Portfolio by Hadi El-shayeb

Landscape Architecture, Urbanism, and Design

Hadi El-Shayeb

Landscape Architecture, Urbanism, and Design

All works are original creations by Hadi El-Shayeb unless otherwise specified.

Land, Coast, Deep Sea: Restoration of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef in the Era of Mass Ecolological Collapse

Sabkhat Al-Fasil Industrial City Eco-Park

Stick in the Mud 42

Underwater Meadows 48

Masterplan for the Federal Confederation Heights Campus

Old Growth Forest System and Dynamics of Temagami

Urban Tranformation 68

Phase 82

PEI Climate Change Adaptation

Pickering, Ontario

Adaptation of the Ontario Nuclear Power Plant 2050

Tag/

Restoration/ Nuclear Energy/ Coastal Landscapes/ Nuclear Remediation

Adaptation of the Ontario Nuclear Power Plant is a large-scale transformation of its lands, and is Intent/ The focused on nature restoration, remediation, and renewable energy production and innovation througth the year 2050, as the site is decommissioned. The overall area of the Campus is approximately 120ha. This initial plan begins to investigate the potential of landscape as a mechanism to reduce operating and maintenance costs, while generating quantifiable value to the Campus as an asset to Ontario Power Generation. The qualitative aspects of these changes will help to establish environmental stewardship and new understanding of the benefits to terrestrial habitat reconstruction as an overall amenity to the wider City of Pickering.

After

Before

Ecological Design Principles The 2050 strategy presents an attempt at bridging the gap between economic, social, and environmental aspirationsof the site and an opportunity to decrease property maintenance costs, while also appropriating economic value to the site through a landscape strategy. The Pickering Nuclear Power Plant lands are located in the area of the City of Pickering that is surrounded heavily by industrial uses. Opportunities to meaningfully repurpose the nuclear plant lands are hindered by the ample parking lots and impermeable surfaces present on site. This is compounded by the lands low ecological productivity given the presence of low

tree canopy and maintenance of manicured lawns which also presents heightened cost constraints. In contrast, the site presents opportunities to increase public and social capital given its location that is wrapped with a multi-use trail, and adjacent to multiple recreational lands including soccer and baseball fields. Furthermore, we highlight multiple existing natural heritage lands and species habitats present directly on the site including the bank swallow nests along the waterfront, and the deer and peewee bird species habitat, which will ultimately support ecological productivity and networks.

Queensland, Australia

Land, Coast, Deep Sea: Restoration of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef in the Era of Mass Ecolological Collapse

Tag/

Coral Reef Resilience/ Larvae Connectivity/ Mining and Forestry Operations/ Ocean Sensing

rate at which anthropogenic disturbances and climate change are impacting the Great Barrier Reef, Intent/ The in Queensland Australia, is surpassing its regenerative capacity with up to half of the 2300km coral system succumbed to death in the last decade. The project transcends the narrative of independent coral study and dives into deeper examination of Queensland’s manufactured landscapes from; unregulated carbon intensive mines (contributing to climate change and coral bleaching) to tree felling (at a rate of 1000 rugby fields a day) in lieu of coastal industrial agriculture and ocean runoff. The narrative advocates for a new regenerative connection across a 300km transect between land (reforestation of Goonyella mine for carbon sequestration), coast (restoration of Haypoint Coal Terminal and rerouted network of waterflows from industrial agriculture), and deep sea (regeneration of Molar Reef), all of which are emblematic of larger regional issues. The project explores the dynamics between time-sensitive ecological processes, responsive design strategies, and sociological interplays; ultimately asking what are practical yet meaningful restorative approaches for regenerating massive degraded landscapes like the Great Barrier Reef?

Mine

Metal

Ceased production/ care and maintenance

Bauxite

Cobalt

Nickel

Scandium

Copper Silver

Bismuth

Maganese

Mercury

Apatite

Bentonite

Granite

Gypsum

Potash

Perlite

Sandstone

Indium

Tin

Iron

Tungsten

Nibioum

Lead

Molybdenum

Uranium

Palladium

Vanadium

Tantalum

Zinc

Ytrium

Turquoise

Ceased production/ care and maintenance

Mine

Industrial Minerals and Rock

Gold

Resource

Brick clay

Ilmenite

Diatomite

Kaolin

Dolomite

Limestone

Fluorite

Magnesite

Porphyry stone

Phosphate

Rare earths

Silica sand

Siltstone

Slate

Silica

Quartz Rutile Thunder Eggs Anorthoclase Antimony Asbestos

Agnite Barite

Resource

Alum

Feldspar

Magnetite Rhenium

Salt

Sodium bicarbonate Agate

Gallium

Marble

Amethyst

Zeolite Analusite

Mineral Sands

Mine

Ceased production/ care and maintenance

Resource

Gemstones

Mine

Ceased production/ care and maintenance

Resource

Chrysoprase Opal Sapphire Peridot Zircon Aquamarine

Mine

Coal

Topaz

Garnet

Diamond

Beryl

Ceased production/ care and maintenance

Rail Line

Existing

Proposed

Pipeline

Gas

Petrol

Jasper

Kyanite

Resource

Oil

Cargo and Passenger Port Shipping point triangulation (May - August 2013) Galilee Basin Bowen Basin Surat Basin

Geology 2.5 Ga (billion years) 541 Ma

Nominated Coal Mining Areas Exploration Perimts for Coal Coal Bore Holes

252 Ma 66 Ma (Million Years)

Proterozoic Proterozoic - Paleozoic Paleozoic Paleozoic - Mesoic Mezoic

Petroleum Ressource Sites

Mining Extraction Flows Australia today boasts 50,000 abandoned mines and a highly productive mining landscape due to minimal regulation on mining operations and lack of regulation for mines to be filled or cleaned up after operation. The country exports 15% of the world’s thermal coal while 90% of all mined product in Queensland is exported

overseas, ultimately contributing to intense carbon pollution rates, climate change, and coral bleaching. Many of the mines within the Great Barrier Reef catchment are kilometers long and wide and remain literal holes and scares on the landscapes. 13

Agriculture and Intensive Uses (million hectare) Intensive Uses (1.06) Horticulture

Animal Production

Services/ Utilities

Mining

Manufcaturing and Industrial

Residential/ Farm Infrastructure

Waste Treatment and Disposal

Nature Conservation (18.82) Native Forest Production (2.96)

Forest Clearing in Queensland Australia

Crown of the Thorn StarFish Outbreak

2018-2015

Key Sources with High Supply of COTS Larvae

2010-2015

Key Sources with Low Supply of COTS Larvae

2005-2010 2000-2005 1995-2000

Great Barrier Reef Catchment

1988-1995

Erosion Prone Areas Sea Level Rise Calculated Erosion Distance Highest Astronomical Tide

Phosphorous Content High

Low

Coastal Industrial Agriculture and Tree Felling Over the last decade, Queensland has continued to fell trees at a rate of 1000 rugby fields a day (314,000 hectares (2017-2018) much of the land is converted to industrial agricultural uses (The Guardian, 2018). Furthermore, poorly regulated coastal agricultural continues to be a source of algae bloom and thorn of the starfish outbreaks (COTS) in the Great Barrier Reef Heritage area. Up to 1000 adults can invade a single hectare of reef during an outbreak and infestation can destroy over 97% of a reef’s coral population (BBC One, 2015). On a similar note, the government of Queensland Australia has recently approved 1 million tons of sludge to be dumped in the great barrier reef region causing toxic water quality and choking of coral (Guardian, 2019). 15

Rock

Minke Whale Migration Paths

Cay

Green Sea Turtle Migration Path

Island

Wave Flow and Direction Intensity

1% Dead Reef

0°

4°

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (14-Day Period July 2016)

2% - 17% Dead Reef 11% - 35% Dead Reef 47% - 83% Dead Reef

Resilient Reef (Hock et al., 2017) Connected via Larvae Reproduction Cooler Water Temperature Isolated from COTS Outbreak

Number of Colonization Steps to Reach From Resilient Reef Sources (After 1 day of Dispersal) 1 2 3 4 5

Reef Resilience Hock and Mumby (2017) identify 100 reefs, accounting for 3% of the Great Barrier reef that are exhibiting characteristics of healthy systems and capable of promoting recovery located in areas that are; cool, protected please leave this area blank from crown-ofthorns starfish predation, and well connected to other reef systems through ocean currents with capacity to supply larvae (fertilized eggs). Recent studies also point to coral capacity of acclimatization and adaptation to rapid ocean temperature changes specifically with heat tolerant coral colonies forming partnerships after heat events (Baker, A.C., 2001, Kenkel, C. D., 2016). 17

300km Transect: Mine, Industrial Agriculture, Reef The project transcends the narrative of independent coral ecology study and dives into deeper examination of Queensland’s manufactured landscapes from; unregulated carbon intensive mines to tree felling in lieu of coastal industrial agriculture and associated poison runoff. The narrative advocates for a new regenerative connection between land (reforestation of Goonyella Riverside mine for carbon sequestration), coast (coastal restoration of Haypoint Coal Terminal and rerouted network of waterflows from industrial agriculture), and deep sea (regeneration of Molar Reef corals) while offering new human 18

agency to engage. The selected sites are emblematic of the larger regional issues in the region and a range of existing to novel landscape architecture strategies are explored to facilitate an ecologically resilient, connected, and productive landscape. This design research project re-configures the design workflow through design sensing, analysis, and process-oriented landscape systems to engage with the invisible ecological flows. Project drawings are communicated as processes and systems over time in contrast to static architectural representation in order to capture the nuances of regional geographies and dynamic landscapes.

300km Transect: Mine, Industrial Agriculture, Reef (continued) The spatial examination of the coastal industrial farming front reveals an artificial patterned landscape paralleling kilometer longstreams with no to minimal buffers. Hay Point Coal terminal, is a key node for coal shipment as well as intensive cattle grazing. 20

Reforestation of Goonyella Riverside Mine The primary focus is Goonyella Riverside coal mine in Queensland, Australia with a depth of 100m where a reforestation strategy is proposed to sequester carbon and support climate mitigation that is impacting the Great Barrier Reef as well as counteract the rates of tree felling in the region. The primary strategy towards returning the mine condition to its ecologically productive state involves the topographic manipulation and fill of mining holes. The secondary purpose through this strategy is to promote new microclimate conditions through slope adaptations and water bed creation. The primary fill to cover up existing rock faces comes in the form of dredge material from shipping channels in the GBR heritage area presenting a novel opportunity. Currently, 22

sludge and other dredge material is being dumped into the Great Barrier Reef region covering and choking coral reefs. The proposal adopts techniques of analyzing topographic formation in order to optimize planting schemes and desired microclimate creation through novel 3D tools including Ladybug and Bison’s topographic analysis tools (an extension of Rhino-Grasshopper). Variables including height, slope, and degree of solar exposure based on the region’s weather data dictated the type of microclimate being created and necessary for specific forest types, and ultimately serving as a method of analysis for optimizing topographic forms. This on its own can serve as its own field of inquiry

bridging the field of landscape architecture and forest ecology. In order to create the necessary top soil conditions for a productive landscape, regenerative cattle grazing is programmed with a layer of hay-mulch added onto the new land. This begins to remove pressure from coastal industrial farming as well as initiate top soil formation through feces decay. From the new earth, underground seed vaults are proposed, taking advantage of the gapping landscape holes and which house seeds of a new planned forest. This will include the region’s native species including 51 species predicted to be extinct within

the next 10 years (Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage). The underground structures will also remind the public of a deeper past through a glass façade that reveals a section of the earth where objects of the past industrial operations are left as archeologic remnants. On the surface however emerges a new diverse forest landscape that counteracts rising emission and climate change. The mining landscape restoration proposals combines a technical understanding of clean up after operation in addition to publicly engaging approaches.

Reforestation of Goonyella Riverside Mine

Restoration of Coastal Hay Point Coal Terminal The spatial examination of the industrial farming front reveals an artificial patterned landscape paralleling kilometer longstreams and coastal ocean landscape with minimal buffers. The select site, Hay Point Coal terminal, is a key node for coal shipment and is surrounded by cattle grazing operations. The regenerative process is initiated by analyzing the water flow patterns through 3D landscape modelling. This knowledge begins to inform the spatial re-organization of manufactured coastal landscape patterns in order to mitigate poison runoff into the Great Barrier Reef Area. New embankments are subsequently proposed (using shipping channel dredge material as an opportunity again) and reroute the agricultural runoff flows from river and ocean zones. On the new formed slopes, native coastal tree species from red 26

mangroves to Omreau bottle trees are introduced to stabilize the topography and counteract tree felling for agricultural land use conversion. Furthermore, an observatory tower is proposed to deck over this new landscape where farmers and locals are able to visualize new land patterning and the beginning of a rerouted network of water flows. Using the existing agricultural land use patterns and modelled water flows, key drainage lines are designed approximately following the landscape contours, and ultimately laying the foundation for a new spatial restructuring of industrial agriculture patterns. As a tertiary layer to this spatial restructuring that connects with the key lines and creates an ocean buffer, fresh and salt water wetlands are re-introduced in lieu of the existing coal tailing ponds on site.

Restoration of Coastal Hay Point Coal Terminal

Regeneration of Coral Ecologies on Molar Reef The coastal restoration chapter is concluded with the introduction of new coral farming opportunities along the existing 2km coastal bridge that originally facilitated coal shipping. Both existing and novel farming opportunities are explored; from steel meshes that are electrically conductive, coral fragmentation that are capable of regenerating species up to 50 times faster, down to hand-size tetrapods where larvae is seeded and then transported off site for planting. Along the bridge and through the ocean’s clear waters, farmers and locals claim new agency to these artificial and regenerative processes. With the restructuring of Queensland Australia’s manufactured landscape system, coral regeneration on site begins to be more 30

impactful. The idea for coral regeneration is to engage on a present time scale where a spatially and technologically integrated slew of sensors provides feedback of coral reef conditions. Installed underwater camera domes are proposed to provide time sensitive imagery of bleaching events as well as COTS outbreaks. Sea surface and depth sensor products monitor both water and temperature quality through use of existing technologies including chemical composition, turbidity, light, and radiation intensity sensors. The proposal begins to capitalize on reef’s resilient capacity by rearing coral larvae in nets during annual spawning. Reared larvae are then released on dead or dying reefs based on collected

sensor data speeding up the regeneration process via underwater drones (technology currently being prototyped by Queensland’s University of Technology). Similarly, a second set of drones is programmed to target COTS outbreaks and release a lethal injection. While smaller target interventions like individual coral plot planting may be effective for individual reef sites, the reality is, there is a need for scaling of restoration methods in order to effectively regenerate reef systems across the 2300km span, like the use of novel drone technology. And a targeted approach of restoring reefs that are most connected to others via larvae reproduction, first, is proposed in order to facilitate natural coral succession. 31

Regeneration of Coral Ecologies on Molar Reef

HUMAN INTERVENTION Coral Maturity and Larve Rearing

MOLAR REEF CORAL REGENERATION

Coral Fragmentation and Planting

Genetic ModiFication of Coral

HAY POINT COAL TERMINAL COASTAL RESTORATION

Initial Fill and Topographic Manipulation

GOONYELLA MINE REFORESTATION

Addition of more Top Soil Layer and early successional Planting Species (Grasses and Legumes)

Coral Fragmentation

Coral Fragmentation Constructed Wetland Maintenance (Chemicals and Sediment Removal) Late Successional Planting

Wetland Creation, Embankement Formation, and Riparian Planting

Top Soil Formation through Cattle Formation

Carbon Sequestration

Low

High

NATURAL SUCCESSION 0

Regenerative Processes Timeline After a 30-year period (a calculated figure based on construction of landscape strategies as well as natural forest and coral growth), natural succession will take its course on the selected sites exhibiting hope for regeneration of the Great Barrier Reef. While on the one hand the design philosophy is to restore and reconnect these massive landscapes, the concept pushes for collective reflection on past action as well as agency on present to future conditions. 34

Reef Sensing and Coral Larvae Rearing and Ex-Situ Implementation Coral Fragmentation

Constructed Wetland Maintenance (Chemicals and Sediment Removal)

Channelization of Water System to Wetland

Second Generation of Tree Species through Natural Seeding Coral Colonies Mature and Form Reef structures

Regenerative Catalogue Objects 3D printed objects of catalogued mine reforestation (left), coastal restoration (middle), and coral regeneration (right) strategies from designed seed vault to regenerative reef sensors. All objects were presented in an exhibition format. 36

Topographic Landscape Models CNCed models from high density foam to exhibit; Goonyella Mine fill strategy (left) - Hay Point Coal Terminal coastal design embankment, key line drainage, and wetland depressions (middle) - and a segment of the Great Barrier Reef including Molar Reef (Right).Ceperum, vident am untem atem nonsequam quam 38

Exhibit The thesis was presented as a dystopic-utopic narrative of the required political and landscape processes needed to regenerate the Great Barrier Reef. The exhibition is framed as a boardroom meeting lead by ICRE (the Interplanetary Corporation of Resource Extraction), a multi-natinal fictional corporation of mining, logging, and industrial agriculture responsbile for the destruction of the Great Barrier Reef as a result of its extraction activiites. After a high court rules on the culpability of the organization, its executives alongside landscape architects, ecologists, and other restoration scientists are required to spearhead the regenerative efforts acorss land, coast, and deep sea. The design research project is presented as a 360 interactive exhibit. 40

Illustration by Jaysen Ariola. Project role in concept development of the project.

Jubail, Saudi Arabia

Sabkhat Al-Fasil Industrial City Eco-Park

Tag/

Ecological Park/ Industrial City/ Restoration/ Ephemeral Wetland Landscape/ Migratory Bird Habitat

Sabkhat Al-Fasil Eco-Park is a large-scale transformation of its industrial city landscape of oil refineIntent/ The ment, and is focused on nature restoration, preservation and conservation of a green corridor, wetlands and habitats. It is an ephemeral landscape that transitions and evolves from dry lands, to a high water wetland condition during flood season attracting millions of migratory bird species across the Middle Eastern Region. It is self-sustaining and provides opportunities for the enhancement of wildlife and human values through environmental education. The proposed design of the Sabkat al-Fasil Eco-Park (the Eco-Park) in Jubail Industrial City (JIC) is undertaken across a proposed engineered natural treatment system (ENTS) and the larger water recycling system of the region. The Eco-Park design supports the long-term policy goals given in the JIC 2010 Master Plan Update with respect to the local economy, environment and livability, enhancing JIC’s national and international sustainability status as well as the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 program with respect to tourism through the attraction of visitors to JIC and resulting economic benefits.

San Francisco Bay, California

Stick in the Mud

Tag/

Sensor/ Sediment Dynamics/ Mudflat Ecology/ Eelgrass Restoration/ Sea Level Rise

Team/

Peggy Wong and Lexi Kalaman

Stick in the Mud sesnsor calls attention to sediment as an essential resource in the Bay Area. In response Intent/ The to rising sea levels, sediment is needed to support and develop wetland ecosystems along the urban coastline. The (turbidity) sensor aims to bring awareness to sediment by rendering the fine particle movement visible to a larger public through light. The sensor can be deployed in a variety of coastal edges such as marshes, eelgrass beds and at the mouth of rivers. The Underwater Eelgrass Meadows project mobilizes soft coastal infrastructure, with the capacity to grow and regress, to restore eelgrass meadows and promote public access and legibility. Eelgrass habitats are an essential nursery ground for fish species, act as valuable food sources for water birds and protect San Francisco Bays’ coasts from erosion and sediment loss.

S C H E M AT I C PC B AT

3.3

USB OUT

3.3

OUT

P15

SENSOR

SPEAKER

(FOR TESTING)

GND

P11

NRF52

AUDIO FX

P31 P30

S TA N DA R D

P27

CARDINAL

GND GND

P16

LED STRIP V USB

GND

DESCRIPTION

QUANTITY

A DA F R U I T F E AT H E R N R F 5 2 B LU E F R U I T L E

F E AT H E R

MIKROE-2560 SMOKE CLICK BOARD

SENSOR

PART NAME

H S D L-9 1 0 0 P R OX I M I T Y S E N S O R S L M D 1 2 1 H 0 4 L-N D B076W4XK49 N E O P I X E L D I G I TA L R G B L E D S T R I P ADAFRUIT AUDIO FX SOUND BOARD

SENSOR

SOL AR PANEL

B AT T E R Y

LED STRIP

SOUND BOARD

SECCHI DISK

INTERCHANGEABLE TOPS SCALE | 2:1

SPEAKER

AUDIO FX

SOLAR PANELS

NRF52

NRF32 (BLUETOOTH FEATHER) LED STRIP 249 O-RING

AUDIO FX (AUDIO ARDUINO)

LED STRIP

SPEAKER

SENSOR WHEEL SCALE | 2:1

........ .

...

SENSOR CONNECTION

........ ...

BACKSCATTER SENSOR

PCB

CLEAR RESIN OVERMOLD

CLEAR PLASTIC

SENSOR

SCALE | 2:1

CLEAR PLASTIC PCB BACKSCATTER SENSOR CLEAR RESIN OVERMOLD

BACKSCAT TER DIAGRAM IR R

PVC PIPE

SIGNAL CONDITIONING & CONTROL

MAX 30105

TURBID WAT E R S

CLEAR WAT E R S

I 2C

µP

S A N F R A N S I S C O B AY

EDEN LANDING

S A N P A B L O B AY

Sensor Design The sensor aims to bring awareness to sediment by rendering the fine particle movement visible to a larger public. LED lights represent suspended sediment from a gradient of red to blue with red signaling turbid water and blue representing clear waters. Whether deployed in a group or individually, the lights visually represent turbidity and the impacts of sediment in a coastal condition. The sensor is bluetooth enabled to allow for communication of sensor data to a GSM enabled station. Data from the station can be transmitted through a cell connection to a server to allow for

researchers and the public to access the sensor data. Solar panels are used to power the sensor to allow for long term deployment. The sensor is designed to be easily installed and moved, the dimensions of the sensor connection are set to standard pvc pipe sizes to allow for simple height modification in order to adapt to different environmental conditions. The sensor can also be equipped with interchangeable caps including a drone visible top to facilitate data mapping according to the sensors precise geographic location. 49

Buoy Sensor A second sesnsor concept evolves from the traditional buoy and is meant to measure sediment flow in deeper sea floors of the San Francisco Bay. Thus, the sensors can be deployed in a variety of coastal edges such as marshes, eelgrass beds and at the mouth of rivers to monitor the fine particulate flow. 51

San Francisco Bay, California

Underwater Meadows: Module + Toolkit

Tag/

Sensor/ Sediment Dynamics/ Mudflat Ecology/ Eelgrass Restoration/ Sea Level Rise

Team/

Peggy Wong

2100, many coastal communities within the San Francisco Area will be highly impacted by flooding due Intent/ By to sea-level-rise and storm surges. Eelgrass communities provide significant ecosystem services by protecting shorelines and stabilizing sediment, dissipating wave energy, and are an important food source for fish and bird species. This design proposal aims to heighten public awareness and citizen science involvement in the restoration of eelgrass meadows in the Bay area through an accessible toolkit, alongside adaptable coastal infrastructure modules. The Toolkit is intended as a bottom-up approach to educate the public about eelgrass communities and facilitate resotration through a physical guide and materials for coastal planting. The Modules are designed to work in tandem with the toolkit as soft coastal infrastructure, with the capacity to grow and regress in order to promote public access and legibility during restoration. 1x1 meter adaptable boardwalk pieces are fabricated from wood panels and encase pre-manufactured floaters whereby the colour of the modules designates the restoration method on the sea floor. Underwater Meadows calls public attention and engagement into the process of eelgrass restoration.

Module The Modules are designed to work in tandem with the toolkit and as soft coastal infrastructure, with the capacity to grow and regress, to restore eelgrass meadows and promote public access and legibility. 1x1 meter adaptable boardwalk pieces are fabricated from wood panels and encase pre-manufactured floaters that propagate above water through a rope connection. While interchangeable bottoms are highly rugose (rough surface that promote habitat growth on the undersides), interchangeable tops engage the social landscape in the form of seating and undulating surfaces. Furthermore, coloured boardwalk tops mark specific

eelgrass restoration methods below and adjacent on the sea floor offering users a landscape legibility. The orange tops mark the seeding restoration method, the pastel yellow – TERFS method, the red – free planting, and the pastel pink is associated with the bamboo shoots method. In contrast to hard engineered approaches that attempt to control the natural environment, this project employs an adaptable and accessible framework that reserves the capacity to grow and be reversed concurrent to the restoration needs while maintaining a sensitivity to the existing landscape. 55

Toolkit The Toolkit is intended as a bottom-up method to empower citizens to work alongside scientists to develop thriving eelgrass meadows and monitor their results. The goal ofthe Toolkitis twofold; to educate about eelgrass communities and their value to the wider ecosystem, and to serve as a restoration guide (with physical materials) for citizens wanting to plant the coastal species. Eelgrass education includes the appropriate growing environment including their present location in the San Francisco Bay area, their ecological value for other species as well as for human ecosystem services, and their reproductive capacities. With regards to restoration initiatives, the manual describes four common restoration techniques that public members can easily apply including free or bamboo planting

(shoots are transplanted individually or in bunches and secured with anchors such as washer, rocks, bamboo stakes or popsicle sticks), TERFS (Transplanting Eelgrass Remotely with Frames System) where eelgrass shoots are attached to a wire frame, which temporarily anchor the shoots until they have rooted (4-6 weeks), and BuDs in which flowering eelgrass shoots are suspended in mesh bags attached to buoys and the seeds are slowly released as the shoots mature. The Underwater Meadows Toolkit provides the materials and instructions to construct a BuDS, Buoy-Deployed Seeding System. The guide is written for a younger audience to be used as an educational tool to compliment the toolkit. 57

Ottawa, Ontario

Masterplan for the Federal Confederation Heights Campus

Tag/

Federal Campus Masterplan/ High Security/ Natural Forest Heritage/ Modernist Landscape

National Capital Commission of Canada set out to create a new vision for the central land parcels Intent/ The of a major federal employment node, Confederation Heights, ultimately contributing to the overall Master Plan Process. This mapping, analysis and concept planning progresses the federal government’s mandate to create viable and vital balanced communities that are integrated with the employment facilities, the existing natural and landscape heritage features (parks, Rideau River, modernist landscape), and that ear mark sustainable urban and landscape design principles. This project represents an opportunity to highlight the best landscape design, site planning, design, and development options as an evolving model of the federal mandate.

Design through Reconnaissance and Analysis This project involved a deep site reconnaissance phase, site analysis, followed by preparation of site options for the employment node. Specifically, the Design Analysis study involved the creation of maps from; general site issues, historic landscape uses, existing natural and cultural landscape features, site circulation issues and potential, site green infrastructure, urban design and planning 62

context, microclimate and impact of future built form, site security, site geology, and build zones. The analysis also involved novel methodologies and 3D means of analysis including the development of an accurate geographic and topographic landscape and built form through visual scripting in the 3D software Rhino.

Waterloo Greenway Typologies The green walkway is a high profile amenity space located along the midline of the campus corridor. The vision for the green walkway is to create a green corridor amidst the employment uses with a varying expriential identity through according to the built composition. Although the character of the green walkway will vary between the districts, the walkway spatial layout typologies for the paths, seating and private realm interfaces will be the same. 64

Temagami, Ontario

Old Growth Forest Systems and Dynamics of Temagami

Tag/

Old Growth/ Forest Systems and Dynamics/ Diversity/ Natural and Human Disturbance

trees of Temagami comprise some of eastern North America’s last truly old growth forests, and Intact Intent/ The Forest Landscapes which play significant roles in the global biosphere. The objective of this desgin research project was to visualize and analyze old growth forest systems and dynamics. This included the changes in forest structure and composition over time, including its behaviour in response to anthropogenic and natural disturbances.

Decideous

Coniferous

Forest Depletion Cause (Historic and Recent)

Site Class

any/ mixed ash

any/ mix cedar

harvest

0, best

american beech

eastern hemlock

fire

1, better

white birch

jack pine

fire disturbance (no depletion)

2, good

yellow birch

red pine

3, poor

eastern larch

scots pine

4, protection forest

hard maple

white pine

soft maple

black spruce

any/ mix maple

white spruce

chinquapin oak other hardwoods any/ mix oak any/ mix poplar

Forest Depletion Causes and Species Composition

Site Classification of Productive Forest Stands

Temagami’s historical and current forest species composition shows a limited regeneration and growth of conifers and a favored regeneration and growth of decideous species. Fire suppression prevents the renewal of many pine species and supports shade tolerant species whose roots are able to penetrate the physical and chemical barriers.

Site productivity is the combined effect of physical and climate properties – soil depth, texture, nutrient load, precipitation, temperature, slope, elevation, and aspect – on tree growth. Site Class is a measure of productivity and is the expression of the age height relationship of the leading species based upon Plonskis’ Normal Yield Tables, expressed as 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

Vertical Structure single storey single storey with veterans two-tiered understorey two-tiered overstorey two-tiered understorey with veterans two-tiered overstorey with Veterans complex or continuous with wide range of ages and heights

Horizontal Canopy Structure

Decideous

Coniferous

single stem canopy structure

black ash

jack pine

single patch - distinct from rest of canopy

balsam fir

red pine

few patches - two or three distinct patches

white birch

lodgepole pine

multiple patches - several distinct patches

yellow birch

white pine

openings common - 3 or more

american beech

tamarack

openings uncommon - 1 or 2

hard maple

black spruce

soft maple

white spruce

municipal boundary of Temagami

eastern larch eastern white cedar red oak balsam poplar any/ mix poplar

Vertical Forest Stand Structure Vertical stand structure describes the number of distinct layers (stories) that can be identified in the stand canopy. Typically, vertical structure ranges from bimodel (two stories) to trimodel (three stories) during the canopy transition stage (120-140 years) of forest growth (Pare and Bergeron, 1995; Brassard et al. 2008).

Forest Gap Dynamics and Future Species ComposiHorizontal stand structure assesses the distribution of trees species and the presence of openings. Gap dynamics typically determine the types of species that will recruit in the open spaces. Small gaps are usually colonized by shade-tolerant tree species while large gaps allow greater amounts of sunlight to reach the forest floor, facilitating the recruitment of more shade-intolerant species. 69

3D Forest Mappings The forestry mappings are physically modelled through unique and abstracted fabrication methods. The first image presents laser cut mappings (top left) and the second (bottom left) of CNC milling and engraving on high density foam. 70

The pair of photos above present Temagami’s undulating topography while light is used to shine through etched plexi cards onto the model to visualize forest management strategies.

Rail Deck Park, Toronto

Transform Forward - Phase

Tag/

Transformation - Adaptation - Pixelate - Phase - Time

Team/

Michael Deluca, Kaleigh Gillis, Mariam Malaty, Heather Richardson

Intent/ Transform Forward [1]: Modern cities are evolving at unprecedented rates as mounting environmental,

technological, social, and economic pressures and disturbances force change. The city that upholds adaptable and flexible character will reap the future’s greatest fruits. The city of Toronto’s Rail Deck Park and adjacent lands present a unique opportunity to set the precedence for transformative urbanism, given the need for park land spaces in the city in contrast to competing forces. The proposed concept applies adaptation theory and explores the practicality of urban form and function that carries the capacity to transform as needed. Thus, the DNA of this design proposal is this form of pixelation which enables its transformation as individual pieces or as a larger network. Given the lack of available green spaces in the City of Toronto, minimal built form development is proposed on the rail deck in order to secure the space. Phase [2]: Time is a meseasure of change. The existing heritage district as well as buildings deemed significant for heritage potential consituted the starting blocks to create new building frames and blocks. The new rail deck park is divided into strips, each with a unique identity to offer a multitude of experiences, activity spaces and communal uses.

Phase 0; The exisitng context.

Phase 1; The extremities of the site are built first including buildings and landscape. They are closest to already built areas and support early financial inventement from use for future development. Developpers build floor by floor and do not build to the skeleton limits giving them opportunity to procur future investment. 76

Phase 2; A secomd major segment of rail deck park is added, where buildings again are not filled to their full capacity. The rail deck landscape is active for use and is an opportunity to finance the remainder of the project.

Phase 3; The final phase of rail deck park is built. The buildings from earlier phases continue to be built incrementally floor by floor given developper and public financial capacities. 77

1. Establish Grid

2. Add and Connect Open Spaces

WELLINGTON ST

3. Frame Open Spaces

FRONT ST

SPADINA AVE

BATHURST ST

SPADINA AVE

WELLINGTON ST

BATHURST ST

SPADINA AVE

WELLINGTON ST

FRONT ST

ICEBOAT TERRACE

FRONT ST

ICEBOAT TERRACE

Establish Grid

ICEBOAT TERRACE

Frame Open Spaces

Add Open Spaces

Bathurst and Spadina

14 m

7 m

Wellington

8 stories

Front

6 stories 4 stories

3.5 m 14 m

Open Spaces at atCirculation Can propagate vertically and horizontally. New open spaces midpoints of circulation.Midpoints

Street frontage scale limited based on adjacent street, then steps back

Open space programs based on adjacent ground floor use. Street frontage scale is limited based on adjacent street, then steps back. Open space programs based on adjacent ground floor use.

New open spaces at midpoints of circulation.

m x 7 m grid layed across site. 7x7m 7grid layed across site

grid size chosen to fit standard smallest unit (bachelor)

Bathurst and Spadina

Wellington

Front Bathurst and Spadina

14 m

7 m 7 m 3.5 m

8 stories

7 m

4 stories

14 m

7 m

14 m 28 m

28 m

Anchor architectural form facilitate anchor programing. Anchor architectural form achor Can propogatefacilitate horizontally. programming Can propagate vertically and horizontally. Open space programs based on adjacent ground floor use.

grid size chosen to fit standard smallest unit (bachelor) New open spaces at midpoints of circulation.

Frame Open Spaces Bathurst and Spadina

Wellington

Front

7 m

14 m

Primary entrances to rail deck open spaces Trellises frames used to frame open spaces on rail deck. co-relate to major pathways

Primary Entrances to rail deck to major pathways. Tertiary Entranc A max of 40% of the rail deck can be rented for private use. open spaces co-relate Street frontage scale is limited based on adjacent street, then steps back. Cantilevers are limited to 1 module.

Add Open Spaces Add Open Spaces

Establish Grid

7 m 6 stories

8 stories

40% 40%

A max of 40% of the rail deck can be rented for private use.

Anchor architectural form facilitate anchor programing. Street frontage scale is limited based on adjacent street, then steps back.

2000 sq ft to accomodate mix of program uses Grid size chosen to fit standard smallest unit

Front

6 stories

7 m

14 m

Wellington

8 stories

6 stories 4 stories

.5 m 3.5 m

40%

14 m

Cantilevers are limited to 1 module.

or)14

Anchor architectural form facilitate anchor programing. Can propagate vertically and horizontally. Can propogate vertically and horizontally 28 m

program uses

Add Open Spaces

Trellises frames used to frame open spaces on rail deck.

Frame Open Spaces

Can propogate horizontally.

Trellises can be allocated for program use.

Trellises can be

Cantilevers are limited to 1 module

Street frontage scale is limited based on adjacent street, then steps back. Cantilevers are limited to 1 module.

max of 40% of the rail deck can be rented for private use. Max of A40% of rail deck can be rented for 28 m Can propagate vertically and horizontally. private use

grid size chosen to fit standard smallest unit (bachelor)

7 m x 7 m grid layed across site.

7 m

14 m

7 m

14 m

Trellises frames use

Primary Entrances to ra

Frame Open Spaces 7 m

7 m

7 m 14 m28 m

28 m

14 m 28 m

2000 sq ft to accomodate mix of uses

Can propogate horizontally. 2000 sq ft to accomodate mix of program uses

Previously established roadways do not follow the grid.

28 m

Can propogate horizontally. Major connections cut through built form

Major connections cut through the built form.

Cantilevers are limited to 1 module.

frames used to frame open spaces on rail deck. TrellisesTrellises frames used to frame open spaces on rail deck

Minor connections create under-passes through built form.

Frame Open Spaces

tablish Grid

7 m

Laneways follow the grid.

Separation between active and passive use.

Separation between pedestrians and cyclists on Wellington Street.

Code

Connect Open Spaces

Design codes propogate urban form and function that is able to adapt and transform according to need. The resulting concept is a unique aethestic and function in a line with a pixelated 78

identity. The smallest building unit size is a 7m x 7m unit (constituting an approximately 500 sq.ft. bachelors) while the landscape is incrementalized to 14m x 14m public floor spaces.

Trellises

4. Add Edge Conditions

5. Establish Hierarchy WELLINGTON ST

ASSISTED CARE BATHURST ST

FRONT ST

SPADINA AVE

WELLINGTON ST

BATHURST ST

SPADINA AVE

WELLINGTON ST

6. Pixelate

FRONT ST

ICEBOAT TERRACE

FRONT ST

ICEBOAT TERRACE

Add Edge Conditions

ICEBOAT TERRACE

Pixelate

Establish Hierarchy

42 stori

8 stories

B 2 Storey

RampsRamps located on allNorth-South majorConnections. North-South are located on all major Connections

catagorized by story. BuildingsBuildings arearecategorized by story

Type B is limited to 8 stories Cantilevers on TYPE A+B must have one empty module between them Cantilevers on TYPE A+B must have one empty module between them.

Type A is limited to 2 stories.

Major ramp and staircase across from Draper Street.

Typ

20%

70%

Permenant

40%

8 stories

28 m

Forested Landscape

40%

Long-Term Adaptable Skate Park

Adaptable

Market Place

42 stories Highly Adaptable

20% Concert Venue

2 Storey

Tree density varies across the rail deck.

A Ramps are located on all major North-South Connections. MajorBuildings ramp and Staircase across from Draper Major ramp staircase follow edge and of rail deck toacross mirror from NorthDraper side ofStreet. Front Street.

Rotate TYPE C floors with cantilever by 90 to create Open spaces rangepixelation in adapatability in relation to scale. Type B is limited to 8 stories Type C is limited to 42 stories

Type A is limited to 2 stories.

Buildings are catagorized by story.

Rotate TYPE C floors with catilever by 90 to create pixelation.

Cantilevers on TYPE A+B must have one empty module between them.

Type A is limited to 2 stories

Major ramp and staircase across from Draper Street. Buildings on edge of park are limited to 4 stories.

Establish Hierarchy 90

Permenant

Forested Landscape

Edge Conditions

Long-Term Adaptable

Adaptable

Skate Park

Market Place

Highly Adaptable Concert Venue

Pixelate

42 stories

Open spaces range in adapatability in relation to scale.

2 Storey

et.

20%

Buildings follow edge of rail deck to mirror North Side of Front

Buildings edge of module park are limitedthem. to 4 stories. Cantilevers on TYPE A+B must haveon one empty between

Type A is limited to 2 stories.

Long-Term Adaptable

Forested Landscape

Adaptable

20%

Cantilevers on TYPE A+B must have one empty module between them.

Pixelation of open open spaces to occur on cantilever roofs pixelation of open space will occur on roofs of cantilevers.

Type C is limited to 42 stories

Skate Park

= Permenant

Highly Adaptable

Market Place

Forested Landscape

Concert Venue

Long-Term Adaptable Skate Park

Adaptable

Market Place

Highly Adaptable Concert Venue

42 stories

8 stories

Establish Hierarchy

2 Storey

20%

A Buildings are catagorized by story.

Pixelate

40%

Rotate TYPE C floors with catilever by 90 to create pixelation.

Type B is limited to 8 stories

Permenant

28 m

70%

Programming on rail deck is not limited to adjacent use.

Tree density varies across the rail deck.

Edge Conditions B

40%

Type B is limited to 8 stories

Major ramp and staircase across from Draper Street. Buildings follow edge of rail deck to mirror North side of Front Street. Buildings on edge of park are limited to 4 stories.

Buildings are catagorized by story.

eet.

8 stories

28 m 28 m

40%

Buildings on edge of park are limited to 4 stories. Buildings on edge of park limited to 4 stories Type A is limited to 2 stories.

70%

Open spaces range in adapatability in relation to scale.

40%

20%

Programming on rail deck is not limited to adjacent use. Cantilevers on TYPE A+B must have one empty module between them.

Type C is limited to 42 stories Type C is limited to 42 stories

Type B is limited to 8 stories

42 stories

8 stories

Pixelate

2 Storey

pixelate create meandering Rotate TYPETrellises C floors withtocatilever by 90 connections. to create pixelation.

Open spaces range in adaptability in relation Open spaces range in adapatability in relation to scale. to scale

Tree density varies across the rail deck. Type A is limited to 2 stories.

Buildings are catagorized by story.

20%

40%

70%

40%

stablish Hierarchy

Cantilevers on TYPE A+B must have one empty module between them.

Permenant

Forested Landscape

Type B is limited to 8 stories

Long-Term Adaptable

Adaptable

Skate Park

Market Place

Type C is limited to 42 stories

Highly Adaptable Concert Venue

20% 20%

40%

70%

40%

20%

Rotate TYPE C floors with catilever by 90 to create pixelation.

Tree density varies across the rail deck.

Tree density varies across rail deck Tree density varies across the rail deck.

Open spaces range in adapatability in relation to scale.

stablish Hierarchy Permenant

Forested Landscape

Long-Term Adaptable Skate Park

Pixelate pixelation of open space will occur on roofs of cantilevers.

Programming on rail deck is not limited to adjacent use Programming on rail deck is not limited to adjacent use.

Establish Hierarchy Adaptable

Market Place

Highly Adaptable Concert Venue

Pixelate Open spaces range in adapatability in relation to scale.

Programming on rail deck is not limited to adjacent use.

Trellises pixelate to create meandering Trellises pixelate to create meandering connections. connections

Work in conjunction with K. Gills

19 Iteration 1

Iteration 1

Iter

Iteration 1

Iter

Iteration 1

Iteration 2

Iteration 3

Building Permutations The design codes are applied to individual buildings on site and result in unique urban form that is capable of transformation. Over time, developpers build floor by floor following certain rules, limitations, and freedoms. The designed built form is flexbile and allows developpers to add, take away, and rearrange blocks and uses to achieve optimal design and economic configuration. The design consciously respects technical aspects of building architecture include building cores, setbacks and heights. 80

Iteration 1

Iter

Landscape Permutations The rail deck is primarily maintained as a public park that accomodates a plethora of uses, with the capacity of being rented to private use. The deck is divided into zones and pixelated in 14m x 14m floor spaces that can be expanded to accomodate for larger public uses. Anchor built form such as trellises, trees, and unique architectural forms relate to anchor programs in each of the rail deck zones, and both perpetuate an identity of space. However, this does not exclude differing adjacent uses from occuring on those zones. This ideal further encourages urban transformation. 81

Work in conjunction with M. Malaty and H. Richardson

SPADINA

BATHURST

WELLINGTON ST

NIAGARA ST

DRAPER ST

PORTLAND ST

BATHURST ST

FRONT ST

CE ICE BOAT TERRA

SPADINA AVE

WELLINGTON ST

Work in conjunction with M. Malaty and H. Richardson

Tech Community/ Public Amenity Residential Commercial

Infrastructure and Site Design The clearance required for rail passing forces the rail deck park to be elevated 2m, presenting unique infrastructure challenges in terms of park accessibility from Front St. This was tackled through modular approaches and the integration of differing modes of access including stairs, ramps, and storefronts connecting the adjacent street and park. The strategic implementation of infrastructural codes enabled full accessibility across main pedesrrian paths and roads onto rail deck park. Whle the proposed concept strongly values the rail deck as a public park network, building interior courtyards offer further opportunity for open sapces and are strategically located to contrast the exisitng context as well as enhance the connectivity of public and green spaces onsite. 83

Phase Phase through time

Phase through form

The new rail deck park is divided into strips organized by form according to the buildings that they fronts. Wave like ramps (Phases) inspired by the 19th century Lake Ontario shoreline front the newly proposed buildings, while flat plains with stepped entrances front the heritage (and heritage potential) buildings and the exiting streets. The park and adjacent development spaces are further divided into program zones according to the design form of spaces. Past

Present

Future

Play and activity spaces are dispered in front of the new development typologies, accentuated pedestrian corridors line up in front of the pedestrian streets, and heavily planted ecological zones in front of the existing heritage developments. Phase through movement is facilitated as users traverse the site encountering a unique and continuous pattern of narrow and open spaces.

Phase through program

Phase through movement

Socialscape A visualization of open public space in the new rail deck park programmed to host a diversity of activity and people. It’s openess facilitates a range of program potential while its ramp like surfaces enhances a new level of play. 88

Treescape With the City of Toronto’s limited green space expansion opportunity, rail deck park presents this potential where a new urban forest can be created to engage all those who access it. 89

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

PEI Climate Change Adaptation

Type/

Climate Change - Adaptation - Public Consultation - Drosscape - Soft Design

Intent/ The realities of climate change on island cities like Charlottetown in Prince Edward Island, Canada can no longer be ignored; adaptation must take place to avoid significant losses in the economy, heritage and built assets, and human health and life. In the wake of changing weather patterns, “soft design” that integrates Charlottetown’s natural and urban landscape is necessary for future resilient development. Softer design approaches that work alongside the natural processes will facilitate the use of ecosystem services as an opportunity for adaptive planning. These designed strategies will be applied to Charlottetown’s drosscapes, as a spatial opportunity for pressing water and snow management issues. Drosscapes are the wasted places such as contaminated sites, and the wasteful places such as oversized parking lots that emerged as a result of deindustrialization and rapid urbanization. Thus, the purpose of this proposal is to conceptualize soft designed adaptations utilizing Charlottetown’s drosscapes as a spatial framework. Journal Publication/

Publication for Planning and Landscape Architecture Journal

Charlottetown LEADer’s Forum SWOT analysis

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0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 Kilometers

Charlottetown Public 1 SWOT analysis

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0.05

0.1

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0.3

0.4 Kilometers

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DEV OP

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TIDAL POWER DEV OP

DG DEV OP

BREAK WATER

CULTURAL VIBRANCY

C AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE

CYCLING HUB

DESIGN GUIDELINES

DEVLOPMENT OPPORTUNITY

ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT AREA

Strength Weakness Threats Opportunities

Public Knowledge Exchange and Analysis A community based approach was applied to develop a richer understanding of climate change perceptions and build a focus for adaptation in Charlottetown. Public community members, and leaders including policy makers, planners, and architects were consulted through informal design charrettes. Originally, this consultation process is a collaborative session divided into structured components where designers sketch solutions to an issue. This same idea was applied to create interactive sessions for public and leader consultations. Both public and leader forums were designed to systematically prompt comprehensive and analytic responses on climate change perceptions through a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities, threats) format. The methodology is carried over from the marketing discipline where the concept is applied to analyze effectiveness of business proposals. 92

GREEN SPACE

HERITAGE BUILDING

HUMAN SCALE

MIXED USE

PROTECT

RETREAT

SEASONALITY

STORM SURGE

WATERFRONT

WATER PATCH

N 0

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 Kilometers

Charlottetown Public 3 SWOT analysis

N 0

0.05

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0.3

0.4 Kilometers

ILIT

ALK W

ILIT AB

ALK W

ILIT

DEV OP

ILIT

ALK W

Economic Develppment District ALK W

IT BIL

SET BACK ON PROPERTY

H ALK W

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H ALK W ILIT AB

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EASONALITY

Charlottetown Public 2 SWOT analysis

ALK W

$ DEV OP

$ OIL SLICKS

$ $

WATER QUALITY

SEA WALL

DEV OP INTERIOR BEACH

$ WATER QUALITY

BREAK WATER

STORM SURGE

WATERFRONT

WATER PATCH

CYCLING PATHWAY

PATHWAY

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

SIGHTLINES

DATED INFRASTRUCTURE

HARD INFRASTRUCTURE

SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE

CONTAMINATION

FINANCIAL FACTOR

INFILL RUNOFF

OPEN SPACE

TIDAL ENERGY

INLAND FLOODING

ECOLOGY-BASED POLICY

TREES

*Data collected and maps produced by a team of researchers/ designers including Dr. L. Khirfan, B. Almeida, S. Samin, O. Frayne, and myself.

Climate Change and Drosscapes The city of Charlottetown is geographically located in a region that is subject to intense storm surges more than any other city in Atlantic Canada. The main impacts on the region, deducted from the consultations and scientific reports, include extensive flooding, intense storm patterns, and excess snow fall. Coastal and inland drosscapes (the wasted places such contaminated sites and the wasteful places such as oversized parking lots) are a significant opportunity for soft adaptation interventions. These spaces have the potential to be transformed into contaminant buffers, water infiltration and filtration landscapes for groundwater recharge, and be areas for managed retreats. By analyzing the locations of drosscapes across Charlottetown, it is clear they dominate the urban landscape which makes them spatially ideal as a physical framework for water management and snow storage. 94

Drosscape Typological Analysis Drosscape typologies were mapped throughout the downtown revealing an urban landscape of grey, hard and polluted surfaces. Consequently, a typological analysis was undertaken to identify characteristics of the mapped spaces for effective design interventions. The spaces were analyzed by use as an independent factor because it was deemed a significant determinant in influencing proposed strategies. Following this, the data was categorized in total count, total land area, shape, scale, context, and land cover for a comprehensive understanding of the typologies. This analysis yielded significant findings that directed the overall design proposal and dictated the kind of interventions for each space. 95

Soft Design for Drosscapes The intention behind the proposed interventions is to transform Charlottetown’s Drosscapes through soft design into spaces that not only facilitate climate change adaptation but create vibrant spaces for Charlottetown residents. The approach is meant to address drosscapes at a smaller scale which then link together to produce a comprehensive urban strategy. This is proposed by envisioning public and private spaces that create benefit for the public good while adhering to their original uses. Two major approaches for drosscape soft design adaptation were proposed including a landscape of: networks and independent systems. 96

Network System

Independent System

The proposed network focuses on water management of inland flooding and ground water recharge (two main climate change issues in Charlottetown identified through the public and leader consultation process) by channeling water for ground filtration. In this approach residential parking drosscapes are transformed into permeable spaces, and open unused drosscapes as well as park spaces are transformed into constructed wetlands for ground water filtration.

The second approach for soft design adaptations in Charlottetown involves focus on the remaining typologies as independent systems in the city’s landscape. Public, industrial, and commercial parking and industrial typologies are significant contributors to water runoff and contamination from oil spills and sedimentation. Independent systems function for adaptation at the source including: open alley ways used for grey water collection; commercial, industrial, and public parking spaces adapted with vegetated buffers for onsite runoff treatment; and open industrial lands used for excess snow storage. 97