REFLECTIONS
Climax of ARCHITECTURE ? ‘…it would make no sense if one tried to see modern architecture – today’s architecture – as a climax and satisfactory end to the unfolding history of architecture….’ ‘The story of architecture is punctuated by climaxes and resolutions throughout. All architecture goes through periods of critical acclaim and then derision, and sometimes demolition’ Patrick Nuttgens, The Story of Architecture (1997)
Architecture of the 19th Century • Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris 1889
• The symbol of the highest point of architectural engineering
Architecture of the 19th Century The iron,the glass and the wood Standardized and industrial prefabricated of parts Architectural engineering Crystal Palace, London 1851
Joseph Paxton
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
‘Inner Energy & Tension in Form’ Einstein Tower, Postdam1920-24,
Erich Mendelsohn 5
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
Design ideas and characters, • highly personal & emotional • artistic modes • • • •
less on function, more on sensational form free form, plasticity, no right angle abstract sculpture, metaphor, symbolism anti-rationale
6
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
7
Schroder House, Utretch 1924, Gerrit T. Rietveld
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
Red and blue chair, table by Rietveld
8
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
Antonio Sant’elia
9
The catalysts of Modern Architecture La Citta Nouva ‘the new city’ Ideas, • Abstract and poetic – abolish decoration • Swift, mobile and dynamic • Progressive, bold and simple • Elasticity and lightness • Mechanical analogies • Celebrating new materials – iron, glass to replace brick and wood • Building types – ‘hangars, stepped appartment, multilevel stations’ 10
The catalysts of Modern Architecture
Model for the 3rd International Tower, 1919-1920, Vladimir Tatlin
The first and perhaps most famous project was one an unrealised proposal for Tatlin’s Tower, the headquarters of the Comintern in St. Petersburg. It displays the ideals of abstraction, functionalism and utilitarianism. As most of the Constructivist sculptures, it was created from diverse materials of the industrial age: metal, wire and plastics signified strong influence of technology Mock-up as a gigantic communication centre with radio, film studios and meeting rooms to challenge Eiffel Tower 11
Many subsequent, ambitious Constructivist projects were not actually built,
Functionalists to the International Style Peter Behren as the first director. Others are,
Walter Gropius
Le Corbusier
Mies van der Rohe
Bauhaus-House of Building, Dessau, Germany
Functionalists to the International Style
Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, 1929, Mies ‌combination of modern materials with classical reflection. Minimalist temporary structure, influenced by De-Stijl.
Functionalists to the International Style
15
Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, 1945-50, Mies
Functionalists to the International Style Failures – ‘Cultural’ Too obsessed with ‘machine aesthetic’ and ‘form follows function’ Ignorant on the values of tradition Eradicate old ideas with ‘new’ for control purposes
Le Corbusier ‘Machine’ & F. L. Wright ‘Organic’
Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy, 1929
Le Corbusier ‘Machine’ & F. L. Wright ‘Organic’
• Plastic, organic,sculptural
• RC shell for roof • Le Modular system
18
Ronchamp Chapel, Belfort, 1950-54
Le Corbusier ‘Machine’ & F. L. Wright ‘Organic’
19
Frank L. Wright, Robie House, Chicago, 1906
Le Corbusier ‘Machine’ & F. L. Wright ‘Organic’
FLW, Falling Water, Bear Run, Penn,1937-39
Le Corbusier ‘Machine’ & F. L. Wright ‘Organic’
Le Corbusier ‘Machine’ & F. L. Wright ‘Organic’
The Idea of Brutalism Introduced by Le Corbusier originally relating
to the use of unfinished, bare concrete. Brutalism stands for architectural that is
truthful about its materials, and where nothing is covered up, so that functional relationships are directly visible. Taken up by the Smithsons and others in Great
Britain.
Kallmann,McKinnell & Knowles,Boston City Hall,1964-69
New Monumentality ď‚ž After years of the dominating ideas of
universalism and total architecture of International Style, architects began to look into originality and individuality ď‚ž These architects still maintained the idealism
of the International Style by not sacrificing the imperative of functionalism
Sailing architecture
Jorn Utzon,Opera house,Sydney:1956-74
Projects like Plug-in City envision vast sprawling megastructures, giant skeletal frames that accept prefab removable dwelling units (modeled after NASA space capsules) hoisted into position by giant rooftop cranes.
Peter Cook,Plug-in-City,University Node,1965
Ron Herron Instant City -- Santa Monica and San Diego Freeway, Los Angeles 1969.
Superstudio Group
In 1967, Natalini established three categories of future research: “architecture of the monument”; the “architecture of the image”; and “technomorphic architecture”.
Soon, Superstudio would be known for its conceptual architecture works, most notably the 1969 Continuous Monument: An Architectural Model for Total Urbanization. Many of their projects were originally published in the magazine Casabella, and ranged from fiction, to storyboard illustration, to photomontage.
Superstudio "The Continuous Monument: On the Rocky Coast" (1969),
• Reinventing a project that make him famous: the geodesic dome. • He is credited for popularizing this type of structure. • Fuller was followed by other designers and architects, such as Sir Norman Foster and Steve Baer, willing to explore the possibilities of new geometries in the design of buildings, not based on conventional rectangles.
precedents related to ‘geodesic dome and stylistic structure’
Montreal biosphere, 1967 Buckminster Fuller
After WW2 Metabolist 'When residential area in Tokyo started to shift to the suburbs, this building (the Nakagin Capsule Tower shown left) was intended to be one tactical move to restore housing units to the central part of the city It is to provide those who commute to the centre from the outlying area with studios, an extra bedroom or a place for social activities.'
Kurokawa,Nakagin Capsule Tower,1970
After WW2 -Pop Art figural imagery…
Andy Warhol Silksreen Painting "Elvis I and II", 1964
Post-Modernist – ‘Less is bore’
MICHAEL GRAVES,PORTLAND BUILDING,OREGON:1979-82
International Style • Simple
• Uniform • Anonymous • Cubic • White/limited colors
• Constructional constrain
Post-Modernism • Complex • Individualistic • Own identity • Varies in shapes • Colors • Reference to history • Symbolic • Varies in elements, theme and materials • Sense of place and time • Fun
De-Architecture – ‘question vs answer’
S.I.T.E Projects Inc.,BEST Supermarket,Houston,TX:1975
High-Tech Character • Highly visible and constructing-the technologies become the showcase-the structures and their character are exposed, – The skeleton is as interesting and beautiful as part of the body as the skin that usually covers it.
• Inside – out / flesh rather than skin • Truth and honesty- in the structural systems and the forms which formed from them
• Material from the non-conventional sources • Strong articulation • Lightweight structure and floating-adaptabilities of the interior spaces due to the adaptabilities of the skeleton
• Aesthetic rather than humanistic -colors on specific purposes,apart from aesthetic
High-Tech – ‘2nd machine age’
Rogers + Piano,Pompidou Center,Paris:1971-77
High-Tech – ‘2nd machine age’
Richard Rogers, Inmos Microprocessor Factory, Wales UK, 1982
Rotating a full 90 degrees along nine pentagonal sections, Santiago Calatrava's "Turning Torso" was deemed the world's first twisting skyscraper upon its completion in Habita
Calatrava, Turning Torso, Malmo Sweden, 2005
The Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center , Astana, Kazakhstan Foster, 2010
The tubular-steel tripod structure supports a suspended net of steel radial and circumferential cables, which is clad with a three-layer ETFE envelope, formed as 3.5 x 30metre cushions - a very light, economical and thermally efficient solution.
Deconstructivism – ‘semantic & form’
GEHRY,OWN HOUSE,SANTA MONICA,CA:1978
The Idea of Deconstructivism Out-of-ordinary elements form major part of the structure Highlights on the less important elements – steps, chimney, foyer Dismembered units interconnected through axis of focal points Architectural semantics as ‘an inhabited construct’. Deconstruct the semantics. Dynamic Non conventional use of materials Non uniform, no prototype Every design fits only for the intended place and culture.
Parc de la Villette
• Zaha Hadid, Galaxy Soho (2012), Beijing, China • Five continuous volume coalesce to create internal world of continuous open spaces (office, retail entertainment outlet) • Re-inventing of the classical chinese courtyard which generates an immersive, enveloping experience at the heart of Beijing.
New York Five The New York Five refers to a group of five New York City architects (Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, John Hejduk and Richard Meier) whose work appeared in a Museum of Modern Art exhibition
These five had a common allegiance to a pure form of architectural modernism, harkening back to the work of Le Corbusier in the 1920s and 1930s, These five, known as the "Grays", attacked the "Whites" on the grounds that this pursuit of the pure modernist aesthetic resulted in unworkable buildings that were indifferent to site, indifferent to users, and divorced from daily life. These "Grays" were aligned with Philadelphia architect Robert Venturi and the emerging interest in vernacular architecture and early postmodernism.
The Atheneum (1975-1979) is a Tourist and Information Center situated on the banks of the Wabash River on the outskirts of the historic city of New Harmony. Setting the three-story building diagonally to the river, gives the project a dynamic dimension as a departure point for the tour path. Fragments of the city framed in the windows of the exhibit space prepare the visitor for a general view seen from the roof gallery.
"sense of place" is achieved through a series of visual, physical or psychological experiences which gradually establish a relationship to the past, represented by the historic city. Porcelain panels, clear glass, constant play of wall thickness, the breadth of vistas, the height of the columns and openings which interconnect with one another, all create dynamic facades that change according to the interior and exterior experience of the building.
Diagrams of House III.
Peter Eisenman,House III (Miller House), Lakeville,CT:1970
‘integrates the geometries of both the city grid and the OSU Oval within a new Center for the Visual Arts on the campus’ – Deconstructivist Approach
Eisenman, Wexner Centre For Visual Arts, Ohio, USA 1988
Eisenman, City of Culture, Galicia, Spain 1999
Hejduk, Wall House
Rationalist or Neo-Rationalism Movement in the late 20th century that proposed reasonable and buildable responses to design problems drawing on order in urban fabric and on architectural typology. It evolved from the 1960s, prompted by Aldo Rossi's L'Architettura delle città (Architecture of the City—1966 and 1982)
Rational architecture embraced Renaissance theory, the bold Neo-Classicism of the 18th century Enlightenment, and some of the architectural arguments of the 1920s. It insisted that its essentials, its laws, and its historical continuity confirmed it as an independent legitimate discipline.
Rationalist – ‘architecture, city & mankind’ ‘new generation’
Rossi,Teatro del Mondo for Venice Biennale:1979-80
Botta,Casa Rotonda, Stabbio:1980-82
MORPHOGENESIS - LABSTUDIO • In this unusual partnership, architects, mathematicians, materials scientists, and cell biologists collaborate to develop, analyze, and abstract dynamic, biological systems through the generation and design of new tools. • These new approaches for modeling complexity and visualizing large datasets are applied to both architectural and biomedical research and design.
MORPHOGENESIS - LABSTUDIO Penn's Institute for Medicine & Engineering and School of Design in 2007
OTHER EXAMPLES
WATERCUBE, BEIJING (2008)
BIOMIMICRY ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE
Nature can teach us about systems, materials, processes, structures and aesthetics (just to name a few). By delving more deeply into how nature solves problems that we experience today, we can extract timely solutions and find new directions for our built environments.
https://marialorenalehman.com/post/biomimicry architecture-inspired-by-nature
BIOMIMICRY- EASTGATE CENTRE Mike Pearce was inspired by models of internal temperature regulation in termite mounds. Researchers had proposed that termite mounds maintained stable internal climates by having a physical structure that enables passive internal airflow. Eastgate Centre achieves a controlled internal climate with the help of cost-effective and energy-efficient mechanisms originally inspired by termite mounds. https://asknature.org/idea/eastgate-centre/#.XAVAWYszZdg
BIOMIMICRY- EASTGATE CENTRE
https://asknature.org/idea/eastgate-centre/#.XAVAWYszZdg
BIOMIMICRY- EASTGATE CENTRE
A shopping centre and office block in central Harare, Zimbabwe Designed to be ventilated and cooled by entirely natural means, it was probably the first building in the world to use natural cooling to this level of sophistication. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastgate_Centre,_Harare
BIOMIMICRY-THE FISH HOUSE
The Fish House, Eugene Tssui Berkeley, California, USA, 1994-1995
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Globalism – ‘vernacular’ Urban – ‘housing’ Climatic change – ‘green’ Resource shortage – ‘sustainability’ Construction – ‘Robotic’
Globalism – ‘vernacular’ Some movements – ‘key approach’ Traditionalism ‘direct translation – traditional character’ Neo-vernacularism ‘adaption – traditional spirit’ Contextualism ‘urban design, locality’
‘traditionalist – malay house’
This museum was build base on the inspiration of Traditional House 'Rumah Tele‘
‘neo-vernacular – tropical modernism’
Bawa sensitivity to environment is reflected in his careful attention to the sequencing of space, the creation of vistas, courtyards, and walkways, the use of materials and treatment of details.
‘contextualism – context sensitive’
a theory of design wherein modern building types are harmonized with urban forms usual to a traditional city. ‘fitting new buildings into their surrounding’
Urban, housing issues: ‘transformation’ Transformations are influenced by, Technology (light/sun, space/air, green) Population and urban growth Social and culture Economy
user participation and environmental compatibility’
The Byker Estate was built between 1969 and 1982. Designed by Ralph Erskine It covers an area of approximately 200 acres and is home to around 9,500 people.
Habitat 67, montreal, canada Designed by Moshe Safdie
'Habitat' was designed to give 'privacy, fresh air, sunlight and suburban amenities in an urban location.' It was designed as a permanent settlement and consists of 158 dwellings, It was intended to provide 1,000 units. The resulting ziggurat was made up of independent prefabricated boxes with fifteen different plan types.“ www.greatbuilding.com
Nemausus Housing, Nimes, France, Jean Nouvel
Nemausus was a radical experiment in applying the principles and materials of industrialized building to the construction of social housing. These two apartment slabs express maritime and aeronautical imagery within the framework of an assemblage of pre-manufactured industrial components.
Green & Sustainability Green architecture, or green design, is an approach to building that minimizes harmful effects on human health and the environment. The "green" architect or designer attempts to safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing ecofriendly building materials and construction practices. architecture.about.com
Green & Sustainability Some ‘green’ characteristics:
Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling Energy-efficient lighting and appliances Water-saving plumbing fixtures Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy Minimal harm to the natural habitat Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
‘Magney house’ - earth-friendly homes that imitate nature.
Australian architect and Pritzker Prize-Winner Glenn Murcutt is the architect who design Magney House 1984, NSW, Australia His ideas is to have ‘energyefficient houses function like living things’. They are designed to capitalize on the local environment and to respond to the climate.
‘green design’ in Malaysia ….
Mesiniaga 1990-92 “Bioclimatic Skyscraper”. Kenneth Yeang incorporated his ideas in transitional spaces, skycourts, vertical landscaping, natural ventilated core and providing it with sensible, energy-saving climate controls.
Intelligent Buildings • Intelligent buildings are buildings that through their physical design and IT installations are responsive, flexible and adaptive to changing needs from its users and the organisations that inhabit the building during it's life time.
• The building will supply services for its inhabitants, its administration and operation & maintenance.
Some intelligent characteristics be flexible and responsive to different usage and environmental contexts such as office, home, hotel, and industry invoking different kinds of loads from nature, people, and building systems, be able to change states (clearly defined) with respect to functions and user demands over time and building spaces (easy to program and re-program during use)
support human communication (between individuals and groups) provide transparent intelligence and be simple and understandable to the users (support ubiquitous computers and networks)
Per Christiansson (2000)
Examples of intelligent Building
Bahrain World Trade Center is a modern interpretation of traditional Arabian wind towers, which were used to harness onshore winds off the Arabian Gulf. The shape of the building channels the airflow through three turbines
The turbines generate around 11–15 percent of the buildings’ energy needs.
Robots and Architecture
Robots fascinate humankind. Their ability to move and act autonomously is visually and intellectually seductive. For years, they have been employed by industrial manufacturers, but until recently, never quite considered seriously by architects. Some architects might have let their imaginations wander, like Archigram did for their "Walking City", but not many thought to actually make architecture with robots. Now, in our age of digitalization, virtualization, and automation, the relationship between architects and robots seems to be blooming.
http://www.archdaily.com/336849/5-robots-revolutionizing-architectures-future
‘robotic fabrication’ in architecture ….
Robotic Arm
Designing brick walls to be fabricated by an industrial robot. Unlike a mason, the robot has the ability to position each individual brick in a different way without optical reference or measurement – ‘digital fabrication’
‘robotic fabrication’ in architecture ….
Flight Assemble
Recently put together an exhibition titled ‘Flight Assembled Architecture’ for which small quad-rotor helicopter bots assembled a 6m-tall and 3.5m wide tower out of 1500 polystyrene foam blocks
‘…the story of architecture can never be concluded. As every new departure changes the immediate scene it also changes the shape of history…’ ‘…with every new discovery we find ourselves looking back for traces of its origin – for influences that consciously or unconsciously have played upon the designer in search for form’ Patrick Nuttgens, The Story of Architecture (1997)
the end All the best in your exam
Begin with a doa…….