Researchers
Adviser: Prof. Tomas U. Ganiron Jr., PhD.
1
Introduction
Why are there dirty countries?
Many countries are without support systems such as welfare and Non Government organisations for those without jobs or those who are sick. Without employment or any government assistance, many people cannot afford basic living standards that we take for granted such as clean water and housing . " العدٌد من البلدان بدون أنظمة دعم مثل الرعاٌة االجتماعٌة والمنظمات التطوعٌة "غٌر ال،أو بدون توظٌف أو أي مساعدة من الحكومة.الحكومٌة" للمرضى الذٌن الٌملكون مرتبات ٌستطٌع كثٌر من الناس فً تلك الدول العٌش المعٌشة األساسٌة التً نتخذها مثل المٌاه النظٌفة ".واإلسكان 2
In these countries, education is basic and minimal - often excluding many from being able to afford good education. Without education, many have no chances of getting real well paid jobs or meaningful employment. To support families, women are often forced to work as prostitutes or menial labour. Without education, teenagers have no real place to go and young girls fall pregnant at young ages - and a vicious cycle of poverty goes onto the next generation ال ٌتم الحصول على التعلٌم األساسً غالبا ً باستثناء البعض ممن ٌكونون،" فً هذه البلدان وبدون التعلٌم الكثٌر الٌحصل على فرص العمل ذات.قادرٌن على تحمل تكالٌف التعلٌم الجٌد المراهقٌن، غالبا ً ما تجبر النساء على العمل أعمال شاقة،معنى أو رواتب مناسبة لدعم أسرهم " باألضافة ان الفقر ٌذهب إلى الجٌل القادم, ٌصبحون مشردٌن
Without employment or any income, many young and adults turn to crime as well as drugs and alcohol abuse. What starts out as young drop out kids from school soon turns them to asking for cigarettes and money on the streets, to robbing tourists, stealing and then crimes such as murder ، ٌنتقل العدٌد من الشباب والكبار إلى الجرٌمة،" بدون الحصول على دخل أو فرص عمل باإلضافة أن األطفال فً المدرسة سرعان ما ٌتحولون.فضال عن تعاطً العقاقٌر والكحول " ومن ثم جرائم القتل، وسرقة السٌاح،منها إلى طلب المال والسجائر فً الشوارع.
The most important causes of dirty in the countries is economy is bad and poor ""إن أهم أسباب القذارة فً الدول هو الفقر واإلقتصاد السًء
3
25 Most Dirtiest Cities In The World
No. 25: Port Harcourt, Nigeria :
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 46.8
Problems with waste disposal continue to contaminate the rivers of Nigeria, especially affecting residents in Port Harcourt. The area lacks strategies for preventing oil spills and contamination, and the clean-up methods after disasters require significant improvement.
4
No. 24: New Delhi, India
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 46.6
You'll find just about everything except marine life in New Delhi's Yamuna River. Garbage and sewage flow freely, creating a rich environment for the growth of water-borne diseases contributing to extremely high rates of infant morbidity.
No. 23: Maputo, Mozambique
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 46.3
Located on the Indian Ocean, the Eastern African country of Mozambique suffers from lack of sanitation processes--specific ally the lack of a solid waste removal system as well as sewage treatment. The capital city of Maputo feels the worst of these consequences. Piles of garbage line the streets, and the sewage in the river is visibly thick. 5
No. 22: Luanda, Angola
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 45.2
Located on Angola's coast with the Atlantic Ocean to its west, Luanda is the city's largest port. Studies from several agencies, including UNICEF and Oxfam, suggest that a large portion of the population in Luanda drink water of poor and in some cases dangerous quality. Much of this portion of the population lives in settlements called musseques built on hardened waste. Water arrives to these settlements in private tanks, which consistently show concerning levels of chlorine. Water conditions such as this only served to intensify a cholera epidemic in 2006.
6
No. 21: Niamey, Niger
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 45
The Niger River Basin, home to Niger's capital city, Niamey, is a cesspool of pollution and waste. In a country with a total population just under 14 million, the healthy life expectancy at birth is 35 for males and 36 for females, thanks in part to poor sanitation and drinkable water. About one in four children raised here will die before age 5, the World Health Organization says.
7
No. 20: Nouakchott, Mauritania
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 44.7
Located in northern Africa, Mauritania sits on the North Atlantic Ocean between Senegal and the western Sahara. Nouakchott, the country's capital, is located on the western coast. Due to the desert-like climate, droughts and water management are critical issues for the country. Oil deposits off the coast and iron ore serve as the country's main industrial opportunities, but the majority of the population depends on farming.
8
No. 19: Conakry, Guinea Republic
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 44.2
Life expectancy, infant morbidity, and the percentage of the population that has access to safe water are shockingly low for Conakry, the capital city of Guinea Republic. Previous World Bank initiatives in Conakry focused on water supply and sanitation have not proved very successful.
No. 18: Lome, Togo
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 44.1
LomĂŠ, the capital city of Togo, sits in the southwest near the country's border with Ghana. Water and waste management has become one of the country's main problems as a large percentage of the population continues to live without access to improved water or sanitation. Extensive flooding in Togo only magnifies the problem. 9
No. 17: Pointe Noire, Congo
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 43.8
The second Congolese city on the list suffers from many of the same pollutants as its neighboring city, Brazzaville- -air pollution from vehicle emissions and unbridled water contamination from the mass unloading of raw sewage in the city's water supply. According to the CIA World Fact Book, about 70% of the Congolese population live either in Brazzaville or Pointe Noire or along the railroad track, which connects the two.
10
No. 16: Bamako, Mali
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 43.7
Bamako, the capital of Mali, and the country's largest city is situated on the Niger River. Rapid population growth, coupled with unbridled urban pollution, are among the many health and sanitation challenges facing the capital. Several droughts have caused migration from rural areas to the urban environment of the capital, which has only led to more water management issues.
No. 15: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 43.4
A recent World Bank study shows that cancer and respiratory disease rates are up due to increased air pollution in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso. Increased levels of benzene, from motorbike petrol, and increased dust particles, amounting on average to nearly three times the WHO-stated healthy limit, contribute to these rising numbers. In a city characterized by a rainy season, waste management and sanitation also face challenges. 11
No. 14: Moscow, Russia
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 43.2
In a city where you can pay $3,000 a month for an apartment that doesn't even have clean running water, Moscow also has troubling levels of air pollution, which present a daily strain on lung health.
No. 13: Bangui, Central African Republic
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 42.1
Bangui, the capital of Central African Republic, faces water and sanitation challenges similar to its neighboring countries' capitals. A rapidly increasing population, coupled with a lack of adequate waste and water management, places stresses on the capital city.
12
No. 12: Dares Salaam, Tanzania
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 40.4
The capital of this east African country continues to grow populationwise, putting a stress on the city's sanitation programs. Solid waste, entering the Msimbazi River, contributes to widely spread infectious diseases among the population..
No. 11: Ndjamena, Chad
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 39.7
Ndjamena, the capital city of Chad, faces multi-faceted water management challenges. A main site for concern here is the Conventional Basin of Lake Chad, upon which the country's main fisheries greatly depend. Also noteworthy-- the continual influx of population growth, accelerated by the migration of neighboring Sudanese refugees from Darfur, which places an unexpected strain on water management. 13
No. 10: Brazzaville, Congo
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 39.1
Air pollution from emissions, lack of potable water and the contamination of the city's water from raw sewage contribute to the laundry list of health and sanitation concerns for Brazzaville, the capital of Congo. Each of these press upon the life expectancy of the local population.
No. 9: Almaty, Kazakhstan
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 39.1
The marriage of petroleum-based industry and insufficient safeguards against pollution sets the stage for an environmental crisis in this city. Toxic waste dumps require a huge price tag for improvement and an even larger price for neglect.
14
No. 8: Baghdad, Iraq
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 39
Poor water quality in Baghdad threatens to exacerbate the the transmission of water-borne diseases in the city. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck several provinces of the country, including Baghdad from August 2007 to December 2007. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also says air pollution, resulting from burning oil and aggravated by war, is cause for concern.
No. 7: Mumbai, India
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 38.2
India's government hopes to transform Mumbai back into a burgeoning metropolis after recent economic decline. A recent private-sector report, Vision Mumbai, proposed changes in infrastructure, pollution control and economic growth strategy, which contributed to the seeking of approximately $1 billion of aid from Indian government. 15
No. 6: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 37.9
Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, faces one of the worst sanitation problems on both the continent of Africa as well as in the world. The lack of adequate sanitation programs results in infant mortality, low life expectancy and the transmission of water-borne diseases.
No. 5: Mexico City, Mexico
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 37.7
Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, and the capital of North American air pollution, estimates unhealthy ozone emissions nearly 85% of the year. Mexico's geographical location--in the center of a volcanic crater and surrounded by mountains--only serves to lock in the air pollution, causing smog to sit above the city. 16
No. 4: Port au Prince, Haiti
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 34
The country's politically inspired violence and corruption are well documented. Equally dangerous: its air and water. Serving as one of the main ports on the island of Hispaniola, Port au Prince is central to Haiti's economic development. A lack of pollution controls, however, contributes to the widespread environmental problems confronting the Haitian city.
No. 3: Antananarivo, Madagascar
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 30.1
Madagascar, located off of the southeastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, makes this year's list with its capital city, Antananarivo. Well known for its variety of unique flora and fauna, Madagascar has often been referred to as the world's eighth continent, but the effects of the human population are quickly leaving their footprint. 17
No. 2: Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 29.6
Located in southern Asia, between Burma and India, Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh battles with the constant threat of water pollution. Surface water is often thick with disease and pollutants from the use of commercial pesticides. With an estimated 150 million people living in a relatively small area, cleaning up the problem won't be easy.
No. 1: Baku, Azerbaijan
Mercer Health and Sanitation Index Score: 27.6
Surrounded by Iran, Georgia, Russia and Armenia on the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan has long been an oil hub. As a consequence, Baku, the capital, suffers from life-threatening levels of air pollution emitted from oil drilling and shipping.
18
Dirty Rivers of the World - Save Nature The world stands at the juncture of self destruction and transience. the nature being murdered by people so wake up and save nature. Here are few rivers which once may have been the habitat of the most beautiful aquatic life but now house our wastes. Have a close look at these ugly rivers of the world.
-Citarum River, Indonesia Surprised? That's the Citarum river in West Java, Indonesia. While this river may look like garbage pool to you but is actually the main source of water for agriculture and water supply for the people. The river is heavily polluted by the human activity and has no aquatic life breathing beneath the floating wastes. In December 2008, the Asian Development Bank approved a $500 million loan for cleaning up the river but as we see it will take years to get back the dead river back to life.
19
-Yamuna River, India Yamuna the largest tributary river of the Ganges is one of the most polluted rivers in the world where 58% of the waste from the Indian capital New Delhi is dumped into the river. Its very surprising to note that a total of Rs 1,700 crore has been spent on cleaning Yamuna as well Ganges but with all efforts turning to vain, government has finally laid its hands down.
-Buriganga River, Bangladesh The Buriganga River is the main river flowing beside Dhaka city, capital of Bangladesh. The biological dead river owns its plight to the 80% is untreated directly flowing into the river and polythenes deposited beneath water .
20
-Yellow River from Lanzhou, China The Yellow River is China's second longest river and is the main water supply for millions of people in northern China. But the river with primarily Lanzhou which is the prime source of drinking water for the two million local residences, is heavily polluted with oil spills taking place every now and then due to industrial contamination.
-Ganges River, India Ganga is the most sacred river for Hindus that emerges from gangotri glacier. An estimated 2,000,000 people ritually bathe daily in the river, inspite of being unsafe as chemical wastes, sewage and corpses remains float fearlessly across the water body.
21
-Marilao River, Philippines Plastic wrappers, rubber slippers, banana trunks and a bloated carcass of a dog, that's few of the things you may find floating in the Marilao river. The waters contain toxic chemicals such as chromium, cadmium, copper and arsenic making the water very dangerous. Despite campaigns by the local government and imposing fines, households still throw their garbage, and factories release their effluents into the river resulting in highly contaminated water.
-Songhua River, China The Songhua is a river in Northeast China, and is the largest tributary of the Heilong River. In November 2005, the river was contaminated with benzene, that lead to a shutdown of Harbin's water supply.
22
-The Mississippi River, USA The Mississippi River is a major economic and natural resource for the heartland of the United States. The river drains nearly 40% of the continental United States, including its central farm lands and carries an estimated 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen pollution into the Gulf of Mexico each year.
-The Sarno River, Italy The Sarno is a stream that passes through Pompeii to the south of the city of Naples. It is considered the most polluted river in Europe. The situation is aggravated by large-scale dumping of untreated agricultural and industrial waste into the river. The polluted basin waters flowing into the Bay of Naples also increase the sea water contamination.
23
The World's Dirtiest Playgrounds It is part of every child’s nature to explore an environment through playful activity. In some cases, that results in children playing in dirt pits or hazardous areas. Such polluted sites become the stages and backdrops for extraordinary adventures, epic sagas, breathtaking battles, and an infinite number of heroes, foes, and mystical creatures. The power of imagination can take a child’s mind to a fantastical place, full of wonder and joy, and can transform any location into an amusement park echoing with laughter.
1 A boy rides a bike in a Romany settlement in Sarajevo's suburb of Butmir, BosniaHerzegovina.
2 Children play on foam from a polluted river at the Marunda flood canal in Jakarta, Indonesia.
24
3 A boy plays with a tire near garbage being set on fire by residents of a slum in Karachi, Pakistan.
4 Luciano Montero (left) and Samuel Nunez play among piles of rubbish heaped outside homes in the city of Santa Fe, 480 kilometers north of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
5 Sana, 5, plays on a cloth sling hanging from a telephone pole as smoke from a garbage dump rises next to a railway track in Mumbai, India.
25
6 Boys play by a puddle near their shelter in Kabul.
7 Boys spin tops in front of a coal-powered electricity plant in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
8 A child swims in the litter-strewn waters of Cilincing Beach in Jakarta, Indonesia. 26
9 A Bangladeshi boy jumps on waste products that are used to make poultry feed as she plays in a tannery in Dhaka.
10 Children play in a slum area of Karachi, Pakistan.
11 A boy plays in a garbage dump where hundreds of people live and earn money by recycling waste and making charcoal in Manila, the Philippines.
27
Examples for some dirty countries in the world !
28
INDIA
India officially the Republic of India (Bharat Ganrajya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. The Indian economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks eighth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. 29
India is Dirty.
People Ignore Garbage in the Street
Ever since that day, India has become progressively worse. You see, we started our journey through the country in the South of India. We had heard all of the stories about the garbage, the cow dung, the pollution etc. We thought that we should ease our way into India so that we would be more prepared once we traveled north. Goa was so nice, it had people cleaning the beaches each morning. (Except for the cow carcass that the dogs gnawed on each day) We even saw garbage trucks go by every once in a while. Hampi may have been rough around the edges but it was still possible to walk without a gagging on a regular basis.
30
Kerala almost seems sanitized at this point and Mumbai, well lets just say, I would love to go back to Mumbai. It had a few sidewalks that we could walk on. It had a few garbage cans here and there and it even had a waterfront path to escape the traffic. We didn’t even see cows in Coloba or the Fort District. In retrospect I think that we may have made the wrong choice starting in the south. I think that if we traveled in the opposite direction we would have witnessed India becoming cleaner as we go. Sure it would have been just baby steps to cleanliness, but with each city we would have noticed an improvement.
Homeless Man sleeping (we hope) in Street
31
Instead we are seeing a dirtier and dirtier India with each stop. We have become so grossed out in the North that we just may wimp out after Varanasi and the tiger sanctuary and skip out of Dodge while we still have happy thoughts about India.
Garbage everywhere but in the Can
32
Rajasthan has been noticeably a mess. Our first stop was Udaipur and we loved that town. Sure, it had cow dung and garbage in the streets. The lake was polluted and at times you could smell the stench of urine where men had peed against the wall, but it wasn’t too bad.
Public Urinals, No way I’d go there As we have moved on, each city has become more cluttered with refuse, human waste is in the streets along with the cow dung. Open sewers flow along the buildings foundations of old cities and it is impossible to walk anywhere. The filth was becoming more apparent with each day.
33
India is Filthy.
Garbage Piles and adds to the Filth
Garbage in the Alley leading to raw open sewage -
34
Now that we are in Rajasthan, we wonder why the governing body doesn’t get its act together. There is no need to live in this waste. There are a billion people in India, it should be easy to employ people to clean up the street. Why not put in some garbage cans? That would be a great start. If things are too disgusting to start off, why not put your criminals to work? We have punishments in Canada where people are sentenced to community service. Dave and I walk around daily and state how there isn’t a reason for all this mess. Well, we can’t talk while we are walking. I have to assume the position of walking behind him while he leads the way. It is impossible to walk side by side. We must walk in single file. We have to walk on the road with the cars, the rickshaws and the cows and oh yeah, the filth.
Don’t throw Garbage Sign, Nobody Listens, India is still Filthy
35
We commented to each other that India is very bad for the relationship. We never get to hold hands or socialize while we walk. Nope, walking in India is work. I have to walk with my scarf around my nose to block out the disgusting smells that linger in the air. We have to watch where we step, we can never take our eye off the road. One lapse in concentration and you could easily be stepping in a gooey mess of giant poop. Maybe they should have touts sell hip waders I’m sure they would be a big hit! All the while you have to dodge buses, cars, rickshaws and the odd loogie of spit coming out of windows or flying through the air from somewhere. You may trip over a homeless guy sleeping in the street… or a sleeping dog. Cows don’t move for anything and you have to fend off touts and beggars the entire time. You want an adventure? Try going out for a leisurely stroll in India.
Stench of Urination in the Streets
36
Bangladesh
officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাাংলাদেশ Gônôprôjatôntri Bangladesh), is a country in South Asia, located on the fertile Bengal delta. It is bordered by the Republic of India to its north, west and east, by the Union of Myanmar (Burma) to its south-east and by the Bay of Bengal to its south. It is separated from the Democratic Republic of Nepal and the Kingdom of Bhutan by the narrow Indian Siliguri Corridor. Together with the neighbouring Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language Bangladesh is identified as a Next Eleven economy. According to the United Nations in 2010, the country is making major strides in human development, including significant progress in the areas of gender equity, universal primary education, the empowerment of women, reducing population growth, food production, health and renewable energy The poverty rate has declined considerably since independence, and per-capita income has doubled from 1975 levels. Major cities such as Dhaka and Chittagong have been the driving forces behind much of the recent growth. However, the country continues to face a number of major political and social challenges, including endemic bureaucratic and political corruption, widespread poverty, political instability, overpopulation and vulnerability to global climate change.
37
Dirty and pollution in Bangladesh
ABSTRACT Environmental pollution is as old as the civilization itself. It has become a major concern in the last few decades. It is the by product of the development of civilization and in fact a price for the progress. It is more prone in case of Bangladesh. Air pollution of Bangladesh is mainly caused by the vehicle emission, industrial discharge and burning of fossil fuel. The water resource of Bangladesh becomes a major health hazard due to arsenic contamination, inadequate solid waste and industrial effluent management. Necessary steps are to be taken to protect the environment for our own existence. This paper provides an overview of different environmental problems of Bangladesh and discusses the ways to improve it Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Noise Pollution 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Pollution has become the first enemy of the mankind. Industrial revolution of 19th century led to environmental disaster. The whole world is now more afraid of pollution rather than nuclear blast. Technological advancement has 38
brought revolutionary changes in life style and national economy with overwhelming power over nature. The protection of environment has become a major issue around the global for the well being of the people and economic development. 1.2 The present environmental condition of Bangladesh is not at all equilibrium. Severe air, water and noise pollution are threatening human health, ecosystems and economic growth of Bangladesh. Air pollution caused due to increasing population, burning fossil fuels, industrialization and associated motorization. The water pollution caused due to industrialization. The under ground water of Bangladesh has been polluted due to arsenic. The inhabitants of major cities of Bangladesh are also exposed to high level of noise pollution. Environmental degradation of Bangladesh is also caused due to poverty, over-population and lack of awareness on the subject. It is manifested by deforestation, destruction of wetlands, soil erosion and natural calamities. Few steps have been taken by the government to improve the environmental degradation and pollution control. This paper analyzes the different types of environmental pollution and associated health hazard in Bangladesh. It also discusses the different governmental steps as well as some suggested steps to improve the pollution control.
39
2.DIFFERENTASPECTSOF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 2.1 Air Pollution. Air pollution is a serious environmental health hazard affecting the populations of Bangladesh. Air pollution of Bangladesh is caused due to increasing population and associated motorization. Indoor air pollution is mainly associated with the use of biomass fuels during cooking with poor ventilation. Industrial emissions and automobiles are the principle sources of outdoor air pollution. The national ambient air quality standards of Bangladesh and amount of pollutants in the air of Dhaka city is shown below: Table – 1: Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standards
*Sensitive areas include national monuments, health resorts , hospitals, archeological spots, and educational institutions. Source: Department of Environment (DOE), 1997. Table – 2A: Pollutants in the Air of Dhaka City
40
Table – 2B: Pollutants in the Air of Dhaka City
2.2 Main Sources of Air Pollution. 2.2a. Burning of Fossil Fuel.
Air pollution mainly occurs due to burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum etc and associated black smoke. Over 41
99% of the brick kilns use fossil fuel but don’t comply with the “Brick Kiln Ordinance” and pollute enormous air. 2.2b. Industrial Discharge. Industries cause air pollution through smoke emission. Agro based industries like sugar, pulp, paper, tanneries and value added industries like textile, garments, pharmaceutics, oil refineries, fertilizer and chemical industries are the major contributors for air pollution. The air pollution percentage of most five industrial sectors of Bangladesh in the year 2001 is shown below: Table-3: Air Pollution Percentage of most Five Industrial Sectors of Bangladesh in the Year 2001
Source: Research Work by Islam Faisal on “ Industrial Pollution in Bangladesh” in the year 2002. 2.2c. Emission from Vehicles. One of the major sources of air pollution in urban areas of Bangladesh is due to the unburned fuel from two stroke engine vehicles. Dhaka has been rated as one of the most polluted cities of the world. Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission reports that automobiles in Dhaka emit 100 kg lead, 3.5 tons SPM, 1.5 tons SO2, 14 tons HC and 60 tons CO in every day. The contribution of air pollution by different types of vehicle and the amount of pollutants emitted from vehicles in Dhaka city is as follows: Table-4: Contribution of Air Pollution by Vehicle Type
42
Source: Country Profile on Environment of Bangladesh by Japan International Cooperation Agency in the Year 1999. 2.3 Water Pollution.
Water pollution creates serious health hazard for Bangladesh. The dumping of municipal wastes, hospital wastes and toxic environmental discharges from mostly industries pollute both surface and ground water sources. The most dangerous threat emanating from environmental degradation is the arsenic contamination of ground water. 2.4 Main Sources of Water Pollution. 2.4a. Industrial Waste and Effluent.
43
The main industrial areas of Bangladesh are at Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, and Bogra districts. The mostly contributing industries for water pollution are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, metal processing, food industry, fertilizer, pesticides, dyeing and painting, textile, tannery etc. More than 200 rivers of Bangladesh directly or indirectly receive a large quantity of untreated industrial wastes and effluent. Everyday approximately 700 tanneries of Dhaka city are discharging about 16,000 cubic meters of toxic wastes. The Department of Environment (DOE) has listed 1,176 factories that cause pollution throughout the country. Water pollution percentage of most five industrial sectors of Bangladesh in the year 2001 is shown below: Table-5: Water Pollution Percentage of most Industrial Sectors of Bangladesh in the Year 2001
Five
Source: Research Work by Islam Faisal on “ Industrial Pollution in Bangladesh� in the year 2002. 44
2.4b. Solid Waste and Sewage Disposal.
The indiscriminate discharge of solid waste, domestic and hospital sewage are the major source of water pollution in Bangladesh. About 4,000 to 4,500 tons of solid wastes are generated daily and only half of the generated wastes are disposed of in low lying areas or into river water. These solid wastes are associated with the problems of littering on roads, spilling around the bins, clogging of drains, indiscriminate dumping on vacant plots and cause serious environmental pollution. More than 500 hospitals and clinics of Dhaka city generate and release hazardous and toxic wastes without any treatment. The generated solid waste of six famous hospitals / clinics of Dhaka city is shown below: Table-6: Solid Waste Generation Hospitals/Clinics of Dhaka City
45
from
Six
Famous
Source: M Shehab Ullah on “A study of hospital waste management in Dhaka city� in the year 1999. 2.4c. Inadequate Sanitary Facilities. Inadequate sanitation facilities pose a serious environmental threat in Bangladesh. Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) can serve only for 15 to 20% of city population. In absence of the sanitation and infrastructural services, 40% having septic tank and soak pit, 15% using pit latrines and 30% using open latrines. The sewage is mostly released into low-lying areas and river water in untreated manner causing great environmental hazards. 2.4d. Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water. Arsenic in ground water poses a serious environmental hazard for Bangladesh. About ninety-seven percentages (97%) of Bangladesh people have been using ground water as the main source of drinking water but the water has been threatened by arsenic contamination. More than half (52%) of the studied population drink well-water containing >50ug/L of arsenic and more than two-thirds (70%) drink well-water containing >10ug/L of arsenic. The acceptable level of arsenic in drinking water is 0.05 mg/L for Bangladesh but some places it is found more than 70 times higher than that standard. About 80 million people are at a risk of arsenic contamination. The arsenic level of ground water over 0.05 mg/L surveyed in 1998 by the British Geological Survey team is as follows.
46
Table-7: Percentage of Ground Waters Surveyed in 1998by the British Geological Survey Team with Arsenic Levels over the Limit
Source: Allan H Smith, Elena O Lingas & Mahfuzar Rahman on “Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency� in 1998.
47
2.5 Noise Pollution.
The noise pollution is also a major health hazard in Bangladesh. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 60 decibel (DB) sound can make a man deaf temporarily and 100 DB sound can cause complete deafness. According to the Department of Environment (DOE), the perfect sound condition for Bangladesh is 45 dB for the daytime and 35 dB for the night in peaceful areas and 50 dB for the daytime and 40 dB for the night in residential areas. The main sources of noise pollution are industries, motorized vehicles, construction works and indiscriminate use of loudspeaker. At present noise level in Dhaka city are estimated ranging from 60 to 100 decibel. If present situation continues then by the year 2017, 50% people of Dhaka city will loss 30 decibel of hearing power. The daily variation of noise level near the road at some of the key locations of Dhaka city is shown below: Table – 8A: Pollutants in the Air of Dhaka City.
48
Source: Nazmul Chowdhury research on noise pollution in Dhaka city on Feb 2002. Table – 8B: Pollutants in the Air of Dhaka City.
Source: Nazmul Chowdhury research on noise pollution in Dhaka city on Feb 2002. 3. EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
49
3.1 Severe environmental pollution is threatening human health and economic growth of Bangladesh. Air pollution mostly affects the urban children. Indoor air pollution is a greater threat to health than outdoor air pollution. Bangladesh could avoid 10,000 deaths and save between 200 and 500 million dollars a year if indoor air pollution in four major cities can be reduced to acceptable limits. 3.2 Immediate effect of smoke inhalation causes headache, vertigo, burning sensation of the eyes, sneezing, nausea, tiredness, cough etc. It’s long term effect may cause asthma and bronchitis. Lead affects the circulatory, nervous and reproductive systems as well as affects kidney and liver including liver cancer or cirrhosis. Carbon monoxide hampers the growth and mental development of an expected baby. Nitrogen oxides cause bronchitis and pneumonia.
3.3 Industrial emissions cause different waterborne disease and damage to health. Arsenic poisoning is slow and cumulative. It causes melanosis, kurtosis and conjunctivitis. Subsequently respiratory problem, gangrene, skin, kidney and lung cancer would arise. The Arsenic effect not only causes serious health hazards but also creates a widespread social problem. The inadequate sanitation facilities also pose a serious health threat in Bangladesh.
50
3.4 Noise pollution causes mental and physical illness among the people. Sound pollution causes deafness to heart attack. Any sort of noise pollution seriously affects expecting mothers. It also causes high blood pressure, tachycardia, headache, indigestion, and peptic ulcer.
3.5 Many people died every year in many diseases due to environmental pollution. The death rate in the year 1996 mainly due to environmental pollution is as follows.
51
What is our situation to the dirty and poor countries?
52
Should Rich Countries Pay More for Environmental Damage
In our society nowadays, some people really don't care about our environment, but most of the people encourage us to participate and join them in helping our environment cope up with these pollution we made. Rich countries should not the only one who should pay for different environmental problems; poor countries also need to pay for it, why? because not all rich countries destroy and pollute the environment, somehow, most of the poor countries were the one polluting and destroying our environment, which causes environmental imbalance. Different environmental problems such as flash floods, landslides, earthquake, etc. are the problems we encounter during a natural phenomena that occur in our community and in different places in the world. Nowadays, we Filipinos suffer from different environmental damages and calamities, just like the Super Storm Bopha which greatly devastated and destroyed the livestock and agricultural industry in the Davao and Compostella Valley Region in the Philippines. Even though we are considered a 3rd world country, we must pay for our environmental tax, which the rich countries must also do for our Environment can be saved though there are a lot of destruction already.
53
People who are in poor countries mostly are undisciplined and irresponsible, that is why we face a lot of troubles and damages, when a natural phenomena hits our country, and right now regarding our Environment. We don't have any water treatment in different parts of Metro Manila, where our water waste goes to the Pasig River into the Manila Bay and there are a lot of like this in different parts of the world, that is one example of pollution we do
as a 3rd world country; however, we are doing different environmental care like the tree planting activities in different parts of Manila, and in different places in the world, but it is not enough for us to only do that, we must implement well our environmental solutions with strict penalties for us to help both rich and poor countries to overcome different phenomena we and they encounter everyday.
54
Rich and Poor countries must pay for the Environmental damages each and every individual have made in a fair way for we can have each equality in rights for the environmental care because we all are being devastated by these natural calamities; furthermore, we should implement more strict environmental solutions and rules rather than picking who will pay more for the environmental damages for us to focus in cleaning our environment to help each one of us survive these different calamities. Rich and Poor countries must face what their people did in terms of their environmental issues, because we shouldn't rely only in different non government organizations that help us to clean our environment and different government institutions that help us clean it, we must face all the things we did in our environment even if it's a little or minor problem, because in this way, we can help and encourage people to treasure our mother earth for the future generations to come.
55
Other people might say that "We can't afford such high tax for environmental issues in different places" you can do community services if you can't afford it, it seems that our rules needs to be more flexible for our people to be accommodated with their present situation, or the best way or thing to do for you can't pay high tax is to help and influence our communities and societies to encourage to take care of our environment for they can all benefit from it, and for they can help other people to preserve humanity and our endangered species.
Other people might say that "Where will the Environmental tax goes if we pay for it?" Well, we have a lot of activities nowadays concerning Environmental Awareness and care for we can preserve our Mother Earth and our Species in extinction, it will goes to the tree planting, river rehabilitation, water treatment, and other environmental projects that helps to lessen the pollution and damage we do. Even if we are rich or poor, it can be a great help lending money for tax for our environmental solutions to be fulfilled. it will also be a great help for our society to help and improve our way of living in this world, and health problems of poor and rich families.
56
Should be Stop Pollution On earth, many people use products every day to help them with their daily tasks. Unfortunately humans also hurt the natural environment with the manufacture and waste of these products. Smoke and fumes let off by factories build up in our atmosphere, and trap more heat in the earth. Carbon dioxide also depletes the ozone layer, which is a protective band around the earth that filters UV rays. The earth heats up due to the greenhouse effect. On earth, improper disposal of waste diseased animals and insects. Litter detracts from the beauty of our environment. 1. Don’t throw trash! Don’t throw it into the street, into the woods, into the rivers, into the seas! If you throw trash away, it doesn’t go away, ever. Trash comes back, in so many ways, and none of them good.
2. Sort your trash! In the Clean World everything used is sorted and that’s how we reduce trash. It is one of the best ways to re-use resources. In the Clean World we hope to eliminate landfills and view trash as a valuable source of new resources.
57
3. Don’t throw anything away. Anything! When something is broken, try to fix it! If you can’t, then recycle it! If you don’t need something, think of a new use for it or give it to somebody who might need it. Everything that you may no longer require could be valuable elsewhere. Think, before you dispose.
4. Don’t burn trash! Burning trash seems an easy option. However, when you burn trash, it returns many toxins to the environment. Look to re-cycle your trash… Don’t burn it!
58
5. Compost food leftovers!
Food leftovers should not be thrown away, but composted. In the Clean World there is a compost next to every house for every community.
6. Consume only as much as you really need to! In the Clean World people regard consumption as the last resort . Repair as much as possible. Don’t let fashion or technology affect your opinions.
59
7. Avoid using disposable products that generate trash! Glass bottles filled with drinks really are environmentally ‘better’. Instead of plastic bags, use bags made of fabric. Products are consumed more reasonably in the Clean World.
8. Buy trash free products! Avoid products that are excessively packaged. Choose to buy durable products that will last. In the Clean World there are totally recyclable products.
60
9. Support environmentally friendly legislation and actions! Vote for laws that support environmentally friendly produced goods, from farmers’ markets or directly from the producer. Cut out the marketing and packaging. In the Clean World we buy responsibly.
10. Co-operate with others by suggesting alternatives! Be yourself but make sure your friends can see your example. In the Clean World everybody is responsible. Be different by making your friends enjoy the Clean World.
61
Conclusion
Even though we are included in the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd world country, we must keep in mind that we need to pay tax about our environmental problems for us to live pollution-less society, and make our endangered species and next generation live longer. We must protect our environment even if we are rich or poor because if we didn't care about our environment we will be the first one who will be affected with these pollution when natural disasters devastate our countries and places. So we just need to cooperate for our environment's sake and our sake also; furthermore, we must be a good role model for the youth as they grow up for they can also preserve the species nd humanity we need for the next generation.
62
References http://theplanetd.com/india-is-filthy http://marloluigijoble.blogspot.com http://en.wikipedia.org http://www.rferl.org http://www.dailymail.co https://www.google.com/search https://www.google.com/maps http://theplanetd.com
63
Index
INTRODUCTION
1
25 MOST DIRTIEST CITIES IN THE WORLD
3
DIRTY RIVERS OF THE WORLD
18
THE WORLD'S DIRTIEST PLAYGROUNDS
23
EXAMPLES FOR SOME DIRTY COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD INDIA
28
BANGLADESH
36
WHAT IS OUR SITUATION TO THE DIRTY AND POOR COUNTRIES? 51 CONCLUSION
62
REFERENCE
63
64
65
66