4 GOLDEN WORD “NO PAIN, NO GAIN”
WORD A single word is a dead word WORD is a collection of sounds and expresses a certain meaning. It’s the smallest unit of a sentence. Discussing a word, we must pay attention to three things: - Part of speech/word class - Function - Meaning There are 9 parts of word in English:
1) The article: Like an adjective, modify a noun or pronoun. - The: definite article. - A/An: indefinite article. a. Singular countnoun: a, an, the is used: A ball, an orange Ex: A pen is used for writing where is the pen your writing with? b. Plural countnoun: the (definite), Ø (indefinte). Ex: Where the pen I gave you on your birthday? Ø Knives are made of steel. What is love? The love of mother to her children is holy
c. Uncountnoun: the( definite), Ø (indefinite). Ex: Ø Sugar is sweet. The greatest happiness of a woman is to have a happy family. Yesterday I saw an accident two men were killed and a woman was badly injured. The woman was rushed to hospital.
2) Noun is the name of a person, an object, an animal, idea… Ex: student, table, elephant, happiness…
Kinds of noun: a. Common nouns (danh từ chung): teacher, chair… b. Proper nouns (danh từ riêng): Vietnam, New York... - Singular: student, book… - Plural: students, books… c. Uncountable nouns (danh từ không đếm được): happiness, coffee, sugar… d. Concrete nouns (danh từ cụ thể): chairs, fans… e. Abstract nouns (danh từ trừu tượng): freedom, air… f. Collective nouns (danh từ tập hợp): class, family…
Functions of nouns a. Subject of a verb (là một người hay một vật gây ra hành động) Ex: An accident happened here yesterday. b. Object of a verb Ex: I like football c. Object of a preposition Ex: I’ll go with my friends d. Subject complement (bổ nghĩa cho chủ từ) Ex: I am a teacher e. Object complement: after an object to describe it Ex: The manager appointed John his assistant I consider you my well behaved students
f. As an adjective: to modify the following noun Ex: Can you buy me a table cloth when you go to the shop? g. In combination with “s” or “ ’ ” form the possessive case to modify the following noun Ex: This is Mary’s car This shop sells students’ articles h. An appositive: to identify the preceding noun (là chức năng đồng vị ngữ để nhận diện cho danh từ) Ex: Robert Gihhs the great plane Robber; has been caught in Montina i. As an adverb: usually to modify a whole sentence Ex: He runs 3 kilometers every morning. j. In vocative: to address a person Ex: Tom! I’m here!
3) Pronoun: replaces a noun or an idea Ex: Tom is a student, He is 19
Kinds of pronoun a. Personal pronoun Subjec t Object
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
Note: Positive I am (I’m) / I was
Negative I am not (I’m not) / I was not (I wasn’t
You are (you’re) / You were
You are not (you aren’t) / You weren’t
He is (He’s) / He was
He is not (he isn’t) / he was not (he wasn’t She is not (she isn’t) / she was not (she wasn’t) It is not (It isn’t) / It was not (It wasn’t)
She is (she’s) / she was It is (It’s) / It was
We are (we’re) / We were
We are not (we aren’t) / We were not
They are (they’re) / they were
They are not (they aren’t) / They were not
b. Demonstrative pronouns This, That: This is/was; that is/was These, Those: these are/were, those are/were. Ex: This is Mary’s Car What is that? These are nice hats. These hats are nice. But: These ( adjective) That hat is nice. c. Possessive pronouns (Mine, yours, his, hers, its,ours, yours, theirs) Possessive adjective: my, your, his, her, our, its, your, their. POSS PRON = POSS adj. + noun Ex: Your book is here, where’s mine? (My book = mine) Her jeans were made in the US, but his (= his jeans) were not? d. Interrogative pronouns: What, which, who, whom, whose… Ex: Who told you I’ve said that?
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
e. Reflexive pronouns:
(When the subject of a verb and its object are the same, an appropriate reflexive pronoun is used to refer the object) Ex: Mr. Brown killed himself (Mr Brown) for honor. Mary sat in her room talking to herself. f. Emphatic pronouns: Have the same form as reflexive pronouns and are used to give emphasis to a noun or pronoun.
Ex: Mary herself prepared the meal. Believe me! I myself saw the ghost. Note: Emphatic pronouns có thể đặt ở sau noun mà nó nhấn mạnh hoặc là để ở cuối câu: Ex: The boy saw the terrible accident himself. g. Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another (#one another, đang dần biến mất) Ex: Mary and Tom love each other. Members in the same family should love and help each other h. Indefinite pronoun such as: Someone, somebody, somewhere, something. No one, nobody, nowhere, nothing, Anyone, anything, anybody, anywhere, E verybody, everyone, everywhere, everything, ... Ex: Someone wants you on the phone. Nowadays everything is expensive. i. Relative pronouns:
who, whom, where, that, whose.
Replaces an antecedent (a noun, a pronoun or an idea) usually right before it and functions as a subject of a verb or an object of a verb or preposition. Ex: The girl who is talking loudly is a millionaire’s daughter. The man whom your father is talking to is a teacher.
4) The adjective: Modifies a noun, a pronoun and takes the following positions. a. Before the noun modified. Ex: Mary is a beautiful girl. b. After a linking verb being the SC. Ex: He gets angry. c. After the object of a transitive verb being the OC. Ex: Keep the room clean and tidy. d. After an indefinite pronoun such as someone, anyone, no one to modify it.
Ex: I need someone interesting to talk to. This morning he said something strange. e. After a noun or pronoun modified when the adjective is part of the combination “adj. + prep”, both of which can’t be seperated. Ex: I know a man very interested in football. She’s a woman afraid of ghost.
5) The verb: Show an action/movement or state/condition. - Action verbs: walk, eat, run, cry… - Stative verbs: feel, be, know, understand…
Kinds of verb: a. Intransitive verb (VI): completes the meaning by itself that means it does not need an object. Ex:The bird flies in the sky People sleep every night. b. Transitive verb (VT): can’t complete the meaning by itself, that means it needs an object to complete its meaning Ex: Mrs. Green bought some fruit. I sent him a message. c. Linking verb (LV): express a state or condition, not an action and requires a subject complement to describe the subject. They are: be, look, taste, sound, smell, appear, get, become, seem, go, remain… - Look, feel, taste, sound, smell: giác quan. Ex: The poster looks colorful. The soup tasted a little salty. Your demands sound unreasonable. The dinner smells nice.
Use of Verb Finite verb (FV): is limited by its subject in person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural). Ex: He often says nonsense words. Note: A finite verb must fall into one of the two groups: TENSES and MODALS. • 12 tenses and the near future form. PAST, FUTURE, PRESENTS.
Ex: Mary has gone to the supermarket. Did you go to school last morning, Tom? • Modal verb:
Modal verb + simple form be Ving have past participle have been V_ing Ex: He can play tennis. You must be watching football now. Dạng thức đi sau modal quyết định thời điểm diễn ra hành động chứ không phải modal: Sf: present or future Be V_ing: present continuous Have past participle: past Have been V_ing: past continuous
Meaning of modal verbs: • Ability: can/could + sf • Possibility: may/ could/ might (#50%) Ex: It may rain (future) He might be late for the meeting (future) Look at that man, who could he be? (present) The poisoning might have been caused by eating food. • Logical conclusion: must, can’t (>90%) Ex: They must be watching TV. (pre.cont.) Mary can’t have said ill of me. (past) He must have been sleeping when you called him. (past cont.) • Request: can, could, will, would + you + sf? • Asking for permission or giving permission: Ex: May I smoke here? Can I borrow your newspaper for a while? You may use my car this afternoon.
Note: May: trang trọng, lễ phép Can: không trang trọng. • Asking for prohibition/ giving prohibition: Ex: Tell him he can’t come to my house at this time. • Necessity or obligation: must, needn’t Ex: Employees in this office must start wok at 7:30 am. One must have a passport to visit a foreign country. You needn’t shout. I’m not deaf. Young children must obey their parents. • Past unfulfilled obligation: Should, ought to +Have P.P. (lẽ ra, đáng lí) Ex: He failed the exam. He should have studied harder. • Advice: Should, ought to + sf Ex: You should go on a diet. • Conditions: Type 1: future possible condition IF clause: pres.simp. MAIN clause: will, may, can, must + sf Ex: If he comes, you must prolong his stay until I’m back. Type 2: present impossible (unreal, contrary to fact) condition IF clause: past simple MAIN clause: Would, might, could +sf Ex: If the electricity were off now, I’d let you go home. Type 3: past impossible (unreal) condition IF clause: past perfect MAIN clause: would, might, could+ HAVE P.P. Ex: If he hadn’t travelled on that flight, he wouldn’t have been dead.
Non-finite verb: is NOT limited by its subject in person and number. There are 4 basic forms of a non-finite verb: - Simple form: bare infinitive, infinitive without to, root from: BE - To infinitive: TO BE
- Present participle: BEING - Past participle: BEEN - Gerund: BEING
USE of non-finite verb 1) Simple form:
• After modal verbs : Ex: You should study harder. • In the subjunctives:
S1 + V1 + THAT+ S2 + Sf V1: ask, request, require, suggest, demand, order, direct, advise, recommend, urge, insist… Ex: He urges me that I go now
IT + BE + adj. + THAT + S + Sf Ex: It’s important that he be here by 3:00 am tomorrow. It was suggested that she resign from her post. • As an object complement: ADJ: important, necessary, essential, vital, suggested, advised, required… Ex: She’ll have some workmen repair her house. • As a subject complement: Ex: His ambition is have a lot of money.
2) To infinitive:
• As a subject of a finite verb: Ex: To see is to believe.
• As an object of a transitive verb: Ex: They’ve decided to move to another neighborhood. • As a subject complement: Ex: Her decision is to become a top model.
• As an object complement: Ex: We’re expecting her to come soon. Tom got the barber to cut his hair yesterday. • After some nouns to modify it: Ex: The governments every effort to control inflation has been in vain so far • After some adjectives to modify it: Ex: I’m happy to see you again. He’s likely to come. • To express the purpose of an action: Ex: She’s gone to the bank to withdraw some money. • To reduce an adjective clause when the anticedent is preceded by an ordinal adjective or the super active form of an adjective. The adjective clause is reduced by leaving out the relation pronoun and the FV is changed into To-inf. Ex: YG is the first person who flew into the space. # YG is the first person to fly into the space. She is the most beautiful woman who hates me. # She is the most beautiful woman to hate me.
3) Present participle: as an adjective: • • • •
Modifying a following: It was an interesting film. Being a SC: Avatar was interesting. Being an OC: I saw an old man walking across the road. Phân biệt với Sf: - Nếu chuyện xảy ra nhanh, ngắn: cả 2 đều được Ex: We saw some birds fly (#flying). - Nếu chuyện xảy ra dài: chứng kiến toàn bộ quá trình thì Sf Ex: I listen to CD sing (>< singing) Hold me for a while. - To express one of the 2 actions that happened (nearly) at the same time and were performed by the same subject. Ex: Tom cut himself shaving.
- To reduce an adjective clause when the FV in the adj. cl is in a continuous tense or in the simple present tense which expresses a truth and in the active voice. Ex: The girl who is talking loudly overthere is a VIP’s daughter. # The girl talking loudly overthere is a VIP’s daughter. - In continuous tense Ex: You’re learning the four golden word. - As an adj. Ex: It was a boring film - As a reduction of an adj. clause, when the verb has continuous meaning and is in the action voice. Ex: The girl driving that Japanese car is my student. The woman wanting to see you takes a child with her. - In the pattern
V+O+
4)
n + pres. part pron.
Past participle: is used as an adjective in the folowing cases:
• Before a noun to modify it in the passive meaning. Ex: I don’t like frozen food.
• After a LV to be the SC. Ex: Tom is interested in films.( Films are interesting to Tom) • Following the auxiliary verb TO BE to form the passive voice. Ex: English is spoken all over the world. • Following the auxiliary verb TO HAVE to form the perfect tenses. Ex: She has gone to Paris. • As an OC: Ex: Tom will have his house repaired. They want the house painted light blue. • In perfect tense Ex: They’re been to Italy
• In passive voice Ex: You’re often punished for your laziness. • As an adj. Ex: Are you worried about your future. 5)
Gerund: is used as a noun (Danh từ có những chức năng nào thì gerund cũng có những chức năng đó) Ex: Smoking too much is dangerous to your health. He enjoys going to disco every night. Some people are afraid of flying. There’s a swimming pool in their house. Are you fond of dancing?
- Before a noun to modify it: nêu lên công dụng, mục đích của noun nó modify # present participle là hành động do noun mà no modify thực hiện. Ex: A sleeping girl: a girl who is sleeping. A sleeping car: a car which is used for people to sleep. - Subject of a FV: Ex: Swimming is good for your health. - Object of a verb: (Verb: enjoy, like, dislike, hate, avoid, admit, love, deny, regret, stop, forget...) Ex: Try to avoid being in trouble if you can. - Object of a preposition: Ex: He got into the house by climbing over the fence. - A SC: Ex: His interest is collecting ancient stamp. - An opposition to a preceding noun Ex: Her interest listening to loud pop at night annoys her neighbors.
6) The adverb: modifies - An adjective: Ex: She’s very intelligent. - A verb:
Ex: He works hard. - Another adverb: Ex: He works very hard. - A preposition: Ex: A bird perched just over us - A conjunction: Ex: Exactly when he’d seen her, he ran away. - A sentence or a clause: Ex: Maybe you’re right.
Kinds of adverb: a. Adverb of frequency: always, usually, often, frequently, regularly, sometimes, seldom, rarely, ever, never… Ex: She goes to class regularly. b. Interrogative adverb: WHEN, WHERE, HOW, WHY Ex: Why were you absent last Saturday? c. Negative adverb: never, rarely, scarcely, hardly, not... Ex: He did not go out on Sunday. d. Intensive adverb: very, exceptionally, rather, pretty, a little, a bit, much, far... Ex: It’s rather cold in northern Vietnam in winter. The boy is exceptionally intelligent. e. Relative adverb: WHEN, WHERE, WHY, THAT (# WHEN, WHY, Ø) Ex: This is the house where Tom lives. = This is the house in which Tom lives. Fall is a reason (in which/ when/ that) leaves turn yellow. f. Adverbs of time: today, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, later, now, then. Ex: We’re studying math now. g. Adverbs of place: here, there, in, out, back, outside… Ex: I’m back. We went there last year.
h. Conjunctive adverbs: show a relationship between 2 ideas - “and” group: moreover, furthermore, besides... Ex: Mrs. Green is a teacher; moreover, she’s a writer. - “but” group: however, nevertheless, but, though… Ex: She’s beautiful; however, very few men like her. - “so” group: therefore, hence… Ex: He’s ill; therefore, he’s absent from work today.
7) The preposition: links a following noun, pronoun, gerund or clause to an element usually preceeding it in order to show a relationship between them. Ex: I’ll go with you. Would you like a cup of coffee? In primitive societies money wasn’t used. You’ll be interested in what I’m going to tell you.
8) The conjunction: links parralelled elements together: word to word, phrase to phrase, or clause to clause. Ex: I need a pen and some paper. Is she at home or at school now? I told him the story, but he didn’t believe me. He usually reads newspapers and book
There are 3 kinds of conjunctions: a. Coordinating conjunctions such as: AND, BUT, YET, SO, OR, FOR... Ex: He was reading and she was cooking. b. Correlative conjunctions are used in pair such as NOT ONLY... BUT (ALSO).., BOTH... AND.., EITHER...OR.., NEITHER… NOR... Ex: Both Tom and Mary are seniors at college. He is famous not only in France but (also) in England. Either you or I will go to the meeting. He likes neither tea nor coffee. c. Subordinating conjunctions introduces a subordinative clause (or less important idea) and at the same time link it to the main clause (or main idea). There is a great variety of sub.conj. such as WHEN, AFTER, BEFORE, UNTIL, BECAUSE, AS, SINCE, HOW, AS IF,
THOUGH, ALTHOUGH, SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT, THAT, IF, SUPPOSED.. Ex: As long as he’d seen her, he ran away. We’ll go on a picnic tomorrow solong as (#if) the weather remains nice. She said that she wouldn’t attend the award presenting ceremony.
PHRASE Phrase is a group of related words containing neither a subject nor a finite verb. Discussing a phrase, we must pay attention to four phrase: - Prepositional phrase - Infinitive phrase - Participial phrase - Gerund phrase
Kinds of phrases: 1) Prepositional phrase: begins with a preposition and ends with its object: noun, pronoun, gerund, clause. Ex: In the morning Because of a terrible traffic jam Prepositional phrase is used as: - An adj. to modify a noun or pronoun Ex: The book on the table is mine. - An adv. Ex: You go to school in the morning.
2) Infinitive phrase: begins with an infinitive (with or without “to”) and ends in any object, complement, or modifier if there is. Ex: To see, to study too much, to repair his house…
Functions of an infinitive phrase - A noun Ex: To love to be loved is wonderful. I like to teach English. - Being the subject of a FV Ex: To see is to believe. To ask a woman about her age is considered impolite. - Being the SC Ex: To see is to believe. His ambition is (to) be rich and famous. - Being the object of a transitive verb
Ex: Many people like to watch news on TV. NOTE - If inf. functions as a subject of a verb, it must have “to” - If inf. functions as a SC, it may have “to” or not, but “to” is prefer. - An adjective: Modifies a preceding noun Ex: To some extent, the government’s efforts to control inflation are in vain. Being the SC Ex: She seems to be sad. Being the OC Ex: He makes his only son study too much. NOTE Ex: Tom got some workmen to repair his house. To inf.: get, allow, permit, help, appoint, force… Sf: have, let, help, make… An adverb: - Modifies a preceding adjective - Modifies a verb or a sentence/ clause to express the purpose of an action. Ex: She’s gone to the bank to withdraw some money.
3) Participial phrase: begins with a participle (present or past participle). A participial phrase functions as adj. or according to some other people an adv. a. Present participle is used - For one of the two actions that happened at the same time and that were performed by the same subject. Ex: Walking along the street I saw my friend - To reduce an adj. clause, when the verb in the adj. clause is usually in a continuous tense and in the active voice Ex: The girl who is driving that car is my student the girl driving that car is my student
That woman that takes a young child with her insists on seeing you immediately That woman taking a young child with her insists… A present participle indicates: - A time relationship Ex: He hit me talking to me (= He hit me when he was talking to me) - A cause relationship Ex: Having a terrible headache, Mary didn’t go to school. (= Because Mary had a terrible headache she didn’t go to school. - Condition relationship Ex: Not loving her, he married her. (= Although he didn’t love her, he married her) - Condition relationship Ex: Being the prime mimzter, what would go do to decrease crime? (= If you were the P.M, what would you do to decrease crime) b. Past participle is used to reduce an adj. clause, when the verb in the ad. Clause is in passive voice. Ex: Do the people punished by me hate me?
4) Gerund phrase: begins with a gerund and ends in any object, complement, or modifier if there is. A gerund phrase always functions as a noun. Being the S of a FV Ex: Eating too much may be harmful to your health. Being the SC Ex: His hobby is collecting ancients stamps. Being the object of a verb Ex: He enjoys visiting museums. Being the object of a preposition Ex: She’s thinking about going abroad to study. Being an opposition to a preceding noun Ex: His interest – playing loud rock at night often annoys his neighbors.
CLAUSE Clause is a group of related words containing a suject and a predicate and is used as a part of a sentence. Ex: Mary is cooking and John is reading. • There are 3 types of clauses
1) Main clause bears the main idea of a sentence and is not introduced by a conjunction Ex: International expert think that it will take Japan many year to overcome the nuclear disaster
2) Independent clause: is one of the two or more main clauses of a sentence, all of which are linked together by one or more coordinating conjunction(s) or semi-con a. A coordinating conjunction such as AND, BUT, YET, SO, FOR, OR... usually preceded by a comma (,) Ex: You are nice students, but you work lazily, so you hardly make any progress. b. A semi-colon (;) Ex: Mary was cooking in the kitchen; John was watching TV in the living-room c. A semi-colon follow by a conjunctive adverb such as BESIDES, FURTHERMORE, HOWEVER#NEVERTHELESS, #BUT, OTHERWISE… Ex: Mrs. Green is a highschool teacher; besides, she is a novelist. He studies English much; he makes little progress, however.
3) Subodinate clause express the subodinate or less important idea (than the main clause) and it is meaning less if it stands alone in a sentence. There are 3 kinds of subordinate clause a. Noun clause: functions2 as a noun and is introduced by - THAT+ a statement: Ex: He said that it’s not any strange to him. NOTE
- Một noun clause làm subject cho bất kỳ một động từ nào thì động từ đó phải chia ở ngôi số ít. - Nếu noun clause mở bằng THAT, làm subject cho một verb thì THAT phải được giữ lại và không được bỏ ngược lại nếu nó làm object cho một verb thì ta có thể bỏ THAT đi. • Interrogative words like WHO, WHOM, WHAT, WHICH, WHOSE, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, HOW when the noun clause is an indirect WH - question. Ex: What I need is sympathy from you. The question is how much money we’ll invest in the project. I don’t care what you do. I like what you are interested in. - The subordinate clause such as IF/WHETHER (OR NOT) when the noun clause is an in direct “yes/no” question. Ex:Whether you like English or not is hard to answer for me. For me it’s hard to answer whether you like English or not. The problem is whether she is leaving tomorrow. I wonder if he is alive. No one can answer whether there is life in another planet. • The conjunction WHETHER...OR… when the noun clause is an indirect “OR” question. Ex: Whether Tom or Mary did it is not known. The question is whether he is alive or dead. Do you think whether his is guilty or un guilty? NOTE Nếu một noun clause mở bằng whether làm object cho một đông từ thì có thể thay whether bằng IF, ngược lại nếu làm subject cho động từ thì không được thay bằng IF. “OR NOT” có thể để ngay sau whether (lúc nào buồn) nhưng không được để chìm.
b. Adjective clause/ relative clause functions as an adjective modifying an antecedent and begins with: - Relative pronoun such as WHO, WHICH, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT Ex: Those who come first will be served first. The man whose son I’m teaching is my friend.
- Relative adverb such as WHEN, WHY, WHERE, THAT Ex: Nha Trang is the city where we are going. I’ve never been able to forget the moment when/ that I got the news of my brother’s death. - Defining/ Restrictive adjective/ relative clause Ex: He works for a company/ that makes typewriter. - Nondifining/ Nonrestrictive/ Extra information adjective / Relative Clause. Ex: He works for Honda, which makes cars I can’t remember the address/(that) he’s given me.
c. Adverb clause functions as an adverb and is introduced by a variety of subordinate conjunctions. There are 10 kinds of adverb clause: - Adverb clause of time introduced by WHEN, WHILE, BEFORE, AFTER, UNTIL, TILL, AS, SINCE, AS SOON AS, BY THE TIME Ex: He ran away as soon as he saw her. - Adverb clause of place introduced by WHERE, WHEREVER, ANYWHERE Ex: Take me with you wherever you go. - Adv.cl. of comparison introduced by AS, THAN Ex: More people came to the meeting than we had expected. - Adv.cl. of manner introduced by LIKE, AS, AS IF/ AS THOUGH… Ex: Do it like you’ve been told to. NOTE After AS IF/ AS THOUGH: • Past simple: unreal in the present. • Past perfect: unreal in the past. • Present simple: real in the present. • Past simple: real in the past. Ex: That old woman dresses as if it were winter now. Yesterday my friend talked to me as if he had been my dad.
- Adverb clause of reason or cause introduced by BECAUSE, AS, SINCE… Ex: Since he’s had breakfast, he is not hungry. - Adverb clause of contrast/ concession/ yielding introduced by THOUGH, ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, DESPITE THE FACT, IN SPITE OF THE FACT… Ex: He went to school although it was raining very hard. - Adverb clause of purpose introduced by SO (THAT), IN ORDER THAT,.. Ex: She bought a good dictionary so that she could study E better. - Adverb clause of result introduced by SO…THAT.., SUCH… THAT... Ex: The restaurant is so expensive that very few people can eat here. The Browns have so many children that they can form a football team. “Titanic” is such an intersting movie that I’ve seen it 3 times. - Adverb clause of condition introduced by IF, UNLESS (=IF… NOT), ON CONDITION THAT, PROVICED THAT, IMAGINE (THAT)… Ex: If it is boy, they’ll name him Jason. If the electricity were off now, I would let go to home immediately - Adverb clause of contrast or concession or yielding is introduced by : ALTHOUGH, EVENTHOUGH, IN SPITE OF the FACT THAT… Ex: Though he’s done a lot of harm to me, I don’t have the intention to take revenge on him
SENTENCE Sentence is a group of related words containing at least a clause and expressing a complete thought. There are 4 kinds of sentences:
1) Simple sentence contains only one clause. Ex: John is a college senior. • Predicate contains one or more finite verbs and other elements of possiple and describer the subject does. Ex: The dog is a loyal animal a. Single subject and single predicate: Ex: Children go to school every day b. Compound subject and single predicate Ex: The boss and his assistant will attend conference this weekend. c. Single subject and compound predicate Ex: Mary arrived at school came into class and sat down. d. Compound subject and compound predicate Ex: John and Mary got married in Miami and then flew to Hawaii for their honeymoon.
2) Compound/ Multiple sentence contains two or more independent clause link together by one or more coordinating conjunction(s) or by one or more semi-colon Ex: He loves her but he doesn’t love him She bought a lot of things; he didn’t like that.
3) Complex sentence contains a main clause and at least 1 subordinate introduced by at least one subordinating conjunction or similar connective which can be sometimes omitted. Ex: He is as intelligent as 2 cows are.
4) Compound complex sentence contains at least 2 independent clauses and at least 1 subordinate clause.
Ex: I had warned him of the dangerous of driving in the state but he didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t listen, so he such as s terrible accident that he was in hospital for nearly one year.