Ch13

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻋﺸﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫)‪(Heat‬‬

‫‪ 1-13‬ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺴﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺨﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺒﺭﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ )‪ (system‬ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ (environment‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺎ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﺏ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺼﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﻴﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺠﻠﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﺴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺌﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‬

‫ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (macroscopic‬ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﺤﺴﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ‬ ‫)‪ (microscopic‬ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻜل ﺫﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﺨﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬

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