Parts,
Public Housing for China's New Generation Units and Groups
1 The Middle Typology 中间类型学 中国新世代的社会住宅
Hanwen Xu's Work Collection, vol.2CitiesProjectiveAA
2
In the third part (Chapter 3), the analyzed case studies, representing certain moments in the transformation of building types, should be contextualized by framing them within a comparative history. This history, a very brief survey made up of diagrams, photographs, drawings, and text, maps out the emergence and development of the chosen building type and should be part of the conclusions. Questions to be considered, for example, are the definition of generic room sizes and how the social diagram of housing and collective living change. Through the comparative history and matrices, an argument and assessment of the historical transformations of building types can be attempted, providing the grounds for a preliminary projection of an anticipated or necessary (future) typological transformation. Altogether, the aim is to understand typology less as a classification of building types, or for that matter, as contained by building types themselves, but to seek typological diagrams that transcend classificatory restraints.
The Booklet
In the first part (Chapter 1), according to a series of case studies, historical and contemporary. The author defines a preliminary research interest that would allow me to select other relevant examples of collective living. Several related analytical studies and comparative analyses of architectural precedents frame individual preliminary research interests, i.e., how the author would approach the design and research questions of collective living.
A quick design exercise will be proposed in the final part (Chapter 4), based on the studied type, the identified formative diagrams, and typological transformations. Learning from the case studies, the author will select a target site in a very different context and formulate relevant research questions, to address a project for a (new) form of collective living for specific subjects. The synthesis of historical analyses, their embedded social and familial relations, modes of production, and forms of association with the specific sociopolitical context of the chosen site, will generate a frame of relations. This organizational diagram would eventually be developed into a series of projective drawings, models, writings, and moving images.
Then (Chapter 2), the chosen case studies will be described and analyzed through drawings. The analysis of building types and their formative diagrams requires the study of commonly shared traits by recognizing organizational and structural repetitions or exceptions that define their typicality in a formal sense and their socio-cultural meaning. The commonalities and transformations evident in a particular group of building types are compared as a series of descriptive and analytical diagrams that convey a building type's collective form, structure, organization, and construction.
This booklet records Xu Hanwen's postgraduate architecture study in AA Projective Cities - Studio 1: Parts, Units and Groups. In brief, this booklet can be divided into four parts (steps), which explore the questions of contemporary collective living through typology as the core methodology.
The author, Xu Hanwen, is an architect, second-rate graphic designer and game script writer. In the mediocre and flat 21st century, the author believes that the field of architecture still needs serious research and deep contextual design. Regrettably, it is that much more than what we are creating in cities today. London, Hanwenxu721@gmail.comhanwenxu.meEngland
Email:PersonalLocation:website:
3
TheContactAuthor
4 Abstract
1. "danwei system" (Chinese: 单位制) is a set of social organization system in China's planned economy period (1949 - 1978). It has the functions of political, economic and social trinity, and is characterized by administration, enclosure and simplicity.
From the planned economy to the market economy, Chinese society has experienced drastic changes in the past 70 years. Among those most affected are young people born between 1980 and 2000, known as Generation Z. This group usually do not have experience of communal life in the planned economy ages. They usually have opportunities to gain high education in the university and flocked to the large cities for better opportunities after the collapse of the danwei system 1. However, the first challenge they face is the high housing prices and poor living conditions in large cities such as Shanghai and Beijing.
Abstract
5
This research mainly focuses on the Chinese government-led public housing rental policy started in 2010, which attempts to solve the living problem of this group of people according to the special social housing project. According to the analysis of four public housing under this context, the author attempts to use the conclusion and practice them in the design exercise of Barcelona.
Abstract
6 Directory
Chapter Housing1.Policies in China since 1949
Directory
Abstract
7
Chapter Historical3.and Structural Analysis
Chapter 2. Case Study and Comparative Analysis
Chapter 4. Design BibliographyConclusionExercise
12412292861885
8
Chapter Housing1.Policies in China since 1949
This chapter mainly introduces the development of China's housing policy and the changing role of housing in Chinese society in the past 70 years. This lead to the formulation of public rental housing policy in 2010, which aim to solve the living problem for youth talent in large cities.
9
End of the cultural revolution and the reform and opening-up
The Development of Housing Policy in China 1984
Housing
10 1949 19781958 Founding of the People's Republic of China
The people's commune movement began
The People's Commune System had been dissolved Policies in China since 1949
Affordable housing and low-rent housing system under the era of market economy
Public rental housing policy as the supplement of affordable housing policy
in China since 1949
Welfare-oriented public housing distribution system had been dissolved
11 1989 1998 2010 Nowaday
Danwei System had been dissolved Shanghai government's public rental housing HousingpolicyPolicies
Stage3.
Stage1. Welfare-oriented public housing distribution system under the era of planned economy
Stage2.
Key words: State ownership, distribution system, egalitarianism
12
Housing Policies in China since 1949
The welfare-oriented public housing distribution system is a particular form of housing distribution in the planned economy era after the founding of the People's Republic of China. In the planned economy, all the surplus value of people is nationalized by the state, and the state uses part of the surplus value to build houses by various danwei and institutions, and then allocates people in the system to live according to a series of conditions, such as rank, length of service, age, married or not, the number of people in a family, whether they own a house. The allocated houses still belong to the state, and people do not own the property.
Time Stage 1.
Fig. 1.1 Crowds waiting for a lottery to decide on housing distribution in danwei
Starting in the 1980s, the Chinese government launched market-oriented reforms. The economic property of housing began to be valued, and real estate gradually became one of the pillar industries in China. Although China's per capita income is rising quickly, the ratio of housing prices to household income has kept rising during the last 20 years.
2. In 2015, China's Gini coefficient published by the National Bureau of Statistics was 0.462, while a third-party independent study conducted by Southwestern University of Finance and Economics in China put the figure at 0.62. Although the methodology variesy, this number is widely estimated to be higher than 0.5. The higher the Gini coefficient, the greater the gap between the rich and the poor.
13
In addition, market reforms have also led to a rapid increase in China's Gini coefficient 2, making it difficult for lower-class people to afford basic housing in cities. The affordable housing and a low-rent housing system were formulated during this period to ensure the housing needs of the low class of Chinese people in cities (e.g. people who have only hundreds yuan income annually).
Housing Policies in China since 1949
Fig. 1.2 China housing price-to-income ratio, 1999-2020 1
Time Stage 2.
1. The data comes from National Bureau of Statistics of China
Key words: Marketization, housing property rights, housing price-to-income ratio
in China since 1949
3. May be considered the "intruder" and be discriminated against by residents.
4. Hard to build community attachment because of high fluidity.
The living problem of youth in large cities has become one of the key points to solve in these times. Shanghai government plan to support two hundred thousand sets of public housing for the "sandwich layer" (Fig. 1.4). Policies
In China, those young people are called the "sandwich layer" (Fig. 1.4). They usually have a middle income and start working in large cities. High housing prices force them to rent apartments in poor conditions, which does not match their income and identity as youth talents.
1. High housing prices and restrictions on "hukou" (household certificate, which is hard to obtain in large cities) cause them to rent instead of buying a house.
Housing
14
2. The house owner may sell it anytime (property is seen as a high-yield investment in China). They must live with the risk of instability.
Time Stage3. Public Rental Housing Policy in 2010
After such market reforms in China, young people must find suitable jobs independently. Many young people move into large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen to find better opportunities (Fig. 1.3). The impact of large numbers of migrants on mature communities in large cities follows.
These young people often face many difficulties in their living in the metropolis:
The Aim of Public Housing Policy:
In 2010, The State Council issued the Notice of The State Council on Resolutely Curbing the Excessively Rapid Rise of Housing prices in Some Cities (translated from Chinese: 国务院关于坚决遏制部分城市房价上涨过快的通知), requiring the construction of government-subsidized housing projects to be accelerated.
Fig. 1.3 Campus Recruitment in Shanghai, 2008
People who have very low income and could benefit from affordable housing/low-rent housing policy
People who do not fit the both two types (e.g. youth who just start working and have no saving)
Policies in China since 1949
Fig. 1.4 The "sandwich layer" (Translated from Chinese: 夹心层 Housing)
15
People who can afford housing by themselves
16
4. Worker's village is a special type of collective housing in Shanghai, which usually built between the 1950s and 1990s, these blocks consist of 4 to 6 stories brick and concrete houses.
Housing Policies in China since 1949
- More than 60% 3 of social housing in Shanghai is supported in this way.
Sources of Public Rental Housing - Shanghai as Example
- The purchase target is generally worker's village 4 in Shanghai.
2. Provid a housingproportionassocial
1. Purchase and convert other secondhand housing as social housing
3. The data come from Shanghai Housing Rental Public Service Platform (https://zfzl.fgj.sh.gov.cn/index.html).
- More than 20% 5 of social housing in Shanghai is supported in this way. This rate is still rising quickly.
5. The data come from Shanghai Housing Rental Public Service Platform (https://zfzl.fgj.sh.gov.cn/index.html).
Housing Policies in China since 1949
17 proportion of commercial social housing
3. Design and build new social housing centrally
18
19
Chapter 2. Case Study and Comparative Analysis
This chapter analyses the source of social housing at the end of the first chapter and two primary sources with four different case studies. In addition, through a series of comparative studies of policies, context, collective living, form and typology to get the spatial conclusion of this particular type of social housing.
20
21
Key second-handpoint: house as social housing sharing space conflict between different groups
Caoyang Yi Cun (Workers' Village)
Case Study 1
2. Unlimited sharing space in groups with vast differences (e.g., locals and migrants worker) usually lead to negative influence.
1. With the increasing mobility of the population in the twenty-first century, the worker's village is not suitable as an ideal housing for migrants (or youth talent).
22
3. The strategy of purchasing other second-hand housing as social housing does not solve the fundamental problem of young people.
Caoyang Yi Cun (Workers' Village)
Caoyang Yi Cun is a typical workers' Village built in the 1950s in Shanghai. Nowadays, the government has bought many second-hand houses as social housing for youth in this community. Caoyang Yi Cun's research could become a projection of youths' social housing projects below.
Introduction
Short Conclusion
Workers' Village is a typical type of spatial sample of socialist cities in Shanghai since 1949. According to research on this type of building, it could realize that the planner's purpose at that time was to build a workers' utopia of collective living, and how this kind of housing gradually becomes buildings unsuitable for modern life.
Caoyang Yi Cun (Workers' Village)
23 cab
a. Caoyang Yi Cun nowadays
b. Caoyang Yi Cun in 1950s
c. Workers moved into the village
Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.3 Restoration of assembly square in Caoyang Yi Cun (1950s)
Fig. 2.2 Restoration of interior and living scenes in Caoyang Yi Cun (1950s)
Caoyang Yi Cun (Workers' Village)
24
Unlimited sharing is the most significant characteristic of the workers' village in space, reflected in the extreme disregard for private space and the extreme attention to public space. From the floor plan (pp. 24-25), it could be seen that the only private space is the bedroom. Neighbours have to share the kitchen, toilet and bathroom. Furthermore, in the planned economy era, Caoyang Yi Cun had banks, schools, hospitals and other public facilities (pp. 22-23).
The Model of Collectivism Life - Unlimited Sharing
25 fca g ed b Fig. 2.4 a. public bathhouse b. convenience shop c. public space for childrend.store e. worker's hospital f. post office g. bank
Fig. 2.5.2 Facade
of housing (Type 1, Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Bedroom 4 Kitchen Toilet 1 Toilet 2 Kitchen Toilet 1 Caoyang Yi Cun (Workers' Village)
26
Fig. 2.5.1
Plan of housing (Type 1, 1952-1960)
South
27
in Caoyang
1952-1960) in Caoyang Yi Cun, by 1952-1960) Yi Cun,
by author Bedroom Bedroom1`Bedroom2` 3` Bedroom 4` Kitchen` Toilet 1` Toilet 2` Kitchen` Toilet 1` Bedroom Bedroom1` 2` Kitchen` Toilet 1` Toilet 2` share privatecirculationspacespace
author 1,
A unit as three families' house, by author family a family a family afamily b family b family c
A unit as one family's house, by author
28
A unit as two families' house, by author
a. occupied backyard b. occupied patio c-d. illegal extension of loft e. chaotic communal kitchens
The ambiguity of property rights causes many conflicts among families living in the same large unit. Especially in the increasing migrant population, the difference in lifestyle between locals and outsiders has highlighted various housing problems such as privacy, security and ownership of space.
The strategy for government to buy second-hand houses in workers' village as social housing is only a temporary solution. The typology of workers' village does not fit the contemporary life of youth migrants.
[Many of them (the migrants) work night shifts and come back late at night to cook and bathe. Furthermore, they have a bunch of friends over for the weekend. The houses here are all from the 1950s, which floors and walls are made of wood. They make a lot of noise up there that we couldn't even go sleep.1]
29 a b dc e
1, 2.
Fig. 2.6
Era - Spatial Mismatch
However, due to the identity of the new residents (youth migrants), it is difficult to develop a sense of community in terms of work and residence. Although sharing the same community space, the communication circles of locals and migrants rarely overlap. In the 21st century, the traditional single stable system of units community structure is being replaced by a more complex and fluid structure, but the new structure has not yet produced positive community integration.
[We used to sleep with the door open, but now there are several break-ins a month in broad daylight. I heard it was all done by people from outside Shanghai. Shanghainese don't do it (steal).2] The interview come from From Model Community to Monumental Site: a Workers' Village through History, Yang Chen.
30
31
Tiandong Jiayuan
Case Study 2
developmentpoint: mode typical open-closedunits comparison
Key
Kindergarten
Hospital
32
The apartment rent is 10-20% lower 3 than other nearby apartments in the rental market. This support comes from the government fund. The apartment is furnished, which makes tenants live without any preparation.
Caoxi
Form: slab building
RentForm:Type:Build
Build time: 2004
Type: apartment
Rent price: 90 rmb/m2
Jiayuan is positioned as a talent apartment, which provides housing for the imported talents of critical companies (middle management and young talents in biomedical, scientific and technological development and financial enterprises) in the Xuhui District with better living conditions and lower prices.
Jinhen Apartment
3. This data comes from survey by author in 2021.
Tiandong Jiayuan
Tiandong Jiayuan is the first public rental housing project in Xuhui District, Shanghai. As a pilot project, the project is a 15-storey slab building. The purpose is to test the feasibility of building social housing for young people who work in TiandongShanghai.
Jiaxin Apartment
Build time: 1980
Hongrun Huayuan
workers
Form:
Build time: 2004
SupermarketMarketMiddleSchool
Type: RentForm:apartmentslabbuildingprice:93rmb/m2
Form: slab building Rent price: 63-80 rmb/m2
slab building price: 88 rmb/m2
33
talent
Type: RentForm:apartmentslabbuildingprice:80rmb/m2
Caoxi Yi Cun
Type: village
Build time: 1999
Type: apartment
Tiandong Jiayuan
Tiandong Jiayuan
Build time: 2011
Huizhong Public Rental Housing Operation Co., LTD, Xuhui District, Shanghai (Translated from Chinese: 上海徐汇惠众公共租赁住房运营有限公司)
4. State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (Translated from Chinese: 国有资产监督管理委员会) is responsible for the supervision and administration of soes (state-owned enterprises) in China, most of soes' major decision are subject to its approval.
Huicheng Group (Translated from Chinese: 汇成集团有限公司)
Huizhonge.g. Public Rental Housing Operation Co., LTD
-Controlled by State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission1, Shanghai
Tiandong Jiayuan
34
Huichenge.g. Group
-One of the first public rental housing operation agency established by Xuhui District government
-A wholly state-owned construction enterprise which has 1400 staffs
The Bureau of Housing Security and Housing Management, Xuhui District, Shanghai (Translated from Chinese: 上海徐汇区住房保障和房屋管理局)
apply
ContractorDeveloperOperator
Contractor deliver delegate delegate individualbyapply enterpriseby Operator People'se.g. State-ownedGovernment;AssetsSupervision and Administration Commission; The Bureau of Housing Security and Housing Management
Fig. 2.7 The system of the develpment mode
Government Agency Applicant
-Controlled by State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, Shanghai 4
Government-led Development Mode
-Government agencies -Implementer of Shanghai's public housing policy
a. birdview of the building b. house-picking c. furnished house Tiandong
Fig. 2.8 Jiayuan
35 cba
One-bedroom Unit
The typical units in Tiandong Jiayuan are mainly small (one-bedroom units and two-bedroom units) because the target users are generally unmarried or single youth. Large units are not practical.
36
Fig. 2.9.1 floor plan 1:100, by author
Price: 3500 rmb/month (63 rmb/per m2)
Tiandong Jiayuan
Tiandong Jiayuan
Quantity: 78 units (62.9%)
Area: ~56m2
田田田田
Typical Units
Area: ~68m2
田田田田
Jiayuan
37
Fig. 2.9.2 floor plan 1:100, by author
Two-bedroom Unit
Quantity: 46 units (37.1%)
Price: 5500 rmb/month (80 rmb/per m2)
Tiandong Jiayuan
38
Fig. 2.10 floor plan 1:200,
Tiandong Jiayuan
Plan of Tiandong Jiayuan
39 N share privatecirculationspacespace 1:200, by author Tiandong Jiayuan
40 A3 1:200
Fig. 2.11 floor plan 1:200,
A General Apartment in Shanghai as Contrasting Example
Tiandong Jiayuan
Tiandong Jiayuan
41 N1:200, by author
privatecirculationspace
Bedroom 1 Bedroom 1
Dining Room Kitchen Living
2 Dining Room Kitchen Bedroom 2 Dining Room Kitchen Living
Bedroom Room Office
Bedroom Room
1 Living
Bedroom Office Room
42
A High-class Residence Building in Shanghai as Contrasting Example
A3 1:200
Home
Fig. 2.12 floor plan 1:200,
Tiandong Jiayuan
2 Home
Home Office
Bedroom 2 Home Office
Bedroom 1 Living Room
Tiandong Jiayuan
Dining Room Kitchen
N1:200, by author
privatecirculationspace
Home Office Bedroom 1 Bedroom 1
Bedroom 2
Bedroom 1 Living Room
Bedroom 2 Dining Room Kitchen Bedroom 2
Living Room Home Office
Home Office Bedroom 1 Bedroom 1
Dining Room Kitchen Bedroom 2
Bedroom 2 Home Office
43
Dining Room Kitchen Living Room Home Office
Dining Room Kitchen Living Room
Dining Room Kitchen Living Room
- Share corridor
- Share activity space (outside)
44 Open
- Share kitchen/toiletCaoyangYi Cun Tiandong Jiayuan
- Share corridor - Share activity space
Tiandong Jiayuan
If the above cases are compared and analyzed, it can be clearly found that the openness of several typologies is different.
Caoyang Yi Cun is the most open (pp. 24-27), with neighbours sharing almost everything except bedrooms, including kitchens, toilets, bathrooms, circulation and public facilities in the broader community. Tiandong Jiayuan (or social housing since 2010) has also retained some public attributes (pp. 38-39), with residents sharing circulation and activity rooms (with no apparent function). Although general apartments in Shanghai (pp. 40-41) have a similar form of circulation to Tiandong Jiayuan, that is in terms of construction cost. Therefore, it could be seen that residents own their independent circulation in the higher-level apartment, which has more budget (pp. 42-43).
Open - closed Comparison
Living Room
Bedroom 1
Bedroom 1
Home Office Dining Room Kitchen
Bedroom 1
Bedroom
Tiandong Jiayuan
Home Office
Dining Room Closed
Home Office
- Share corridor
Bedroom 2 Dining Room Kitchen 2
General Apartment High-class Residence Building
Living Room Bedroom 2
45
46
47 Longnan Garden Estate Key layerscorridorpoint:buildingofpublic-private relation orientation and lighting open space and sharing space Case Study 3
Longnan Garden time:time:
48
Estate is a social housing project that accommodates 3,000 residents with 2021 units for youth talents to work in this area. With the support of government policy, its rent is 10%-20% lower than nearby apartments 5. Its residents are mainly from high-tech enterprises in the area, such as Tencent Technology (Shanghai), SenseTime Group, China (AVIC) Aeronautical Radio Electronics Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated with Fudan University 6 5. This data comes from survey by author in 2021. 6. The information come from Shanghai Housing Rental Public Service Platform (https://zfzl.fgj.sh.gov.cn/index.html). Die Jia YuanYi Cui Yuan Build
2000 Type: RentForm:apartmentslabbuildingprice:83rmb/m2 Build
1999 Type: RentForm:apartmentslabbuildingprice:78rmb/m2 Supermarket Longnan RentForm:Type:Build Longnan Garden
Form: slab building Rent price: 76 rmb/m2
HuangpuRiver MarketMall
Type: workers village
Build time: 1999 Type: RentForm:apartmentslabbuildingprice:78rmb/m2 Trails
Longnan Garden
Longnan Garden Longnan San Si Cun
Bingjiang Xiaoqu
Form: corridor building Rent price: 57-72 rmb/m2
Type: workers village
Build time: 1994
49
Form: slab building price: 76 rmb/m2
Riverside
Build time: 2017
Type: social housing
Longnan Wu Cun
Build time: 1994
Fig. 2.13 Masterplan of Longnan Garden 1:2000, by author
Corridor design was wildly used in Longnan Garden as a strategy to increase plot ratio and reduce construction cost. The corridor building also brings more potential to the open space in the middle of the building. In addition to these potential benefits, such typologies also raise concerns such as privacy (pp. 54-59), security (pp. 62) and lack of sunlight (pp. 58-61) for residents. These questions will be analyzed below.
Longnan Garden
Building Form - Corridor Building
50 N
51 Landscape Public space Roof garden Bridge Stairs Longnan Garden
Location: Building 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Area: ~48m2
52
Location: Building 5
Price: 2000 rmb/month (57 rmb/per m2)
Price: 3500 rmb/month (72 rmb/per m2)
Typical Units
① ③ ⑤ Longnan Garden Fig. 2.14 Four types of units of Longnan Garden
Bachelor QuartersOne-bedroom(loft) Unit
Quantity: 804 units (39.7%)
Quantity: 420 units (20.8%)
Area: ~35m2
Price: 1800 rmb/month (57 rmb/per m2)
Garden 龙龙龙龙
Single Quarters
Location: Building 2, 4 Quantity: 320 units (15.8%)
Area: 58~64m2
Area: ~30m2
Price: 4500 rmb/month (72 rmb/per m2)
Longnan Garden
Two-bedroom Unit
Location: Building 7 Quantity: 477 units (23.6%)
Longnan
53 Residential Commercialbuildingbuilding ④ ⑥ ⑦ ②
1.
Fig. 2.14.1 Axonometric of single quarters, by author
Longnan Garden
Privacy issues are solved with different layers of each unit. The bedroom which need most privacy is put in the third layer of unit. Kitchen and toilet is put in the second layer, which become the transition between the corridor outside and the bedroom inside. Bedroom2. Toilet
1. PrivacyCorridorlevel4321 3.
2.
54
Layers of Public-private Relation Corridor Toilet Bedroom
3.
55 1. Corridor 4. Bedroom 2. Kitchen 3. Toilet/Dining room Fig. 2.14.2 Axonometric of single quarters (loft), by author 1. PrivacyCorridorlevel4321 3. Toilet/Dining room2. Kitchen 4. Bedroom Longnan Garden
56 Fig. 2.14.3 Axonometric of one-bedroom unit, by author 1. Corridor 2. Kitchen 4. Bedroom 3. Toilet 1. PrivacyCorridorlevel4321 3. Toilet2. Kitchen 4. Bedroom Longnan Garden
57 Fig. 2.14.4 Axonometric of two-bedroom unit, by author 1. Corridor 2. Kitchen/Toilet 3. Bedroom 1, 2 1. PrivacyCorridorlevel4321 3. Bedroom2. Kitchen/Toilet Longnan Garden
If we compare the examples of Longnan Garden (case study 3) and Tiandong Jiayuan (case study 2), it can be found that they both have a laundry room facing south in each unit. It comes from the living habits of the Chinese - people believe drying the clothes with sunlight could kill the bacteria on them. At the same time, people want more sunlight in the bedroom, too.
NFig. 2.15.1 part floorplan of Tiandong Jiayuan 1:400, by author
secondary bedroom
Corridor
58
Privacy Issues and Sunlight Issues
It could be seen that the secondary bedroom of Tiandong Jiayuan's unit faces the corridor, which will bring privacy issues for residents.
laundry room (dry the clothes with sunlight)
Longnan Garden
Fig. 2.15.2 part second floorplan of Longnan Garden 1:400, by author Corridor laundry room (dry the clothes with sunlight)
59 N
Longnan Garden
Longnan Garden
Orientation and Lighting
Sunlight
Fig. 2.16 part of second floorplan of Longnan Garden 1:400, by author
Corridor N
60
61
Sunlight
Chinese living habits led to the unique corridor design in Longnan Garden. All the corridors face the north, giving residents more possibility on the north side to get sunlight in the bedroom and laundry room.
General corridor building Longnan Garden
Corridor
Longnan Garden
Longnan Garden
In the field visit to Longnan Garden, the truth is that although each unit has its laundry room on the south side, residents still wildly use the corridor out of their door for diverse activities such as drying clothes and sundry. Two conclusions could be gained from this finding:
3. The efficiency of the laundry room is low. Its relationship with the bedroom should be redesigned.
Fig. 2.17 residents use corridor in front of their unit as their own space
62
1. The corridor has the potential to host more functions and activities.
Corridor as the Extension of House
2. Security issues such as theft were not considered a serious concern by the residents. It is understandable given that the people living in Longnan Garden have a similar background (highly educated, middle-income youth talent).
63 Longnan Garden
Fig. 2.18.1 Separated Laundry and Bedroom Laundry Bedroom
Longnan Garden
Reorganize the relation of laundry
64
and
Connect
laundry room and bedroom
BedroomLaundry
Longnan Garden
65
Fig. 2.18.2 Laundry Bedroom
Interviews with residents:
Sharing space 2 (pp. 68-69):
- Residents leave their items in the corridor (pp. 62-63), which shows they do not think there is a risk of theft.
Efficiency Analysis of Sharing/Open Space
3. Residents do not have a clear boundary between public and private spaces (pp. 67, Image c).
1.Conclusion:Ascorridor buildings, residents do not think their safety and privacy are in question in Longnan Garden.
- "The quality of residents here is high. I do not think there will be someone stealing my stuff." (pp. 67, Fig. 2.19).
The time of the field visit is the morning and noon of 13 November 2021 (Saturday). Different times may lead to different results observed in using open space. The author will use a series of pictures and communication with residents to get the conclusion.
2. The use of open space in the building is weak.
4. The high-quality landscape and public space outside cause this the centre of the whole area.
The interview includes online interviews with six typical residents (high educated youths who work in nearby companies, three males and three females, three of them are single, one has a girlfriend and two have boyfriend, and none of the interviewees is married) in Longnan Garden and a few interviews during the field visit.
7. China Communist Party branch (Translated from Chinese: 中国共产党党支部) is a grass-roots management organization in China. According to the constitution of the Communist Party of China, "a party branch should be set up if a unit has more than three party members" (Article 29 of the Party Constitution). There is usually a party branch in every street in Chinese cities.
66
Field visit:
Sharing space 3 (pp. 68-69);
- The residents in Longnan Garden usually do not use these spaces. They have no time and prefer to stay home (pp. 67, Fig. 2.19).
This research is based on a field visit and online interview with residents. The use of sharing space is a complex question. Due to the data sample and the diversity of residents, accurate survey results cannot be obtained. The following conclusions are only preliminary based on available sample sizes and photographs from field visits.
Sharing space 1 (pp. 68-69):
- The neighbourhood residents (mostly the elders and their grandsons) come here for a walk (pp. 67, Fig. 2.20-Image d).
- The space is empty. Some of it is used as a place to dry clothes and pile up sundries.
- Some have a simple function (cafe, laundry), while most are empty (pp. 67, Fig. 2.20-Image b).
Longnan Garden
- The space was used as the China Communist Party branch 1 and community management centre, which do not open on the normal day (pp. 67, Fig. 2.20-Image a).
Fig. 2.20 Photographs from the Field Visit
1 (per month)
3333333233DCBEF
1 (per month)
0 (per month)
bca d a. functional space in the ground floor c. China Communist Party branch in the first floor b. hanging clothes in open space of the second floor d. most of people in the public space are olds with kids
IntervieweeA
Degree: 1. very 2. to some extent 3. not at all Frequency is calculated as the average number of times per month
3 3 2 (per month)
0 (per month)
0 (per month)
Is privacy an issue to live here
Frequency of sharing space usage (pp. 66-69, sharing space 1, 2, 3)
67
Longnan Garden
Is security an issue to live here
Fig. 2.19 Short Conclusion of the Interview
Community Service Room
68 Lobby
Fig. 2.21 ground floor plan Longnan Garden
sharing space 2 (ground floor)
1m 3m 8m N
sharing privatecirculationspacespace
plan 1:200, by author
Longnan Garden
69 Lobby
sharing space 1 (ground floor)
Lobby
Lobby
70 Longnan Garden Fig. 2.22 second floor plan
71
privatecorridorbridgespace
Longnan Garden Nplan 1:200, by author
1m 3m 8m
Community Service Room Lobby public space
sharing space 3 (the second floor)
Community Service Room
72
73 Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project Key developmentpoint: mode corridor openorientationbuildingandlightingspaceandsharing space Case Study 4
8. Lin-gang Special Area of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone is one of Shanghai's most important plans since 2018, with the aim of building a free trade zone that gathers high-tech industries and high-level talents.
2. At the same plot ratio, the form of courtyard has more complete public space than the determinant housing, which give it more potential.
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project
Short Conclusion:
74
1. Using public housing as a mean of developing new areas and attract talents. Build GovernmentEnterprises cooperation.
Main city of Shanghai
The target users of the project are young people with high income and good educational backgrounds and also their families. Due to the project’s large scale, the designer considered different types of family structures, including unmarried people, couples and families who have
Lingangchildren.Price-fixed Housing Project
75
Lingang
Project is a social housing project located at Lin-gang Special Area of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone 8 in Shanghai. The Price-fixed Housing project in Lin Gang was designed for people who work for the companies registered in the district and to improve the investment environment of Lin Gang New City.
Lin-gang Special Area of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone
LingangHousingPrice-fixedProject70kmPrice-fixedHousing
76
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project
Building Form - Corridor Building
NFig. 2.23 enclosed form of the project
NFig. 2.24 typical floorplan of #8, #9 buildings
77
The project uses the same strategy as Longnan Garden (case study 3) - set the corridor north of the building to increase the space face to the south for all residents.
privatecorridorspace
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project
Open Space Comparison
78
Fig. 2.25 At the same plot ratio, the form of courtyard has more complete public space than the slab residence, by author
the open space of slab residence the open space of corridor residence
The courtyard of the corridor building is used as a concentrated landscape and open space (pp. 79, Image a). However, it is difficult to draw accurate conclusions due to insufficient information. It could be seen that the building part of the ground floor is still standard living units (pp. 79, Image c). It may raise worried about the use of open
on the research on Longnan Garden (pp. 66-67), the space that does not have a clear function is hard to attract youth to go there.
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project
Basedspace.
79 Fig. 2.26 acb
80
81 Comparative Analysis 5.
Bedroom 2 Office
General Apartment (pp. 40-41)
Caoyang Yi Cun (pp. 26-28)
space Stairs/Elevator InteractionCirculation
Residentsother.have
Comparative Analysis
High-class Residence Building (pp. 42-43)
Home
use the kitchen, toilet and bathroom in sharing space, which is mandatory because of the original spatial layout. This typology has failed in contemporary.
their circulation. People had little chance to see their neighbours, and interaction was almost nonNeighboursexistent.
82
Dining Room Kitchen
1. Circulation and Interaction
Units Sharing
Residents share the corridor as circulation. However, this is considered from the cost, and residents do not interact with each
It has a similar typology to the general apartment in China. The only difference is that sharing spaces are set in the building. However, few residents use these rooms.
It has similar typology with Longnan Garden, while sharing space is removed.
Tiandong Jiayuan (pp. 38-39)
Although they are corridor buildings, the numerous elevators and stairs make the circulation relatively independent. Sharing spaces are set on the ground floor and the second floor, with the same question of use efficiency. On the other hand, because the corridor is wider (1.3m-1.7m), it becomes space for weak interaction for neighbours (pp. 60-61).
Longnan Garden (pp. 66-71)
83
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project (pp. 77)
Comparative Analysis
9. However, based on the above survey, the efficiency of shared space is very low. It can be considered nonexistent.
2. Unit, Floor, Community, Society and Functional Space General Apartment
Comparative Analysis
84 community floor individuals
complex function (bank, hospital, etc...) kitchen, bathroom, laundry sharing space (activity room, etc...) gray space open space (landscape, etc...) bedroom
Caoyang Yi Cun
floorsociety
Longnan Garden Tiandong Jiayuan
85 communitycommunitycommunityfloorfloorfloorsocietysocietysociety individualsindividualsindividuals1 9
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project
communityindividuals
Social Housing Comparative Analysis
Apartment (or "Xiaoqu")
86
87 Chapter Historical3. and Structural Analysis
1. Inheritance, Development, and Evolution
Workers' village in the era of planned economy - socialist utopia
Stage1. Welfare-oriented public housing distribution system under the era of planned economy (pp. 12)
Stage2. Affordable housing and low-rent housing system under the era of market economy (pp. 13)
Commercial residential
The construction of Caoyang Yi Cun finished
1. The data come from Compilation Committee of Shanghai Housing Construction Records, 1998, pp. 332-360.
88
The first phase of Caoyang Yi Cun construction began
Historical and Structural Analysis
After the reform and replaced the status most critical housing make it harder for
Stage3. Public rental housing policy as the supplement of affordable housing policy (pp. 14)
The first commercial xiaoqu completed in China
1949 1952 1978 1979
From 1952 to 1995, the workers' village was one of Shanghai's most important residential types. From 1952 to 1995, 442 workers' villages were built, with a total floor area of 34.97 million square meters 1 . In the planned economy era, the typology of workers' new villages aims to establish a "new age" ethic and ideal housing model. Workers construct a socialist utopia by working together and sharing spaces (such as kitchens, toilets and bathrooms).
Since the attempt to provide workers' villages to youth has not been successful, the government has invested in building concentrated social housing to attract youth talents. This typology was developed by commercial residential buildings and also modified for cost, target residents and living conditions. This typology is still in the exploratory stage.
Social housing as the short-term substitute of commercial residential building
Welfare-oriented Public Housing Distribution System was dissolved
The construction of works' village finished in Shanghai
Longnan Garden completed
89
residential building after reform and opening up
19981995 2010 2011 2017 2020
After the welfare-oriented public housing distribution system dissolved, the typology of the workers' village virtually failed. The workers' villages were seen as low-class housing in the city and were rented out to immigrants. However, they are not considered ideal housing.
Workers' village in the era of market economy - dilapidated old house
Tiandong Jiayuan completed
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project completed
and opening up, commercial residential buildings (real estate) quickly status of workers' villages and state-owned dormitories and became the housing type for contemporary Chinese. However, rising housing prices young people to buy new commercial apartments.
Caoyang Yi Cun General Apartment / Residential residents only residents + outsiders the boundary
2. Boundary and the Relationship with City
As commercial residential buildings, China are considered important almost all xiaoqu are equipped as the boundary. This enclosed have developed from the "danwei" The enclosed boundary forms separates it from the city as a whole.
The boundary of the workers' village shows the government's aim to establish ideal living standards in the planned economy era. On a blank land, ideal households are built, and ideal residents are selected to establish a new paradigm of life - the socialist utopia. This enclosed life kept residents from leaving the walls of the workers' village. The whole area is defined by the boundary like a closed village system that can be selfsufficient. Analysis
90
Historical and Structural
91
Historical and Structural Analysis
buildings, general apartments in important private property. As a result, with external walls and guards form can also be considered to "danwei" of the planned economy era. an introverted community and whole.
Longnan Garden
Residential Compounds
Although Longnan Garden also has exterior walls and guards just as general apartment, it is more a typology of development inertia, which does not have essential needs. Outsiders can quickly enter the community and use its landscape and public spaces (pp. 66-67). Because the government invests in social housing, its residents are more inclusive. The actual boundary is the residential buildings themselves.
92
Chapter 4.
Design Exercise
Therefore, the design connections are more similar to policy, spatial organization, phenomenon and reflective thinking and development of the above cases. Rather than copying exactly the typology shown in the case, because the typology of the case is immature, too.
93
This part will show the application of the conclusions obtained through analysis in the previous chapter to specific design. Since the cases are clustered in Shanghai, which has different social contexts from Barcelona, some conclusions in the Shanghai context will not apply.
Nearby with a university campus, research institute and high-tech enterprises, which need a large number of high-educated talents. The Site Site: The Citadel park in BarcelonaParlament deCitadelCatalunyaPark RogerInstitutCampusUniversitat Design Exercise
In the centre area of Barcelona
94
-
-
Port Olímpic Barcelona
CAP Vila Olímpica
Design Exercise
95
Universitat Pompeu Fabra Campus de la Ciutadella Institut FP Sanitària de Llúria
Design Exercise
Enterprises, Univerisity and Institution Local Government
96 1. Macro Strategy - Government-Enterprises
Support customized social housing
According to the research of Tiandong Jiayuan (pp. 32-33). The government-led social housing project could decrease the housing pressure on high-educated youth. According to support for cheaper but better public housing for youth who work in the nearby institution and companies such as the University of Pompeu Fabra and CAP Vila Olímpica, the region will become more attractive to young talent, which makes it becomes easier for these institutions to recruit the talent they need. The cooperation between government and enterprises could improve the local economy and community vitality.
Attract talent to work here Government-Enterprisescooperation
YouthCooperationTalents
accumulation / get promoted / get married
about 5 years livingtransition time
no property / freshman in work move out
Design Exercise
During the living times, they could save money because of the low rent price and build a social relationship with the people in the area, which builds a connection with them and the whole area. When they get promoted or prepare to get married, as time passes by, they would move out of the community.
univerisitysociety
youth talentsabout 20-25 years old
Length of Residence
the apartment as the transitory stage
The project is considered a temporary residence for youth who work in this area. They can move into these furnished living units without any preparation.
97
about 25-30 years old
Design Exercise
Social Housing (pp. 84-85)
Barcelona Project
98
2. Boundary and the Relationship with City
residents only residents + outsiders the boundary
As can be seen from the comparative study above (pp. 91), this type of social housing has a relatively open relationship with society. Therefore, the outer wall is removed. In the Barcelona design, the boundary is set on the ground floor. In addition, the ground floor is opened up and becomes part of the city.
andServicesecurity point Floor
99 the entrance of residents A3 1:500 Ground plan
the Ground
Plan the Entrance Design Exercise
Warehouse Check
Landscape
Since the project's ground floor has been open to the public, a series of functional spaces have been placed on the ground floor. Spaces replace the sharing spaces in social housing (pp. 85) with precise functions, and the difference is that they serve not only the residents but also the people out of the community.
This strategy further strengthens the bonds between the residents, community and society, but the integrity of the community is ensured by the presence of boundaries (pp. 99).
100
Design Exercise
Bookstore Store
3. Functional Space as Part of the City
Barber
Design Exercise
101 Cafe
Fast Food Restaurant
Barcelona
102 communityfloorpublic individuals
functional space (store, cafe, etc...) kitchen, bathroom, laundry share space (activity room, etc...) gray space open space (landscape, functional, ...) bedroom
Social Housing public / community floor individuals Project
Design Exercise
As mentioned above (pp. 62-63), the corridor is a crucial element in Longnan Garden. It has potential for semi-open activities, for example, hanging clothes, growing flowers, putting shoes and even having moderate and short interaction with their neighbour. The project attempts to dig the potential of the space and give it more possibility.
103
Design Exercise
4. Elements, Units and Form
104 321 321 21 3 3
Units
Design Exercise
One-bedroom Unit, the Cooperation
According to the research above (pp. 54-57), the unit is divided into three layers with different privacy. Their privacy is progressively higher. In addition, the expanded corridor (1) and kitchen (2) have the potential for more interaction. Furthermore, the unit also offers potential for cooperation between neighbours, which is modest and optional.
One-bedroom Unit
Two-bedrooms Unit, Floor 2, 5
Two-bedroom units follow the same logic as one-bedroom units. It uses a loft design to guarantee three layers with different privacy. Bedrooms are placed on the mezzanine (floors 3 and 5) to keep privacy. The expanded corridor (1) and kitchen (2) have the potential for more interaction. Furthermore, the unit also offers potential for cooperation between neighbours. This situation is less than it is in a one-bedroom unit.
Two-bedrooms Unit, Floor 4, 7
Design Exercise
Floor 3, 6
Floor 3, 6
105 upup up up up up up up
the project are divided into one-bedroom and two-bedroom units based on the research above (pp. 104-105), and they are organised in it.
Units Stairs/Elevator InteractionCirculation
Design Exercise
Lingang Price-fixed Housing Project
Longnan Garden
According to the research above (pp. 82-83), the design uses the form of a corridor and places the housing units in the corridor in a linear way to maximise space efficiency. Since the project is located in Barcelona, some conclusions based on the Chinese context are not applicable (pp. Units60-61).in
106 Form
107 Design Exercise
108 A3 1:500 N
4. Architectural Drawing
the Ground Design Exercise
109 1:500 Ground plan Ground Floor Plan 1:500 functionalcirculationspace
110 A3 1:500 N the 2nd, 5th Design Exercise
111 1:500 Second plan 5th Floor Plan 1:500 privatecirculationspacebalcony Design Exercise
112 A3 1:500 N the 3rd, 6th Design Exercise
113 1:500 Third plan 6th Floor Plan 1:500 privatecirculationspacebalcony Design Exercise
TheCitadelPark
the 4th, 7th Design Exercise
114 A3 1:500 N
115 1:500 Forth plan privatecirculationspacebalcony Floor Plan 1:500 TheLandscapeNearby Design Exercise
116 4
1 1 3 2 432
Design Exercise
Design Exercise
Unlike their parents, Chinese youth who did not experience the collective living of the planned economy show individualistic tendencies after leaving university in the 2000s. At the stage of transformation from students in university to humans in society, they are separated from the original collective. The youths are in the process of joining a new collective (this collective may be their company, family, and friends, rather than the collective of the temporary social housing), making them more similar to atomized individuals. Therefore, the public activities in such social housing are restrained and moderate in design.
On the other hand, this typology of social housing was conceived as a temporary dwelling from the beginning of design. In the case of Longnan Garden, the designer even considered the possibility of converting social housing into other types of buildings after 20 years.
Thus, social housing is considered by designers, managers and residents as a transient living machine designed to help the residents through a crisis state in their life (i.e. the transition from student to social person). In Michelle Foucault's Of Other Spaces, social housing can be regarded as a crisis heterotopia. This machine (the housing project) aims to build bonds between these youths and society rather than collective bonds within the transient collective.
Conclusion: Atomized Individual and the Architecture as Machine
122
123 individuallivingcellkitchendiningsalon = corridorbathingclublandscapeservicefunction
Evans Robin, Translations from drawing to building and other essays,(Architectural Assiociation,1978).
Fulong Wu, Packaging a New Way of Urban Life: Gated Communities and Chinese New Urbanism. (Cardiff: Cardiff University Paper, 2006).
Foucault Michelle, Of Other Space, (1986).
Chen Yang, From Model Community to Monumental Site: a Workers’ Village through History. (Shanghai: Tongji University Press, 2019).
Clarence Perry, The Neighborhood Unit, a Scheme for Arrangement for the Family-Life Community. (1929).
Bibliography
Jacoby Sam, Drawing Architecture and the Urban, (London, John Wiley ＆ Sons Ltd, 2016).
Zao Zhang, Stories of Longnan Social Housing - a Public Rental Housing Project and Its Designer’s Manifesto and Daily Life, Architectural Journal ,5(2017), (China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, 2017).
Teige Karel, The Minimum Dwelling, trans. Eric Dluhosch (The MIT Press, 2002).
124
Dieter Hassenpflug, the Urban Code of China, trans. Mark Kammerbauer (Basel: Birkhäuser GmbH, 2010).
125
The End