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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ 1-1‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪(Physical Quantities‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﻜل ﻤﺎﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﻑ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜل ﻤﺎﻨﻌﺭﻓﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺇﻻ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻊ‬

‫ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻴل ﺃﻱ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻁﻼﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ )‪ (measured quantities‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ )‪ (calculated quantities‬ﻜﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪.‬‬

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