EXTERNAL WORKS FENCING SURFACE DRAINS ROADS AND PAVEMENTS RETAINING WALLS CONSTRUCTION SITE WORK / SITE PREPARATION
DEFINITION A free standing structure designed to restrict or prevent movement across a boundary PURPOSE Demark Property’s boundary Keep out unwanted elements Control visibility for privacy Control sun, wind, snow, water Control soil and erosion Reduce or control noise Means of landscaping MATERIALS Timber Concrete Masonry steel
FENCING
TIMBER FENCE POST AND RAIL FENCE
easy to build usually build with low grade materials widely used around residences in the country, parks and farm
PICKET FENCES
domestic / cottage image decorative purpose & security pattern variety
TIMBER FENCE BOARD FENCING
Disadvantages of timber fencing high maintenance skilled workers quality timber – expensive
STEEL FENCE CHAIN LINK FENCING
• • • • •
commonly used maximum visibility lacks privacy low maintenance inexpensive
ORNAMENTAL STEEL FENCE
• lacks privacy • maximum visibility • ornaments add to visual interest
STEEL FENCE STEEL TUBULAR FENCING
Used in parks and public places Made of tubular or square section
steel durable
LIVESTOCK STEEL FENCE
used to protect or divide property low maintenance durable
MASONRY FENCE CLAY BRICKS
expensive both functional and decorative mark boundaries/keep out intruders controls privacy Improve visual effect Retain soil
CONCRETE BRICKS
MASONRY FENCE
CONCRETE FENCE DECORATIVE BLOCKS
Low maintenance Durable Versatile
PRECAST CONCRETE PICKETS
DEFINITION Surface drains are natural or constructed channels to remove excess water from the surface of land through improved shaping of the land
SURFACE DRAIN SHOULD BE : Constructed on a higher level and around the perimeter of the lateral field Installed perpendicular to the slope of the ground to catch the surface water Constructed to divert the surface water from the lateral field. Surface drains slopes (recommended): grass lawn and fields : 1.5% 10% paved parking areas : 2% 3%
SURFACE DRAINS
SURFACE DRAINS
Surface water drainage problem: Occurs when no drainage is provided Surface drainage opening is blocked by rubbish (clogged drains)
SURFACE DRAINS a highway gully is a drainage pit covered by an open metal grating located on the road edge and it’s purpose is to drain rain water from the highway into the sewerage system paved areas are laid to gradients or falls towards gullies or channels gullies that collect surface water and discharge through drains to sewer or soakaways.
SURFACE DRAINS
A surface water sewer is a large underground drain connecting the highway drain to the sewerage treatment works. Its purpose is to carry surface water, and in some circumstances surface water and foul sewerage combined, to the sewerage treatment works.
KUALA LUMPUR SMART TUNNEL
DEFINITION
Hard smooth surface especially of a public area or thoroughfare, that will bear travel. A sidewalk / pedestrian walkway
MATERIALS USED Concrete Bituminous Asphalt Concrete pavers
PAVEMENTS
PAVEMENT WALKWAYS DESIGN ISSUES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
RETAINING WALL DEFINITION Wall constructed to hold in place a mass of earth or prevent the erosion of an embankment.
FUNCTION
Prevent downslope movement or erosion and provide support for vertical or near-vertical grade changes. Allows formation of steps or level areas on a sloped surface.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES Retained material tend to
move forward and downslope due to gravity.
This
creates lateral pressure behind the wall which depends on the internal friction and cohesive strength of the retained materials. (pressure develop by the backfill)
Underground water behind the wall
causes horizontal pressure on the wall.
hydrostatic
TYPE OF RETAINING WALL
Graviti wall Cantilever wall Piling wall Anchored wall
RETAINING WALL MATERIALS
Masonry Stone Steel Metal Timber
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Retained material tend to
move forward and downslope due to gravity.
This creates lateral pressure
behind the wall which depends on the internal friction and cohesive strength of the retained materials. (pressure develop by the backfill)
Underground water behind
the wall causes horizontal hydrostatic pressure on the wall.
GRAVITY WALL
Depend on the weight of
their mass (stone, concrete) together with the friction on the underside of the base to overcome the tendency to slide or overturn.
A slight `batter’ (vertical
face) to improve stability by leaning back to retained soil.
Dry-stacked gravity wall are
flexible and do not require a rigid footing.
Taller gravity walls built as
composite gravity wallsgeosynthetic, gabions, crib walls, etc
GRAVITY WALL
They are generally
only economic up to a height of 1.8m.
Mass walls can be
constructed of bricks bedded in a 1:3 cement mortar or of mass concrete.
Natural
stone is suitable for walls up to 1m high.
CANTILEVER WALL A reinforced concrete walls
often in the shape of an inverted `T’.
These walls cantilever loads
(beam) to a large, structural footing- converting horizontal pressures from behind wall to the vertical pressures on the ground below. (eg. Basement wall)
T-shape of L-shape. The
footing is to resists tipping (sliding forces) from the soil behind the wall.
Two basic forms- a base with
CANTILEVER WALL
large heel or cantilever wall with a large toe.
Sometimes
walls are buttressed on the front or counterfort (triangular beams) on the back.
Reinforced cantilever walls
have an economic height of 1.2-6.0m.
Any durable facing material
may be applied to the surface to improve appearance of the wall for
CANTILEVER WALL
SHEET PILING WALL
Constructed by driving
prefabricated vertical pile sections into the ground to form a straight wall.
Common
materialsmetal, steel, wood plank, etc.
Often used in soft soils
and tight spaces and in deep excavation.
SHEET PILING WALL

Usually driven 1/3 above the ground, 2/3 below the ground.
 Taller piles require a tie-
back anchor usually by cable or rod, placed behind the potential failure plane in the soil.
SHEET PILING WALL
ANCHORED WALL
A
non-gravity wall which relies on ground anchors (tiebacks) for lateral support.

An anchor- is a structural system designed to transmit tensile loads to the retained soil behind a potential slip surface.
 Anchors are installed
using drilling and grouting procedures.
ANCHORED WALL
DRAINAGE OF RETAINING WALL
Backfill
of rainwater and/or groundwater need to be drained to protect the stability of a retaining wall.
Hydrostatic pressure can cause or
induce retaining wall failure.
Drainage
systems usually weepholes and drainage lines.
utilize
Weepholes penetrate the retaining
wall and drain the area behind the wall immediately.
For
large walls, 4” (100mm) weepholes are common. Adequate spacing between weepholes allows uniform drainage.
DRAINAGE OF RETAINING WALL
Weepholes
should always have some kind of filter material between the wall and the backfill to prevent fines migration, clogging, and loss of backfill and caving.
Drainage
lines are often perforated and wrapped in geotextile or buried in a granular filter bed, and serve to carry water to the weepholes from areas deeper within the backfill.
END OF LECTURE
SITE PREPARATION/ORGANIZATION
Every construction project begins with site preparation.
A good start is an essential element of successful projects. Basic components of site preparation are clearing and grubbing,
erosion control, grading, utility system installations and paving.
Each site is uniquely different and presents its own set of challenges.
Site preparation project demands versatility and innovation in
order to develop groundbreaking solutions that allow projects to stay on time and on budget.
SITE PREPARATION COMPONENTS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING Is
a fundamental and challenging activity in execution of contract management Planning the project from initial to implementation stage Involves the choice of technology, definition of work tasks, estimation of required resources and duration of individual tasks Basis of developing budget and schedule of work
SITE SURVEY
Involves
site measurement and assessment to obtain technical data necessary to complete the design project
Site
inventory, determine platform levels recording of as built elements
Documentation of all
aspects of construction site
the
SITE CLEARING AND GRADING Involves the removal
and demolition of unused structures, materials, hedges, ditches and other vegetation and services from the site Also cover disposing
and recyling of materials and highlighting and protecting any ecological and environmental issues pertaining the construction site Formation of land
levelling thru Cut and Fill
TEMPORARY SITE UTILITIES
 The
provision and installation of safe and suitable equipment and facilities and maintenance of construction site utilities including power, lighting, water and roads are vital to the overall success of a construction project.
MOBILISATION AND ERECTION OF WORKERS QUARTERS, CANTEEN, SITE OFFICE, SIGNBOARD AND HOARDING.  Prior to construction
works starting, contractor is to install storage for materials, erect hoardings, signage board, temporary workers cabin, canteen and site office for staffs and workers welfare and accommodation
On the construction site‌ There was this Spanish guy, this Korean guy and this Russian guy all working for the same construction company. At the beginning of the day the boss comes out and says to the Spanish guy, "You're in charge of the cement." Then he said to the Russian guy, "You're in charge of the dirt." Then he said to the Korean guy, "You're in charge of the supplies.“ Then he said, "I'm gonna be back at the end of the day to check on your work. It better be good or you're fired." So, off they go to get their work done. At the end of the day, the boss comes back to check on their work. He looks at the big pile of cement and goes, "Good work," to the Spanish guy. Then he looks at the big pile of dirt and says, "Good work," to the Russian guy. Then he couldn't find the Korean guy so he asks, "Where the heck is the Korean guy?" All of a sudden, the Korean guy jumps out from behind the big pile of dirt and yells, " SUPPLIES!!!!!"
END OF LECTURE