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ARCHITECTURE OF THE 20TH CENTURY EARLY GLIMPSE
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT CIVILISATION Giza Pyramids
The Roman – ‘Gladiators’
Roman - Colosseum
Gothic Over several centuries, builders added towers, pinnacles, and hundreds of sculptures.
In addition to religious figures, many Gothic cathedrals are heavily ornamented with strange, leering creatures. These gargoyles are not merely decorative. Originally, the sculptures were waterspouts to protect the foundation from rain.
Gothic
Cathedral of Notre Dame,
Paris (1163-1235)
Notre Dame de Paris ("Our Lady of Paris”)
dedicated to the Virgin Mary)
located on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in Paris
Florence Basilica
Clockwise: 1. Baldachin at Saint Peter's 2. Saint Peter's Square 3. Sant'Andrea al Quirinale 4. Interrior of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale
Architecture of the 19th Century
The iron,the glass and the wood Standardized and industrial prefabricated of parts Architectural engineering Crystal Palace, London 1851
Joseph Paxton
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 12
la Citta Nueva –the new city Antonio Sant’Elia
Functionalists to the International Style Peter Behren as the first director. Others are,
Walter Gropius
Le Corbusier
Mies van der Rohe
Bauhaus-House of Building, Dessau, Germany
Le Corbusier ‘Machine’ & F. L. Wright ‘Organic’
FLW, Falling Water, Bear Run, Penn,1937-39
After WW2 - Monumentality
Saarinen,Dulles Airport,Washington DC:1958-62
After WW2 -Pop Art figural imagery…
Andy Warhol Silksreen Painting "Elvis I and II", 1964
Peter Cook,P-I-C,Medium Pressure Area,1964
Kisho Kurokawa,Takara Beautilion,Expo 70,Osaka:1970
Post-Modernist – ‘Less is bore’
MICHAEL GRAVES,PORTLAND BUILDING,OREGON:1979-82
De-Architecture – ‘question vs answer’
S.I.T.E Projects Inc.,BEST Supermarket,Houston,TX:1975
High-Tech – ‘2nd machine age’
Rogers + Piano,Pompidou Center,Paris:1971-77
Gehry,Guggenheim Bilbao,1993-97
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ARCHITECTURE OF THE 20TH CENTURY The Beginning of Modern Architecture
Architecture of the
th 18
Century
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Science has the answers to the mysteries of the universe Architecture became simple, refined and ‘rational’ ‘Boullee & Newton’ ‘clear rules & principles’ Greek, Roman models
Architecture of the
th 18
Century
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Newton Cenotaph by Etienne Louis Boullee
Rationality expressionism by Etienne Louis Boullee
Architecture of the 19th Century 27
Industrial Revolution Era of mechanization Built machine shops/iron foundries Steam engine Railways Contribution to civil engineering
Architecture of the 19th Century 28
The changes of social needs & order The
birth of great department store and arcades The need to create an imposing effect for the aristocracy Scientific study of architectural history begin
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Industrialization boosted the need of proper dwellings/better living conditions Housing reform movement sparked the housing developments
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New building materials create new possibilities
Iron Concrete Glass
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Railway stations ‘industrial style’ First rail track built in Britain (1825) By 1854, 9000 miles length of track Such phenomenon spread to other European countries such as France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Russia Evolving of new structure like tunnels, viaducts, large span station
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Railway stations ‘examples’ King Cross Station St Pancras Station Large, tall, bright structure
Dilemma ‘function and style’ Engineers vs architects ‘How to dress a naked structure’
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Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris 1889
The symbol of the highest point of architectural engineering
Architecture of the 19th Century 34
The iron,the glass and the wood Standardized and industrial prefabricated of parts Crystal Palace, London 1851
Architectural engineering
Joseph Paxton
Urban Development 35
In the early of 20th century, Fast growing industrial activities Economic boom The capitalists and land owners as the dominant class Their main concerns was money and profit
Urban Development 36
As a result, The urgent needs for labours to work in factories and construction Causing migration to urban areas High density population Urban living stress and conflicts
Urban Development 37
Urban conditions
Source: www.flatrock.org.nz/.../march_of_the_machine.htm
Factories, Smokes Traffic congestions Pollution and health concerns Drainage problems
Urban Development 38
Urban living conditions
High population Living stress Social conflicts Labourers explotation by the capitalists Machinery vs Humanity
Urban Development 39
Urban living reformation In the United Kingdom, the formation of London City Council by young concern architects. They introduced, Idea of ‘focal point’ Flats with better arrangement systems To create a sound living and social environment for the majority public
Urban Development 40
In London, a new urban concept was introduced by Ebenezer Howard. The concept is known as ‘Garden City’. It emphasised on,
Low density buildings which gives more space, light and air to the city dwellers Appropriate proportion between population and the number of schools, houses and factories for better development planning
Urban Development 41
‘Garden city - UK’
Low rise flats Gardens as part of the planning
Urban Development 42
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Liveable and friendlier neighbour hood
Urban Development 43
Urban living reformation
In France, one of the most comprehensive urban planning was developed by Tony Garnier between 1901-1904. The model town based on this planning was known as the ‘Cite Industrielle’ located in Lyon, Paris.
Urban Development 44
‘Cite Industrielle’ In this town, The houses are simple and cubical in form Large industrial buildings Supportive urban elements and facilities such as, towers and elegant bridges mainly built from concrete – ‘Putrajaya…’
Urban Development 45
‘Cite Industrielle - France’ This town emphasised on the aspects, Communal ownership of building and land Controlling industry and traffic to avoid environmental disturbances Centres for communal activities such as sports to strengthen community spirit No police stations and religious buildings….
Urban Development 46
Cite Industrielle,  aerial view and normal view
Urban Development 47
The role of Architecture in relationships with, People Technological development Urban transformation
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Architecture towards FUNCTIONALISM
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION” Louis
Sullivan
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Auguste Perret
House in the rue Franklin,Paris 1902-03 
The first demonstration of reinforced concrete in a multi-story building.
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Art and crafts movement in England William
Morris Philip Webb John Ruskin
Avoid social problems
Arts & Crafts movement 51
Previously, it was mentioned that such movement evolved as a reaction to the ‘mechanistic’ structure. ‘Machine’ vs ‘humanity & romanticism’ The return to the beauty of nature, traditional arts and craftsmanship
Arts & Crafts movement 52
William Morris and John Ruskin were the pioneers of this movement which originated in England. They were greatly influenced by the work of, A W Pugin – ‘House of Parliament, London’
Morris made a strong statement, ‘ USE meant social use for the benefit of many not MISUSE for the benefit of the few’
Meanwhile, Ruskin introduced the philosophies called as the ‘7 Lamps of Architecture’
Arts & Crafts movement 53
House of Parliament, London by A W Pugin
Arts & Crafts movement 54
RED HOUSE by William Morris and Philip Webb (1859-1860). Its characteristics, ‘English vernacular’ Exposure of materials ‘bricks and stucco’ Simple molding Curvilinear ornaments ‘leaves and plants’ Timber and built-in, crafted furniture
Arts & Crafts movement 55
Consequently, other European countries began to adopt such attractive ideas to express their own local and vernacular architectural designs
Similar phenomenon also appeared in the United States and it became influential to the emergence of the famous ‘Chicago School’ as described in the earlier discussions.
Arts & Crafts movement 56
Architecture of the 20th Century 57
Art Nouveau Vegetal
forms meet new building materials (glass and iron)
Later
developed into different names as regional variants
Architecture of the 20th Century
BRUSSELS
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Victor Horta
Emile Tassel,Brussels 1893
Architecture of the 20th Century PARIS 59
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Overblown decoration Hector Guimard, Entrance to the Metro Station,Paris 1900
Architecture of the 20th Century SPAIN MODERNISMO 60
Casa Batllo,Barcelona 1904-06 Antonio Gaudi I Cornet
Architecture becomes sculpture
Architecture of the 20th Century vs revival of the 19th century 61
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Paris Opera House lavish intricate ornamental exotic
Architecture of the 20th Century vs revival of the 19th century 62
Altes museum, Berlin ‘Education purpose’
House of Parliament, London ‘Religion purpose’
Tradition, nationalisme Vs Universalism, globalisation
Architecture of the 20th Century Cube instead of curve: Glasgow and Vienna 63
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Glasgow School of Arts 1896-1909
Architecture of the 20th Century Cube instead of curve: Glasgow and Vienna 64
Mackintosh’ design principles • Traditional and revivalism
(scottish farm house) • Reject Greek and Roman
• Clarity and elegance in the spatial quality of space • Harmonising various sizes of spaces • Exploitation of artificial and natural lighting • Less abstract and curve (Gaudi)
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Otto Wagner
Austrian Post Office Savings Bank, Vienna 1904-06
Bringing together architecture and engineering. “Anything impractical cannot be beautiful”
Architecture of the 20th Century
Adolf Loos
Pure architecture
Reject decorative elements
Focus on technical aspect
Architecture is not 3D art, but the organization of space
“ORNAMENT IS CRIMINAL” 66
Architecture of the 20th Century 67
Villa Steiner, Vienna 1910 Adolf Loos
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 68
UTOPIAN IDEA 
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Searching for the most ideal living through sciences and technologies The needs of proper housing after World War 1 become of the main architectural issues
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The emergence of pre-modern architectural movement in Europe. These movements act as the catalysts to the modern and contemporary architectural styles of today. Those pre-modern movements are,
‘Expressionism and Amsterdam school’ – Northern Europe ‘Cubism’ – France ‘Futurism’ – Italy ‘De Stilj’ - Holland ‘Constructivism’ – Russia
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Germany and Northern Europe ‘Expressionists and Amsterdam school’ Continuation of Art Nouveau Evolved into ‘Brutalism’ after WW2
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Design ideas and characters,
highly personal & emotional artistic modes less on function, more on sensational form free form, plasticity, no right angle abstract sculpture, metaphor, symbolism anti-rationale
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The beginning of Expressionism
Glass Pavilion,Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne 1914 by Bruno Taut
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Eigen Haard Housing Project, Amsterdam 1913-15, Michael de Klerk
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
Other examples of Amsterdam School Architecture
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‌evokes a giant liner..
Chilehaus, Hamburg 1921-24 Fritz Hoger
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Grundtvig Church, Denmark 1913-1926, P.V.Jensen-Klimt
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The Grosses Schauspielhaus (The Great Theater) Berlin 1919, Hans Poelzig
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
‘Inner Energy & Tension in Form’ Einstein Tower, Postdam1920-24, Erich Mendelsohn 78
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 79
Einstein’ key ideas, ‘MATTER AND ENERGY’ expression of spiritual order, internal process and the rhythm of heaven and earth
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Factory with crane
Sacred building
Mendelsohn’s expressionist ideas in sketches
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France ‘Cubism’
Key ideas, New artistic language Reject the burgeoise Use of pictorial art
It has the influence of,
Otto Wagner (architect) Pablo Picasso (master painter)
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
Examples of Pablo Picasso paintings 82
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 83
“The Black Madonna� Department Store, Prague 1911-12
Josef Gocar
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 84
Villa, Huis ter Heide 1916 Robert van’t Hoff
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ITALY
‘Futurism’ Key ideas, Began as a poetic movement than expanded into architecture Expression of a denial of the past and a belief in progress Idealism-’new imagery city’-modern metropolis Movement and the power of speed as a defining character of the future.
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Manifesto 1909 (FUTURISM), Attack on historicism / traditional culture Championed the expression nourished by contemporary forces and poetic sensations by the Industrial environment Suggested the destruction of museums and academies New beauty- ‘beauty of speed’ – ‘dynamism’ ‘ships, aircrafts and automobiles’
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 87
Antonio Sant’elia
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la Citta Nueva –the new city Antonio Sant’Elia
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La Citta Nouva ‘the new city’ Ideas, Abstract and poetic – abolish decoration Swift, mobile and dynamic Progressive, bold and simple Elasticity and lightness Mechanical analogies Celebrating new materials – iron, glass to replace brick and wood Building types – ‘hangars, stepped appartment, multilevel stations’
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ARCHITECTURE AFTER THE WW1 The period 1900-20 is defined as the new direction of modern art and architecture
1920-30 after the war, a new , more relevant architecture backed by social purpose came into scene.
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 91
HOLLAND ‘de stijl’ It was formed in 1917 by, Theo van Doesburg Gerrit Thomas Rietveld Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud Jan Wils
Influenced by, Frank Lloyd Wright French Cubists Piet Mondrian
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Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue, 1921 by Piet Mondrian
Rectilinear purity so carefully considered that the slightest change would destroy the integrity of the composition. I Individual elements to maintain absolute equilibrium and a strong sense of tension extending to the outer edges of the canvas. Perfectly balanced compositions rendered in pure line and planes of primary colors.
The idea of ‘Neo-plasticism’
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 93
Neo-plasticism is the belief that art should not be the reproduction of real objects, but the expression of the absolutes of life. To the artists way of thinking, the only absolutes of life were vertical and horizontal lines and the primary colours.
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De Stilj’s manifesto in 1918,
Rejection of all traditional ornamental decoration Building should be as radically simplified as the Mondrian’s art
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Design ideas and characters,
Neo-plasticism Conception of spaces Reaction towards ‘classical Beaux Art’ Influenced by African sculptural arts, oriental carpets and Japanese printing Simple and geometrical Straight lines Plain cubes with interpenetrating flat planes Primary colors
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Schroder House, Utretch 1924, Gerrit T. Rietveld
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Schroder House, Utretch 1924, Gerrit T. Rietveld
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Bedroom set and clock by Rietveld
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Red and blue chair, table by Rietveld
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RUSSIA ‘Constructivism’
After the Russian revolution,
artistic and architectural expression through art, poster and propaganda social reconstruction to portray Russians as the most advance society from 1917 to 1932 Russian artistic ideas were among the foremost in the world
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 102
Constructivism was founded by an artist/architect named Vladimir Tatlin who born in Moscow. He studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture and at the Penza Art School. An underlying feature of Constructivism is that it was promoted by the new Soviet Education Commissariate which used artists and art to educate the public. As an educator, Tatlin emphasized design principles based on the inner behavior and loading capacities of material. It was this work with materials that inspired the Constructivist movement in architecture and design.
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Constructivist art is characterized by a total abstraction and the acceptance of everything modern. It is often very geometric, it is usually experimental, and is rarely emotional. Objective forms and icons were used over the subjective or the individual. The art is often very simple and reduced, paring the artwork down to its basic elements.
Constructivist artists often used new media to create their work. They sought an art of order, which would reject the past old order which had culminated in World War I. It is their attempt to pursue a world of more understanding, unity and peace.
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Artworks, sculptures
Suprematism, 1918 Kasimir Malevich and Lazar Lissitsky
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The Man with the Movie Camera, 1929 This poster was created by Vladimir and Georgii Stenberg, who were members of a group of artist engineers in the early Soviet Union. It was to promote films that embody the constructivist style. This poster uses a montage of several drawings and designs from the film. It uses contrasting colours and simple designs and geometric shape. It has a very strong emphasis on technology (the camera), which persists in the constructivist art.
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Model for the 3rd International Tower, 19191920, Vladimir Tatlin
Russian Constructivism derived its name from Tatlin's construction of abstract sculptures. This model displays the ideals of abstraction, functionalism and utilitarianism. It characterised most of the Constructivist sculptures created from diverse materials of the industrial age: metal, wire and plastics which signified the strong influence of technology Mock-up as a gigantic communication centre with radio, film studios and meeting rooms to challenge Eiffel Tower
The catalysts of Modern Architecture 107
Buildings and structures
Pravda Building Project, 1923, Moscow, by Vesnin Brothers (Victor, Leonid, Alexander) ‘Things created by modern artists must be pure constructions, devoid from ballast of representation’ …..like abstract paintings.
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The Wolkenbugel 1924, Lissitzky and Stam
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Rosakov Workers Club, 1928, Konstantin Melnikov
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Lenin Institute, 1927, Leonidov ‘radio mast were a major part of soviet architectural thoughts… a way of educating people in the remote areas’
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ITALY ‘Rationalist’ Emphasises, ‘Architecture should based strictly on laws of logic and proportion’
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Casa del Fascio,Como, Italy(1936), Giuseppi Terragni
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Discussions
Revolutionary of the voices and languages in architecture in responding to the scientific and technological progress Similarities and differences of movements Order and logic of the ‘classical’ Natural organism of the ‘romanticism’
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Italian Rationalist GIUSEPPE TERRAGNI AND GRUPPO 7
….ARCHITECTURE BASED STRICTLY ON THE LAWS OF LOGIC AND PROPORTION….
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Casa del Fascio,Como,Italy(1936)-Giuseppi Terragni
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Summary Modern architecture began as, • Social reaction towards the life styles of the previous societies – ‘social revolution’ • Industrialization • The need to change – ‘universal, spirit of experiment, inquiry and artistic’
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to be continued‌..