. are an important enzyme producing microbe and
Prepare a suspension by adding 50 g of
can produce cellulases, hemicellulases,
Trichoderma powder in 10 L of water
lignocellulases,
and drench the nursery bed.
and proteases thus can degrade several
complex organic substances in soil into
Seedling treatment
chitinases,
glucanases
Prepare suspension by adding 10 g of
smaller forms which can easily be
Trichoderma powder in 10 L of water,
consumed by plants for their growth
dip the seedling roots in it for 30 minutes before transplanting. 21
4 Seed Treatment: An Option for Seed and Soil Borne Disease Management in Crops A. K. Singh, S. K. Singh, Ranbir Singh and Sachin Gupta Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture SKUAST-Jammu Introduction
insecticides are used to control insect
Seed treatments are defined as chemical
pests. Some seed treatment products are
or biological substances that are applied
sold as combinations of fungicide and
to
propagation
insecticide. Fungicidal seed treatments
materials to control disease organisms,
are used for three reasons: (1) to control
insects, or other pests. Seed treatment
soil-borne
pesticides
(pathogens)
seeds
or
vegetative
include
bactericides,
fungal that
disease cause
organisms seed
rots,
fungicides, and insecticides. Most seed
damping-off, seedling blights and root
treatments are applied to true seeds, such
rot; (2) to control fungal pathogens that
as corn, wheat, or soybean, which have a
are surface-borne on the seed, such as
seed
embryo.
those that cause covered smuts of barley
However, some seed treatments can be
and oats, bunt of wheat, black point of
applied
propagation
cereal grains, and seed-borne safflower
materials, such as bulbs, corms, or tubers
rust; and (3) to control internally seed-
(such as potato seed pieces).
borne fungal pathogens such as the loose
coat to
surrounding
an
vegetative
are
smut fungi of cereals. Most fungicidal
fungicides or insecticides applied to seed
seed treatments do not control bacterial
before planting. Fungicides are used to
pathogens and most will not control all
control diseases of seeds and seedlings;
types of fungal diseases, so it is important
Most
seed
treatment
products
22
to carefully choose the treatment that
seed decay, seedling diseases, or root rot
provides the best control of the disease
either by competing with pathogens or by
organisms present on the seed or
producing
potentially present in the soil. The degree
organisms include the bacteria Bacillus
of control will vary with product, rate,
subtilis
environmental conditions and disease
Streptomyces griseoviridis (trade names
organisms
systemic
Mycostop, Subtilex, System 3), and the
fungicidal seed treatments may also
fungus Trichoderma harzianum (trade
provide protection against early-season
names T-22, Bio-Trek).
infection by leaf diseases. Fungicide-
Captan
insecticide combination products or an
nonsystemic fungicide effective against
addition of insecticide for wireworm
various seed decay and damping-off
control should be considered if planting
fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium,
newly opened land or land that has had a
Penicillium, and Rhizoctonia.
history of wireworms.
Carboxin (trade name Vitavax) is a
Bactericide
systemic fungicide with good activity
present.
Streptomycin
Some
(trade
names
Ag-
antibiotics. (trade
is
name
a
Biocontrol Kodiak)
and
broad-spectrum,
against smuts and fair activity against
Streptomycin and Agri-Mycin) is an
general
antibiotic that kills a broad spectrum of
seedling blights. It is commonly used to
bacteria. It can be used to control
control wheat embryo infections by the
seedborne populations of the halo blight
loose
pathogen on beans and as a potato seed
commonly
piece treatment against soft rot and black
fungicides or insecticides to increase the
leg.
pest control spectrum.
Fungicides
Difenoconazole (trade name Dividend) is
Biological agents consist of dormant
a broadspectrum, systemic fungicide that
microorganisms that are applied to seeds.
controls common bunt and loose smut of
Under
these
wheat. At high label rates, it has activity
microorganisms grow and colonize the
against some fall-season root rots and
exterior of the developing seed or
foliar diseases (powdery mildew and
seedling. Biocontrol agents may reduce
rust). Fall control of root rots and leaf
favorable
conditions,
seed
smut
rot,
damping-off,
fungus. formulated
and
Carboxin with
is
other
23
diseases may or may not carry through to
fungicides or insecticides to increase the
the following spring.
pest control spectrum.
Fludioxonil (trade name Maxim) is a
Thiabendazole (also called TBZ) is a
broad-spectrum, nonsystemic fungicide
broad-spectrum,
effective against various seed decay and
useful against common bunt and various
damping-off fungi, such as Aspergillus,
seed decay and damping-off fungi, such
Fusarium, Penicillium, and Rhizoctonia.
as Fusarium and Rhizoctonia. In addition,
In addition, it performs well against
it performs well against seedborne wheat
seedborne wheat scab.
scab.
Mefenoxam (trade name Apron XL) and
formulated with other fungicides to
metalaxyl
increase the disease control spectrum.
(trade names Apron and
systemic
Thiabendazole
is
a
is
fungicide
commonly
broad-spectrum,
Allegiance) are closely related, narrow-
Thiram
spectrum, systemic fungicides. They are
nonsystemic fungicide labeled for a wide
effective
Pythium,
range of field crops and vegetable crops,
mildews.
and for ornamental bulbs and tubers to
These fungicides are commonly used on
control seed, bulb, and tuber decay, and
a
damping-off, as well as common bunt of
only
Phytophthora, wide
and
range
conjunction
against downy
of
with
crops, a
often
in
broad-spectrum
wheat.
fungicide, such as captan or fludioxonil.
Triadimenol (trade name Baytan) is a
Tebuconazole (found in Raxil) is a
broad-spectrum, systemic fungicide that
broad-spectrum, systemic fungicide. It
controls common bunt and loose smut of
controls common bunt and loose smut of
wheat. At high label rates, it has activity
wheat and has activity against some fall
against some fall-season root rots and
season root rots and some foliar diseases
foliar diseases (powdery mildew and
(powdery mildew). Fall control of root
rust). Fall control of root rots and leaf
rots and leaf diseases may or may not
diseases may or may not carry through to
carry through to the following spring. In
the following spring. Triadimenol may be
addition,
formulated with other fungicides to
it
performs
well
against
seedborne wheat scab. Tebuconazole is commonly
formulated
with
increase the disease control spectrum.
other
24
Methods of Seed Treatment
cups of commercial applicators should be
Fungicide seed treatment products come
cleaned daily to prevent a buildup of
in a variety of formulations and in a
chemical that might result in reduced
variety of packaging sizes and types.
application rates. An auger which has
Some are registered for use only by
been used to treat seed cannot be cleaned
commercial applicators using closed
up sufficiently for use in augering grain
application systems, others are readily
for food or feed. Once an auger is used
available for on-farm use as dusts,
for seed treatment, it should be used only
slurries, water soluble bags, or liquid
for treatment or augering seed for
ready-to-use-formulations. Whatever the
planting. It should not be used to auger
formulation used or application method
grain used for food or feed. Treated seed
chosen, some precautions should be taken
should not be used for food or feed, and
to
and
treated grain should not contaminate
Cautions
grain delivered to elevators or be placed
should Follow label directions when
in bins or in trucks delivering to
handling seed treatment chemicals. These
elevators. Containers should be triple
products are potentially poisonous if
rinsed with the rinse water added to the
mishandled or misused. Extreme caution
treatment mixture.
assure
appropriate
applicator seed
safety
coverage.
must be used when handling seed treatment chemicals: some are toxic, others may be irritating. An approved chemical respirator and goggles are recommended even if not specifically required by the fungicide label. The rate of application prescribed by the label must be used: overtreatment may injure the seed and under treatment may not provide good disease control. To apply the correct rate, it is essential to calibrate application equipment carefully and to check calibration frequently. Metering 25
5 Integrated Disease Management in Pulse Crops Upma Dutta1, Sachin Gupta2, Ranbir Sodhi3 and Satish Sharma1 1 Division of Microbiology, 2Division of Plant Pathology, 1Faculty of Basic science, 2 Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu Pulses are major source of protein for the
cater domestic demand. In case of
majority of Indian population and
lentils, arhar and peas, the productivity is
contribute
the
lower than the world av e ra ge l e av i n g
nutritional security of the country.
am p l e s co p e t o en ha nc e i t wi t h
Also due to their uses in enriching soil
available technologies. India do not
with
figure
significantly
nitrogen
with
to
atmospheric
in
major
technological
nitrogen, green manure and cover
breakthroughs in the world with countries
crops
like
in
short
season
cropping
Canada
and
others
achieving
windows, breakfast grains and dietary
averages of around two tonnes per
properties, pulses assume
hectare in pulse productivity, hence our
concerted efforts are required. With over
a g r i c u l t u r a l s ys t e m . P u l s e s a s a
a dozen pulse crops occupying a large
c o m p l e m e n t t o cereals, make one of
acreage including chickpea, pigeonpea,
the
urdbean, mungbean, lentil, French bean,
Significance
best
solution
in
to
protein-calorie less
horse gram, field pea, moth bean,
requirement of water (300 mm). Though
grasspea, grown in different part of
India is the largest producer of most of
the country, pulse production has
t he pul ses, i t s product i vi t y l ev el s
noticed an upward trend in the
are l ow and therefore, the country
recent
imports a huge quantit y of pulses to
remained over 17 mt. Production data of
malnutrition
apart
from
its
past
and
consistently
26
GOI,
indicated
vis-a-vis
in severe economic losses globally.
production have been stagnant over the
Among these, fungi and viruses are the
years with shift in traditional growing
largest and perhaps the most important
areas Over the years pulses cultivation
groups affecting all parts of the plant at
in
to
all stages of growth (Table 1). Foliar
marginal lands and rainfed areas
diseases such as gray mold, chocolate
n o t providing the crop to express itself
spot, Ascochyta blight caused by species
fully in terms of yield. Still pulses are
of Botrytis and Ascochyta are of great
cultivated on more than 12 per cent of
importance to faba bean, lentil, and
the Country’s total cultivated area and
chickpea. The genus Stemphylium causes
they constitute more than 4% of the
foliar disease in lentil and Septoria
output of crop sector in value terms.
species causes leaf spots in cowpea.
Pulses being grown in rain fed suffers
Around 45 viruses are reported to infect
crop failure due to wide spread drought
legumes worldwide. However, only few
in 2009 and resulted in sharp rise in
are of major economic concern with
prices
respect to specific regions. Among the
India
of
has
that
area
been
pushed
pulses
prompting
Governm ent of India t he
st rat egi es
t o revi ew
to
increase
more
important
groups
are
the
Luteoviruses, Nanoviruses, Carlaviruses,
production of pulse crops to reduce
Furoviruses
gap between supply and demand. These
Potyviruses are the most important
grain legumes grown worldwide are
overall causing economically important
prone to attack by a large number of plant
diseases in grain legumes. Many of the
pathogens,
bacteria,
viruses are seed borne in their legume
phytoplasmas, and viruses to nematodes
hosts; some are sufficient to have enabled
and parasitic angiosperms, which result
worldwide distribution.
from
fungi,
and
Potyviruses.
The
Table 1: Important diseases of food legumes and their causal organisms Food legume Cool season legumes Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Disease
Causal organism
Ascochyta blight Ascochyta rabiei Botrytis gray Botrytis cinerea mold Stunt Bean leaf roll
luteovirus 27
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.)
Rust Ascochyta blight Stemphylium blight Ascochyta blight leaf spot Rust Necrotic yellows
Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Powdery mildew Downy mildew
Warm season legumes Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Sterility mosaic Millsp.) Mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Yellow vein Wilczek and black gram (Vigna mosaic mungo [L.] Hepper) Cercospora leaf spot Powdery mildew Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata [L.] Cercospora leaf Walp.) spot Cowpea golden mosaic Cowpea aphidborne mosaic
(BLRV) Uromyces viciae-fabae Ascochyta lentis Stemphylium botryosum Ascochyta fabae Botrytis cinerea / Botrytis fabae Uromyces viciae-fabae Faba bean necrotic yellows virus Erysiphe polygoni Peronospora viciae Pigeonpea virus Mungbean virus
sterility
mosaic
yellow
mosaic
Cercospora cruenta, C. canescens Erysiphe polygoni Cercospora canescens and Pseudocercospora cruenta Cowpea golden mosaic virus Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus
Integrated Disease Management of
disease management were practiced in
foliar diseases of food legumes
isolation to each other. Recently a shift in
The main emphasis in research and
scientific thinking and practice in the
development to combat food legume
management of grain legume diseases has
diseases is on host resistance and
been seen and greater emphasis was on
chemical control where ever applicable,
identifying, evaluating, and integrating
and quite often these components of
location
specific
components
of 28
integrated disease management (IDM). In
wetness. Disease severity increases with
general IDM has followed the principles
the
of IPM. The location specific IDM of
Cloudiness and prolonged wet weather
food legumes is primarily based on host
favour rapid development and spread of
plant
genetic
both the diseases. The pathogen survives
resistance; additionally other components
on infected or contaminated seeds,
of
some
infected chickpea debris which causes
environments, IDM may require a single
AB, produces both rain splashed conidia
component used alone (usually HPR) or
and windblown ascospores Infection of
in combination with one other component
BGM occurs from 15-25 °C with an
(such as fungicide seed treatment) to
optimum temperature of 20-25 °C. High
adequately combat diseases of food
moisture and high relative humidity are
legumes.
congenial for BGM development. Under
resistance
diseases
The
(HPR)
or
management.
In
components
of
IDM
increase
in
relative
humidity.
employed in the production of food
such
legumes are listed as follows: Host plant
sporulation of the fungus B. cinerea on
resistance
modeling
dead plant parts, particularly on flowers
(prediction) for avoidance of high risk or
and pods (Pande et al., 2006). The
disease
sprays
pathogen B. cinerea is reported to have
Biological
extreme diversity and adaptability to a
(agronomic)
wide range of environmental conditions.
practices (sowing dates, plant population
Existence of 4-5 pathotypes of B. cinerea
etc.)
has been reported from northern India.
Cool season legumes
Adoption of IDM practices is essential
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
for economical and effective control of
(HPR), pressure,
(fungicides, control,
Major
and
foliar
Disease Chemical
pesticides), Cultural
diseases
of
potential
AB
conditions
and
BGM.
there
In
is
abundant
several
studies
economic importance in chickpea are
conducted in different chickpea growing
ascochyta blight (AB) and botrytis grey
areas of the world, several sources of
mold (BGM). Ascochyta blight infection
resistance
and disease progression occur from 50 to
Furthermore,
25 °C with an optimum temperature of
resistant genotypes has made it possible
16-20 °C, and a minimum of 6 h leaf
to sow the crop during winter in the
to
AB
were
development
identified. of
AB
29
Mediterranean region thereby doubling
caused by A. lentis produces conidia, in a
the chickpea production potential. On the
flask-shaped fruiting body (pycnidium),
other hand, an adequate level of genetic
which are spread by rain splash. The
resistance to BGM is not available in the
teleomorph, Didymella lentis, produces
cultivated
fungicides
ascospores which can be wind dispersed
become ineffective under the high disease
large distances. The pathogen is both
pressure. Hence, IDM using the available
stubble and seed borne. Progress of foliar
management options is essential to
blight is rapid and epidemic levels can be
successfully manage the disease and
reached under cool and wet weather
mitigate yield losses. Moderate level of
conditions as a consequent of spores
HPR can be combined with other cultural
being disseminated by rain splashes. It
practices and/or application of minimum
survives for more than 3 years in infected
dosage of fungicides for control of AB
pods and seeds at 4-5 °C or under shelter
and
a
outdoors, and 1-5 years at the soil
moderately resistant variety and 2 sprays
surface. IDM of Ascochyta blight of
of chlorothalonil, one during the seedling
lentil includes use of resistant cultivars,
stage and another at the early podding
use of disease free seed, crop rotation,
stage, provided the most economical field
seed
control of AB. The location-specific
Application of the fungicides benomyl,
recommended IDM practices for AB
carbendazim,
include: (a) use of pathogen-free seed, (b)
chlorothalonil,
seed treatment with
fungicides, (c)
strobilurin, are useful for managing
practice of crop rotation, (d) deep
Ascochyta blight epidemics. Lentil rust is
ploughing of chickpea fields to bury
caused by Uromyces vicia-fabae (Pers.)
infested debris, (e) use of disease-
de Bary. It is an autoecious fungus;
resistant genotypes, and (f) strategic
completing its life cycle on lentil. The
application of foliar fungicides.
disease occurs during the flowering/early
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)
podding stage as aecia, which may
Ascochyta blight, rust and powdery
develop into secondary aecia or uredia.
mildew are economically important foliar
The
diseases of lentil. Ascochyta blight is
uredospores lead to a further disease
genotypes
BGM.
A
and
combination
of
treatment
resulting
and
foliar
spray.
thiabendazole, prothioconazole
aeciospores
and
and
30
spread in the crop season. Uredia rapidly
of leaves, stems and pods. Later, the
appear a little late in the crop season
leaflets become dry and curled, and are
followed by development of telia. The
shed prematurely, causing considerable
fungus survives in summer as teliospores.
reduction in yield and seed quality. The
High humidity and cloudy weather with
seeds from infected plants remain small
temperatures of 20-22 0C favor disease
and shriveled. Powdery mildew of lentil
development. The plants give dark brown
is caused by the ectoparasites Erysiphe
or blackish appearance visible as patches
pisi DC., and E. polygoni DC. and the
in the field. Integrated management of
endoparasite Leveillula taurica (Lév.)
rust includes control of volunteer plants
Arnaud. Recent evidence showed that E.
over the summer and removal of infected
trifolii also infects lentil . The anamorph
lentil debris. It is advisable to use clean
stage is responsible for spread of the
seeds without rust contaminations, and to
disease. The teleomorph stage has been
treat the seed with a suitable fungicide
reported to occur in India and Sudan.
such
Moderately
as
diclobutrazole.
Preventive
high
temperatures
and
fungicide sprays of mancozeb at early
moderate relative humidity favour the
disease development stage have been
disease
recommended. The use of host plant
genotypes
resistance is the best means of rust
powdery mildew, and should be planted
management
whenever possible. Foliar sprays with
development. are
reported
Many
lentil
resistant
to
important
fungicides benomyl, tridemorph, aqueous
disease of lentil. The disease poses a
sulfur, karathane (dinocap), calixin or
serious problem on breeding material in
sulfex (ferrous bisulfide) as well as
plastic or glass houses in both India and
certain
Syria, and in India it is also recorded in
Tnazophos, Phoxim) applied at 10-15
off-season nurseries in Trans Himalayan
days interval are effective in suppressing
regions but it is rarely seen in the field
mildew growth.
during the cropping season. A fine
Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)
powdery, white growth of conidia and
Peas are adversely affected by serious
mycelium initiates as small spots and
fungal, bacterial and viral diseases such
rapidly spreads to cover the entire surface
as: powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi Syd.
Powdery
mildew
another
insecticides
(Quinalphos,
31
(syn. E. polygoni DC), Ascochyta blight
overhead irrigation is applied regularly
or
pisi/A.
because long periods of free water on
pinodes), downy mildew (Peronospora
host leaves reduce conidium viability and
pisi), bacterial blight (Pseudomonas pisi),
wash conidia from host tissue. Other
Pea early browning virus (PEBV), Pea
control
enation mosaic virus (PEMV) and Pea
sprays of sulfur and/or demethylation
mosaic virus. Powdery mildew occurs all
inhibitors
over the world and can cause severe
fenarimol and triadimenol. Fungicide
damage in areas where pea is cultivated.
spray should be applied at least two
Powdery mildew of pea caused by
weeks before harvest to avoid residue on
Erysiphe pisi, is a serious disease both in
peas. Ascochyta blight or black spot is
the field and in the greenhouse. All
the most common and most damaging
aboveground
are
disease of field pea in southern Australia.
susceptible to powdery mildew. Pod
Worldwide, the disease is recognized as
infection may discolor seeds to a gray
being
brown color. The powdery look of the
combinations,
disease
Mycosphaerella
black
spot
is
(Ascochyta
parts
of
caused
by
plants
the
profuse
measures
include
such
caused
as
by
fungicide
cyproconazole,
any
of
one,
three pinodes,
or
fungi; Phoma
production of conidia on the upper leaf
medicaginis var. pinodella and Ascochyta
surface.
powdery
pisi. All three frequently occur together
mildews of grain legumes is through use
hence the disease is generally referred to
of resistant cultivars, especially in late
as the ascochyta complex of peas.
sown
Mycosphaerella pinodes causes the most
Management
crops,
experience
which high
of
are
disease
likely
to
pressure.
damage
to
pea
crops
in
Western
Resistance in pea is conditioned by two
Australia, Washington, USA and is the
recessive genes (er-1 and er-2) along with
principal pathogen involved in nearly all
two or more modifying genes. Resistance
occurrences of blackspot.
in cultivars homozygous for er-2 is
Mycosphaerella pinodes survives on pea
expressed mostly in leaves and this
stubble for more than 3 years producing
resistance can be rendered ineffective
viable ascospores during each growing
under high disease pressure. The disease
season. Ascospores are released from
is often less severe in areas where
pseudothecia on the stubble following 32
rain events of as little as 0.2 mm. The
identifying
airborne ascospores can infect crops
developing resistant cultivars to the
several kilometres away. IDM includes
disease. Some attention has also been
use of moderately resistant varieties,
paid to cultural and chemical control of
disease free seed, crop rotation, delay in
sterility
the sowing, disease forecast model that
include: Destroy ratooned pigeonpea,
predicts
and
uproot and destroy infected plants at the
progression of ascospores maturity and
initial stage of disease development, crop
spread of spores from the source of
rotation to reduce inoculum levels and
infection and need based foliar and in-
vector populations, chemical control as
furrow applications of fungicides in
seed treatment with 25% carbofuran or
conjunction
10% aldicarb (3g kg-1 seed) and spraying
the
time
with
of
other
onset,
agronomic
resistance
mosaic.
sources
Cultural
and
practices
practices
acaricides or insecticides like karathane,
Warm season legumes
metasystox to control the mite vector in
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
the early stages of plant growth
Sterility mosaic disease (SMD) is the
Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)
most
and blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.)
important
foliar
disease
of
pigeonpea in India. Etiology of sterility
Hepper
mosaic is unknown despite of numerous
Mungbean (green gram) and urdbean
attempts during the past 20 years. Tenui
(black gram) are widely cultivated in
virus of asymmetric morphology as the
many
cause of SM disease and retained the
seasons. Three diseases (yellow mosaic,
name of virus as Pigeonpea sterility
Cercospora
mosaic virus (PPSMV). PPSMV is
mildew) that attack both the pulses are
flexous, branched filaments measuring 3-
considered
8nm in diameter. The SM causal agent is
Yellow mosaic caused by mungbean
not transmitted through sap or seed. It is
yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is the most
transmitted by the eriophyid mite vector.
serious limiting factor in mungbean and
HPR is the most reliable and sustainable
urdbean cultivation. The pathogen is
method for the management of SMD.
transmitted by the white fly Bemisia
Considerable progress has been made in
tabaci Genn. Cultivation of resistant
Asian
countries
leaf
spot
in and
economically
different powdery important.
33
varieties, manipulation in sowing dates,
and has wide host range. Limited
inter/ mixed cropping of mungbean and
information is available on the etiology
urdbean
like
and biology of E. polygoni on Vigna
sorghum, pearl millet and maize and
mungo and Vigna radiata. Many resistant
application of systemic insecticides such
sources are available against powdery
as
foliar
mildew. its incidence can be reduced by
application of metasystox has been found
adjusting the date of sowing with wider
effective in controlling the disease by
spacing.
reducing vector control
fungicides karathane, calixin, bavistin,
with
aldicarb,
non-host
disyston
crops
and
Chemical
control
with
by
benlate, topsin M, sulfur dust etc. has
Cercospora cruenta and C. canescens
been found effective to control the
causes
disease under field conditions.
Cercospora
leaf
severe
spot leaf
caused spotting
and
defoliation at the time of flowering and
Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp.)
pod formation. Involvement of different
Cowpea is the most important legume
species in causing cercospora leaf spot
vegetable grown in India. Cercospora leaf
complicates characterization of species.
spot, cowpea golden mosaic and cowpea
Since there is low level of resistance to
aphid-borne mosaic are of potential
cercospora
cultural
economic importance. Cercospora leaf
practices and chemical control play an
spot caused by Cercospora canescens and
important
management.
Pseudocercospora cruenta have been
Cultural practices such as field sanitation,
observed in all the cowpea growing areas.
crop rotation, destruction of infected crop
Despite the fact that cercospora leaf spot
debris, and avoiding collateral hosts in
develops late in the season, disease
the vicinity of the crop may help in
spread is often rapid and premature
reducing
Mancozeb,
defoliation can be severe. The disease can
carbendazim, copper oxychloride and
be controlled by combining resistant
benomyl are reported to reduce disease
varieties and spray of fungicides such as
incidence considerably
benomyl and captafol post flowering.
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe
Among viral diseases, Cowpea golden
polygoni DC, is a problem in cool dry
mosaic virus (CPGMV) and Cowpea
weather. Pathogen is obligate parasite
aphidborne mosaic (CABMV) are the
leaf role
the
spot, in
its
incidence.
the
34
two most important diseases of cowpea.
development. The most important of
CPGMV
of
these are: (i) identity of the causal agent,
Begomovirus and is transmitted by
(ii) mode of transmission, (iii) ecology of
whiteflies (Bemicia sp.) and it produces
the virus disease including that of its
intense
vector, (iv) extent and value of crop
belongs
yellow
to
leaves
genus
which
after
sometime become distorted and blistered.
losses,
CABMV is a cosmopolitan, economically
resistance,
and
significant seed-borne virus of cowpea
protection
methodologies
(Bashir et al., 2002). The virus-infected
applicability to specific farming systems
seed provides the initial inoculum and
and socio-economic situations. In many
aphids are responsible for the secondary
locations, however, such complete basic
spread
field
information is not yet available. Control
conditions. The virus symptoms vary
is optimized through IDM approaches,
with the cowpea genotype and virus
which combine all possible measures that
strain. Excellent sources of resistance are
operate in different ways such that they
available for the breeding of resistant
complement each other and applicable in
cultivars. Either a dominant or a recessive
farmers’ fields. Thus, control measures
gene confers resistance in cowpea.
can be classified as (i) those that control
Enzyme-linked
assay
the virus, (ii) those that are directed
(ELISA) is the most appropriate method
towards avoidance of vectors or reducing
for the detection of the virus in the seed
their incidence, and (iii) those that
or plant tissue for seed certification
integrate more than one method. Cultural
programmes.
practices such as healthy seed, rouging,
of
the
Management
disease
under
immunosorbent
of
viral
diseases
of
availability (vi)
of
genetic
available and
croptheir
alteration in sowing dates and use of early maturing cultivars are effective in
legumes The
(v)
development
of
an
effective
minimizing
virus
Almost
dependent on the availability of basic
leguminous crops are seed-borne. Seed-
information
an
borne infections permit the introduction
appropriate combination of interventions
of primary virus inoculum into the field
which can slow down virus disease
which facilitates secondary spread to
to
design
of
viruses
incidence.
management package for virus diseases is required
50%
disease
affecting
35
reach a serious level in locations where
Another area of host resistance which is
the environmental conditions permit high
not well exploited is resistance to
vector activity. A close relationship
vector(s). Success in reducing virus
between sowing date and the extent of
spread by chemical control of vectors is
subsequent
virus
documented
for
resistance
is
is
well
likely with persistently rather than with
crops.
Host
non-persistently transmitted viruses Each
spread many
the
most
acceptable
of the control provides
environment-friendly,
combining genetic resistance, cultural
economically
acceptable
to
and
farmers.
practices,
and
partial
mentioned
component in virus control because it is practical
only
measures
chemical
control, sprays
but is
There are many crop cultivars with
expected to lead to improvements. The
adequate levels of virus resistance; in
use of host resistance, and one or two
lentil against Pea seed-borne mosaic virus
well-timed sprays coupled with optimal
(PSbMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus
planting date and early roguing of virus-
(BYMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV),
infected plants could offer reasonable and
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pea
economic control and stabilize faba bean
enation mosaic virus (PEMV), Bean
production. Each strategy needs to be
leafroll virus (BLRV), FBNYV and
affordable by farmers and fulfill the
Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), in chickpea
requirements of being environmentally
against CMV, BYMV and PSbMV, in
and socially responsible. It must also be
faba bean against BYMV, CMV, AMV,
compatible with control measures already
BLRV and PEMV, and in pea against
in use against other pests and pathogens.
BYMV, PEMV, PSbMV and BLRV.
36
6 Major Diseases of Rapeseed-Mustard and Linseed: their Management through Integrated Approach V. B. Singh M. K. Pandey and R. S. Sodhi* Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, *Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu Diseases
of
mustard
crops
are
Symptoms
categorized into the followings-
The disease is characterized by gridling
1. Bacterial diseases
and rotting of roots. Ultimately, drying
2. Fungal diseases
of the plants.
3. Miscellaneous diseases and disorders
Blackleg
4. Nematodes, parasitic
Pathogen: Phoma
5. Viral diseases
Leptosphaeria maculans
Damping-off, Wirestem, and Brown
Leptosphaeria biglobosa
Girdling Root Rot
Symptoms
Damping
off
–
Phytophthora
lingam, and/or
Watch for round to irregularly shaped
cactorum and/or Pythium spp.
dirty white lesions on the leaves and
Symptoms
white or gray lesions with a dark border
The symptoms appear on stem near
on stems or points of leaf attachment.
ground level as a water soaked spots on
Stem lesions may also appear as a
newly germinated plants. Ultimately
general blackening or dry rot inside the
topple down of the seedling takes place.
stem base. Blackleg lesions are usually
Wirestem and brown girdling root rot –
dotted with numerous tiny round specks
Rhizoctonia solani
(pycnidia).
37
Clubroot
Downy Mildew
Pathogen: Plasmodiophora brassicae
Symptoms
Symptoms
Watch for a mealy growth on the
Watch for suspicious stunting, wilting,
underside of the leaf, corresponding to
yellowing
yellowing of the upper surface of the
and
premature
ripening.
leaf.
Check the roots for clubroot galls. •
The disease attacks on the lower
White leaf spot
leaves
Mycosphaerellacapsellae (anamorph =
as
small
necrotic •
spots
circular brown which
slowly
increase in size.
Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv.
Many concentric spots coalesce to
Campestris)
cover
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe poligoni)
large
blightening
patches and
showing
defoliation
in
severe cases. •
Pseudocercosporellacapsellae). tan.
Disease symptoms •
Circular to linear, dark brown
patches develop on the lower
lesions also develop on stems and
surface of leaves.
pods, which are elongated at later
•
stage. •
Grayish white irregular necrotic
Infected
brownish white fungal growth may pods
produce
small,
discolored and shriveled seeds. Sclerotinia
Later under favourable conditions
White
also be seen on the spots. •
The
most
pronounced
Mould
conspicuous symptom
is
and the
Pathogen: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
infection of inflorescence causing
Symptoms
hypertrophy of the peduncle of
Watch for soft, water-soaked white to
inflorescence and develop stag head
gray lesions on leaves and stems. Plant
structure.
parts above the affected area may turn
White Rust
pale green or yellow, wilt and die.
Pathogen: Albugo candida
Mature lesions will become bleached
Watch
shred easily, resulting in premature
“staghead” deformation of flowering
ripening and lodging. White mould may
stems and pods.
grow on rotting stems and sclerotia may
Disease symptoms
be evident inside infected stems.
•
for
white
pustules
and
Both local and systemic infections are observed. 38
•
In case of local infection, white creamy
yellow
raised
pustules
resistant varieties i.e. DGS-1, RH-
appear on the leaves which later coalesce to form patches. •
749, Girraj, PM-25 etc.
Trichderma harzianum, T. viridae,
humid weather, mixed infection of
Bacillus subtilis for seed and soil
white rust and downy mildew cause
borne diseases along with FYM.
the
and hyperplasia and develop “stag
increase the use potash and sulphur
head” structure.
which is helpful for minimizing the
The leaf tissue turns yellow and
and
Follow
disease
forecasting and
agro-metrological
of the leaf and form V shaped area
timely and prophylactic spray.
advisory
for
Destruction of disease infected plant
The veins show brown to black
parts for minimizing the secondary
discoloration. Dark coloured streaks
spray. •
Older fungicides used, but less
ground level and gradually these
effective, for white rust control
streaks enlarge and girdle the stem.
include:
Dithane
Z-78,
Blitox,
Stem become hollow due to internal
wettable
sulphur,
fixed
copper
rotting.
compounds,
Midrib cracking of lower leaves,
chlorothalonil,
browning of veins and withering is
dodine, mancozeb, metiram, maneb,
observed.
and zineb.
In
severe
cases,
the
vesicular
•
Bordeaux captofol,
mixture, captan,
Foliar application of Mancozeb/
bundles of the stem also turn brown
Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb/ Metalaxyl/
and the plant collapses.
Chlorothalonil at 15 days interval.
Integrated Management
fertilizers
chlorosis reach towards the centre
are formed on the stem from the
•
nitrogenous
brassica diseases.
with base of V towards the midrib.
•
Balance use of fertilizes: Decrease
and floral parts due to hypertrophy
Bacterial blight/ black rot
•
Use of bio control agent i.e.
In systemic infection and during
swelling and distortion of the stem
•
Growing of resistant / moderately
•
Foliar application of Propiconazole
Follow crop rotation with non-host
25EC/
crop particularly in soil borne
penconazole/
hexaconazole
25EC/
difenoconazole/
diseases. 39
•
dinocap/ wettable sulphur at 15
combination
300g
days interval.
oxychloride 1.25 Kg/ha.
+
Copper
Foliar application of Streptomycin sulphate
+
Tetracycline
Systemic fungicides use for management of oil seed diseases Name
Concentration
Propiconazole25 EC
0.10%
Tebuconazole25 EC
0.10%
Trifloxystrobin 25WG
0.10%
Pyraclostrobin 133g/L
0.10%
Epoxiconaxole 50g/L SE
0.10%
Picoxystrobin 7.05%
0.10%
Azoxystrobin 18.2% w/w
0.10%
Cyproconazole 7.3% w/w
0.10%
Fluxapyroxad 62.5g/L
0.10%
Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25WG
0.06%
Pyraclostrobin 133g/L + Epoxiconaxole 50g/L SE,
0.10%
Picoxystrobin 7.05%+propiconazole 11.7% SC
0.10%
Azoxystrobin 18.2% w/w+ Cyproconazole 7.3% w/w
0.10%
Fluxapyroxad + Epoxiconazole 62.5
0.10%
Linseed diseases
favored by high humidity during cool
Rust (Melampsora lini)
nights, warmer day temperatures and on
Symptoms
plants growing vigorously. As the
Rust is readily recognized by the
season progresses, the orange pustules
presence of bright orange and powdery
turn black and produce overwintering
pustules,
telia and teliospores The black pustules
also
called
uredia.
Rust
pustules develop mostly on leaves
are most common on stems.
(Photo 8-2), but also on stems. The
Management
pustules
numerous
Complete control is achieved by the use
urediospores which are airborne and
of rust-resistant varieties. All registered
cause new cycles of infections during
Canadian varieties listed in Table 11-1
the season. Spread and infections are
are immune to local races of rust.
produce
40
Planting susceptible varieties may not
least three years between flax crops
only result in serious yield loss, but also
helps
affords the fungus a chance to produce
inoculum in the soil. Seed treatment
new races that may attack resistant
with recommended fungicides may
varieties.
safeguards
protect the crop from early infection at
include: destroying plant debris, using
the seedling stage and helps maintain
certified and disease-free seed of a
good stands and seedling vigor.
recommended variety, crop rotation and
Powdery Mildew
planting the flax crop in a field distant
Symptoms
from that of the previous year.
The symptoms are characterized by a
Fusarium Wilt
white powdery mass of mycelia that
Symptoms
start as small spots and rapidly spread
Early infections may kill flax seedlings
to cover the entire leaf surface. Heavily
shortly after emergence (Photo 8-5),
infected leaves dry up, wither and die.
while
Early infections may cause complete
Additional
delayed
yellowing
and
infections wilting
of
cause leaves,
to
maintain
low
levels
of
defoliation of flax plants.
followed by browning and death of
Management
plants (Photo 8-6). Roots of dead plants
The most economical control is through
turn ashy grey. The tops of wilted
the use of resistant varieties, Early
plants often turn downward and form a
seeding will reduce the impact of this
“shepherd’s crook”. Affected plants
disease on yield loss by avoiding early
occur more commonly in patches but
infections and buildup of epidemics.
may also be scattered throughout the
Foliar application of recommended
field. The fungus persists in the soil, as
fungicides around flowering time may
mycelia and spores survive for many
protect the crop from severe powdery
years in debris of flax and other organic
mildew epidemics and reduce losses in
matter in the soil. Wind-blown and
yield and seed quality.
water run-off soil may spread the fungus from one field to another. Management The most important control measure is the use of available resistant/moderately resistant varieties. Crop rotation of at 41
Compendium on Two Days Training Programme on
INTEGRATED DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN RABI CROPS
Commercial cultivation of Bottle gourd
Designed by Dr. Uma Shankar, March 2021