ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ (References)
:( ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ-1
ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ )ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ .ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺯﺍﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ http://www.physicscentral.com/ http://www.physicsclassroom.com/ http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics http://www.physics-net.com/force/sf000.htm http://www.physics.brocku.ca/courses/1p21_crandles/RotationalMotion http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_liquids.htm http://www.onlineconversion.com http://hypertextbook.com/physics/thermal/expansion http://www.wonderquest.com/water-pressure.htm http://demoroom.physics.ncsu.edu/html/demos/155.html http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/aero/planetary/atmospheric/control.html http://www.hsphys.com/waves_and_sound.html http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/phys150/lectures
: ﻜﺘﺏ-2
:ﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ 1- Physics by John D. Cutnell 2- Basic Physics : A Self-Teaching Guide (Wiley Self-Teaching Guides) by Karl F. Kuhn, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
3- Physics: Principles with Applications (5th Edition) , Douglas C. Giancoli; Prentice Hall, 2005. 4- 3,000 Solved Problems in Physics (Schaum's Solved Problems Series), by Alvin Halpern, Alvin Halpern, McGraw-Hill, 2005. Physics For Dummies ® (For Dummies (Math & Science)), by Steve Holzner, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
341
ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ : ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭ-1 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ x =
−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a
x 1 ( x +y ) a x y , a a a , = = a x −y ax ay x = lne a ⇒ a = e x (e = 2.1782818)
a −x =
x = log10 a ⇒ a = 10x log a + log b = log(ab ), log a − log b = log(a /b ) ln a + ln b = ln(ab ), ln a − ln b = ln(a /b )
: ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ-2
πr2 :r ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ
2πr: r ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ
4πr3/3 :r ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜﺭﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ
4πr2: r ﺴﻁﺢ ﻜﺭﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ
2πr2h :h ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎr ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ
πr2h :h ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎr ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ
: ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ-3 sin θ =
a c
cos θ =
b c
tan θ =
b sin θ = a cos θ
c
a
1 = sec 2 θ b cos 2 θ 2 2 sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ cos 2θ = cos θ − sin θ sin(α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β cos(α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
sin α + sin β = 2sin(
1 + tan2 θ =
α+β 2
)cos(
α −β 2
) , cos α + cos β = 2 cos(
α+β 2
)cos(
α −β 2
)
: ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل-4 d n d d sin ax = s cos ax , cos ax = −a sin ax x = nx n −1 , dx dx dx n d nx d ax n d 1 e = ne nx , e ln ax = = nax n −1e ax , dx dx dx x α+β α −β α+β α −β sin α + sin β = 2sin( )cos( ) , cos α + cos β = 2 cos( )cos( ) 2 2 2 2
: ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل-5 1 1 1 x n +1 , ∫ dx = ln x , ∫ e ax dx = e ax n +1 x a 1 1 ∫ sin ax dx = − a cos ax , ∫ cos ax dx = a sin ax
∫x
n
dx =
342
∫
dx
= ln(x + a 2 + x 2 ),
a +x dx 1 x ∫ a 2 + x 2 = a arcsin a , 2
2
∫ (a
2
∫
dx a −x 2
2
dx 1 = + x 2 )3/2 a 2
= arcsin
x a
x a + x2 2
ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ-2
ﺍﻟﻁﻭل-1
1m2 =104 cm2 =0.155 in2
1m=102 cm=103 mm=106 µ m
1in2 =6.452cm2
1 km=103 km=0.0214 mi=3281ft
1ft 2 =144 in2 =0.0929 m2
1 yard=91.44 cm
ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ-4
ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ-3
1hr=3600 s
1liter = 103 cm2 = 10-3 m3
1day=86,400 s
1 ft 3 =0.02832 m3 =28.32 liter
1 year=365.24 days=3.16 × 107 s
1 gallon=3.788 liter
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ-6
ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ-5
1m/s=3.281ft/s
1rad=57.30° = 180° /π
1ft/s=0.3248 m/s
1°=0.0174 rad=π/180°
1km/h=0.2778 m/s=0.6214 mi/h
1rev=360°=2π rad
1mi/h=0.4470 m/s=1.609 km/h
1rev/min(rpm)=0.1047 rad/s
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ-8
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ-7
1J = 107 erg
1kg = 103 g
1kWh = 3.6 × 106 j
1 u = 1.661x10-27 kg
ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ-10
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ-9
1W = 1 J/s
1Pa = 1N/m2
1hp = 740 W
1 atm = 1.01x105 Pa
343
ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ
344
ﺍﻷﺴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ
ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ
c
2.99792×108 m/s
ﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ
e
1.602177×10−19 C
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ
G
6.673×10−11 N.m2/kg2
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ
h
J.s
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺯﻤﺎﻥ
k
1.38066×10−23 J/K
ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﻭﻜﺎﺩﺭﻭ
N
6.022×1023/mol
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ
R
8.31451 J/mol.K
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ
me
9.10939×10−31 kg
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻥ
mp
kg
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻥ
mn
1.67262×10−27 kg
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜﻭﻟﻭﻡ
k=1/4πε0
8.987×109 N.m2/C2
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻲ
1 atm
1.013×105 Pa
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ
0K
−273.15 °C
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ -ﻓﻭﻟﺕ
eV
1.6×10−19 J
ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ
1u
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟـ 1 u
Mc2
931.501 MeV
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ
mc2
0.511 MeV
ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ
g
9.801 m/s2
kg
−34
6.626755×10
−27
1.67492×10
−27
1.66054×10