Chiedza Solar Village, Humanitarian Architecture Thesis

Chiedza Solar Village Hannah Oitzman Architecture Thesis 2019-2020 Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo

Chiedza Solar Village Chiedza is the Shona word for “light�

An Agricultural Training Center in Zimbabwe Hannah Oitzman // Studio Stannard // Thesis 2019-2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Hannah Oitzman Fall 2019 - Spring 2020 Studio Stannard California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo Bachelor of Architecture Thesis

2

Introduction 4

01. RESEARCH Zimbabwe at a Glance

03. DESIGN 8

Master Plan

58

People 10

Village Plan

60

Culture 12

Community Center Plan

62

Archaeology 14

Site Section

64

Animals 16

Stewardship Center

66

Land 18

Building sections

68

Climate 20

Study Models

72

Energy 24

Renderings 74

Vernacular Architecture

26

Materiality 76

Design Precedents

28

Diagrams 78

Design Drivers

30

Key Design Features

80

Furniture Design

32

Sustainability Analysis

82

Visiting Africa

34

LBC Analysis

84

Humanitarian design

36

Reflection

86

Engineering 88

02. PROJECT

Endnotes 92

Foundations for Farming

44

Lake Chivero

46

Site Context

48

3

INTRODUCTION DESIGNER’S NOTE

Hi, I’m Hannah. I am a fifth year architecture major at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. For my Bachelor of Architecture thesis project, I am partnering with Journeyman International (JI), a humanitarian non-profit, to design a solar powered agricultural training village in Zimbabwe.

I believe that everyone deserves to live and work in a safe, healthy, comfortable, and beautiful environment. I love that Journeyman International sees the potential in young designers to make a positive difference in the world. The goal for this agricultural training village is to empower locals to run successful farms and escape poverty.

This is a daunting task. The site is gigantic and I was not able to visit it. There is colonialism and western imposition to be aware of. Before I started this project, I only knew one person from Zimbabwe and I had never traveled to Africa. Since the start of this project, I have learned so much.

I have met more Zimbabweans, traveled to Rwanda and Uganda with JI, taken classes in Intercultural Communication and Ethnic Studies, and read books on doing humanitarian work well and avoiding cultural appropriation.

Regardless, I still find myself questioning, who am I to design this project?

I am humble. I will listen well, ask questions and avoid assumptions, be sensitive to the local culture, and give thoughtful advice.

I am dedicated. I am committing this year to researching, designing, and redesigning this village and working well with all of my partners.

I am excited. It’s been so fun getting to know the team already and I look forward to hearing about how this project can make a difference in the lives of rural Zimbabweans.

A huge thank you to all of my family, friends, professors, and mentors who have supported me along the way!

4

THESIS STATEMENT

Zimbabwe used to export produce to its neighbors, but now Zimbabwe can’t even feed itself. Politically and racially motivated land reform in the 2000s took land from white commercial farmers and gave it to blacks who weren’t previously farmers.

Food production fell and the economy tanked. Zimbabwe needs a reenergization of its agricultural industry.

Partnering with Journeyman International (a humanitarian design non-profit), Foundations for Farming (a local agricultural training non-profit), and Canotek (a local solar company), this project seeks to empower locals to run successful farms and escape poverty. A 50MW solar field and a 50 homestead village will be built on the site of a previously white-owned tobacco farm an hour outside of the capital of Zimbabwe. This thesis consists of the master planning of the development and the design of the Stewardship Center, where Foundations for Farming will train locals in sustainable agriculture techniques.

The locals will then host trainings at the Stewardship Center for poor farmers throughout Zimbabwe. This project will serve as a hub for the resurgence of agriculture in Zimbabwe and foster relationships with nature, one’s community, oneself, and beyond.

OUR TEAM Our Team:

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo USA

Partners:

Hannah

Robert

Carly & Daniel

Craig

Edward

Architecture

Architectural Engineering

Journeyman International

Foundations for Farming

Canotek Solar

Thesis Studio: Sandy Stannard

Advisor: James Mwangi

Rwanda & USA

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe

Additional help from East African Power and Empowering Villages.

5

6

01. RESEARCH 7

ZIMBABWE AT A GLANCE Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Its area is 386,847sqkm (149,362sqmi), which is slightly smaller than California. It has a tropical climate.

The country’s latitude spans from 16 to 22° South. The rainy season is November to March. Its terrain is mostly a high plateau with a higher central plateau and mountains to the east. The mean elevation is 961m (3152ft). The natural resources in Zimbabwe include coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, and platinum group metals. The country includes 42.5% agricultural land and 39.5% forest. The biggest natural hazard is recurring droughts. Environmental issues include deforestation, soil erosion, land degradation, and air and water pollution. Poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution.

Zimbabwe used to have the largest concentration of black rhinoceros in the world, but their population has been significantly reduced by poaching. As of July 2018, the population of Zimbabwe was 14 million. 99.4% of the population is African (predominantly Shona; Ndebele is the second largest group).1

ANGOLA

ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE

NAMIBIA BOTSWANA

MADIGASCAR SWAZILAND

SOUTH AFRICA

LESOTHO

Map of Southern Africa highlighting Zimbabwe.

MOZAMBIQUE ZAMBIA

LAKE KARIBA

MASHONALAND WEST

MASHONALAND EAST

HARARE SITE

VICTORIA FALLS

MATABELELAND NORTH

ZIMBABWE MIDLANDS

BULAWAYO BOTSWANA

MASHONALAND CENTRAL

MANICALAND

GREAT ZIMBABWE NAT’L MONUMENT MASVINGO

MATABELELAND SOUTH

KEY:

PROVINCE

CITY/LANDMARK RIVER PLATEAU

SITE: 17°55'58.6"S 30°51'22.1"E

SOUTH AFRICA 0

25

100mi

0

50

150km

Map of Zimbabwe showing cities, landmarks, rivers, the plateau, and my project site.

8

LANGUAGE

HISTORY

Zimbabwe holds the Guinness World Record for the most official languages, sixteen! Seventy percent of people speak Shona and twenty percent Ndebele, but English is the primary language for government and education.2

~30,000BC: Stone Age Khoisan (San) hunter-gatherers settle on Zimbabwean plateau6 ~1200: Zimbabwe state, centered in Great Zimbabwe, is established south of the plateau by a Shona group8 ~1450: Abandon Great Zimbabwe, form Mutapa state7 1514: Portuguese explorer Antonio Fernandes was the first European to set foot in Zimbabwe8 1629: Mutapa state falls under Portuguese dominion8 1680: Dombo overthrows the Mutapa king, expels Portuguese from the plateau in 16938 1830: Ndebele people fleeing Zulu violence and Boer migration in present-day South Africa move north and settle in southwest Zimbabwe8

HARARE Harare is the capital city of Zimbabwe and Bulawayo is the second largest city. The city of Harare was founded in 1890 by the British and originally named Salisbury. It was renamed in 1982 after the Shona chief Neharawa, whose nickname was “he who does not sleep.”3 Harare has a population of 1.6 million.4

LAND RIGHTS “Land hunger was at the center of the Rhodesian Bush War... Inequalities in land ownership were inflated by... escalating poverty in subsistence areas parallel with under-utilization of land on commercial farms.”5

1889: Cecil Rhodes forms British South Africa Company9 1893: First Matabele War begins between the Ndebele and the British9 1894: Lobengula, the Ndebele king, dies of illness and the tribe fell apart9 1895: British colony established and named Rhodesia after Cecil Rhodes9 1923: Zimbabwe became a self-governing British colony called Southern Rhodesia8 1940s: Project site (previously bush land) becomes a white-owned tobacco farm 1965: Ian Smith declares Rhodesia independent with white minority rule, but black majority groups fight back in the Rhodesian Bush War8 1980: War ends and the country is renamed Zimbabwe after the Great Zimbabwe ruins and is recognized as an independent country8 1987: Robert Mugabe is elected President of Zimbabwe 2000: Squatters seize hundreds of white-owned farms in a violent campaign supported by the government, causing the World Bank and others to cut aid money.10 2000: Project site is seized from previous owner and given to current owner 2005: Slum clearing program leads to homelessness 2008: Hyperinflation reaches a peak 2017: Military forces Mugabe to step down as President 2018: Emmerson Mnangagwa (former Vice President) is elected President

9

PEOPLE Religion:

10%

RELIGION

5%

Even though Zimbabwe is a mostly Christian country, many people believe in Christianity mixed with traditional beliefs, such as ancestor worship.

“The Shona believe in two types of spirits.

Shave spirits are most often considered to be outside or wandering spirits and Vadzimu are ancestor spirits... Vadzimu represent all that is ideal and moral about a Shona way of life... They serve to protect society.”9

85% Christian (85%) Non-Religious (10%) Other (5%)

ETHNICITY

Ethnicity:

20% 10%

70% Shona (70%) Ndebele (20%) Other (10%)

Age: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8%

6%

4%

2%

Male Female 0

2%

Percent of Population

10

4%

6%

8%

The first Bantu peoples arrived in modernday Zimbabwe around 2,000 years ago, displacing the original population of Khoisan (San) hunter-gatherers. The main ethnic group today is the Shona, making up 70% of the population. The Ndebele are the next most common, around 20% of the population. The remaining 10% is a mix of Tonga, Shangaan, Venda, whites, and other minorities. 10 The Shona can be broken up into the following subgroups: Karanga, Korekore, Manyika, Ndau, Rozwi and Zezuru. “Most Shona people identify with a particular clan rather than with the Shona group as a whole.” The language of the Shona people is also called Shona. The Ndebele live in western Zimbabwe and speak Sindebele.

Both are Bantu languages. 9

POVERTY STATISTICS

ECONOMY The main sectors of Zimbabwe’s economy are mining and agriculture.” Agricultural products include tobacco, corn, cotton, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts, sheep, goats, and pigs. Industries in Zimbabwe include mining (coal, gold, platinum, copper, nickel, tin, diamonds, clay, and ore), steel, wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, and beverages. The biggest exports are platinum, cotton, tobacco, gold, ferro-alloys, and textiles/clothing. The biggest imports are machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals, fuels, and food products. The economy has been suffering in recent years. ”Until early 2009, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe routinely printed money to fund the budget deficit, causing hyperinflation.” The government adopted a multi-currency policy where foreign currencies could be used as legal tender in Zimbabwe in 2009. The US dollar became the most commonly used currency.

The Zimbabwean dollar is essentially worthless because of hyperinflation.11

According to the United Nations, “poverty entails more than the lack of income and productive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods. Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services, social discrimination and exclusion, as well as the lack of participation in decision-making.”

The poverty line is defined as $1.90 US dollars a day. Up to 42% of Sub-Saharan Africa continues to live below the poverty line today.12 In 2012...

72% of Zimbabweans were below the poverty line.

66% of households farm and

almost half of them (45%) farm for consumption.

In 2014…

44% of Zimbabweans had to skip a meal because of poverty,

37% went without treatment or medicine because of poverty.

36% couldn’t send their kids to school because of poverty.11

11

CULTURE POETRY Charles Mungoshi

AFTER THE RAIN For one whole week it rained without a break.

On the first day of sunshine and light clothes, a bird smashed and broke a wing against a wall on First Street.

For eight hours it lay on the pavement, flapping now and again its one sound wing dragging the broken one like a warning from the far country of its youth.

For eight hours: breathing softly, while the whole human city passed by.

Towards the end of the day a beggar wondered what mistake it had made in its calculations and muttering curses to a neon sign, cupped it in his hands and made his way to his plastic-paper shack by the banks of the Mukuvisi River. Š 1998, Charles Mungoshi Uit: The Milkman Doesn’t Only Deliver Milk Uitgever: Baobab Books, Harare ISBN: 1 77909 006 4

12

SCULPTURE

FOOD

Zimbabwe has a long tradition of stone sculpture, going all the way back to Great Zimbabwe, an archaeological ruin.

MUSIC

The most common Zimbabwean food is called sadza. It’s a thick maize (corn) porridge-like food. It is often eaten with vegetables and beans or a meat gravy.

The Mbira is a Zimbabwean thumb piano.

It can be placed inside a gourd to amplify the sound.

Sadza is made by grinding or pounding maize into a powder that is then boiled (like porridge).

13

ARCHAEOLOGY GREAT ZIMBABWE

Located in the southeast of Zimbabwe is the country’s most significant archaeological site and its namesake, Great Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe was renamed when it gained independence in 1980. Zimbabwe is the only country in the world named after an archaeological site.

There is debate in the archaeological community over what exactly Great Zimbabwe was; some believe it was a king’s palace, a national spiritual center, or even a premarital initiation school. The conical tower and chevron rock pattern are two of its most distinctive features.13 “The name ‘Zimbabwe’ was originally derived from either one of the two Shona terms: dzimba dza mabwe (great stone houses) or dzimba woye (esteemed houses)”9

A carved soapstone sculpture of an eagle was found at Great Zimbabwe. It has become a national symbol and is featured on the flag of Zimbabwe.

14

Great Zimbabwe was built and occupied between 1200 and 1450 by the Shona people. In the words of Zimbabwean archaeologist Peter Garlake, the stone walls there display “an architecture that is unparalleled elsewhere in Africa or beyond.” This shows that the native people of Zimbabwe had an advanced and powerful civilization. However, white colonialists denied that Great Zimbabwe and other ruins had African origins in order to justify colonialism. The racist settlers didn’t believe Africans could build such impressive structures, so they had pseudo-archaeologists create false reports of them not being of African origin.14

The ruins of Great Zimbabwe have had a large impression on the architecture of Zimbabwe today. Buildings inspired by the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe include the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, the Kingdom Hotel at Victoria Falls, and the Harare International Airport. The Reserve Bank represents the grain bins of old kings and the airport incorporates chevron patterns found on the walls of Great Zimbabwe.

15

ANIMALS

White Rhino

Zebra

African Elephant

Wildebeest

Impala

African Fish Eagle

Red billed Teal

Jacana

African Open Bill Stork

Crocodile

Black Bream

Hunyani Salmon

16

CONSERVATION

Zimbabwe has a wide variety of animal species. Animals native to the Lake Chivero area where my site is located include white rhino, zebra, African elephants, wildebeest, and impala. Birds include African fish eagle, red billed teal, jacana, and African open bill stork.

Fish include black bream and hunyani salmon.

Conservation in Zimbabwe is an important topic. “Zimbabwe is renowned internationally for its well-organized, effective and enlightened conservation effort...

Zimbabwe’s elephant population of over 50,000 (perhaps over 60,000) is one of the best managed on the African continent. Poaching has been kept under control, and elephant numbers are generally maintained at specific levels as a result of management decisions...

Zimbabwe has Africa’s largest population of black rhinos, some 2,200 animals... The white rhino population is around 200.”15 That being said, poaching is still a major threat. If conservation efforts stopped today, elephants in Zimbabwe would be wiped out. “Over 80 percent of the critical population of elephants in Lower Zambezi live in Zimbabwe.

Unfortunately, between 2001 and 2014, the number of elephants was dramatically reduced by 36 percent. This significant decrease in the population is a strong indicator that this area has become a hub for elephant poaching. If poaching for illegal ivory continues at this rate, then elephants in this landscape will be decimated within the next three decades. However, elephants aren’t the only iconic species suffering at the hands of poachers. In only five years, about 500 rhinos were lost to poaching in Zimbabwe.”16

Zimbabwe is home to an incredible amount of biodiversity. Conservation groups have done a good job so far, but they need more help to stop poachers. It is important that new building projects are sensitive to the existing natural habitats they are being built in.

17

LAND WOODLANDS

CONSERVATION

zambia SITE

zimbabwe namibia

mozambique

botswana

south africa

AGRICULTURE 500km

Map showing extent of Miombo woodlands in Southern Africa.

The Miombo Woodlands cover central Zimbabwe. The landscape is generally flat with small hills. It was named for the miombo tree.17

Miombo tree at Lake Chivero

18

“About 13% of Zimbabwe’s total land area is protected. Although habitat is fairly well conserved in protected areas, even national parks are affected by people who increasingly encroach onto protected land to search for fuel, wood, or new grazing or farming areas.” (WWF)

“Agriculture is the backbone of Zimbabwe’s economy... As the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population, the performance of agriculture is a key determinant of rural livelihood resilience and poverty levels. General challenges facing smallholder farmers include low and erratic rainfall, low and declining soil fertility, low investment, shortages of farm power (labor and draft animals), poor physical and institutional infrastructure, poverty and recurring food insecurity. Agricultural production is also vulnerable to periodic droughts. The peasant sector, which produces 70 percent of staple foods (maize, millets, and groundnuts), is particularly vulnerable as it has access to less than 5 percent of national irrigation facilities.” 18

LAND RIGHTS Under British colonial rule, millions of black farmers had their land dispossessed.

In 1930, the white minority (5% of the population) owned 51% of the farmland.

The colonial government had segregated the best farmland as “whites-only.” After Zimbabwe gained independence, a clause protected white farmers’ land rights for ten years, and then the government tried to reallocate land but was unsuccessful. By the late 1990’s, “many Zimbabweans were fed up with government promises to resettle them through meaningful land reform programs. A small number of villagers and war veterans of the second liberation war began to invade nearby white-owned commercial farms.” The government allowed the land takeovers and Mugabe used the land issue to regain political support. In 2000, “President Mugabe publicly declared his support for war veterans and stated that no judicial decision would be allowed to stop the takeover

of white farms through land invasions.”

Despite his public support, there were no official documents legalizing the land takeovers. Although land was redistributed into more hands, it was often based on political relationships, not agricultural skill, leading to sharp falls in production and the collapse of the agriculture-based economy.

There was rampant inflation and food shortages. “Distributing land to the poor without a viable support system, including a credible credit system, is suicidal.” The new farm-owners didn’t have the skills or capital to keep their farms going. Although there has been violence and pain on both sides, the important thing to do now to promote equity and repair the economy, is to teach agricultural skills to land-owners. “Land reforms have the potential to promote both equity and efficiency in Zimbabwe’s economic growth and sustainable development.”19

19

28

CLIMATE

24

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

20

HARARE, ZIMBABWE

80%

RELATIVE HUMIDITY 100%

17.92S, 31.13E ELEV: 4931

60%

90% .028

COMFORT ZONE

AUG

MAR

SEP

APR

OCT

MAY

NOV

JUN

DEC

WET-BULB TEMPERATURE DEG. F 80

.024 80 .020

conventional dehumidification

70

60

20

20

30

humidification 40

50 60 70 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F

60 -

90

17.92S, 31.13E ELEV: 4931

40 .004

20 10 0-

evaporative cooling 80

.012

HARARE, ZIMBABWE

50 - .008

30 -

passive solar heating

active solar and conventional heating 10

conventional air conditioning

40 30

high-mass cooling with nigh ventilation

high-mass cooling

50

70 - .016

HUMIDITY RATIO

FEB

na tur al v en tila tio

04

JUL

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE, DEG. F

08

JAN

n

12

HUMIDITY RATIO

16

A Psychrometric Chart illustrates the temperature and humidity of a climate relative to the human comfort zone in order to determine passive design strategies.

100

110

Design Strategies: 1. Passive Solar Heating (letting winter sun warm up the building) 2. Shading (blocking summer sun from occupied spaces) 3. Natural Ventilation (use operable windows to allow breezes through building)

20

COMFORT ZONE JAN

JUL

FEB

AUG

MAR

SEP

APR

OCT

MAY

NOV

JUN

DEC

SELECTED ARCH 2030 PALETTE STRATEGIES The Architecture 2030 Palette explains passive design strategies. Selected strategies for this climate are show below:

BUILDING FORM

CROSS VENTILATION

SHADED FACADE

SHADING

INDOOR-OUTDOOR SPACES

SOLAR ACCESS

Building Form: Elongate the building in the east-west direction to minimize afternoon sun exposure.19 Shading: “In hot climates that do not require heating, incorporate deep porches, balconies and covered verandas to block east/west sunlight all year and expand livable areas by creating shaded comfortable outdoor spaces.”19

Cross Ventilation: Locate window openings perpendicular to prevailing winds. Couple windows with openings on the opposite side of the space of equal or greater size to provide natural ventilation for fresh air and/or space cooling.

“Adequate cross ventilation will remove heat from a space or building and maintain indoor air temperatures approximately 1.5 C° (2.7 F°) above the outdoor air temperatures.”19 Solar Access: “Approximately 90% of the sun’s energy output occurs between 9am and 3pm in winter. Buildings, solar glazing, and outdoor spaces, should be located outside the shadow cast by neighboring structures during this period to assure adequate sunlight.”20 Roof: “In hot climates, use a light colored roof to reflect sunlight. You can also incorporate a double roof structure separated by an air cavity; and extend the roofline to shade exterior walls, and create shaded outdoor living spaces. Use cross ventilation or ridge vents to ventilate the air cavity between the roofs.”19

21

RAIN 200mm

8in 7in 6in

150mm

5in 4in

100mm

3in 2in

50mm

1in

10mm

Month Jan

Feb Mar

Apr May Jun

190

175

100

35

7

2

2

3

7

40

95

185

840

Prec. (in)

7.5

6.9

3.9

1.4

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.3

1.6

3.7

7.3

33.1

Days

17

14

10

5

2

1

0

1

1

5

10

16

82

Prec. (mm)

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

Zimbabwe averages 840 mm (33.1 in) of rain annually.

The rainy season lasts from around November to March. Harare gets 805.2 mm (31.7 in) of rain annually. For comparison, San Luis Obispo gets 16 inches of rain, Detroit gets 33.5 inches, and Austin gets 34.2.21

Source: https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/zimbabwe

RAIN MAP

WIND ROSE

Site

The south is the driest region and the east is the wettest. The project site receives about 900mm of rain annually.

22

The majority of wind comes from the East-Northeast.

SUN/SHADING January - June

July - December

December - June

Annual

June - December

Monthly Average Dry Bulb Temperature 69 - 81°F (21-27°C)

Solstice Sun Angles

96° SUMMER SOLSTICE 48° WINTER SOLSTICE

Zimbabwe’s climate is within a comfortable temperature range for most of the day, but shading is still helpful especially in the summer afternoons, so providing shade from the west will be important.

LATITUDE: 18°S

23

ENERGY ENERGY IN ZIMBABWE

According to the World Bank, the percentage of Zimbabweans with electricity has grown from 34% to 40% from 2000 to 2017. The urban average has stayed at 85% with electricity while the rural percentage has risen from 8% in 2000 to 19% in 2017.22

In a report by the Southern Centre for Energy and Environment, it was found that coal and firewood are the most important energy sources in the country. Coal is the most abundant source of primary energy found in Zimbabwe. Firewood (biomass) accounts for 50% of the energy used, while coal is 13%. Firewood is the major source of energy for cooking, lighting, and heating for over 80% of the population mainly in rural areas. Electricity is generated at Kariba Hydroelectric power station, and four thermal power stations at Harare, Bulawayo, Hwange and Munyanti. Electricity supply is augmented by imports from the Congo, South Africa, Zambia, and Mozambique, as of 2001, which accounted for up to 66% of the national electricity consumption.23 There were energy shortages in the 2000s, resulting in frequent blackouts throughout the country.24 Hwange Thermal Power Station is the largest power Power Stations in Zimbabwe station in Zimbabwe with an installed capacity of 920 MW. The Kariba Hydroelectric Power Station produces about 750 MW of Zimbabwe’s power.25 Total Primary Energy Supply (2009): KARIBA HYDRO

6%

5%

4%

HARARE SITE

HWANGE

MUNYATI

ZIMBABWE

19% 66%

BULAWAYO

Key:

POWER STATION

0 0

25 50

100mi 150km

Map of the five power stations in Zimbabwe.

24

Biomass (Wood) (66%) Coal (19%) Petroleum (6%)

Imported (5%) Hydro (4%)

RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ZIMBABWE

The most common type of renewable energy in Zimbabwe today is hydropower.

According to the graph on the previous page, 4% of the country’s energy is supplied by hydropower. The Kariba Hydroelectric power station is located at Lake Kariba on the border with Zambia on the Zambezi River. Zimbabwe shares this power station with Zambia.26

Zimbabwe also has great potential for solar photovoltaic (PV) power. According to the Southern Centre for Energy and Environment, PV already installed in the country is mainly in small-scale rural applications at schools, hospitals, and homes. PV has a lot of potential given the country’s annual insolation of well over 1000kWh/m2 which is uniform across the country and across all seasons. The main barrier to adoption of PV technology is a lack of capital for residents to buy PV for their homes.27

SITE

Map of Global Horizontal Irradiation showing solar power potential in Zimbabwe. My site has a GHI of a little over 2000kWh/m2 which makes it a good candidate for solar.29

Due to repeated droughts, hydropower shortages have caused blackouts. In an effort to encourage solar energy growth, the Zimbabwean government has recently “removed import duties on solar-energy-related products, from batteries to cables, and mandated that all new construction in the country include solar systems... The government said it had set a target to get at least 1,575MW of power from solar by 2030... A lack of effective coordination in policies has stood in the way, energy experts said... To encourage wider use of solar power the government has introduced net metering, fed-in tariffs for clean energy and policy revisions to enable “independent power producers” to add renewable power to the national grid, said the head of the Zimbabwe Energy Regulation Authority (ZERA).”28

25

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE VILLAGE HOMESTEADS

Traditional Zimbabwean homes are a collection of dwellings where the extended family lives. There is one dwelling where cooking and eating take place and multiple dwellings for sleeping, as well as others for storage.

The cooking building has a fire pit in the middle, a space for women to the left and a space for men to the right and a shrine or cupboard at the back.

The Ndebele paint their houses and rooms with natural or geometric designs as seen above. This is more common in southwest Zimbabwe.

26

kumusha

Shona for “village”

It’s more than just where you’re from, it’s your ancestral/spiritual homeland.

What does a village mean to you?

Traditional hut with a thatched roof.

“It’s community-centered development. It’s ownership and a sense of place. You get to know your neighbors. Villages can look so different in different places. In Rwanda, villages are more spread out, but you still get to know your neighbors.”

- Carly, JI

“A village is a rural communal area. Everyone in Zimbabwe has a village, it’s even printed on your National ID card” - Nathan, East African Power (EAP)

Kitchen hut with fire in the center.

“Circular homes made of mud or brick.

Subsistence farming. You don’t say you’re from Zimbabwe, you say you’re from your village. It’s your home, your ‘kumusha.’”

- Kara, Zimbabwean friend

“Each kumusha has its own totem, like a heart or a zebra. You aren’t allowed to eat your totem or marry someone from the same totem.”

- Kuda, EAP

Pumping water from a well.

27

DESIGN PRECEDENTS UMUBANO PRIMARY SCHOOL RWANDA

MASS Design Group built this 900sqm school in 2011. It has nine classrooms and a library. Each room has screen walls and operable glazing for natural ventilation and clerestory windows for daylighting. Local brick was used for the walls.30

28

CULTIVATING COMMUNITIES RWANDA

Active Social Architecture partnered with Early Childhood Development to design this 3500sqm facility to train locals on farming nutritious food. The building serves as a school, kitchen, and community gathering space with the goal of reducing child undernourishment.31

UNIVERSITY OF THE NATIONS CAMBODIA

100 Fold Studio is a non-profit architecture firm based in Montana that does humanitarian work around the world. They designed the University of the Nations campus in Cambodia and worked alongside local craftspeople to balance typical building techniques with innovation.32 I selected this precedent because 100 Fold Studio does a great job of listening to its users and designing something innovative yet culturally sensitive.

29

DESIGN DRIVERS SELECTED UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS This project will focus on the following Sustainable Development Goals: #1 No Poverty This project will reduce poverty by providing quality housing, a clinic and school, agricultural training, and dependable water and electricity sources to a rural community. #7 Affordable and Clean Energy This project will produce solar energy for the village and sell any extra energy back to the national grid. Solar-powered electricity will allow the residents to cook without firewood.

LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE HEALTH + HAPPINESS

09. HEALTHY INTERIOR ENVIRONMENTS 10. HEALTHY INTERIOR PERFORMANCE 11. ACCESS TO NATURE

PLACE

MATERIALS

01. ECOLOGY OF PLACE 02. URBAN AGRICULTURE 03. HABITAT EXCHANGE 04. HUMAN SCALED LIVING

12. RESPONSIBLE MATERIALS 13. RED LIST 14. RESPONSIBLE SOURCING 15. LIVING ECONOMY SOURCING 16. NET POSITIVE WASTE

WATER

EQUITY

ENERGY

BEAUTY

05. RESPONSIBLE WATER USE 06. NET POSITIVE WATER

07. ENERGY + CARBON REDUCTION 08. NET POSITIVE ENERGY

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17. UNIVERSAL ACCESS 18. INCLUSION

19. BEAUTY + BIOPHILIA 20. EDUCATION + INSPIRATION

COMMITTEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT (COTE) TOP TEN 1. INTEGRATION (beauty, vision statement, incorporate other disciplines) - Working with an Architectural Engineering student to incorporate engineering and local partners to incorporate local vision and building traditions 2. COMMUNITY (walkable, social equity) - Building community in the village by making everything walkable and having ample communal facilities 3. ECOLOGY (habitat, biodiversity) - Leaving part of the site natural to preserve habitat and natural biodiversity 4. WATER (gray and black water filtration, rain and storm water management) - Storing and reusing rainwater on-site 5. ECONOMY (right size, providing jobs and entrepreneurship opportunities) - Providing jobs in the solar power plant, agriculture training, clinic, school, etc.

6. ENERGY (passive design strategies, renewables) - Generating solar power and passively cooling and daylighting the building 7. WELLNESS (natural light, air quality, connection to nature, acoustics, health, authenticity, food) - Daylighting, natural ventilation, farming, preserving some natural landscape, healthy materials, community kitchen 8. RESOURCES (material sourcing and selection, embodied carbon, local) - Using locally sourced materials to boost the local economy and reduce transportation 9. CHANGE (flexibility, adaptability, risk assessment, resilience, long life loose fit) - Creating the ability to adapt program and add on to buildings over time 10. DISCOVERY (feedback, education, post-occupancy evaluation) - Building in phases so they can learn from the first phase for the next one

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FURNITURE DESIGN

I designed and built this pair of stools for the 2019 Vellum Furniture Competition at Cal Poly. They were inspired by traditional African village stools and are made entirely from found materials.

INTENT The African stools that inspired my design are portable and made of local materials. They’re easy to make and easy to rearrange to meet one’s needs. I wanted to create a similarly flexible seating design.

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MATERIALS The stools are made of old chairs and a shoe rack found on the side of the road in my neighborhood. I biked them to campus to keep the carbon impact of the project minimal.

DETAIL Expressing the original mortise and tenon joint of the chair leg within the new joint of the stool tells a story of the old and the new.

TAKEAWAYS

I learned a lot through this project that I can apply to my thesis. First, it is important not to just copy a vernacular design, but to be inspired by its intention and adapt it to your context. Second, I learned about the potential for things to tell a story of where they’re from. The expressed joint from the old chair leg hints at its history. In my thesis project, I want to acknowledge the history of the site and its people by allowing their story to be told.

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VISITING AFRICA

I had the opportunity to visit Journeyman International in Rwanda. Although we weren’t able to visit my site in Zimbabwe, I got to meet people I’m working with (such as Carly, Alba, and Kuda), tour past JI projects, and get a taste of African culture.

Carly (JI staff in Rwanda), Erika (JI fundraiser from San Luis Obispo), me, Emma (architecture student), and Jodie (architectural engineering student) at Sunzu village in Rwanda.

Talking with Alba, a Rwandan architect who works with Empowering Villages, about precedents and materials.

I also talked with Kuda, a Zimbabwean who works for East African Power. He has been to my site and said there are nice schools in the area so the first priority should be getting the agricultural training center up and running so that the residents can get their farms started.

And I ate many, many tiny bananas!

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We toured the Sunzu library, built by JI, and talked to the librarian about how it has impacted the community. His favorite design features of the library were the clerestory windows and stadium seating for the kids.

We also visited a library that JI is currently redesigning so that it can expand and have seats for all its students. These libraries really showed me the impact that architecture can have.

In Sunzu, the students performed a traditional Rwandan dance for us while balancing hand-woven baskets on their heads.

Emma and I learned that balancing a basket on your head is not as easy as it looks, let alone doing it while dancing!

I know that African culture shouldn’t be generalized, but Zimbabwean culture is a lot closer to Rwandan culture than any other culture I’ve experienced. It was amazing to get to live in Africa for a week and soak in the sights, people, and buildings there. And it was so great to meet Carly, Alba, Kuda, and others that I will be working with.

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HUMANITARIAN DESIGN WHAT IS HUMANITARIANISM?

In my own words, humanitarianism is putting people (not yourself, not design, not aesthetics) first. It’s serving humbly with your best gifts.

HUMANITARIANISM Humanity: people, the human race -arian: a believer in something -ism: a distinctive practice, system, or philosophy, typically a political ideology or an artistic movement.

Humanitarianism is a distinctive practice of believing in the human race.

What is humanitarian design?

It boils down to “process over product” and “with, not for.” These ideas are discussed further on the next few pages.

What ISN’T humanitarian design?

One case study of failed humanitarian design is “Playpumps” in South Africa. They were supposed to pump water as kids played, and store the water in a raised tank covered in a billboard. The ad revenue from which would offset the cost of the pump. However, it turned out that kids didn’t like playing there and no one wanted to buy the ad space because it was in such a rural location.

Women ended up having to turn the pump in order to get water.33 This project got a lot of support internationally and seems from an outside perspective like a good solution. However, it did not sufficiently address local needs and lifestyles.

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PRINCIPLES FOR HUMANITARIAN DESIGN

In the article Making Things That Make Things Better, Nadav Savino proposes seven principles for humanitarian design, summed up below: 1. First, do no harm

Humanitarian work is high stakes, it’s concerned with weighty issues like suffering and injustice. As many people as we can help, we can hurt. It’s important to weigh the possible ill effects with the potential benefits.

2. Think big, build small

Like the common saying, “think globally, act locally,” it’s important to understand the bigger systems your design problem is a part of, but focus on a specific problem to solve within that context. A small nudge can lead to a big change.

3. Be humbly ambitious

Designers should make design decisions based on the real needs and conditions, not on their own aesthetic or egotistical preference.

4. Design for dignity

We talk a lot about systems, but ultimately, humanitarian work is all about people.

Dignity is a fundamental human right, but dignity is also a critical design constraint. “Products and services, no matter how brilliant, can only have impact if people actually use them. And people are going to resist adopting things that make them feel inferior.”

5. Design for ownership

“Designing for people to help themselves rather than being dependent on external aid is the only reasonable path to sustainable interventions in a system.” It’s important to design things for peoples’ needs and abilities, using appropriate technology that can be maintained and modified locally.

6. Measure impact not use

Sometimes numerical evaluations of a project’s success are less relevant than its social impact. Invest in understanding the real impact of the project.

7. Design with, not just for

Find out what’s going well in the community and how you can improve it.33

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There are many firms doing excellent humanitarian design work around the world.

The following are just a couple examples.

100 FOLD STUDIO

100 Fold Studio is a non-profit architecture firm in Lakeside, Montana committed to transforming lives through architecture. They believe architecture can address our basic human needs while inviting us into a greater story of beauty, redemption, and flourishing.34

I had the opportunity to get to know them this summer and a few of my biggest takeaways were “listen first, listen well” and “architecture is the means not the end.” It is important, especially when doing humanitarian work, to listen to your client before imposing your opinions, and to listen intently. 100 Fold does a great job of communicating with the client and really understanding what they need before they start designing. Transforming peoples’ lives is the ultimate goal, not building buildings. Architecture is how we help people, not why we help people.

MASS DESIGN GROUP

The social and political implications of architectural decisions can’t be ignored, but often the decisions that really influence society and politics are outside our control as architects. MASS wants to re-empower architects to make social and political impact.

How do you influence the built environment for the betterment of society within a structure that’s all about hoarding power instead of distributing power? MASS scaled up the small nonprofit firm to have a bigger impact yet still compete within the marketplace. In college, Michael Murphy did a healthcare project for the nonprofit Partners in Health for the Rwandan government Ministry of Health. When Michael met Paul Farmer, the doctor in charge of the project and a legend in the world of social justice and activism, Paul said that very few architects had reached out to him to see how they could help. The culture of architecture is so object and design driven, that architecture becomes its own end. Paul challenged Michael to see that architecture can be more than that; architecture can serve under-served people. Michael learned to seek answers he didn’t know he had to look for. He challenged the “architect and single decision maker” stereotype, creating a much more collaborative approach with diverse perspectives and a distribution of power.35

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SOUTH OF NORTH

South of North is a Nordic collaboration of young non-profit architects working in developing regions. They organized a moderated discussion at the 2014 Venice Biennale between Nordic and African architects from Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland to discuss “contemporary African urban development and the impacts of small scale architectural interventions.” The discussion was published as the podcast “Mouthful of Meetings.”

They started the discussion by framing what Africa means, reminding the audience that Africa is a continent, not a country. It is large and diverse - larger than Asia, Europe, and North America combined! One panelist said that “isolating Africa as a totally different way of doing architecture, a different planet, is already a mistake.” They went on to say that architects work based on the same factors wherever they go. Site, context, climate, materiality, client, etc. are important no matter where you’re building.

Next, they discussed the opportunities and challenges for foreign architects working in Africa. One panelist said, “if you’re working in a context other than your own, it has to be a PROCESS architecture not a PRODUCT architecture.” They emphasized the importance of spending time with locals and seeing the process as designing WITH not FOR them.

Foreign architects have to “understand the context profoundly.” An African panelist said she loses sleep when designing buildings in Africa because it’s so complex, so foreign architects should too!

Finally, they discussed the role of actually building buildings in architecture. The impact of architecture, especially in Africa, is less about getting something built and more about the process, engaging the community, and listening well. One panelist summed it up by stating, “to make architecture is more than building. It’s about community, it’s about engagement, and so on.” Architects shouldn’t jump to architectural solutions, especially in Africa where materials and finances are so limited. Africa is NOT a playground for architects’ formal fantasies. One panelist argued that “ethical architecture has to have deeper questions which go beyond the form.” Buildings that have a high embodied energy and cost in places of such inequality aren’t just irresponsible, they’re immoral. African architecture should be grounded in local skills and building tradition and then push them further, not impose foreign high-tech “solutions.” Architects should consider how the production of their building will influence the local economy, how the skills learned in its production could change future construction, and how locals will be able to maintain the building. One panelist stated that “profound architecture is where a community can learn from it, reproduce it, and find their own expression.”36

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WHEN HELPING HURTS

How do we do humanitarian work well without inadvertently hurting those we are trying to help? In their book When Helping Hurts: How to Alleviate Poverty Without Hurting the Poor... and Yourself, Steven Corbett and Brian Fikkert redefine poverty alleviation and discuss how to alleviate poverty without inadvertently doing more damage to everyone involved. They present four fundamental relationships that everyone has:

GOD

SELF

OTHERS

CREATION

Spirituality

Being/Dignity

Community

Stewardship

Damage to any of these relationships causes poverty. For example, a damaged relationship with one’s sense of self causes poverty of being. Broken relationships with others cause poverty of community. In the west, we see material poverty as the only type of poverty, but there are many other types of poverty. We are all poor, just in different ways and to different extents. Corbett and Fikkert defined poverty alleviation as reconciling all four of these relationships. The most important thing to remember when doing poverty alleviation is to avoid paternalism. Don’t do things for people that they can do themselves!

Paternalism is the fastest way to hurt both the people you’re trying to help and yourself.

40

There are three types of aid that can be given to help alleviate poverty: relief, rehabilitation, development. Relief is emergency funding given, for example, directly after a natural disaster or war. Rehabilitation is partnering with the poor to help them regain what they need for daily life. Development is partnering with the poor to improve their lives and escape poverty. Some important things to remember here are: 1. it’s more than just material poverty, damage to any of the four fundamental relationships causes poverty, 2. it’s important to partner with the poor and avoid paternalism, 3. most importantly, it’s crucial not to give the wrong type of aid at the wrong time. Often, westerners want to give everyone relief aid. It’s a quick band-aid “fix” but it is only relevant directly after tragedies, otherwise it forms unhealthy dependency. Rehabilitation and development are slower and require more time and energy, but they are the best way to foster lasting improvement.

Finally, Corbett and Fikkert recommended doing assets-based community development. Instead of identifying problems and how to solve them, assets-based community development identifies what is going well in poor communities and asks how it can be fostered to alleviate poverty in that community. It doesn’t mean that poor people have to pull themselves up by their own bootstraps. And it doesn’t mean that westerners should pull poor people up to where they think they should be. It does mean that real poverty alleviation happens through humble partnership and empowering the poor. This approach emphasizes the PEOPLE over the project, and the PROCESS over the product.37

PEOPLE

PROCESS

project

product

41

42

02. PROJECT 43

FOUNDATIONS FOR FARMING ABOUT FOUNDATIONS FOR FARMING Foundations for Farming is “an initiative aimed at bringing transformation to individuals, communities, and nations through faithful and productive use of land. God has revealed a very simple conservation farming method with an implementation management teaching, which when applied help people to apply the Gospel to their lives. They run many programmes, from training NGOs to teaching in churches, schools and prisons.”38

TRAINING SCHEDULE

or Lessons Indo

L

M e 1pm e

g tin

10:30am

ch un

Te a

hip Cente wards r Ste

ll Ha

10am

2pm

Fie ld 4:30pm

M

ov

7pm 6pm

ie

Dinn er

maize 44

5pm

e T im Free

a Te

soybeans

Outdoor Les son s

Demonstration

8pm

The trainings are usually three days long, with attendees arriving Monday, attending training Tuesday thru Thursday, and leaving Friday. Mornings are spent indoors doing lessons and afternoons are spent outdoors doing demonstrations. In the evening, they have free time and movies. Foundations for Farming’s goal is to bring people to their Stewardship Centers to train them so that they can go back to their villages and train others. The main crop is maize (corn), but they also plant soybeans, fruits and vegetables, moringa and other medicinal plants.

fruit trees

vegetable boxes

moringa

chicken

ZERO TILLAGE FARMING

Foundations for Farming teaches zero-tillage farming. This technique can increase production and decrease manual labor. Zero-tillage farming is inspired by natural growing patterns where humans do not till the land.

The main principles of zero-tillage farming include: - “Maintain a mulch cover. Don’t burn!

- Maintain the soil structure & preserve the natural fauna. Don’t plow!

- Plant according to precise spacings and specifications in order to achieve optimal plant populations that give your plants the best chance to thrive.

- Give nutrition to your plants in whichever form you are able (manure, compost, etc.)

- Weed regularly and thoroughly catching the weeds while they are small in order to save time and energy and cause the whole system to become far more manageable.”39

Foundations for Farming is coming alongside locals to train them in agricultural techniques that can increase their productivity and therefore improve their ability to provide for their families.

How can I use that same model in architecture? How can this project come alongside locals to develop architectural techniques that can increase their capacity to build community?

It’s not imposing a foreign system on them, it’s understanding the local system and then respectfully altering it to provide maximum benefit.

45

LAKE CHIVERO

From around the lake, not on my site.

46

MASHONALAND CENTRAL`

NAYBIRA DARWENDALE

LAKE MANYAME

NORTON

HARARE

SOMERBY

MBARE

LAKE CHIVERO SITE

MASHONALAND WEST

HARARE

MASHONALAND EAST

CHITUNGWIZA

Ancient San cave paintings south of Lake Chivero.

17°55'58.6"S 30°51'22.1"E

01

5

10mi

Lake Chivero and its big brother Lake Manyame are located 37km southwest of Harare on the Hunyani River. Lake Chivero is a man-made lake formed in 1952 by the construction of the Hunyanipoort Dam. “It is a lake of many aspects: being a popular recreational site, the City’s primary water supply reservoir, a source of irrigation water to downstream farms, an important fishery ground, and, until the 1970s, the receptacle of Harare’s sewage effluent. It is, in short, typical of so many urban lakes in Africa and throughout the world. Lake Chivero is also unique, being amongst the first of the major man-made lakes on the continent to suffer from what is known as cultural eutrophication, and the first to be rehabilitated to a mesotrophic state through a rational program of lake management.”40

Lake Chivero has a surface area of 6,500 acres (26.3 sqkm), a maximum depth of 95 feet (29m), and a shore length of 30mi (48km). The lake is protected as part of the Lake Chivero Recreational Park and it was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on January 3rd, 2013. Lake Chivero is the main water supply for the city of Harare. The lake is also used for commercial fishing.41

“The biggest threat to the lake is pollution from sewage effluent, industrial and domestic waste, fertilizer and pesticide run-off from farming in the catchment area... Urban expansion into the lake’s catchment area has resulted in degradation and excavation of soil for brick making and building. Rampant tree cutting for commercial purposes is also contributing to deforestation. Waste from recreational activities is increasing pollution levels. Over-fishing and the use of illegal monofilament nets has resulted in a decline in fish numbers and the general biodiversity.” While the lake does face some challenges, it is a valuable economic, social, and historical amenity. Thousands of years ago, before it was a lake, the San people inhabited this land and made some rock paintings in the granite kopje outcroppings south of where the lake is today.42

47

SITE CONTEXT SUNNY YI FENG PVT. LTD. CERAMICS MANUFACTURER

A5 WAY

HIGH

MORTON JAFFRAY WATER TREATMENT PLANT

KUIMBA SHIRI BIRD PARK HARARE SAFARI LODGE (HOTEL) ADMIRAL’S CABIN SUNSET TERRACE (BAR)

FISHEAGLE RETREAT CENTER (RESTAURANT)

JACANA YACHT CLUB

LAKE CHIVERO LAKE CHIVERO RECREATIONAL PARK

MARIMBA ANGLING SOCIETY (HOTEL)

1km

48

1mi

MA SHO N MA SHO ALAN DW NA EST LAN DE AST

SITE

MA

SH

HA

ON

The site is located an hour southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, accessed by the roads` marked in pink on this map.

Most of the land around the lake is wooded, to the south of the lake it is mostly farming/ agricultural, and to the north of the lake it is residential.

RA

AL

RE

AN

D

WE

ST

HARARE

HA R ON ARE AL AN DE

AS

T

GH W AY A

4

SH

HI

MA

KEY:

.

E RD

NGW

IRA MAR

FARMLAND WOODS RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRIAL URBAN ACCESS ROADS PROVINCES PARK 1km

1mi

49

LAKE CHIVERO

LAKE HOUSE

OLD FARMHOUSE

COORDINATES: 17°55’58.6”S 30°51’22.1”E SITE

ROADS

TREES

WATER

SMALL ROADS

BUILDINGS

FIELD

FOOTPATHS

50INDUSTRIAL

500ft

100m

EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS The site is south of Lake Chivero on a formerly white-owned tobacco farm.

LOT 1 OF SUBDIVISION A OF ELLADALE FARM

ZIMBABWE Ministry of Lands & Rural Resettlement P Bag 7779 Causeway Harare

Mashonaland East Province Seke District Harare South I.C.A

Scale 1:25 000 Map ref 1730D4

±

1

2

100.856

Proposed_Solar Site

3

INDUSTRIAL FARM

0.8

0.4

0

Kilometers 0.8

1.6

2.4

Legend Farm Boundary

Produced by A Kamuriwo…………… ……………………………. Date: Feb 2018

Original site plan from partners. The location and size of the solar field has changed.

Site on Google Earth.

The site is three parcels with an old farmhouse and some barns in the center and a house by the lake. The old farmhouse is in poor condition so we have decided to demolish it and build the Community Center in its place.

There are a lot of beautiful trees around the old farmhouse which will make great gathering spaces in and around the Community Center. Additionally, the farmhouse land has already been disturbed and is not good for farming so we will not be disturbing new or arable land to build the Community Center.

51 500ft

HOW BIG IS THE SITE?

SITE

SITE

The proposed project is 140 hectares (346 acres) in total, a 65 hectare (160 acre) solar farm and a 75 hectare (185 acre) village. The site extents, however, are around 650 hectares (1,606 acres).

100m (328ft)

52

1 hectare (2.47 acre or 107,639sqft) grid

AS BIG AS CAL POLY!

SITE Cal Poly

CAL POLY

Cal Poly’s main campus is 535 hectares (1,321 acres), of which 63 hectares (155 acres) are the campus core.43 My site and village are comparable in size to Cal Poly’s campus core and total campus area.

100m (328ft)

1 hectare (2.47 acre or 107,639sqft) grid

53

SITE PHOTOS 1.

Location key:

Existing farmhouse looking northwest

Community gathering space around this tree 500ft

100m

2.

1

54

2

Existing farmhouse looking east

Photos by Daniel Wiens, Journeyman International Foundations for Farming gathering space around this tree

Community gathering space around this tree

Colonial era farmhouse to be demolished Proposed soccer field

55

03. DESIGN

MASTER PLAN MASTER PLAN:

total site area: 650 hectares

SOLAR FIELDS

80 hectares (12% of site)

Phase 1: Two 5MW Solar Fields (8 hectares) Phase 2: Two 20MW Solar Fields (32 hectares)

VILLAGE HOMESTEADS

50 hectares (7% of site)

50 Homesteads (homes with farms) - 1 hectare (2.5 acres) each

COMMUNITY CENTER

5 hectares (1% of site)

Foundations for Farming Stewardship Center, Market, School, Library, Health Center, etc.

KEY: EXISTING FOREST SOLAR PHASE 1 80 hectares (12% of site) Solar Fields SOLAR PHASE 2 LAKE CHIVERO 50 hectares (7% of site) Village Homesteads PROPERTY LINE HOMESTEADS 5 hectares (1% of site) Community Center COMMUNITY CENTER

ENTRY ROAD

515 hectares (80% of site) Preserved Forest and Open Space Total Site Area: 650 hectares

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515 hectares (80% of site) preserved as forest and open space

1330m

134

0m

Lake Chivero

13

30

m

1330m 1340m

0m

133

5MW

0m

20MW

Solar Phase 1

133

Solar Phase 2

m

1340

50

m

m

135 0

oad

yR ntr

13

E

3.4 km (2.1 mi)

Village Homesteads Community Center

Solar Phase 2 20MW

Solar Phase 1 5MW

1340m

0m 135

136

0m

1340m

1360m

0m

1.8 km (1.1 mi) 136

1350m

Total Site Area: 650 hectares (1,600

acres)

59

VILLAGE PLAN The village layout features fifty homesteads, five homes without farms, two solar fields, and the Community Center. Most of the homesteads are within a five minute walk of the Community Center, giving them easy access to the shared buildings there.

5-m

( 0. inute w alk: 400m

s iu rad ) i 25m

Each homestead is 1 hectare (2.5 acres).

60

A HIGHW

LAKE CHIVERO

VILLAGE PATTERNS

100m 500ft

The homestead layout was inspired by vernacular village development patterns around the site, as seen below. I chose a linear layout so that each home could be located on its farm and there wouldn’t be wasted space between the homesteads.

1

HARARE

2

SITE

HIG HW AY A

4

Key: Homestead

3

Farmland Road

1. Dispersed

1km

100m

1mi

500ft

100m 500ft

0 0

50 100

100m 200

400ft

100m 500ft

2. Centered

outline buildings not just blocks next round 100m 500ft

4 Clustered/Grid

0 0

50 100

100m 200

400ft

3. Linear

100m 500ft

100m 500ft

6 T-shape Linear

0 0

50 100

100m 200

400ft

61

COMMUNITY CENTER PLAN

PARKING

BUS DROP-OFF

DORMS

rainwater cistern

100sqm

MARKET 150sqm

pump

DORMS 100sqm

COMMUNITY PATIO

MEETING HALL 150sqm

TEA PATIO

SU

STEWARDSHIP CENTER

BATHROOM

ET

KITCHEN

NS

SU

CLASSROOM PATIO

RI

SE

EXISTING FARMHOUSE TO BE DEMOLISHED

LIBRARY 100sqm

DEMONSTRATION FIELD

SITE SECTION

N

HEALTH CENTER

100sqm

SCHOOL PATIO

SOCCER PATIO

SCHOOL 300sqm

SOCCER

PLAYGROUND VOLLEYBALL

0

10 20

0

5

50ft 10

20m

PHASE 1:

Building

Stewardship Center Covered Market Meeting Hall Event Kitchen

62

Estimated Size 2,150sqft (200sqm) 1,600sqft (150sqm) 1,600sqft (150sqm) 108sqft (10sqm)

PHASE 2:

Building

Health Center FfF Dorms Library School

Estimated Size 1,075sqft (100sqm) 2,150sqft (200sqm) 1,075sqft (100sqm) 4,200sqft (300sqm)

WINTER

SOLSTICE: 48°

SUN STUDY

SUMMER

SOLSTICE: 92°

SUNRISE

The diagram to the left shows the annual sun path. The sun is very high in the sky in summer, so insulated roofs with large overhangs are important.

SUNSET

PROGRAM Although I have only designed the Stewardship Center building in detail, I have laid out the locations of the other buildings paying attention to where the trees are, which buildings were next to each other, and how the spaces between buildings can be used. The market is the first building you see when you enter the Community Center to showcase the village’s produce.

The entire Community Center is designed around a central tree that acts as a gathering space. The Stewardship Center and dorms are next to the Demonstration Field. The school is next to the soccer field. The library is between the Stewardship Center and the school so that both programs can use it.

63

SITE SECTION

DEMONSTRATION FIELD

WEST

TEA PATIO 130’

TEA PATIO 130’

64

55’

CLASSROOM 130’

55’

55’

CLASSROOM

65’

110’

45’

MEETING HALL

EAST

0

110’

45’

MEETING HALL

5’

10’

20’

EAST

0

5’

10’

20’

65

STEWARDSHIP CENTER Foundations for Farming will host its trainings at the Stewardship Center.

Program requirements:

- Indoor-outdoor classroom for 30 students - Office for Foundations for Farming staff - Meeting Room with display shelves for photos - Views to the demonstration field from all rooms

or Lessons Indo L

M e 1pm e

g tin

10:30am

ch un

Te a

hip Cente wards r Ste

ll Ha

10am

2pm

Fie ld 4:30pm

M

ov

7pm 6pm

ie

Dinn er

66

Free

5pm

e T im

a Te

Outdoor Les son s

Demonstration

8pm

Foundations for Farming’s training schedule consists of indoor lessons in the morning and outdoor lessons in the afternoon.

It is important to them that both the indoor and outdoor classrooms have a connection to the field.

10.5m (34’-5”)

5m (16’-5”)

2.5m (8’-3”)

1.5m (4’-11”)

2m (6’-7”)

1.5m (4’-11”)

3m (9’-10”)

MEETING ROOM

15sqm (161sqft)

3m (9’-10”)

ENTRY

3m (9’-10”)

GATHERING SPACE

OFFICE

25m (82’-0”)

9sqm (97sqft)

8m (26’-3”)

INDOOR CLASSROOM 60sqm (646sqft)

4m (13’-1”)

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM

2m (6’-7”)

30sqm (323sqft)

0 0

1m

2m 5’

5m 10’

20’

67

BUILDING SECTIONS SECTION ITERATIONS Hannah Oitzman, Studio Stannard 2020

winter solstice :4 8°

summe r sol stic e: 96 °

Agricultural Training Center

detail model

solar panels

thatch roof

local baked mud brick

concrete slab

example field

market

GATHER

EQUIP

Market and village plaza

Indoor-oudoor training center

0 0

Demonstration Field

2

3

2

5m

5

10ft

WEST Dorms

View to Field Metal Roof

68

1 1

Clerestory Window Stewardship Center Classroom

Local Baked Mud Brick Confined Masonry Walls

EAST

Community Gathering Space 1m 1ft

FINAL DETAILED SECTION

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CONSECUTIVE SECTIONS

Integrated photo ledge

A

MEETING ROOM

WEST

EAST

0 0

B

WEST

EAST

0.5m 1’

0 0

0.5m 1’

1m

2’

2m 5’

1m

2’

2m 5’

A B C D E

F

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C

OFFICE

WEST

EAST

0 0

0.5m 1’

2’

1m

2m 5’

View to field from classroom

D

INDOOR CLASSROOM

E

INDOOR CLASSROOM

F

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM

WEST

EAST

0 0

0.5m 1’

1m

2’

2m 5’

Chalkboard and storage

WEST

EAST

0 0

0.5m 1’

1m

2’

2m 5’

Sliding wooden screens

WEST

EAST

0 0

0.5m 1’

2’

1m

2m 5’

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RENDERINGS

Indoor Classroom

72

Outdoor Classroom

Stewardship Center Entry

Tea Patio

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MATERIALITY MATERIALITY PRECEDENTS natural woven ceiling material

clerestory window

confined masonry

light and airy classroom

Umubano Primary School, MASS Design Group, Rwanda

confined masonry

outdoor classroom with integrated bench School Extension, Active Social Architecture, Rwanda

74

woven doors

PROJECT MATERIALS

Local Mud Brick Confined Masonry

IBR (Inverted Box Rib) Metal Roof

Woven wooden screen

As mentioned previously, the roof will be metal not thatch, but I want to incorporate thatch or woven materials into the ceiling and doors to keep a natural feeling and help with acoustics and ventilation. The walls will be made of mud bricks made on-site and concrete in a confined masonry technique. The precedent images to the left illustrate some of my goals for the materials.

SLIDING WOODEN SCREEN DETAIL

75

DIAGRAMS BRICK WALLS AND PAVING

SHEAR WALLS

76

CONCRETE

SLIDING WOODEN SCREENS

77

KEY DESIGN FEATURES

The goal of this design is to connect the building’s inhabitants with nature. Indooroutdoor spaces, views to the field, and gathering spaces under trees give people both physical and visual connections to nature. In Zimbabwean villages, people spend a lot of their time in the spaces around and between buildings, and trees are important gathering spaces. The connection to nature is also important to Foundations for Farming because they run their trainings half indoors and half outdoors.

INDOOR-OUTDOOR SPACES The entry, gathering space, and outdoor classroom provide covered outdoor spaces with built-in benches that connect to much larger uncovered outdoor spaces. The entry serves as a “front porch” for the building, where people can meet. It has morning sun and afternoon shade and a view of the market and meeting hall. The gathering space is a place to wait before class. It has morning shade and afternoon sun and a view of the field. The outdoor classroom can be used for organized classes or for informal events or lunch breaks. The movable wooden screens allow adjustment for shade and privacy. The outdoor classroom has a view to the demonstration field and to the vegetable patch south of the building.

VIEWS TO THE FIELD Although an east-west elongated building would be better to reduce morning and evening solar heat gain, I decided to orient my building north-south so that every room could have a view of the demonstration field to the west. Another important element of the design was that as you walk up to the building, you can see the field through the gap between the meeting room and office.

78

TREES AS GATHERING SPACES

It is typical in Zimbabwean culture to gather under trees, as shown in the photos above. People sit on the ground or on small benches or stools. I identified two large trees on the site, as seen below, to organize the Community Center buildings around.

PARKING

BUS DROP-OFF

DORMS

rainwater cistern

100sqm

MARKET 150sqm

pump

DORMS 100sqm

COMMUNITY PATIO

MEETING HALL 150sqm

TEA PATIO

SU

STEWARDSHIP CENTER

BATHROOM

ET

KITCHEN

S UN

S

CLASSROOM PATIO

RI

SE

EXISTING FARMHOUSE TO BE DEMOLISHED

LIBRARY 100sqm

DEMONSTRATION FIELD

N

HEALTH CENTER

100sqm

Site photo, from near where the proposed library will be, highlighting the selected trees.

SCHOOL PATIO

SOCCER PATIO

SCHOOL 300sqm

PLAYGROUND

View from the bus drop-off with the market to the left and the Community Center tree in the middle.

SOCCER

VOLLEYBALL

0

10 20

0

5

50ft 10

20m

79

SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS SEFAIRA ANALYSIS

The Stewardship Center is well-lit or overlit in most places, as seen in this daylight visualization.

80

The Stewardship Center has an EUI (Energy Use Intensity) of 15, which means that it is very energy efficient.

The building is passively heated and cooled and lit by windows during the day and by LED lights powered by the solar panels at night.

PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

The 2030 Palette passive design strategies identified at the beginning of the project were building form, cross ventilation, shaded facade, shading, indoor-outdoor spaces, and solar access.

Although a building elongated east-west would have been the optimal solar orientation for passive cooling, I decided to orient the Stewardship Center north-south so that all of the rooms could have a view out to the demonstration field.

BUILDING FORM

Operable windows and clerestory windows and woven wood screens provide for ample cross ventilation.

CROSS VENTILATION

Large roof overhangs help to shade the facade and reduce overheating in the summer.

SHADED FACADE

In addition to the large roof overhangs, nearby trees help to shade the building and the spaces around the building.

SHADING

Covered outdoor spaces in the entry, gathering space, and outdoor classroom provide shaded areas to meet or wait that are programmed less strictly than the indoor spaces.

INDOOR-OUTDOOR SPACES

Solar access in the winter is available by adjusting the movable wooden screens.

SOLAR ACCESS

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LBC ANALYSIS

Five-minute walk circle from Community Center.

80 hectares (12% of site) Solar Fields 50 hectares (7% of site) Village Homesteads 5 hectares (1% of site) Community Center

515 hectares (80% of site) Preserved Forest and Open Space Total Site Area: 650 hectares

80% of site area set aside as forest and open space.

Stewardship Center section showing cross ventilation.

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LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE CORE IMPERATIVE RESPONSES PLACE: 01. ECOLOGY OF PLACE • We decided to build the Community Center on the location of the existing farmhouse (which will be demolished) because that land has already been disturbed, preserving the rest of the site for farmland and forest • 80% of the site is preserved as forest, 515 hectares • There was ample cultural, social, and environmental research about the site • Encourage the village farmers to use compost instead of chemical fertilizers 04. HUMAN SCALED LIVING • Most of the homesteads are a fiveminute walk (400m, which is very short for Africa) from the Community Center to promote walkability • Bus stop at the Community Center • Potential for electric vehicle charging and bike and car sharing programs

WATER: 05. RESPONSIBLE WATER USE • Rainwater harvesting system with underground cistern • The farm fields are not irrigated, they rely on natural rain • Storm water detention ponds ENERGY: 07. ENERGY + CARBON REDUCTION • Using confined masonry reduces the amount of concrete and steel rebar needed in the building, thus reducing its carbon footprint • Solar panels are used on the building roofs to generate renewable energy • Passive design strategies such as cross ventilation and daylighting will reduce the need for fans and electric lighting HEALTH + HAPPINESS: 09. HEALTHY INTERIOR ENVIRONMENTS • Cross ventilation and operable windows provide healthy indoor air supply • Views to the field from all of the buildings • The clerestory windows provide additional light during the day MATERIALS: 12. RESPONSIBLE MATERIALS • We are using a lot of local materials, including mud bricks and woven screens • Harare, the capitol of Zimbabwe, is less than 25km from the site as the crow flies, so obtaining most if not all of the materials within 500km will be very likely • A compost system will be set up by Foundations for Farming

EQUITY: 17. UNIVERSAL ACCESS • The project was designed so that elderly people and people with disabilities will be able to use all of the facilities.

Everything is one story and brick pavers will be used on paths and outdoor gathering spaces • One negative impact of the project is that the solar field could disturb birds on the site, but there is a lot of preserved habitat for birds in the forest on the site 18. INCLUSION • The project will create a lot of jobs for locals including construction, farming, maintaining the solar fields, and service jobs in the Community Center • Project partners include architecture and engineering students from the US, energy and architecture professionals from Rwanda, and local Zimbabwean energy and farming stakeholders - all stakeholders have had a voice in the project since the beginning and we have relied heavily on local knowledge and input BEAUTY: 19. BEAUTY + BIOPHILIA • Connection to nature through views and celebration of agriculture • Culturally sensitive design 20. EDUCATION + INSPIRATION • Educational building program • This design serves as an example for future Foundations for Farming villages

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REFLECTION

A NOTE FROM THE DESIGNER It has been an honor and a pleasure to design this project for my thesis and to meet all of the wonderful partners on this project. Thank you to Carly, Daniel, Craig, Edward, Robert, Sandy, and everyone else who made this project possible.

I am inspired by all of your dedication and enthusiasm for using your talents to make the world a better place. I am so excited to see this project move forward and make a positive impact for rural farmers in Zimbabwe!

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PEOPLE

PROCESS

project

product

A motto that I kept coming back to throughout this year was “people over project, process over product.”37 I wanted to care more about the people I was working with (and designing for) than the project I was working on. I knew I had the skills to deliver a welldesigned product, but I wanted it to not only be well-designed but to be a collaborative and positive process. I wanted to be patient, listen first and listen well, think about the impact, be inclusive of ideas, and prioritize relationships. I wanted to think about who and why, not just what. This motto was especially helpful when I felt frustrated or stuck. It helped remind me of who I’m doing this project for (not just me) and to trust the process. I will continue to remember “people over project, process over product” in my future career as an architect.

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1

86

ROOF FRAMING PLAN 1 : 50

1

2

HSS 3X3X1/4

HSS 3X3X1/4

HSS 3X3X1/4

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2.50 m

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2.00 m

2

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F

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D

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C

HSS 3X3X1/4

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B

HSS 3X3X1/4

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3.00 m

5.00 m

HSS 3X3X1/4

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3.00 m

A

HSS 3X3X1/4

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3.00 m

1

HSS 3X3X1/4

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8.00 m

1.47 m

HSS 3X3X1/4

HSS 3X3X1/4

4.00 m

E

HSS 3X3X1/4

2.00 m

ENGINEERING

ROOF FRAMING PLAN 1.50 m

3 1.47 m

HSS 8X4X1/4

HSS 8X4X1/4

A

HSS 8X4X1/4

HSS 8X4X1/4

HSS 8X4X1/4

HSS 8X4X1/4

HSS 8X4X1/4

E

HSS 8X4X1/4

DRAW REV INARC E

B

DRAW CON

C

D

P CHIE V LAKE ZI

HSS 8X4X1/4

17°55

These drawings a the property of design and inf drawings are exc and shall no reproduced witho Journeyman

No.

EAST AF FOUN F Chiedza S

F

ROOF

HSS 4X4X1/4 COL TYP.

Date

Checked By

Drawn By

BEAM ABOVE AND BELOW

3

Scale

S

DETAILS ALL SIDES STEEL DECKING

HSS 8X8X1/4

ALL SIDES

HSS PER ROOF FRAMING PLAN

CONNECTION PER PURLIN JOIST DETAIL

DRAW REVI IN-C ARCH EN

HSS PER ROOF FRAMING PLAN

CONNECTION PER COLUMN BEAM DETAIL

DRAWIN CONS 1

GIRDER ELEVATION 1 : 20

VARIES. SEE ARCH. ELEV.

3.00 m

0.85 m

HSS PER PLAN HSS PER ELEVATION

PR CHIED VIL

BOND BEAM PER DETAIL TYP

HSS 31/2X31/2X1/4

TYP

S LAKE ZIM

DIAPHRAM CONNECTION 1 : 20

HSS PER ROOF PLAN 1/4" BENT STEEL PLATE

0.20 m 1/2" BOLT TYP

0.08 m GROUT FILL

CONCRETE BOND BEAM PER DETAIL

2L5X5X5/8 TYP

VARIES. SEE ARCH. ELEV.

2

17°55'58

These drawings are the property of Jou design and inform drawings are exclus and shall not be reproduced without Journeyman Inte

WINDOW

No.

EXPANSION BOLTS TYP

ANCHOR BOLT TYP.

D

EAST AFR FOUND FA Chiedza Ste

1/2" BOLT TYP 1/4" BENT STEEL PLATE

OTHER

GROUT FILL CONCRETE BOND BEAM PER DETAIL

ANCHOR BOLT TYP.

Date Drawn By

MIN .33 METER TYP

4 GIRDER TO WALL 1 : 10

Checked By

Scale

3 HEADER DETAIL 1 : 10

Welded HSS (Hollow Structural Steel) girders support the roof and are bolted to concrete bond beams on top of the walls.

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S

CONFINED MASONRY In confined masonry walls, unreinforced brick walls are surrounded by reinforced concrete beams and columns, using less rebar than if you were to reinforce the whole wall. Brick construction is common in Zimbabwe, but the detailing of confined masonry walls make them better for lateral loading than traditional brick walls.

1

2

3 ROOF FRAMING PLAN 5.00 m

1 S 3.2

GIRDER PER PLAN

WOVEN MAT. PER ARCH

4

TYP.

SEE ARCH ELEV

ELEVATIONS 2

WALLS PER PLAN

3 ROOF FRAMING PLAN 5.00 m

1 S 3.2

GIRDER PER PLAN

7.50 m

4

TYP.

South 1 : 50

DRAWINGS TO BE REVIEWED BY IN-COUNTRY ARCHITECT AND ENGINEER

SEE ARCH ELEV

1

FOUNDATION PLAN 0.00 m

TYP.

S 3.2

SEE ARCH ELEV

5 S 3.1

WOVEN MAT. PER ARCH

FOUNDATION PLAN 0.00 m

NTS

WALLS PER PLAN

7.50 m

5 S 3.1

1

NTS

1

SEE ARCH ELEV

S 3.2

DRAWINGS NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION

TYP.

South 1 : 50

F

E

2.00 m

D

ROOF FRAMING PER PLAN

4.00 m

8.00 m

C 3.00 m

B

A

3.00 m

3.00 m 2

2

S 3.2

S 3.2

PROJECT: CHIEDZA SOLAR VILLAGE ROOF FRAMING PLAN 2.00 m

5.00 m

SITE: LAKE CHIVERO, ZIMBABWE 17°55'58.6"S 30°51'22.1"E WALL PER PLAN COL PER PLAN ROOF FRAMING PER PLAN

8.00 m

D

C 3.00 m

B

A

3.00 m

3.00 m 2 S 3.2

2

88

2.00 m

ROOF FRAMING PLAN 5.00 m

WALL PER PLAN These drawings are instruments of service and are the property of Journeyman International. The COL PERon PLAN design and information represented these drawings are exclusively for the project indicated and shall not be transferred or otherwise reproduced without express written permission of Journeyman International Copyright 2020.

FOUNDATION PLAN 0.00 m

No.

Description

Date

East 1 : 50

WALL PER PLAN COL PER PLAN

FOUNDATION PLAN 0.00 m

EAST AFRICAN POWER / FOUNDATIONS FOR FARMING Chiedza Stewardship Center

BUILDING

A NOTE FROM THE ENGINEER

I am Robert Garland, a fourth year architectural engineering (ARCE) major at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Through partnering with Journeyman International, I have done some of the structural design for the Chiedza Stewardship Center.

I believe that the main goal of our design was to create a structure that would serve the community without overstepping our bounds. We wanted to help without hurting. That being said, we tried our best to create a design that respected the culture and building techniques of the local Zimbabwean people. If slight alterations need to be made to fit the building practices, we are open to altering our design. More important to our design is the people who will live with that design.

Thank you to Hannah, Journeyman International, and the entire ARCE department for their help and guidance on this project.

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ENDNOTES CITATIONS 1

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2 Pariona, Amber. “What Languages Are Spoken In Zimbabwe?” WorldAtlas, November 3, 2016. www. worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-zimbabwe.html.

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5 “Land Reform in Zimbabwe.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Nov. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Land_reform_in_Zim 6 Cheney, Patricia. The Land and People of Zimbabwe. New York: Lippincott, 1990.

7 “Zimbabwe.” South African History Online, 6 Aug. 2019, www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe.

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11 “The World Factbook: Zimbabwe.” Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018, www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html.

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13 Huffman, Thomas N. “Expressive Space in the Zimbabwe Culture.” Man, vol. 19, no. 4, Dec. 1984.

14 Pikirayi, Innocent. “The Kingdom, the Power and Forevermore: Zimbabwe Culture in Contemporary Art and Architecture.” Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, Dec. 2006.

15 Mey, W. “Stuart, S. N. & Adams, R. J. (1990): Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands. Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 6, VI 242 S., IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, ISBN 2-8317-002.” Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 43, no. 2 (2008): 235–38. doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19960430220.

16 “Learn More about Wildlife Conservation in Zimbabwe.” African Wildlife Foundation, July 1, 2019. www. awf.org/country/zimbabwe.

17 “Southern Miombo Woodlands.” WWF. World Wildlife Fund. Accessed October 26, 2019. www. worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0719.

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19 Mutasa, Charles. “A Brief History of Land in Zimbabwe:1890-Today.” Focus on Land, Mar. 2015, www. focusonland.com/countries/a-brief-history-of-land-in-zimbabwe1890today/.

20 “2030 Palette,” www.2030palette.org/palette/ 21 “Climate - Zimbabwe.” Climates to Travel, www.climatestotravel.com/climate/zimbabwe.

22 World Bank. “Zimbabwe.” The World Bank Group. November, 2019.

23 EFSA Publication (2002). Implementation of renewable energy technologies - opportunities and barriers.

Zimbabwe country study. Roskilde: Risø National Laboratory. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment.

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24 Bradley, Kenneth, Kenneth Ingham, and Clyde William Sanger. “Zimbabwe.” Encyclopædia Britannica.

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., September 26, 2019. www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe.

25 “Zimbabwe Energy Situation.” Energypedia, 27 Aug. 2019, energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Energy_ Situation.

26 Bradley, Kenneth, Kenneth Ingham, and Clyde William Sanger. “Zimbabwe.” Encyclopædia Britannica.

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., September 26, 2019. www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe 27 EFSA Publication (2002). Implementation of renewable energy technologies - opportunities and barriers.

Zimbabwe country study. Roskilde: Risø National Laboratory. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment.

28 Ndhlovu, Lungelo. “Power-Short Zimbabwe Removes Barriers to Solar Energy Expansion.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 17 July 2019, www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-energy-solar/power-shortzimbabwe-removes-barriers-to-solar-energy-expansion-idUSKCN1UC1W5.

29 “Renewable Energy Potential.” GETinvest, https://www.get-invest.eu/market-information/zimbabwe/ renewable-energy-potential/.

30 “Umubano Primary School.” MASS Design Group, https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/umubanoprimary-school 31 “Cultivating Communities.” Active Social Architecture, http://www.activesocialarchitecture.com/cultivatingcommunitites.

32 “University of the Nations Cambodia.” 100 Fold Studio, https://100foldstudio.org/project/university-ofthe-nations-cambodia-2.

33 Savio, Nadav. “Humanitarian Design.” Medium, 6 June 2015, https://medium.com/@nadav/humanitariandesign-f1ee4f2c889.

34 100 Fold Studio, http://100foldstudio.org/.

35 Prinz, Aaron. “Michael Murphy Mass Design Group.” Design:ED, 19 Sept. 2019, http://designed.libsyn. com/michael-murphy-mass-design-group.

36 “Mouthful of Meetings Podcast.” South of North, 19 Sept. 2014, https://soundcloud.com/southofnorth_ audio/sets/mouthful-of-meetings-podcast.

37 Corbett, Steve, and Brian Fikkert. When Helping Hurts How to Alleviate Poverty Without Hurting the Poor ... and Yourself. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 2012.

38 Foundations for Farming, www.foundationsforfarming.org 39 “About Us.” Foundations for Farming, http://foundationsforfarming.org/new/?page_id=6710 40 “Lake Chivero: World Lake Database - ILEC.” World Lake Database : International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC). Accessed October 26, 2019. http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-08.

41 “Lake Chivero.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, April 26, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_ Chivero.

42 “Ramsar Sites Information Service.” Lake Chivero and Manyame | Ramsar Sites Information Service.

Accessed October 26, 2019. https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2105.

43 “Cal Poly Quick Facts.” Cal Poly News, https://calpolynews.calpoly.edu/quickfacts.html

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Erika Layman qz.com/africa/1652851/zimbabwe-dollar-is-back-but-economists-are-unsure-it-will-work www.blackartdepot.com/products/zimbabwe-mother-and-baby-shona-sculpture, arthistoryproject.com/timeline/ modernism/shona-sculpture, www.guruve.com/gallery/wb-g107-healing-thoughts, mbira.org/learn-mbira/ pointers-for-mbira-students, mbira.org/what-is-mbira/mbira-music/the-mbira-instrument, www.tripadvisor.com/ LocationPhotoDirectLink-g293760-d7892930-i260013608-Gava_s-Harare_Harare_Province.html, www.shutterstock. com/image-photo/johannesburg-gauteng-south-africa-200180110-african-791443546, etniasdelmundo.com/cangola/kavango 14 www.ancient.eu/image/10170/great-enclosure-tower-great-zimbabwe, hiddenarchitecture.blogspot.com/2015/03/ great-zimbabwe.html, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soapstone_birds_on_pedestals.jpg, www.crwflags.com/fotw/ flags/zw.html 15 thecontinentofcreation.blogspot.com/2015/12/great-zimbabwe.html, www.wavetravel.it/portale/modules/meta/tra/ UNICO/AFRICA/VICTORIA/1/10/zimbabwe-highlights.html, www.techzim.co.zw/2017/11/rbz-double-number-bondnotes-circulation-month, www.eyesonafrica.net/african-safari-zimbabwe/kingdom-hotel.htm, https://i.pinimg.com/ originals/83/d0/81/83d081e39d408000bc10259f5bfe29fc.jpg 16 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_white_rhinoceros#/media/File:Pilanesberg_Rhino.JPG, www.pinterest.com/pin/559 009372467168611/?lp=true, https://conservationaction.co.za/media-articles/elephant-calves-exported-zimbabwechina-bans-ivory-trade, www.huntingtrophy.com/tips-for-hunting-the-blue-wildebeest-in-zimbabwe, www.flickr.com/ photos/bpophoto/46367694805, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_fish_eagle#/media/File:African_Fish_Eagle_AdF.jpg, www.africanbirdclub.org/afbid/search/birddetails/species/202/26880, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_jacana#/media/ File:African_jacana_actophilornis_africanus.jpg, birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/doccor/introduction, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_openbill#/media/File:African_openbill,_Zimbabwe,_crop.jpg, www.fish.wa.gov. au/species/black-bream/Pages/default.aspx, colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/468729-Rednose_Labeo_Labeo_altivelisFish-Zimbabwe, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-7844743/Fisherman-31-escapes-death-bitten-legCROCODILE.html 18 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chivero, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chivero_ Recreational_Park 22 http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/page/2/?s=the+story+of+copper&submit=Search 25 www.get-invest.eu/market-information/zimbabwe/renewable-energy-potential 26 https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/440086194817198308/?lp=true, www.nationalgallerybyo.com/2015-beautiful-homecompetition-awards-outstanding-homes, www.nationalgallerybyo.com/2015-beautiful-home-competition-awardsoutstanding-homes, www.designindaba.com/articles/point-view/hut-decorating-competition-could-give-urbanhomes-run-their-money, books.google.com/books?id=9L5dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT266&lpg=PT266&dq=building+the+ homestead+agriculture+labor+and+beer&source=bl&ots=ceuTzmeZGK&sig=ACfU3U0ES06FafLk0-OBInFbx4W7wnX xcA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUq4rrg-bmAhU5FjQIHQfoAPIQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=building%20 the%20homestead%20agriculture%20labor%20and%20beer&f=false 27 www.fromoffthebeatenpath.com/2014/09/africa-17-we-visit-zimbabwean-village.html, ourspace.si/en/blog/ zimbabwe-poor-countryside-not-all, ourspace.si/en/blog/zimbabwe-poor-countryside-not-all 28 massdesigngroup.org/work/design/umubano-primary-school 29 www.activesocialarchitecture.com/cultivating-communitites, 100foldstudio.org/project/university-of-the-nationscambodia-2 32 https://amazingfallstravel.com/package/cultural-village-tours 34-35 Hannah Oitzman, Carly Althoff, Erika Layman, and Emma Petersen 36 medium.com/@nadav/humanitarian-design-f1ee4f2c889 42-43 Empowering Villages 45 foundationsforfarming.org/new/?page_id=6710 47 http://zimfieldguide.com/harare/lake-chivero-rock-art 54-55 Daniel Wiens 74 massdesigngroup.org/work/design/umubano-primary-school, www.activesocialarchitecture.com/cultivatingcommunitites 79 https://twitter.com/Partners4Africa/status/256832124949262337/photo/1, https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/ geothermal-energy-and-indigenous-communities-olkariaproject-kenya.pdf 86-89 Robert Garland 88 emiworld.org/inside/emi-tech/same-materials-different-buildings

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