Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660
A PRODUCT TO SUPPORT MILITARY PERSONNEL AND THEIR FAMILIES DURING DEPLOYMENT FINAL YEAR DESIGN PRACTICE: REPORT: SEMESTER 2
LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY
15th May 2015
HANNAH SAGE: B124660 1
Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the help of a number of people throughout the year. I would like to acknowledge Karl Hurn for his advice as my tutor this year and Ian Campbell for various CAD support sessions alongside Abby Patterson. I wish to give special thanks to Lorraine Cass, Capt. Johnston and the ladies at Chilwell Barracks in Nottingham for allowing me to hold focus groups there and giving me such great feedback. NB: Chilwell Barracks is a military base for serving and reserve personnel in Nottinghamshire. Thanks to Martin Tournoij for providing expert advice on all things software related and uploading my website and interface mock up’s online. I’d also like to acknowledge the expertise from Gary Jackson, the Senior Technical Advisor at BASF who was able to discuss the use of polyurethane in commercial design with me. I wish to thank the Creative Student Award for helping fund the project financially. This is greatly appreciated. Finally I must give thanks to my friends, family and boyfriend for their continued support and motivation throughout the year. Without them all, this project would not be what it is.
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Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
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CONTENTS Figures ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Tables .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.0
2.0
An overview of the brief ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1
User Needs and Opportunity ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.2
User Description ........................................................................................................................................... 9
1.3
Proposal ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
1.4
Priorities ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
Review of design and development undertaken in Semester 2 .......................................................................... 11 2.1
Development of the character .................................................................................................................... 11
2.2
Development of the base unit and tokens ................................................................................................. 15
2.3
Digital Prototypes ....................................................................................................................................... 17
2.4
Other ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.0
Final prototype produced .................................................................................................................................... 21
4.0
User Evaluations and their findings ..................................................................................................................... 25 4.1
User Focus Group at Chilwell Barracks Nottingham ................................................................................... 25
4.2
User Testing of Interface and Website ....................................................................................................... 26
4.3
Professional Feedback from VanBerlo Design Consultancy ........................................................................ 29
4.4
Personal evaluation .................................................................................................................................... 30
5.0
Commercial Manufacture .................................................................................................................................... 31
6.0
Design Changes Identified ................................................................................................................................... 33
7.0
Final proposal for improved design ..................................................................................................................... 40
8.0
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 43
Appendices ....................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Appendix A: Product Comparison to Product Design Specification.......................................................................... 44 Appendix B: Costings for Design for Manufacture ................................................................................................... 48 Appendix C: Raw Data from Evaluations ................................................................................................................. 54 3
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Semester 2 FYDP Report
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B124660 Appendix D: List of Work Submitted ........................................................................................................................ 61 Appendix E: Ethics for User Testing and Evaluation................................................................................................. 62 Appendix F: Project Gantt Chart .............................................................................................................................. 69
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Semester 2 FYDP Report
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FIGURES Figure 1: Typical target user family..................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2: Key quotes from user research helping define the priorities of the project ..................................................... 10 Figure 3: Concept submitted in Semester 1 ..................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4: The lion as an iconic symbol of Britain (pp. 11, folio 3 for A3 scale version) ..................................................... 11 Figure 5: Photoshop renders of early lion concepts ......................................................................................................... 11 Figure 6: Illustrator sketches developing the lion character making minute changes per iteration ................................ 12 Figure 7/8: Clay modelling ................................................................................................................................................ 12 Figure 9: Lion character development using quick 2D information sketches ................................................................... 12 Figure 9: 2D information sketches of the lion concept..................................................................................................... 12 Figure 10: Creo surface model (left) and solid model before parts separated (right) ...................................................... 12 Figure 11: Renders showing buttons before (left) and after development (right). NB: Location of video camera unit moved to top on head as more logical place for recording videos. ................................................................................. 13 Figure 12: Chosen speaker detailing ................................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 13: Detail design considering the placement and arrangement of holes for speaker ........................................... 13 Figure 14: Prototyping the use of magnets to help locate the lion onto the base unit.................................................... 14 Figure 15: The blue foam model 5mm larger than the painted prototype. The foam model represents the required size if manufactured from PUR. ............................................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 16: Testing various sketch models in the British Standard safety test tube .......................................................... 15 Figure 17: Developing a more obvious military connection using quick sketch renders and cardboard sketch models . 15 Figure 18: Idea sketch of new stylised base and tokens ................................................................................................... 15 Figure 19: Developing the base to include more detailing including grass and a signpost .............................................. 16 Figure 20: Two token designs. .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 21: POP used to create a 'first draft' of the website to be tested on 5 users ........................................................ 17 Figure 22: The final graphical representation of the website intended for use by the deployed parent ........................ 18 Figure 23: POP app used to test the interface on 5 users ................................................................................................ 18 Figure 24: The interface prototyped using Adobe Muse .................................................................................................. 19 Figure 25: Logo choice sheet to help finalise logo. C = chosen logo ................................................................................. 20 5
Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660 Figure 26: The final prototype - Milo ................................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 27: Exploded view of parts for rapid prototyping - many are necessary to create separate coloured parts and cylindrical locating features can be seen .......................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 28: An example of the support material to be removed on the front body .......................................................... 22 Figure 29: Using filler primer ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Figure 30: Creating the buttons using Milliput and parts as moulds ................................................................................ 22 Figure 31: Using masking tape to prevent paint build up on locating features ................................................................ 22 Figure 32: Creating volume buttons from clothing buttons ............................................................................................. 23 Figure 33: CNC milling the base unit from Prolab............................................................................................................. 23 Figure 34: Applying the top coat ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 35: Cardboard sketch models of required packaging size ..................................................................................... 24 Figure 36: Using a Dremel to ensure the tokens fit in place in the lower half of the base unit ....................................... 24 Figure 37: 1mm sheet HIPS laser cut to shape to act as a part line between the two halves of the base unit ................ 24 Figure 38: Quote from user testing stating the importance of visual communication .................................................... 25 Figure 39: User testing at Chilwell Barracks ..................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 40: A demo version of the interface on Milo's screen online ................................................................................ 26 Figure 41: New home button added following user testing ............................................................................................. 26 Figure 42: Before and after altering the 'FIND' icon to read 'CLUE' for clarification ........................................................ 26 Figure 43: A demo version of the associated website intended for use by the deployed soldier .................................... 27 Figure 44: Before and after altering profile picture.......................................................................................................... 28 Figure 45: Skeleton support structure between the lion parts to increase rigidity .......................................................... 30 Figure 46: Exploded GA of final proposed design for commercial manufacture. See pp. 13, folio 5 for A3 scale version .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 47: Changes made to back body for design for manufacture................................................................................ 35 Figure 48: Arm portion of back body shelled with ribs added for design for manufacture ............................................. 35 Figure 49: Changes made to front head for design for manufacture ............................................................................... 36 Figure 50: Changes made to lower base for design for manufacture .............................................................................. 36 Figure 51: Changes made to front body for design for manufacture ............................................................................... 36
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Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660 Figure 52: Ribs added to head back for design for manufacture...................................................................................... 37 Figure 53: Changes to head back for design for manufacture .......................................................................................... 37 Figure 54: Ribs added to head front for design for manufacture ..................................................................................... 37 Figure 55: Changes made to tail for design for manufacture ........................................................................................... 38 Figure 56: Screen case for design for manufacture .......................................................................................................... 38 Figure 57: Changes to buttons for design for manufacture.............................................................................................. 38 Figure 58: Changes made to upper base for design for manufacture .............................................................................. 38 Figure 59: Tufts of grass removed for design for manufacture highlighted with red circles ............................................ 39 Figure 60: Final proposal .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 61: Exploded view of all parts required for injection moulding process ............................................................... 41 Figure 62: Product storyboard for Milo ............................................................................................................................ 42 Figure 63: Ethics checklist page 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 64: Ethics checklist page 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 65: Ethics checklist page 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 66: Ethics checklist page 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 67: Ethics Checklist page 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 68: Ethics checklist page 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 69: Risk assessment conducted prior to using testing ........................................................................................... 68 Figure 70: Updated Gantt chart for Semester 2 part 1 ..................................................................................................... 69 Figure 71: Updated Gantt chart for Semester 2 part 2 ..................................................................................................... 70 Figure 72: Updated Gantt chart for Semester 2 part 3. For full scale version see pp, 24-26, folio 6 ............................... 71
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Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660
TABLES Table 1: Areas for improvement identified during user testing at Chilwell Barracks ....................................................... 25 Table 2: Interface problem areas highlighted during user testing ................................................................................... 26 Table 3: Website problem areas identified during user testing ....................................................................................... 27 Table 4: Feedback from VanBerlo Design Consultancy and actions undertaken ............................................................. 29 Table 5: Summary of key costings .................................................................................................................................... 31 Table 6: Changes made to prototype to ensure suitable for commercial manufacture .................................................. 33 Table 7: Comparing the final proposed design, Milo, to the original product design specification in the Semester 1 report ................................................................................................................................................................................ 44 Table 8: Material and component costs for 1 Milo unit ................................................................................................... 48 Table 9: Assembling costings for 1 Milo unit .................................................................................................................... 51 Table 10: Shipping costs for 1 Milo unit ........................................................................................................................... 52 Table 11: Margins for 1 Milo unit ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Table 12: Results from user testing at Chilwell part 1, full scale versions pp. 63-65, logbook 11 .................................... 54 Table 13: User testing results from Chilwell part 2, full scale versions pp. 63-65, logbook 11 ........................................ 55 Table 14: Results of user testing from Chilwell part 3, full scale versions pp. 63-65, logbook 11 .................................... 56 Table 15: Interface testing results part 1, pp. 31, logbook 12 for larger version ............................................................. 57 Table 16: Interface user testing results part 2 .................................................................................................................. 58 Table 17: User website testing results part 1, pp. 32, logbook 12 for larger version ....................................................... 59 Table 18: User website testing results part 2 ................................................................................................................... 60
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Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660
1.0
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BRIEF
1.1
USER NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITY The brief has not been revised as the project is still in line with the original brief.
The project aims to help support military families during deployment by providing an interactive and engaging device for all members of the family.
1.2
USER DESCRIPTION
63, 250 people could be affected by this problem during their military career (pp.36-37, logbook 1). A typical Service family will have a persona as shown in Fig.1. Current methods of communication are limited to emails, letters and weekly phone calls. Users often state they miss the visual reference of seeing a loved one’s face (pp.92, logbook 4). Skype is most likely to be unavailable (pp.74, logbook 2).
1.3
PROPOSAL
My proposal is to design a product that can be used by the whole family to facilitate bonding but is then able to connect or interact with the products belonging to other families to encourage community involvement. The product should be interactive and provide feedback that is visual, tactile, auditory, or a combination of these.
1.4
Figure 1: Typical target user family
PRIORITIES
The product design specification states the product “must encourage more military families to physically meet up than existing methods”. This statement was originally a priority one but throughout research it became less important. Shifting this focus was a result of repeated emphasis during user research on involving the whole family throughout deployment (pp.91-92, logbook 4) in an appealing manner for young children. It is particularly important therefore to have regular and visual communication with the deployed parent as this is more engaging than just reading letters or emails (Fig.2).
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B124660 Encouraging military families to meet is important but may be better addressed by improving existing services provided. The primary focus of this project is to bring families together despite the miles between them.
Figure 2: Key quotes from user research helping define the priorities of the project
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Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660
2.0
REVIEW OF DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT UNDERTAKEN IN SEMESTER 2
Feedback from Semester 1 provided some initial direction for design development. Key issues focussed on refining the design, questioning why the character should be a monkey and giving greater attention to the base unit and tokens (Fig.3).
Figure 3: Concept submitted in Semester 1
2.1
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHARACTER The justification for the original monkey character underwent significant scrutiny. Despite user selection in Semester 1 it showed no real relevance to the target market or context of the overall project. It seemed appropriate to continue with the animal theme as this is common for children’s toys and appears engaging for children. Research ascertained various animals that are considered symbols of Britain with the lion considered most traditional as evident in many iconic British symbols (Fig.4). Additionally the lion is often associated with bravery which provides an attractive symbolic message for the target
Figure 4: The lion as an iconic symbol of Britain (pp. 11, folio 3 for A3 scale version)
market. To aid ideation and development moodboards were created looking at existing lion characters (pp.24, folio 3) and good examples of welldesigned toys. These provided inspiration for the first quick Photoshop renders indicating how the new lion character might look (Fig.5). Minute details could be altered both easily and rapidly using Adobe Illustrator (Fig.6).
Figure 5: Photoshop renders of early lion concepts
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Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660 This iterative process of idea sketches was supported by 2D information sketches (Fig.9) using a rough CAD model as an underlay for proportions (pp.7, logbook 8). Clay modelling was also undertaken to give a 3D representation of the scale of the concept (Fig.7/8). The model itself did not communicate the intended visual appearance or detail as a result of the students limited modelling skills.
Figure 6: Illustrator sketches developing the lion character making minute changes per iteration
Figure 9: 2D information sketches of the lion concept
Figure 7/8: Clay modelling
The final form was generated using surface modelling in Creo. Two attempts were required due to the complex nature of the work. Attempt one provided opportunity to understand how best to model the form and the second attempt allowed the implementation of a much more robust CAD model (Fig.10). Once a surface of the desired shape was produced this was solidified and later Figure 10: Creo surface model (left) and solid model before parts separated (right)
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B124660 shelled. A breakdown of the final process can be found on pp.6-12, folio 5. The buttons were developed using Illustrator (pp.28, folio 4) alongside CAD development in order to ensure they suited the overall style of the product (Fig.11). The size and general shape of the buttons was predetermined during research in Semester 1. The speaker detailing was also implemented in the CAD model. Initially it was intended to make a feature of the speaker by incorporating the logo or key features of the design (Fig.13). After a number of iterations a more subtle look was chosen in a location unlikely to be covered by users’ hands when handheld (Fig.12).
Figure 11: Renders showing buttons before (left) and after development (right). NB: Location of video camera unit moved to top on head as more logical place for recording videos.
As the primary purpose of the speaker holes was to allow sound to diffuse it was important to ensure the chosen design allowed for this. A study of existing products was undertaken and total volume of speaker holes calculated. This gave an indication of the required volume for satisfactory sound levels (pp.13-18, logbook 9) which was executed in Fig.12.
Figure 13: Detail design considering the placement and arrangement of holes for
Figure 12: Chosen speaker detailing
To guide the lion onto the base unit a locating feature was required. By studying existing products (pp.27-28, logbook 9) and making sketch models (Fig.14) magnets were chosen. Ergonomically the final size of the design was thoroughly tested using a range of foam models. These models and a sketch model representing the size of the CAD model was tested on 7 users (pp.32-34, folio 1 and pp.1-2, folio 5). The chosen preference (slightly larger) was then replicated in the CAD model ready for prototyping.
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Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
B124660 It was originally intended to use polyurethane and reaction injection moulding for commercial manufacture. During design development the idea was discussed with Gary Jackson, Senior Technical Advisor at BASF (pp.50-53, logbook 9). It became evident that a minimum 5mm wall thickness would be required. This could not be absorbed internally due to the electronic component fit. A foam model was created mimicking the new size required and tested as described in section 4.1 (Fig.15). Figure 14: Prototyping the use of magnets to help locate the lion onto the base unit
Figure 15: The blue foam model 5mm larger than the painted prototype. The foam model represents the required size if manufactured from PUR.
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2.2
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASE UNIT AND TOKENS
Figure 17: Developing a more obvious military connection using quick sketch renders and cardboard sketch models
Figure 16: Testing various sketch models in the British Standard safety test tube
Development began with quick idea sketches of concepts aiming to make more of a feature of these parts. Concepts included various types of locks and keys where some could be personalised. In addition feedback suggested perhaps a more obvious military connection may be appropriate. As a result idea sketches, cardboard sketch models and quick Photoshop renders were undertaken to demonstrate this direction (Fig.17). Ultimately such an obvious military connection was dismissed because the partners and children of military personnel are not military themselves. During the first focus group, many users didn’t know what their military partners did at work and didn’t feel the product should be overtly military (pp.87 & 75, logbook 5). Additionally, a design with non-military references could in future be expanded to a wider target market. Figure 18: Idea sketch of new stylised base and tokens
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B124660 Illustrator idea sketches were used to ascertain the size of the base dictated by the 24 tokens. The token size is restricted by British Standards to prevent risk of choking. Various sketch models manufactured from paper or cardboard were created for physical testing (Fig.16). Once the lion design was finalised the base unit underwent development to reflect the lion characterisation. The aim was to create a matching stylised base founded on an idea sketch (Fig.18).
Figure 19: Developing the base to include more detailing including grass and a signpost
The idea for the base was to reflect the stereotypical green grass of England in conjunction with the symbolic nature of the British lion. The shape of this grassy base unit was designed to reflect the shape of the lion’s face linking the two parts together. Following the idea sketch, CAD and renders were used to mock up concepts (Fig.19). The concept including the sign was dismissed for fears it would easily get damaged during use as it appeared quite vulnerable. The tokens were developed in keeping with the grassy theme to look like bushes. Two options were originally created and the softer version chosen as it provided a nice contrast with the more spikey detailing at the front of the base (Fig.20).
Figure 20: Two token designs.
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2.3
DIGITAL PROTOTYPES
Initially a functional model was to be created using a Raspberry Pi. This was dismissed because the electronics required for this project already exist and thus it is known to be technically feasible. Electronic components required were ascertained in Semester 1 through the disassembly of existing products (pp.21-27, logbook 6). Expert advice from a Software Developer confirmed it would be possible to program the required software for the device to work as intended (pp.80-71, logbook 5). Therefore it was decided to progress by designing a website to accompany the product and a screen interface for Milo using Adobe Muse. This would allow a more thorough user testing process to be undertaken of the usability of the intended design.
2.31
WEBSITE PROTOTYPE
The associated website provides the deployed parent opportunity to record video messages during deployment whilst managing and viewing messages received. Initially the basic functionality of the website was created with simple line drawings utilising ‘POP’ app for testing purposes (Fig.21). Feedback gathered from 5 users influenced the next iterations created in Adobe Muse. This allowed a more appropriate representation of the design intent (Fig.22). The prototype (Fig.22) was evaluated and changes made as described in detail in section 4.2. Figure 21: POP used to create a 'first draft' of the website to be tested on 5 users
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Hannah Sage
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09/05/15
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Figure 22: The final graphical representation of the website intended for use by the deployed parent
2.32
INTERFACE PROTOTYPE
The interface refers to the digital content appearing on screen on the lions face. Prototyping was conducted in a similar manner to the website with a sketch mock up produced and initial testing using ‘POP’ app (Fig.23). Adobe Muse was used to create a graphical representation (Fig.24) and tested as discussed in section 4.2. The face appearing on the screen when not in use was developed using inspiration from existing lion cartoon characters (pp.24, folio 5). Illustrator was then used to create various iterations until the final design was determined (pp.25-26, folio 5).
Figure 23: POP app used to test the interface on 5 users
Icons were carefully considered for both the website and interface, using standard icons where possible to ensure user familiarity and ease of use. Pages 27-28, folio 5 give examples of the iconography considered.
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B124660 Both the website and interface were uploaded online by exporting the Adobe Muse files to HTML. NB: Uploading the HTML files was not conducted by the student but help was obtained (see acknowledgements).
Figure 24: The interface prototyped using Adobe Muse
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09/05/15
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2.4
OTHER
The inspiration for the chosen logo was based on ‘miles’, the Latin word for solider. The name Milo sounded more appropriate for a child friendly product. A logo choice sheet was created and users asked to choose a preference which resulted in the chosen logo (Fig.25).
Figure 25: Logo choice sheet to help finalise logo. C = chosen logo
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Hannah Sage
Semester 2 FYDP Report
09/05/15
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3.0
FINAL PROTOTYPE PRODUCED The final prototype as pictured in Fig.26 required a number of stages for completion. The lion was manufactured using a rapid prototyping process at Loughborough Design School on the Objet Connex machine. Rapid prototyping was the obvious choice due to the complexity of the desired shape alongside the relatively small and fiddly size. In addition as the lion comprises three colours these parts would have to be created separately with near perfect fit so spray paint could be applied. It was originally intended to fit the working electronics inside the model (tested pp.91, logbook 8). Therefore it was important to create a hollow shape with suitable wall thickness whilst still providing enough strength and structural integrity to withstand user testing.
Figure 26: The final prototype - Milo
The solid Creo model was shelled to a realistic 1.5mm wall thickness and parts separated by intended colour (Fig.27). Creating separate parts also increases overall realism of visual appearance by mimicking part lines present in commercial manufacture. Locating features were added to allow the parts to slot together and provide some internal support for more rigidity (Fig.27). After printing a water jet was used to remove the softer support material (Fig.28) from the parts. This was followed by sanding to a smooth finish prior to the application of filler primer.
Figure 27: Exploded view of parts for rapid prototyping - many are necessary to create separate coloured parts and cylindrical locating features can be seen
Approximately 6 coats of filler primer were applied to the lion parts to ensure a perfectly smooth finish. Between each coat the primer was sanded down using a fine grade wet and dry (Fig.29). NB: it was observed a layer of paint was building up on the locating features during paint application. Due to the small tolerance this was preventing the parts slotting together. Subsequently the layers of paint had to be scraped away and locating features taped off using masking tape to prevent repetition (Fig.31).
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B124660 With filler primer complete a grey primer was added for best results with the chosen coloured top coat.
Figure 28: An example of the support material to be removed on the front body
Figure 29: Using filler primer
The buttons were created from Milliput by using the rapid prototype parts as a mould to create the exact shape (Fig.30).For the small volume buttons this was not a great success as it proved difficult to pull perfect circles out of the mould. An alternative solution involved using 5mm diameter buttons as these were already the correct size and shape. P38 filler was used to fill the thread holes then primer and a top
colour coat applied (Fig.32). One top coat was applied prior to testing as it was expected the product may get scratched or damaged (Fig.34). For the base unit the CNC milling machine was used to manufacture the base in two halves to create a visible part line representative of commercial manufacture. The milling machine was most appropriate due to the complex curved shape and need for all 24 tokens to fit perfectly into their matching slots.
Figure 31: Using masking tape to prevent paint build up on locating features
Figure 30: Creating the buttons using Milliput and parts as moulds
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Figure 32: Creating volume buttons from clothing buttons
Tool paths were created in Creo (pp.60-69, logbook 9) and used for machining (Fig.33). Once this was complete an oversight became apparent – the length of the slots had not been appropriately toleranced and therefore the tokens did not fit. The top half of the base had to be sanded by hand to solve this (pp.19, logbook 10). For the unseen lower half a Dremel was used to remove the unnecessary material preventing the tokens slotting in place (Fig.36).
Figure 34: Applying the top coat
Figure 33: CNC milling the base unit from Prolab
The finishing process described previously was applied to these parts too. Between the two halves of the base a layer a 1mm laser cut piece of HIPS was trapped to create a realistic part line (Fig.37). 23
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B124660 Once completely dry all parts were assembled minimising use of permanent methods in case the parts needed to be separated again. The tokens were manufactured by laser cutting required shapes from acrylic with a spray painted finish. In addition to the final prototype cardboard sketch models (Fig.35) were produced to ascertain minimum packaging size to help determine shipping costs. For the detailed process of manufacturing the prototype see pp.32/34, 60-98, logbook 9; pp.17-32, logbook 10; pp.5, 89-91, logbook 11 & pp.69-70, logbook 12.
Figure 36: Using a Dremel to ensure the tokens fit in place in the lower half of the base unit
Figure 35: Cardboard sketch models of required packaging size
Figure 37: 1mm sheet HIPS laser cut to shape to act as a part line between the two halves of the base unit
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4.0
USER EVALUATIONS AND THEIR FINDINGS
4.1
USER FOCUS GROUP AT CHILWELL BARRACKS NOTTINGHAM
Overall positive feedback was obtained using recording sheets (pp.2, testing folder) with users finding the intended product function both clear and desirable. Appendix C includes the detailed feedback from recording sheets. The video feedback provided a major advantage for users over existing methods of communication (Fig.39). Figure 38: Quote from user testing stating the importance
All users felt Milo offered more than existing methods of visual communication with satisfaction scores for using Milo in addition to those methods rising by an average of 1.7 (on a scale of 1-10). Furthermore all users felt Milo was more personal, interactive, fun and engaging than existing methods of communication.
Users found the style and child friendly nature of Milo’s character appealing stating on average that the product would keep their child occupied for about 15 minutes. The target RRP of £49.99 was appropriate with users showing a considerable interest in renting the device. Ergonomically the current sized product was satisfactory with an average ranking of 7.8 out of 10. Additionally it was favoured over the larger foam model created to mimic the size dictated by PUR 5mm wall thickness (pp.68, logbook 11). Buttons were deemed a suitable size in appropriate locations with all users correctly understanding their function without prompting.
Figure 39: User testing at Chilwell Barracks
Despite this outcome in future development it is imperative to test with children aged 3-8. This testing was not undertaken due to University ethical procedures inhibiting this. Areas for improvement stated in Table 1.
Table 1: Areas for improvement identified during user testing at Chilwell Barracks
Area for Improvement
Resolution
Protective packaging for Milo when not in use either before or after a tour or if transporting to another location
Storage box designed (pp.11, folio 6)
Would it be possible to send video messages to more than one Milo unit?
Implemented into website (see website version 3 on separate USB or at http://milo.arp242.net/)
5 out of 7 users preferred the option to rent the device
Renting or purchasing scheme (pp.10, folio 6) 25
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4.2
USER TESTING OF INTERFACE AND WEBSITE
Both the website and interface were tested by asking users to conduct various tasks as described on the test sheet (pp.3, testing folder). In general the interface (Fig.40) accessible at http://milo-demo.arp242.net/, was well understood with the majority of tasks conducted with ease and screen size deemed appropriate. During testing (pp.29-32, logbook 12) user’s indicated two problem areas to address as in Table 2. Figure 40: A demo version of the interface on Milo's screen online
Table 2: Interface problem areas highlighted during user testing
Problem Area
Resolution
For 5 out of 8 users accessing the home page was unclear without prompting
A new home button (Fig.41) was added towards the base of the lion’s tummy area
The ‘FIND’ icon was unclear in its purpose
The text was modified to read ‘CLUE’ (Fig.42)
Figure 41: New home button added following user testing
Figure 42: Before and after altering the 'FIND' icon to read 'CLUE' for clarification
User testing of the website (available at http://milo.arp242.net/ Fig.43) provided a greater array of problem areas with users stating the website as ‘simple, functional, straight forward’ (Appendix C). The main functions were predominantly successfully carried out with varying degrees of speed and accuracy.
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Figure 43: A demo version of the associated website intended for use by the deployed soldier
Table 3 highlights the problem areas.
Table 3: Website problem areas identified during user testing
Problem Areas
Resolution
Profile picture unclear
Profile picture altered to a more standard icon (Fig.44)
Log out area unclear
Log out placed under profile picture in top right hand corner of web page as standard (Fig.44)
Delete icon not always the same
‘X’ replaced with rubbish bin icon for consistency across website (pp.42, logbook 12)
*Update messages* not always visible to user
Centre updates thus aligned with other text on page making them more obvious (pp.46, logbook 12)
Help and support location not always clear
Added to Settings page to ensure easy to find
No option to register
Added register option on login landing page (pp.42, logbook 12)
Aesthetics
This is an area for further development now the function is clear due to limitations of project time constraints
For a detailed breakdown of feedback for digital testing see Appendix C.
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Figure 44: Before and after altering profile picture
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4.3
PROFESSIONAL FEEDBACK FROM VANBERLO DESIGN CONSULTANCY
A presentation of the project was conducted at VanBerlo Design Consultancy in the Netherlands (the student’s placement company). Approximately 15 designers attended and were involved in a discussion of the project. In general they were impressed with the quantity and breadth of work demonstrating a variety of skills (pp.13, logbook 11). The main concern focused on cost of an injection moulded product with so many parts (Fig.46) for batch production. The following options were discussed to overcome this: reduce number of parts, source government or military funding, consider renting the product or negate the need for 24 tokens using NFC or QR codes. Additionally it was suggested the market could be expanded globally or to non-military markets. Throughout development part numbers were reduced, military funding was dismissed following a discussion with Capt. Johnston (pp.60, logbook 11) and the use of NFC or QR codes dismissed as there was concern that physical involvement with products would diminish. Remaining feedback displayed in Table 4: Table 4: Feedback from VanBerlo Design Consultancy and actions undertaken
Feedback
Comments
Action
Outcome
Why is the product not soft?
Original manufacture plan with PUR and RIM but inhibited by 5mm wall thickness for PUR
Ergonomic testing of larger model accommodating PUR wall thickness. User testing assessed user preference.
User feedback stated they would not like the product to be soft and preferred the original size ergonomically (pp.63, logbook 11).
Could the device be rented out to families for the duration of a tour?
Could make the product more sustainable too
User testing discussed this idea
5 out of 7 users preferred the idea of renting (pp.64, logbook 11). A rent or purchase scheme was developed (pp.10, folio 6).
Is the screen size too small?
Screen size is larger than many existing products
Evidence from user testing
7 out of 8 users found the screen a suitable size (pp.31, logbook 12)
Does it have to be a lion? Could it be an organic form?
It was assumed young children would appreciate and relate to an animal character
Future development should consider the implementation of a range of designs for users to choose
Can the device be personalised?
With clothes or what appears on screen
Discussed with user’s
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Most users liked the idea of personalising with names (pp.64, logbook 11). This could be implemented in future.
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4.4
PERSONAL EVALUATION
Paint thickness or plastic warping was not considered prior to prototyping and subsequently some parts do not fit together as well as intended. In addition the method of connecting the head to the body of the prototype was not as secure as necessary. With hindsight locating features could have been better designed to prevent need for acrylic support structure running through the centre of the prototype (Fig.45). The distance between the tokens placed in the base unit could be increased to make removing the tokens more easy. Contrastingly some users stated they did not wish their children to be able to remove the tokens for safety concerns (Appendix C). Another area for greater development is how Milo interacts with other Milo units (named ‘Milo Friends’ on the website, see version online). This allows Milo users to send videos to multiple families thus encouraging the community involvement stipulated in the proposal. When Milo is purchased or rented users could be encouraged to sync their Milo with the Milo units within their squadron as a way to get to know one another.
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Figure 45: Skeleton support structure between the lion parts to increase rigidity
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5.0
COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURE Due to the target military market the product must be manufactured using batch production of 60,000 units.
The product would be commercially manufactured in the UK predominantly using injection moulded Polypropylene with the parts assembled by hand (exploded GA in Fig.46). The front body and front head will be twoshot injection moulded to provide two toned parts. See CAD file on separate USB. Polypropylene was selected on account of its common use for such products. Importantly a flame retardant grade is available; the polymer is safe for use in children’s toys and relatively cost effective. A full breakdown of associated costings including profit from rental appears in Appendix B. Table 5 shows a summary. Table 5: Summary of key costings
Stage
Cost
Comments
Materials
£
14.94
Assembly
£
1.37
Shipping & Distribution
£
0.25
£
16.56
Total Manufacturing Cost
Sale
Cost
RRP
£
50.00
Tax (VAT at 20%)
£
10.00
£
23.44
£
33.11
£
16.56
Profit Per Unit
Wholesale Profit Per Unit
RRP minus the manufacturing cost & VAT
Wholesale price is approximately double the manufacturing cost
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Figure 46: Exploded GA of final proposed design for commercial manufacture. See pp. 13, folio 5 for A3 scale version
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6.0
DESIGN CHANGES IDENTIFIED
Initially Milo was designed for rapid prototyping and subsequently did not include any internal detailing. This is required to house the electronics and provide structural support. At the prototyping stage no consideration to undercuts or other issues present in the injection moulding process were considered. Design changes to the physical Milo product were implemented and summarised in Table 6. In addition to these key changes other modifications were included to ensure no undercuts present. Quotes from Protolabs highlighted key moulding issues and these were further developed and discussed with Russ Marshall for refinement (as detailed on pp.3-9, 33-88, logbook 10; pp.18-31, 40-46, 70-82, logbook 11; pp.1-28, 58-60, logbook 12). NB: for some parts inserts will be necessary due to the complex geometry. Table 6: Changes made to prototype to ensure suitable for commercial manufacture
Part Name Front Body
Changes Pilot holes for M3 screws.
To secure front and back body together.
Support for USB added.
To house USB electronics and prevent movement.
Support for main circuit board.
Back Body
Figure Fig.51
To house main circuit board and prevent movement.
Tabs to connect to front head with pilot holes for M4 screws.
To connect front body to front head and then subsequently the front and back halves of the product and prevent users accessing the electronics.
Tabs to connect to head back with pilot holes for M4 screws.
To connect head back with back body and then subsequently the front and back halves of the product and prevent users accessing the electronics.
Shelving to support USB.
Prevents USB moving in the horizontal direction.
Shelled upper arm and ribs in upper arm. Base Top
Justification
Fig.47
For structural support and shelled for reduced weight and material cost.
Slots for tufts of grass removed.
Tufts of grass removed as too costly and difficult to manufacture due to a number of undercuts.
Fig.59
Shelled to 1.5mm wall thickness.
Protomould (2015) recommend a wall thickness of 0.635 – 3.810 for Polypropylene.
Fig.58
Shelling reduces material cost and weight. Lap joint added on underside.
To allow top and bottom half of base unit to slot together and secure in place.
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Base Bottom
Ribs added.
For structural support.
Lap joint added on underside.
To allow top and bottom half of base unit to slot together and secure in place.
Ribs added. Support added for tokens and push switches. Tummy Buttons
Shelled to 1.5mm wall thickness.
Fig.50
For structural support. To help guide tokens in place and provide housing for the associated electronics. Protomould (2015) recommend a wall thickness of 0.635 – 3.810 for Polypropylene. Shelling reduces material cost.
Tokens
No changes
N/A
N/A
Head Front
4x 1.5mm pilot holes added to widened rim around screen.
Provide area for screen case to be secured in place using M2 screws.
Fig.49
Ribs added.
For structural support.
Additional material added for connectors with pilot holes.
To connect front body to front head and then subsequently the front and back halves of the product and prevent users accessing the electronics.
Support for video camera added.
To secure video camera unit in place by preventing movement and trapping electronics in required position.
Support for speaker.
Shelves added to support speaker and prevent it moving out of place.
Head Back
Support for volume buttons and associated electronics. Ribs added. Additional material added for connectors with pilot holes.
Screen Case
New part created.
Fig.54 Fig.49
Fig.53
To prevent buttons and electronics moving out of place during use. For structural support. To connect head back with back body and then subsequently the front and back halves of the product and prevent users accessing the electronics.
Fig.52
To protect the screen and provide a method of securing the screen to the body using M2 screws.
Fig.56
To support the video camera unit in the vertical axis. Tail
Slit in tuft of hair removed.
Could not be produced without using an insert to avoid undercuts and this would incur additional costs. 34
Fig.55
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Volume Buttons
Snap fit added to base.
Provides secure attachment to back of body.
Tuft of hair rotated.
To avoid undercuts.
Shelled to 1.5mm wall thickness.
Protomould (2015) recommend a wall thickness of 0.635 – 3.810 for Polypropylene.
Fig.57
Shelling reduces material cost. Following testing of the interface it was evident an additional home button was required to ensure users could always find the home screen with ease (Fig.41) NB: It is likely that further design changes will be required for commercial manufacture to improve the manufacturability of the product. Professional and specialist advice should be sought for best results. In future each part should be clearly labelled with the resin identification code for easy disposal. Modifications to the interface and website were identified in section 4.2 and final versions can be viewed online. Videos of both the website and interface throughout development can be viewed on the separate USB of digital content.
Figure 47: Changes made to back body for design for manufacture
Figure 48: Arm portion of back body shelled with ribs added for design for manufacture
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Figure 51: Changes made to front body for design for manufacture
Figure 50: Changes made to lower base for design for manufacture
Figure 49: Changes made to front head for design for manufacture
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Figure 54: Ribs added to head front for design for manufacture
Figure 53: Changes to head back for design for manufacture
Figure 52: Ribs added to head back for design for manufacture
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Figure 58: Changes made to upper base for design for manufacture
Figure 57: Changes to buttons for design for manufacture
Figure 56: Screen case for design for manufacture
Figure 55: Changes made to tail for design for manufacture
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Figure 59: Tufts of grass removed for design for manufacture highlighted with red circles
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7.0
FINAL PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVED DESIGN
Figure 60: Final proposal
The final design and proposed changes is demonstrated in Fig.60 with an exploded view of the required parts for commercial manufacture in Fig.61 or GA, Fig.46
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Figure 61: Exploded view of all parts required for injection moulding process
Fig.62 demonstrates the product use through a storyboard.
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Figure 62: Product storyboard for Milo
WORD COUNT: 3260
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8.0
REFERENCES Protolabs, 2015. Design Guidelines. [Online] Available at: http://www.protolabs.co.uk/injection-molding/designguidelines [Accessed 9th May 2015].
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APPENDICES APPENDIX A: PRODUCT COMPARISON TO PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION
Table 7: Comparing the final proposed design, Milo, to the original product design specification in the Semester 1 report
Point
Priority
PDS Description
Milo
1.0
1
Used by the whole family to facilitate bonding providing visual, tactile, auditory feedback.
1.0
1
Interact with the products belonging to Yes other families to encourage the community aspect.
The website can be used to send videos to multiple Milo units (pp.52-56, logbook 12) Treasure hunt at community centre could also be arranged though this idea has not been fully developed (pp.15, logbook 11)
2.1
1
More physically interactive than existing methods
Yes
Users are encouraged to physically interact with the product during the treasure hunt for tokens and by using as physical product as opposed to emails/telephone calls.
2.1
1
More personal feedback to use than an email
Yes
User testing (pp.65, logbook 11)
2.1
3
Range of products available
No
Time constraints prevented this
2.1
1
Encourage more military families to physically meet up than existing methods
No
Discussed in section 1.4
2.1
3
Include website/app for soldier to use on deployment
Yes
Website designed (see separate USB or http://milo.arp242.net)
2.1
3
Requires power for visual display
Yes
Mains powered (pp.66, logbook 6)
2.1
3
LED screen
Yes
GA (pp.13, folio 6) LED chosen (pp.35, logbook 5)
2.1
3
Instructions provided
Could be
Modify storyboard
2.2
1
Suitable for various ages
Yes
User testing (pp.64, logbook 11 – no safety concerns for children) and no small parts that could be choking hazards (pp.87-88, logbook 11)
2.2
2
More fun and engaging for child than existing methods of communication
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Yes
Evidence Function of product
User testing (pp.65, logbook 11)
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2
Provides regular communication
Yes
2.2
3
Separate device for mothers needs
No
2.3
2
Handheld
Yes
Size obtained from anthropometric data and ergonomic testing conducted throughout process. Evaluation (pp.63, logbook 11 showed users found it comfortable for handheld use rating it on average 8 out of 10)
2.3
2
Length between 100-155mm
Acceptable
Engineering Drawings (pp.22, folio 5)
2.3
2
Width between 57-90mm
Where Engineering Drawings (pp.22, handheld yes folio 5) but overall width = 102.86mm
2.3
2
Depth of 44mm where handheld
Yes
Engineering Drawings (pp.22, folio 5)
2.3
1
Suitable weight for parents and child
Not tested as electronics not in model and therefore weight unrealistic. But suitable when compared to other existing products.
Similar existing products for children aged 3-8 were studied (pp.64-65, logbook 12) and weighed more than Milo’s predicted handheld weight of 25g. Therefore this should be suitable.
2.3
1
Visual feedback large enough to distinguish Yes what's going on. Yes Minimum of 30mm x 24mm but the larger the better.
User testing (pp.31, logbook 12) Engineering drawing (pp.14, folio 6)
2.3
3
Child involved for a maximum of half an hour.
Yes
User testing (pp.62 or 64, logbook 11)
2.3
1
Controls within easy reach for all users
Yes
User testing (pp.62 or 63, logbook 11)
2.3
2
Buttons no smaller than 3mm x 10mm
Yes
Engineering drawing (pp.17-18, folio 6)
2.3
2
No small parts (choking hazards)
Yes
Smallest parts tested with small parts cylinder (pp.87-88, logbook 11)
2.3
2
Suitable for one handed use
Yes
User testing (pp.62 & 63, logbook 11)
2.4
1
Suitable for use in the home
Yes
2.4
2
Easy to clean
Yes 45
Function of product
Wipe down PP
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2
Portable
Yes
Small and relatively lightweight though users would appreciate a protective case of sorts (pp.61, logbook 11)
2.5
3
Provides visual feedback
Yes
Product function
2.5
3
Provide more tactile feedback than existing Yes products
More so than emails and telephone calls as users get to hold device and tokens. Users found it more interactive (pp.65, logbook 11)
2.5
3
More auditory feedback than weekly phone Yes call
User testing (pp.65, logbook 11)
2.5
3
Provide mixture of feedback to keep child engaged for max. of 30 minutes
Yes
User testing (pp.62 & 64, logbook 11)
2.5
1
Provides more up-to-date feedback than existing comparable products
Variable
This may depend on how often users are already able to call, write letters or emails so may vary from user to user. It has the potential to be more so than letters but not necessarily emails.
2.5
1
Variable auditory feedback
Yes
Volume buttons – product function
2.6
3
Evokes traditional values
No
Not a traditional style
2.6
3
Personalised by user
No
An area for development
2.6
2
Valued in the home
Yes
During user testing users stated they loved the way it looked and liked the idea (pp.62-65, logbook 11)
2.6
1
Desirable to have in the home
Yes
User testing (pp.64, logbook 11)
2.6
3
Visible connection with military history
No
2.6
1
Present an image of durability for child's play
Yes
User testing (pp.64, logbook 11) stated users felt it sturdy and durable enough for child's play
2.7
3
Water resistant
Splash proof
PP could be submerged but the electronic components are not sealed in a water tight casing
2.7
1
Not toxic
Yes
PP is suitable for children's toys
2.7
1
Aesthetically pleasing
Yes
User testing rated the style an average of 8.7 out of 10 (pp.64, logbook 11)
2.8
2
High quality so durable
Yes
User testing (pp.64, logbook 11) stated users felt it sturdy and durable enough for child's play
2.8
3
Material shows light wear and tear
Yes
PP can be scratched
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1
RRP between £40-50
Yes £49.99
Final costings (pp.49-51, logbook 12)
2.91
3
Subsidised by military or government with contribution of £x
No
Complicated and long process required to obtain military support as discussed with Capt. Johnston (pp.60, logbook 11)
2.91
2
Performance functions not compromised to No obtain this cost
Final costings (pp.49-51, logbook 12)
2.92
1
Production cost maximum of £17
Yes
Final costings (pp.49-51, logbook 12)
2.12
1
Simple to set up taking maximum of 5 minutes
Yes
Connect to Wifi and website
2.12
3
Longer set up prior to deployment
Yes
To hide tokens around house
2.13
1
Easy to maintain
Yes
No batteries to replace or regular maintenance required
2.13
3
Supported by military
No
2.14
2
Reused for minimum of two 6 month long tours over a 2 year period
Yes
Renting or purchasing – storyboard on pp.10, folio 6
2.14
2
Used on a weekly basis in the home
Yes
Product function
2.15
2
Could be on the market for 1-3 years until next product iteration
Yes
If successful!
2.16
2
Easy to disassemble
No
Time did not permit the specific design of this and some parts will prove problematic during disassembly (pp.66-67, logbook 12)
2.16
2
Parts clearly labelled for easy disposal
Yes
This could be moulded into the internal detailing of the part
2.18
1
Doesn't infringe on military restrictions
Yes
Product function
2.18
2
Uses existing available technology on tour
Yes
Product function
2.19
1
Batch production of 60,000 = economically viable
Yes
Final costings (pp.49-51, logbook 12)
2.19
3
Expanded to non-military users
Possibility for Designed for the military but is this not military specific and therefore the target market could be expanded
2.20
1
Appropriate technique for batch production Yes
Final costings (pp.49-51, logbook 12)
2.20
1
Prototype manufacture suitable and Yes appropriate for student in given time frame and budget
Cost approx. £400-500
2.21
1
Prototype completed by May 15 2015.
2.21
1
User testing conducted prior to May 15 to Yes allow for evaluation time
th
th
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Yes
Submitted on time! Arranged for 2 and a half weeks before submission
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APPENDIX B: COSTINGS FOR DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE Please see pp. 49-51, logbook 12 for full scale tables.
Table 8: Material and component costs for 1 Milo unit
Part
Total Tooling Cost [Over 3 years – see PDS]
Tooling Cost per unit per year
Part Cost
Total Cost for Part per year
Reference for Cost
Arms
£2,616.00
£0.01
£1.02
£1.03
Protomould pp. 13, logbook 12
Back lower
£2,533.00
£0.01
£0.82
£0.83
Protomould pp. 17, logbook 12
Base top
£3,359.00
£0.02
£1.99
£2.01
Protomould pp. 73, logbook 11
Base bottom
£5,765.00
£0.03
£1.98
£2.01
Protomould pp. 27, logbook 12
Body front & tummy
£4,062.00
£0.02
£0.95
£0.97
Protomould pp. 10, logbook 12
£962.00
£0.01
£0.78
£0.79
Protomould pp. 79, logbook 10
N/A
N/A
N/A
£0.04
Basic Product Costing Model; pp. 56, logbook 10
Head front and ears
£4,290.00
£0.02
£1.00
£1.02
Protomould pp. 8, logbook 12
Head back
£3,472.00
£0.02
£0.94
£0.96
Protomould pp.71 , logbook 11
Screen Case
£2,447.00
£0.01
£0.82
£0.83
Protomould pp. 70, logbook 11
Tail
£1,903.00
£0.01
£0.85
£0.86
Protomould pp. 11, logbook 12
Volume Buttons
£961.00
£0.01
£0.78
£0.79
Protomould pp. 79, logbook 10
Home Button
£961.00
£0.01
£0.78
£0.79
Protomould pp. 38, logbook 12
Buttons
Token
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£12.94
NB: save by spreading tooling cost over 3 years
£2.00
NB: This is 1/3 of RRP price for toy disassembled pp.2127, logbook 6. So only approx. and also includes other costs e.g. Materials/packaging
£0.01
10,000 = £0.288, therefore 1 = £0.0000288 (rounded to 1p for the spreadsheet) at uk.rsonline.com
Micro USB Female
£0.01
10,000 = £0.286, therefore 1 = £0.0000286 (rounded to 1p for the spreadsheet) at uk.rsonline.com
Micro USB Cable (500mm)
£0.18
Total
Components
Electronics
Micro USB Male
Mains Plug
Push Switches for Tokens x24
Part
Description
Source
£0.19
US $17367.89 for 60,000 units. As of 28.4.2015 that = £11334.38. £11334.38 divided by 60,000 units provides answer
£0.24
$0.015 a piece which is approx. £0.01. 24 are required so that's 0.01 *24 = 0.24
Total
£
Bulk Cost
Part Cost
49
2.63
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x4 M2 x 4mm Screws
For securing screen in place
Aliexpress.com
£10.59 for 1000
£0.04
X4 Magnets
To connect Milo to base
Aliexpress.com
£30.48 for 1000
£0.03
x2 M3 x5mm Screws
To connect two halves of lion together at feet
Alibaba.com
$110 for 10,000
£0.01
x2 M4 x 8mm Screws
To connect two halves of lion together in the head
Alibaba.com
$140 for 10,000
£0.02
Total Material / Component Cost
50
£
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Table 10: Shipping costs for 1 Milo unit
Table 11: Margins for 1 Milo unit
Stage
Cost
Comments
Materials
£ 14.94
Assembly
£
1.37
Shipping & Distribution
£
0.25
Total Manufacturing Cost
£ 16.56
Sale Purchase
Cost
RRP
£ 49.99
Tax (VAT at 20%)
£ 10.00 Profit Per Unit
£ 23.43
Sale Renting Rental Cost for 1 tour (for 6 month tour max.)
RRP minus the manufacturing cost & VAT
Cost £ 19.99 52
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Tax (VAT at 20% of product value) Profit Per Unit
£ 10.00 -£
Sale Renting £ 39.98
Tax (VAT at 20%)
£ 10.00 £ 29.98
Sale Renting
Cost
Rental Cost for 4 tours (for 6 month tour max. over a 2 year period)
£ 79.96
Tax (VAT at 20%)
£ 10.00 Profit Per Unit
6.57
Cost
Rental Cost for 2 tours (for 6 month tour max. over a 1 year period)
Profit Per Unit
Pay VAT on the value of the unit not per rental https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/taxrelief-buying-or-leasing-assets
£ 69.96
Sale Renting
Cost
Rental Cost for 4 tours (for 6 month tour max. over a 3 year period)
£ 119.94
Tax (VAT at 20%)
£ 10.00 Profit Per Unit
£ 109.94
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APPENDIX C: RAW DATA FROM EVALUATIONS Table 12: Results from user testing at Chilwell part 1, full scale versions pp. 63-65, logbook 11
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Table 14: Results of user testing from Chilwell part 3, full scale versions pp. 63-65, logbook 11
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r
g
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APPENDIX D: LIST OF WORK SUBMITTED 1.
12 A4 logbooks a. Logbooks 1-6 = Semester 1 work b. Logbooks 7-12 = Semester 2 work 2. 6 A3 folio’s a. Folio’s 1-2 = Semester 1 work b. Folio’s 3-6 = Semester 2 work 3. Separate Research Folder (Semester 1) 4. Separate Testing Folder (Semester 2) 5. Report a. Semester 1 b. Semester 2 6. USB of digital content a. Version 1 of Website and Interface Prototype (Video) b. Version 2 of Website and Interface Prototype (Video) c. Version 3 of Website Prototype (Video) d. Final CAD for Commercial Manufacture 7. Website accessible online at: http://milo.arp242.net/ 8. Interface mock up accessible online at: http://milo-demo.arp242.net/ 9. Final Prototype of Milo 10. Box of Foam models created throughout the process
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APPENDIX E: ETHICS FOR USER TESTING AND EVALUATION The ethics checklist and associated documents were signed off by Karl Hurn and Jacqueline Green before testing conducted with users. Alternatively please see pp.11-15, logbook 10.
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Figure 64: Ethics checklist page 2
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Figure 65: Ethics checklist page 3
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Figure 66: Ethics checklist page 4
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Figure 67: Ethics Checklist page 5
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Figure 68: Ethics checklist page 6
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Figure 69: Risk assessment conducted prior to using testing
Participant information sheets were often written specifically for the occasion, subsequently they and the associated consent forms can be found in the logbooks.
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APPENDIX F: PROJECT GANTT CHART
Figure 70: Updated Gantt chart for Semester 2 part 1
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Figure 71: Updated Gantt chart for Semester 2 part 2
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Figure 72: Updated Gantt chart for Semester 2 part 3. For full scale version see pp, 24-26, folio 6
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