Ch4

Page 1

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‪ :‬ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫)‪(Dynamics‬‬

‫‪ 1-4‬ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻌل‬

‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻴﻭﻫﺎﻥ ﻜﺒﻠﺭ )‪(Johannes Kepler 1571-1630‬‬

‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﻜﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻗﻁﻊ ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺤﺭﻗﻴﻪ )ﺒﺅﺭﺘﻴﻪ( ﻭﻤﺎﺴﺤﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻜﺒﻠﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻭ ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﻟﻸﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻔل ﺩﻭﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﺒﻠﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ )‪.(kinematics‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ )ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﺼﻼ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ(‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﺭﺒﻁﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ )‪ .(dynamics‬ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﺤﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

‫‪85‬‬


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.
Ch4 by hamza - Issuu