Confrontation Ahead by Hanne Johnsrud

Confrontation. (con路fron路ta路tion) noun 1. an act of confronting. 2. the state of being confronted. 3. a meeting of persons face to face. 4. an open conflict of opposing ideas, forces, etc. 5. a bringing together of ideas, themes, etc., for comparison.

CONFRONTATION AHEAD

Any new map launches new realities. The resource mapping adds new pressure to the landscape. In order to confront this, we need to draw the alternative maps, launch the other realities, gather knowledge and make strategies for visualisation and democratisation. Kjerstin Uhre, 21.11.2011, Facebook

The lines we draw on a map The way we draw a landscape changes its story, adds a new narrative. The map of Finmark, with the superimposed grid of mineral exploration rights resembles colonial maps of north Africa or the American mid-west. The straight connecting lines of the point grid erase shape and scale of the landscape, and ignore the flows and traits of the lives lived in it. The grid renders a powerful and quantifiable terminology of landscape, of something that is, or is not. And the exploration map confronts us with the reading of Finnmark as a source of unlimited mineral exploitation.

100

Map data: ©Norges Geologiske undersøkelse / ©Statens kartverk

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The new mineral law has been followed by heavy investment in magnetic and radiografic exploration surveys on land and offshore. The swung geological lines are translated into point references. The green stone belts of Finnmark are marked in blue.

Looking beneath the surface. Geological maps exceed national borders, the timespan of human history and the scales of nature. As the quest for natural resources continues under ground, maps of fish stocks, fresh water streams, waterfalls, arable lands and bountiful forrests are replaced by magnetic and radiomagnetic maps of mineral deposits. Gradually changing the perceived reality

Snapshot of exploration rights 28.03.12 Dalradian Resources LTD Greenland Gold Resources LTD Sydvaranger Gruve AS Arctic Gold AB Antaeus AS Scandinavian Resources AB NUSSIR ASA Mineralia ANS Kimberlitt AS Metallica Mining ASA Store Norske Gull AS Heli Holding AS REE Mining Drake Resources LTD Kiruna Iro AB Nordic Mining ASA Terra Control AS Norwegian Resource Ventures Ailu Fuchsit AS Pending applications

Below the ground and above our heads? While underground territories are explored according to the UTM aligned grid, a fluid constellation of international investment and mineral exploration companies is forming above ground. Capital flows across national borders and between the companies active in the search for new mineral resources. Companies change owners and exploration rights change hands at the ebb and flow of global economy.

Bog asure, 1:15

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Lake BiggejĂĄvri Bog

Open area

Lake

The quiet stakeholder At latitudes north of the polar circle, low temperatures and short seasons leads to slow growth and decomposition of organic material, resulting in meager soils and slow revegetation. Reindeer lichen grows very slow, only 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;5 mm per year and may take decades to return once overgrazed or trampled. It easily crumbles when it is cold or dry. Lake

Open area

Every plant is a result of a process of adaptation to the conditions and to the geologically formed landscape. A cliff can give shelter from the wind and store heat from the sun; a shadovy vale can retain snow meaning more water, and a shorter growth season, the slow weathering of rocks adds minerals to the soil and water. Redused pasture areas, overgrazing and motorisation, this is already an exhausted landscape.

Bog

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One year is not anotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brother

tagging and slaughter

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much used sites for lĂĄvvu

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spring pasture: calving area, preferably hilly without cliffs and rivers, dry ground and open landscape

collecting area

reindeer herder cabins

Jahki ii leat jagi viellja. sami proverb The practice of reindeer herding has developed over time, as a flexible organisation in continous interaction with the variations in seasons, vegetation and precipitation and the number of animals. The choice of route followed between seasonal pastures are negotiated with topography, composition of the herd, availability of pasture, snow cover and customary agreements between herding families. Increased pressure on pastures and routes, motorized herding and fencing are changing the terms of this negotiation.

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In autumn, the reindeer migrate inward from the coast, feeding on pasture autumn grasses and mushrooms.

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vinter pasture: herds are split during winter to find food as the snow changes from light and dry to packed and icy. LANDSCAPE OF EIGHT SEASONS

Photo: Thomas Vermes, ABC Nyheter

In summer, the reindeer migrate towards the coast and higher ground. Does and calves travel separately from the bucks, more slowly across easier routes

60 SOSI standard 4.0: <<CodeList>> ArealressursArealtype

+ Built area and infrastructure = 10 + Built area = 11 + Infrastructure = 12 + Agriculture = 20 + Fully cultivated land = 21 + Superficially cultivated land = 22 + Home fields grazing = 23 + Forest = 30 + Open firm ground = 50 + Bog = 60 + Glacier = 70 + Water = 80 + Fresh water = 81 + Ocean = 82 + Not surveyed = 99

99 ka sjoh Kara

99 Karasjok Municipality.

30 60 60

Land resource data are used in impact assessments and area planning. The standards of the general feature catalogue uses suitability for agriculture as its measure for mapping land resources

11 Karasjok 60

23 30

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21 Ka

Drawing a map with the tractor ra

ohka

21 30

The pattern of farming along the Karasjohka river has develped in a negotiation with the meandering river, the terrain and geology of the valley and developments in farming equipment. Contrary to the sami reindeer herders, the farmers own the land, and have continously worked within the same boundaries, to the edge of their property and the limits of cultivated soil. Negotiation with nature continues, as farming becomes less profitable and former home field grasslands are reclaimed by the forest.

The road to Náránaš

In 2002, the municipality of Kautokeino decided to build a road to the natural stone quarry at Náránas, centrally located, north east of the town of Kautokeino. The newspaper trail revealed a case of coolliding economic, cultural and spatial interests. Involving local, regional and national decicionmakers, public and private stakeholders, conservation and preservation in conflict, global economic impacts and a bridge that was too short.

Area council

The Area council: objected to alternative 1 as the road crosses three herding routes and cuts through a vinter pasture area

Gievdneguoika

The ministry of agriculture: followed up on the opposition from the reindeer industry to alt. 1 The county governor: alternative 1 is not wanted The quarry company: costs of keeping the longest route might mean an end to operation

The Sami Parliament: opposed the municipal decision as the planned road would disturb a sami cultural heritage landscape at Heammonjávvi

Herding district

The municipality: had planned Náránaš as an area for rawmaterial exploitation and see this industry as a source of income and work places. Establishing a new road was a political priority and the planned alternative 2 was adopted in 2002

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Long, 6 km, 175

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Náránaš

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The area council: objected to alternative 3 as it would cut through hitherto intact vinterpastures The ministry of agriculture: supports the area council opposition to alt. 3.

The existing road cross three herding routes and cut through vinter pastures

Following the line of argument Exploitation of mineral resources impacts the specific site of extraction, but the infrastructural implications extend much further. Mines or quarries in remote areas may be relatively small in their actual footprint, while the roads for transporting the resources out disrupt existing spatial relationships over a large area.

Undisturbed pasture area used for dividing the up the herds after crossing the river. 20-30 000 reindeer pass through this area every spring

Area council

bridge, 7,5MM d, 90 m roa Gardejohkka

tio rec Di

autok

ute

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Heammonjávvi is a living cultural landscape with two sami inland farms, an unique and particularily diverse vegetation and 24 buildings of which 12 are automatically protected.The area is listed as a nationally important cultural landscape

The Sami Parliament: considered alternative 3 to be acceptable in regards to sami cultural heritage.

Verde Lapponia | Lappia Green | Atlantis The green Masi quartzite has a folded structure with colour variations from white to emerald green. The green colour is due to the green, chromium-rich muscovite called fuchsite

The Directorate for Cultural Heritage: reccomended to reject alt. 2 as the road cuts through the coherent cultural landscape of Heammonjรกvvi. A bridge across the river would disturb this landscape. Noise and dust from the traffic might negatively influence the continued habitation and farming

Mineralutvikling A

The county governor: reccomended under doubt alternative 2, with the added decision to keep the road closed between 1. Nov. and 15.

Detailing of the bridge revealed the need for deeper ancoring of pilars. Instead of 90 meters, the bridge is now 120 meters, divided in three spans of 40 meters. A rental agreement with the mineral companies that uses the road should cover the repayment of construction loans taken up by the municipality.

Site inspection 13. March 2003

The road to Nรกrรกnas: 4 km long x 4 m wide, gravel

Mineralutvikling AS

Herding district

Area council

The Ministry of environment: Confirmed the original municipal decision giving priority to the importance of local industrial development. none of the alternatives were concidered a better solution.

The expence of income

Photo: ร se Pulk, NRK

The reindeer industry: preferred alternative 2 as long as the existing road would be discontinued and revegetated

Area council

The quarry company: preferred alternative 2 as the shortest, least expensive to upkeap and easiest to transport men and machinery. Herding district

Mineralutvikling AS

The deposits are presently operated by Fuxit AS, a subsidiary of Terra Control AS, and MQ Granite AS that took over operations after Mineralutvikling AS went bancrupt with failing demand.

The grid of the exploration map is a snapshot of the rush for access to resources in the north. It is however placed on top of an already pressured landscape, where the definition and prioritisation of resourses and not least the rights to access them are highly conflictive. instead of a a slow process of negotiation and adaptation, there is a constant confrontation of values, interests and needs. Wherever the grid meets the ground, new confrontations will find place. This time with multinational corporations at the table, supported by strong national interests and governmental strategies.

The new mineral strategy must not be seen and written solely from the resource perspective of the mineral industry and government industrial strategies. The multi-layered interests already at play in the north, must be part of the discussion. A strategy for minerals can not only be about when,, how and where, but should also be strong enough to say, where not, how not, and why not. The mineral strategy sets the scope for mineralexploitation, it should also establish the limits of exploitation

Retracing the steps, references Unless otherwise statet on the image: All aerial photos from Nord atlas, Fylkesatlas for Finmark, http://www.nordatlas.no/ default.aspx?gui=1&lang=2 Digital maps from: Norge digitalt, Statens kartverks kartdata, N50, elevation, administrative borders, FKB, heritage registration, reindeer herding, land resources http://www.statkart.no/ Norge_digitalt/Norsk/Metadata/Nedlasting_av_data/ Geological data from: Norges Geologiske undersøkelser, NGU, http://www.statkart.no/Norge_digitalt/Norsk/Metadata/Nedlasting_av_data/ Information on Mineral exploration: Directorate of Mining, http://www.dirmin.no/default.aspx Information on reindeer herding: Reindriftsforvaltningen: http:// www.reindrift.no/ Information on Finmark kultural and natural landscapes: Miljøstatus i Finnmark, Naturområder, http://finnmark.miljostatus.no/ msf_themepage.aspx?m=4480 (accessed 24.03.2012) Information on Kautokeino municipal plans: http://www.kautokeino.kommune.no/finnmark/kautokeino/kautokeinok.nsf/id/ 74E8232B903CA91241256C4B004DFD82?OpenDocument Inspiration from: Corner, J. and MacLean, A.S., Taking Measures Across the American Landscape, Yale University Press, October 1996, 208 p Lecture notes and discussions with students and teachers during the Studio course, Field of Exploration, Limits of Exploitation Hanne Johnsrud, 29. March 2012