Embrace the water Hanzhong Luo INDS 470 Professor Scott Full 2020
PHASE 1
04-23
PHASE 2
24-33
PHASE 3
34-47
PHASE 4
48-63
Contents
2
DISCOVERY
USER-CENTERED RESEARCH SYNTHESIS
PHASE 3: PROGRAMMING & SITE/ BUILDING ANALYSIS
PHASE 4: CONCEPT IDEATION & SCHEMATICS 3
4
PHASE 1: DISCOVERY
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CITY OF WATER
Industries
Manufacturing industries The main manufacturing industries include the production of electronic equipment, automobile assembly, food and beverage processing, metal processing, and paint and soap production. The textile, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries are also economically important. There is also fisheries.
Entertainment industry
Because the city is divided by rivers, boats, cars, and motorcycles are their common means of transportation.
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Lagos is famous throughout Africa for its music scene. Lagos has a vibrant nightlife and has given birth to a variety of styles such as Sakara music, Nigerian hip hop, highlife, juju, fuji, Afrobeat, and Afrobeats. Lagos is the centre of the Nigerian movie industry, often referred to as 'Nollywood'. Idumota market on Lagos Island is the primary distribution centre. Many films are shot in the Festac area of Lagos, where the World Festival of Black Arts was held.
Lagos Problem 7
Sea Level Rise
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Half of Lagos is at an altitude of 2 meters.
Poor citizens are constantly migrating towards the sea.
Most scientists predict that the sea level will rise by 1 meter in the next 50 years or so. Speaking at the launch this week of a Nigerian documentary on climate change, Cramer said'In 50 years with a one-meter sea-level rise, two million, three million people would be homeless ... By the end of the century we would have two meters and by that stage, Lagos is gone as we know it' In 2100, Lagos will be almost below sea level, and the most affected should be the poor near the sea. In Lagos, about 3.7 million people live on land at risk from multi-century sea-level rise locked-in after a rise of 4 degrees Celsius, compared to roughly 2.2 million after warming of 2 degrees Celsius. Africa’s largest city, Lagos is also the one most vulnerable to sea-level rise. As Lagos faces the prospect of a flooded future, it must also deal with its present problems, including air pollution and difficulties in supplying energy to its growing population. The city is seeking a solution to both problems by pursuing renewable energy sources like solar power. Ultimately, this strategy may help alleviate the longer-term challenge posed by climate change and sealevel rise.
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Poverty
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Economic Lagos City is Nigeria’s main economic focal point, accounting for approximately 10% of the country’s GDP. Lagos is also the main information communication and telecommunications (ICT) hub in West Africa and may be the largest ICT market on the African continent. In some areas of Lagos, residents have one of the highest living standards in Nigeria and Africa. At the same time, a large proportion of residents live in slums and have no access to running water and sanitation facilities.
Although Lagos is 6 maga caty, the gap between rich and poor is huge in Lagos. The upper area is the poor, the lower area is the rich.
Life pressure From the chart, we can see that the urban population is almost saturated, and the population is still highly developed. The ratio of men to women is even, and the death rate is declining.This leads to housing pressure for many people. 69% of urban residents in the country live in slums, and there is a housing shortage of nearly 18 million units. According to data from the World Bank, Lagos cost $50,000 to build a threebedroom house A standard three-bedroom apartment in urban areas currently rents for US$5,000 per year and purchases for US$100,000. Only about 40% of households can afford the cheapest new home ($16,351)
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population
12
Goals
Lack of education
Sea-level rise
poverty
Idea mapping
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History & Background
In Lagos, the main religions are divided into Christianity and Muslim religion. Among them, Christianity accounts for 77.78%, while Muslims account for 22.22%.
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Name Lagos means "lake" in Portuguese. Another Portuguese name for the city is Onim, which was eventually replaced by Lagos.
Slave trade Lagos was the largest slave trade center until 1841 until Oba Akitoye ascended to the throne of Lagos and tried to prohibit the slave trade.
1855
Annex Britain annexed Lagos as a colony in 1861. Picture is the Annex Office Building in Lagos.
1912
independent Lagos became independent from Nigeria in 1960.
capital Lagos was the capital of Nigeria from 1914 to 1991 and was later replaced by the planned city of Abuja (built for this purpose) as the Federal Capital Territory.
Now
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Case study
"Sustainable floating city" designed in collaboration with the architecture firm Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) and other partners.
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National Theatre in Lagos The National Arts Theatre is the primary centre for the performing arts in Nigeria. The monument is located in Iganmu, Surulere, Lagos. Its construction was completed in 1976 in preparation for the Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) in 1977. The collection of National Gallery of Modern Nigerian Art is housed in a section of this building. Construction of The National Arts Theatre was started by the military regime of General Yakubu Gowon and completed during the military regime of Olusegun Obasanjo. Its exterior is shaped like a military hat. It has a 5,000-seater Main Hall with a collapsible stage, and two capacity cinema halls, all of which are equipped with facilities for simultaneous translation of 8 languages; among others. The National Arts Theatre was designed and constructed by Bulgarian construction company (Techno Exporstroy ) Alhaji Sule Katagum was a co owner and also their Chairman. it resembles the Palace of Culture and Sports in Varna, Bulgaria (completed in 1968), the National Arts Theatre Lagos being the bigger of the two.
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In 2007, entrepreneur Marc Collins Chen became the minister of tourism in his native French Polynesia. One of his first tasks was to assess whether sea level rise was a threat to the group of 118 islands, located in the South Pacific. He quickly learned that one-third of all of the French Polynesian islands would be submerged by either 2035 or 2050–depending on which scientist you spoke to.
To respond to the coming crisis, Chen (who served as minister of tourism for a year) wants to build groups of floating islands that would be able to act as new human settlements not only for French Polynesia, but for the countless other islands that will suffer a similar fate–as well as the many global cities that are located on the coast. An estimated 2.4 billion people–40% of the world’s population–live in a coastal region and will likely be impacted by rising sea levels as a result of climate change. In late 2018, Chen started a company called Oceanix that is aimed at building the off-shore urban infrastructure that will help people weather the problems of rising seas–as well as extreme floods and storms.
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Set the same proportion in the same space, such as 10%plants, 40% accommodation space, 20% commercial space, and 30% public space. Even with continuous expansion, the same ratio can be guaranteed.
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Principles of Flood Control
Building Relocation
Wet Floodproofing
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Dry Floodproofing
Permanent Barrier
Climate Tile to stop flooding
A new type of modular tile promises to help reduce flooding in cities hit by increased rainfall due to climate change. It created by Danish architecture studio Tredje Natur and has been in development since 2014.
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DATA COLLECTION Name • • • • •
Home on the water: embrace water Psychological rehabilitation center Prayer space market Living Space
What are the main issues that could affect the interior experience? • What to do if water enters the room. • Will the flood make people feel shaking indoors? • What material is most suitable?
What are the primary programmatic considerations? • How to prevent the flood from affecting the lives of citizens • How to achieve sustainable development
Who will use it? • Citizens of Lagos • All countries that have been flooded by rising water levels
Who is the client? • Citizens of Lagos
Why do we need this particular space? • Low-income communities • Sea-level rise • The Kiribati country (a country made up of small islands in the Central Pacific) soon became the first country to be completely submerged underwater due to rising sea levels. • Cause flood • Floods are inundating some countries (Lagos)
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What makes the facility innovative? • • • • •
Space for sustainable development Solve the problems faced by low-income communities Use the space on the water. The area of water on the earth is 70% Float
six preliminary goals and objectives • • • • • •
Sustainable Working Release Store Spirit Living
Have you experienced the flood? Yes 6 No 7
After flood, do you want to have a place where you can pray or counsel? Yes 13 No 0
Does the place of residence or company have a safe route prepared in advance? Yes 3 No 10
Whether to reserve household flood rescue equipment? such as wooden basins and other items that can float on the water. Yes 12 No 1
What is the biggest impact of floods on life? Property 5 House collapse 4 Outbreaks and epidemics that cause disease 2 Soil erosion 2
Are there temporary emergency supplies, such as flashlights and life jackets. Yes 12 No 1
Is there any other way to solve this problem? Create a psychological counseling space 4 More contact with nature 3 Relaxing public space 1
Does the family prepare dry food for emergency situations? Yes 9 No 4
Does the government have protective measures or safety education? Yes 13 No 0
What is needed indoors to face the flood? Use wooden furniture 4 Powerful drainage function 4 Able to quickly turn off gas and power 3 Escape quickly from any room 1 Large window 1
If local residents have multiple religious beliefs, should they give up building a church? Yes 7 No 1
What are the characteristics of the interior of a seaside house? Seawater is relatively corrosive, so it is necessary to avoid using iron materials, which are easy to rust. 3 It is best not to use solid wood flooring or bamboo flooring in a large area, which is easy to deform. If floor tiles are laid on the ground, moisture-proof measures should also be taken for the base layer under the floor tiles. 2 To choose easy-to-care, you can choose pure solid wood. 2 furniture. Doors and windows should be windproof and waterproof, with good sound insulation, and should also pay attention to the selection of shockproof functions to prevent typhoon from hitting and glass being scraped. 1
13 Sample 9 Male 4 Female 3rd Oct. 2020
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PHASE 2: USER-CENTERED RESEARCH SYNTHESIS
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Primary User(s): Citizen in Lagos Teacher Student Chef Psychologist Priest nurse Other staff
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Edo Lesson preparation Pick up children Class
27 Teacher Married Nigeria, Lagos Vocational Schools
Every day I will row a boat to pick up the children to school, and it takes about 45 minutes to send each child from home to the classroom. After arriving in the classroom, a daily tuition fee will be charged. Some children pay monthly and some pay daily. Some children who have no money to pay, they will be sent back. after that will give them lessons. After class will be sending them home.
Communicate with parents talk with friends
Save money to expand the school
Sometimes there will be some disputes
Can bathe every day
Children can't go to school when the weather is bad
Teach more students
No income in bad weather
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Ambara Look for work Save money Communicate with peers
23 Construction Worker Single Nigeria, Lagos Vocational Schools
There are many constructions going on in Lagos, but there will be no work if you don’t know how to pay bribes. He said that it is not easy to get his job, and many of his colleagues have yet to find a job. He will be on the construction site every day, from morning to night, he hopes to make more money.
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Purchase materials Decoration
Able to find a job easily
He has no income when he can't get a job
Have one's own house
No fixed place to live
open a building materials store
Too much competition
Ibbotson prepare food talk with friends Go out to sell food
38 Street vendor Married with kid Nigeria, Lagos primary schools
Street vendors will not come out in the morning because Task Force people will arrest them. They will sell things outside at noon. On Sunday, she will take her family to church. His child is 7 years old this year, and sometimes I can help him a little bit, which will make her very happy.
Play with kids go to church
Will not encounter Task Force people
Food confiscated
Children can continue to school
No income in bad weather
Open a restaurant
Parents need care
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Elo Looking for guests Pick up guests Save money
17 Motorcycle taxi driver Single Nigeria, Lagos Secondary Schools
It came from the village. When he became an adult, her mother asked him to make money, so he came to Lagos. He can do some groceries in Lagos, he saved money to buy a motorcycle and became a motorcycle taxi driver. He said his occupation is very dangerous, There are many cars, so people are often injured.
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Fuel the motorcycle Talk with friends
Save money to buy a car
Motorcycle accident rate is high
Send money to mom
No income in bad weather
Own house
No fixed place to live
Norr Pick up trash Sell money Chat with family
45 Scavengers Married with kid Nigeria, Lagos primary schools
His daily work is picking up rubbish, they will find some recyclable rubbish in it, and then sell it. There are many people doing this job in this city. Some people pick up the paper, some people pick up metal, some people pick up plastic or other things. There are many people doing this job in this city. If he can make some money, he will go back and buy water for a bath.
Looking for some chores Take bath water
Can bathe every day
Family financial burden
Make money to keep children studying
Poor health
Found something valuable
Unstable income
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Secondary User(s) With the development of tourism, tourists can also experience the local culture.
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PHASE 3: PROGRAMMING & SITE/ BUILDING ANALYSIS
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Core Value 36
life Area
Home
Food
Faith
Education
Commercial
Movie
Music
Office
Relationship
Chat
Play
Relax
Water Supply
Solar Energy
Green
Recycle
Working Area
Public Area
Sustainable Area
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Building Analysis
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Designd by DOT, Located in Lagos, Nigeria, the building itself is a church. 39
section
Perspective view and structure
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Site Analysis
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Sunpath & Climates
Located near the equator, Lagos has only a slight seasonal temperature variation, with high temperatures ranging from 82.9–91.2 F. Lagos shares the seasons of the Southern Hemisphere, with summer highs in March, daily range 91.2–75.4 F, and warm winters in August, ranging 82.9–71.2 F as the daily average. Lagos experiences a tropical savanna climate. The wet season starts in April and ends in October, while the dry season starts in November and ends in March. The wettest month is June with a precipitation total of 12.42 in, while the driest month is January with a precipitation total of 0.52 in.
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Size of Speace
Occupancy Type
Area Per Person
Unit
Area
User group
# of Staff
Occupancy
Activites
Additional support
Exercise room
S
A-3
50.00
Gross
2750
Staff, Resident
5
50
Provide fitness for residents in need.
ADA
Capsule room
XL
R-2
50.00
Gross
21000
Staff, Resident
20
400
Provide accommodation for residents in need.
Acoustic contral
Public Shower room
S
U
30.00
Gross
3300
Staff, Resident
10
100
The circulatory system provides residents with clean water for bathing.
ADA
Dining hall
L
A-2
200.00
Gross
11000
All
5
50
Fast canteen with balanced nutrition.
ADA
Locker room
M
S-2
50.00
Gross
5250
Resident
5
100
Store personal valuables.
Secured space
Church
M
A-3
50.00
Gross
8500
Staff, Resident
20
150
Provide faith sustenance for residents.
ADA
Classroom
S
A-4
20.00
Net
3100
Staff, Student
5
150
Educational space for students.
ADA
Library
M
A-3
50.00
Net
7750
Staff, Resident, Customer
5
150
Provide books for those in need, and provide students with free learning space.
ADA
Reception & Security room
M
B
100.00
Gross
5500
Staff, Resident, Customer
5
50
For reception and entrance protection
ADA
Music & Movie Studio
XL
B
100.00
Gross
21000
Staff
10
200
Provide space for local residents to create music and films.
Acoustic contral
Office
L
B
100.00
Gross
14000
Staff
140
0
Provide office space for staff.
Employees only
Water supply
S
U
300
Gross
3000
Staff
10
0
The characteristic area provides the water supply for the sustainable development.
Employees only
Markets
XL
B
200.00
Gross
22000
Staff, Customer
10
100
Free market, free trading within the scope of space.
ADA
Warehouse
L
S-1
500.00
Gross
10000
All
20
0
A space for introducing local culture.
Employees only
Lounge
S
I-4
15.00
Net
3150
All
10
200
Temporary rest area
Acoustic contral
280
1700
Total
141300
Program Spreadsheet
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Speace Relationship
Speace Relationship
Bubble Diagram
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PHASE 4: CONCEPT IDEATION & SCHEMATICS
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Concept Ideation
The purpose of this design is to use the coordination between spaces to create a community space that solves the living problems caused by the poverty of residents, and to combine the use of sustainable materials and energy to solve the natural problem of rising sea levels.
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Starfish (Water Vascular System) My concept word is water vascular system (Starfish), like my project, the starfish can be in the water or on land, and the rising sea level will not affect it. And the water vascular system of Seastar perfectly corresponds to the goal of my project: sustainable development, the main water supply function, coping with rising water levels, and provide space for more people. Madreporite
Regeneration
Stone Canal
SectionView
Polian Vesicle
Extension of Podia
Back View
Detail
Front View
Draft
Spine Skin
Ampulla
Ring Canal
Radial Canal
MADREPORITE: Through this plate, which is also called a sieve plate, the echinoderm draws in seawater and expels water to fuel its vascular system. The madreporite functions like a trap door through which water can move in and out in a controlled manner. This part is like the ENTRANCE in the whole space. The flow of people enters the space from here like water. STONE CANAL: A tube in many echinoderms that contains calcareous deposits and leads from the madreporite to the ring canal of the water-vascular system surrounding the mouth. This is like a CORRIDOR in the space. In this corridor, I hope people can see the story of this building. RING CANAL: The circular water tube that surrounds the esophagus of echinoderms. It also links the radial canals. This part will be the center of the entire building. Special WATER SUPPLY space will also be in this area. At the same time, here will be the RECEPTION AND SECURITY ROOM connecting all the spaces. Also In Lagos residents are surrounded by water, and in this space the water is surrounded by residents. RADIAL CANAL: Any of the numerous minute canals lined with choanocytes which radiate from the paragastric cavity in some sponges and end just below the surface of the sponge. The role of this part in space is like some CONNECTING SPACE, which connects all spaces together. At the same time it can also play a role in DIVERSION. POLIAN VESICLE: Holothurians has bulbous cavities called Polian vesicles, which apparently maintain pressure in the system and hold reserve supplies of fluid. Just like its own function, these areas will become WAREHOUSES. It will bear the storage needs of different regions.
Podia (Tube Feet) AMPULLA: Each tube foot contains what is called an ampulla. These ampulla move water into the tube feet to help stretch them. It is a water-filled sac contained in the body of the animal that contains both circular muscles and longitudinal muscle. Simply understand the role of this part is stretching. So every space in the building will radiate like snowflakes. PODIA (TUBE FEET) & EXTENSION OF PODIA:They operate through hydraulic pressure. They are used to pass food to the oral mouth at the center, and can attach to surfaces. A starfish that is overturned simply turns one arm over and attaches it to a solid surface, and levers itself the right way up. Tube feet allow these different types of animals to stick to the ocean floor and move slowly. The role of this part represents movement and adsorption. So I think this can represent the relationship between spaces. Dependence or independence. REGENERATION: Starfish have the ability to regenerate lost arms and can regrow an entire new limb given time.I think regeneration is a very important part. This is like SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. The regenerated arms of the starfish are like some regenerated resources. Such as recycled water or solar energy. SPINE SKIN: Starfish has many tiny crystals on its spine skin, and each crystal can perform the function of the eye to obtain information around it. Each tiny crystal on the sea star spiny bark is a perfect lens. I think this is a good point. Because this represents the interaction between indoor and outdoor. tiny crystals on starfish spine skin are like windows in a building, connecting outdoor and indoor.
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Concept & Color Board
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Precedent Study 1 Site Area:5,554 sqm Gross Floor Area:1436.47 sqm City: Sinan-gun Country: South Korea Architects: Hyunjoon Yoo Architects Area: 604 sqm Year: 2016
The Void By Hyunjoon Yoo Architects
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This building was my first building project to be built on an island.
the main programme of the building was the public bath and restaurant for the elders in the village. The elders, who make up most of the population in the fishing village, do not have a decent bathing facility in their home.
About the concept, for the islanders who are always surrounded by water, a small pond was built in the yard so that people can surround the water. In this community center, people can gather and relax near the water, and their workplace is not visible.
The main materials used are concrete slabs, CMU, ceramic tiles and some stone. The bathroom ceiling uses waterproof tiles.
The reason I chose this project is because my project built on the island. Also my project have speace to provide public baths and restaurants for the people in the village. The elderly who account for the largest population in fishing villages do not have decent bathing facilities at home. This is very similar to the Lagos project I am currently working on, some people in Lagos have same problem.
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Precedent Study 2 City: Jiaozuo Country: China Architects: ATELIER XI Area: 55 sqm Year: 2020
Peach Hut Community Center By ATELIER XI
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The long-term disadvantages of remote rural areas include insufficient educational resources, insufficient information acquisition and insufficient aesthetic imagination. Therefore, community leaders and architects sought an aesthetic approach to revitalize these communities. Through these minimal construction investments, the project aims to stimulate the sensitivity of residents, help them enjoy and rethink the quality of life, and alleviate isolation and poverty.
The construction of the seven units is divided into two phases with the first phase consisting of Periscope (a vernacular theater), Observatory (a beverage bar in a peach tree farmland), and Bent House (a communal library)Â
The exterior is pink cast-in-place concrete coating the building. The external concrete finish is cast with small wooden formwork to outline the curved geometry, and the internal finish is cast with a smooth formwork to better reflect the skylight above. A bronze wall lamp and black steel door handle are designed according to the outline of the building. An embossed tree was poured on the concrete exterior wall, with a custom-made template, facing the eastward sunrise.
This is an education project for poor students. Education for poor children is also one of the problems I want to solve. In Lagos, where the gap between the rich and the poor is very large, an educational space will have a huge impact on the lives of citizens. Perhaps this is not a short-term impact, it may take years or decades to change. So I think this project is a good learning object, it can give me more inspiration.
The concept of this project is the invisible arc drawn from the earth and clouds is cut into a unique shape and rises straight to the sky.
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Precedent Study 3 Architects: RAD+ar (Research Artistic Design + architecture) Area: 1200 sqm Year: 2020 City: Pamulang Country: Indonesia
Bioclimatic Community Mosque of Pamulang By RAD+ar
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The reason that I choose this project: First, because this is a religious site with community functions, it is a good example for my project. Secondly, the building has very low maintenance costs and is self-sufficient, as direct heat and high humidity dominate in an extremely unfriendly environment.
replace 95% of what was supposed to be brick partition and replaced it with more than 30.000 pieces of accustomed roster block ( that provides lights and wind tunnel while maintaining privacy) that were manually manufactured by the local community for the community.
Unlike most religious places, the purpose of a mosque is not just a place of worship for Muslims. Usually, it is formed as a community center, meeting place, and even for some developing countries, it is a place of leisure.
Design replace the iconic Islamic dome (which mostly a quintessential characteristic of mosques) with a plate of an active green roof to cool down topmost plates and to reduce enormous urban heat island contributed to the surrounding environment.
Bioclimatic design is an obvious direction of adoption. It uses the extreme lumens of solar energy as 12-hour indirect natural lighting to provide indoor and outdoor human thermal comfort toward the main body of the mosque and other related environmental resources, such as detailed technology of cross ventilation.
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Revised Program
The area is calculated by the scale, because there is no specific length and width, so it can only be measured and calculated by the scale.
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Size of Speace
Occupancy Type
Area Per Person
Unit
Area
User group
# of Staff
Occupancy
Activites
Additional support
Exercise room
S
A-3
50.00
Gross
2750
Staff, Resident
5
50
Provide fitness for residents in need.
ADA
Capsule room
XL
R-2
50.00
Gross
21000
Staff, Resident
20
400
Provide accommodation for residents in need.
Acoustic contral
Public Shower room
S
U
30.00
Gross
3300
Staff, Resident
10
100
The circulatory system provides residents with clean water for bathing.
ADA
Dining hall
L
A-2
200.00
Gross
11000
All
5
50
Fast canteen with balanced nutrition.
ADA
Locker room
M
S-2
50.00
Gross
5250
Resident
5
100
Store personal valuables.
Secured space
Church
M
A-3
50.00
Gross
8500
Staff, Resident
20
150
Provide faith sustenance for residents.
ADA
Classroom
S
A-4
20.00
Net
3100
Staff, Student
5
150
Educational space for students.
ADA
Library
M
A-3
50.00
Net
7750
Staff, Resident, Customer
5
150
Provide books for those in need, and provide students with free learning space.
ADA
Reception & Security room
M
B
100.00
Gross
5500
Staff, Resident, Customer
5
50
For reception and entrance protection
ADA
Music & Movie Studio
XL
B
100.00
Gross
21000
Staff
10
200
Provide space for local residents to create music and films.
Acoustic contral
Office
L
B
100.00
Gross
14000
Staff
140
0
Provide office space for staff.
Employees only
Water supply
S
U
300
Gross
3000
Staff
10
0
The characteristic area provides the water supply for the sustainable development.
Employees only
Markets
XL
B
200.00
Gross
22000
Staff, Customer
10
100
Free market, free trading within the scope of space.
ADA
Employees only
Acoustic contral
Warehouse
L
S-1
500.00
Gross
10000
All
20
0
A space for introducing local culture.
Lounge
S
I-4
15.00
Net
3150
All
10
200
Temporary rest area
280
1700
Total
141300
Warehouse Exercise room Church
Library Reception & Security room
Capsule room Public Shower room
Music & Movie Studio
Classroom Lounge Locker room
Office Dining hall Markets
First, determine the size of the space according to the number of people in each space and the code. Then determine the area size of each cube. Finally, the size relationship of each space is determined according to the area of the fixed cube. Each square is 20'-00"W * 20'-00"L * 15'-00"H. But its corresponding space area is 50'00" * 50'-00". The reason for this is because too much repetition makes the picture very complicated.And the approximate square will be more beautiful. In this way, the arrangement of each space can be displayed more clearly. For example, some spaces are two floors above and below, and some spaces are spread out on one floor.
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Adjacency diagram
First draw a table to clarify the connections between different spaces. Then, like my concept (Starfish), extend from the center to the area to the surrounding, and gradually determine the location of the area.
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