ADAMSON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WATER FOR HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION PRESENTED BY: RAE CARLO ACEDERA JENICA ANN BOLAÑOS KIT DELA CRUZ JANINE FEBABIER RENALYNE KAYE MANUEL
PRESENTED TO: DR. TOMAS U. GANIRON, JR
HYDROELECTRIC POWER (OFTEN CALLED HYDROPOWER) USES THE ENERGY IN FALLING WATER, CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICITY, WITHOUT “USING UP” THE WATER. IT CONSIDERED A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE. A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE IS ONE THAT IS NOT DEPLETED (USED UP) IN THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY.
HYDROPOWER ENERGY IS ULTIMATELY DERIVED FROM THE SUN, WHICH DRIVES THE WATER CYCLE. IN THE WATER CYCLE, RIVERS ARE RECHARGED IN A CONTINUOUS CYCLE. BECAUSE OF THE FORCE OF GRAVITY, WATER FLOWS FROM HIGH POINTS TO LOW POINTS. THERE IS POTENTIAL ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY EMBODIED IN THE FLOW OF WATER.
HUMANS FIRST LEARNED TO HARNESS THE KINETIC ENERGY IN WATER BY USING WATERWHEELS. A WATERWHEEL IN A REVOLVING WHEEL FITTED WITH BLADES, BUCKETS, OR VANES. WATERWHEELS CONVERT THE KINETIC ENERGY OF FLOWING WATER TO MECHANICAL ENERGY.
HOW IT WORKS? (CATCHMENTS AREA TO TURBINE HOUSE)
• INITIALLY THE WATER OF THE RIVER IS IN CATCHMENTS AREA. • FROM THE CATCHMENTS AREA THE WATER FLOWS TO THE DAM. • AT THE DAM THE WATER GETS ACCUMULATED. THUS THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE WATER INCREASES DUE TO THE HEIGHT OF THE DAM. • WHEN THE GATES OF THE DAM ARE OPENED THEN THE WATER MOVES WITH HIGH KINETIC ENERGY INTO THE PENSTOCK. • THROUGH THE PENSTOCK WATER GOES TO THE TURBINE HOUSE.
• SINCE THE PENSTOCK MAKES WATER TO FLOW FROM HIGH ALTITUDE ALTITUDE, THUS THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE WATER IS AGAIN RAISED.
TO LOW
In the turbine house the pressure of the water is controlled by the controlling valves as per the requirements. The controlled pressurized water is fed to the turbine.
(TURBINE HOUSE TO POWER HOUSE)
Due to the pressure of the water the light weight turbine rotates. Due to the high speed rotation of the turbine the shaft connected between the turbine and the generator rotates . Due to the rotation of generator the ac current is produced. This current is supplied to the powerhouse. From powerhouse it is supplied for the commercial purposes. Due to the high speed rotation of the turbine the shaft connected between the turbine and the generator rotates.
•NO FUEL CHARGES. •LESS SUPERVISING STAFF IS REQUIRED. •MAINTENANCE & OPERATION CHARGES ARE VERY LOW. •RUNNING COST OF THE PLANT IS LOW. •THE PLANT EFFICIENCY DOES NOT CHANGES WITH AGE.
ADVANTAGES
•IT TAKES FEW MINUTES TO RUN & SYNCHRONIZE THE PLANT. •NO FUEL TRANSPORTATION IS REQUIRED. •NO ASH & FLUE GAS PROBLEM & DOES NOT POLLUTE THE ATMOSPHERE. •THESE PLANTS ARE USED FOR FLOOD CONTROL & IRRIGATION PURPOSE. •LONG LIFE IN COMPARISON WITH THE THERMAL & NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.
The initial cost of the power plant is very high.
Takes long time for construction of the dam.
DISADVANTAGES Generally, Such plant’s are located in hilly area’s far away from load center & thus they require long transmission lines & losses in them will be more. Power generation by hydro power plant is only dependant on natural phenomenon of rain .Therefore at the time of drought or summer session the Hydro Power Plant will not work.
PUROPOSES OF HYDROPROJECT
For irrigation of agricultural land.
For navigation.
For fisheries and tourism.
For flood control.
For civil water supply.
For generation of electricity.
Forebay Intake structure
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC PLANT
Penstocks Surge tank Turbines Power house Draft tube Tail race
FOREBAY
• FOREBAY IS A BASIN AREA OF HYDROPOWER PLANT IT IS WHERE WATER IS TEMPORARILY STORED BEFORE GOING INTO INTAKE CHAMBER. • THE STORAGE OF WATER IN FOREBAY IS DECIDED BASED ON REQUIRED WATER DEMAND IN THAT AREA. THIS IS ALSO USED WHEN THE LOAD REQUIREMENT IN INTAKE IS LESS.
INTAKE STRUCTURE • INTAKE STRUCTURE IS A STRUCTURE WHICH COLLECTS THE WATER FROM THE FOREBAY AND DIRECTS IT INTO THE PENSTOCKS. • INTAKE STRUCTURE CONTAIN SOME IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF WHICH TRASH RACKS PLAYS VITAL ROLE. TRASH RACKS ARE PROVIDED AT THE ENTRANCE OF PENSTOCK TO TRAP THE DEBRIS IN THE WATER. • OTHER THAN TRASH RACKS, RAKES AND TROLLEY ARRANGEMENT WHICH IS USED TO CLEAN THE TRASH RACKS AND PENSTOCK CLOSING GATES ARE ALSO PROVIDED IN INTAKE STRUCTURE.
PENSTOCKS • PENSTOCKS ARE LIKE LARGE PIPES LAID WITH SOME SLOPE WHICH CARRIES WATER FROM INTAKE STRUCTURE OR RESERVOIR TO THE TURBINES. THEY RUN WITH SOME PRESSURE SO, SUDDEN CLOSING OR OPENING OF PENSTOCK GATES CAN CAUSE WATER HAMMER EFFECT TO THE PENSTOCKS
SURGE TANK • A SURGE CHAMBER OR SURGE TANK IS A CYLINDRICAL TANK WHICH IS OPEN AT THE TOP TO CONTROL THE PRESSURE IN PENSTOCK. IT IS CONNECTED TO THE PENSTOCK AND AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE POWER HOUSE.
TURBINES • HYDRAULIC TURBINE, A DEVICE WHICH CAN CONVERT THE HYDRAULIC ENERGY INTO THE MECHANICAL ENERGY WHICH AGAIN CONVERTED INTO THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY COUPLING THE SHAFT OF TURBINE TO THE GENERATOR.
POWER HOUSE • POWER HOUSE IS A BUILDING PROVIDED TO PROTECT THE HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. GENERALLY, THE WHOLE EQUIPMENT IS SUPPORTED BY THE FOUNDATION OR SUBSTRUCTURE LAID FOR THE POWER HOUSE. • THE POWER HOUSE IS READILY DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS: (1) THE SUBSTRUCTURE (2) THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
DRAFT TUBE • IF REACTION TURBINES ARE USED, THEN DRAFT TUBE IS A NECESSARY COMPONENT WHICH CONNECTS TURBINE OUTLET TO THE TAILRACE. THE DRAFT TUBE CONTAINS GRADUALLY INCREASING DIAMETER SO THAT THE WATER DISCHARGED INTO THE TAILRACE WITH SAFE VELOCITY. AT THE END OF DRAFT TUBE, OUTLET GATES ARE PROVIDED WHICH CAN BE CLOSED DURING REPAIR WORKS.
TAIL RACE • TAILRACE IS THE FLOW OF WATER FROM TURBINES TO THE STREAM. IT IS GOOD IF THE POWER HOUSE IS LOCATED NEARER TO THE STREAM. BUT, IF IT IS LOCATED FAR AWAY FROM THE STREAM THEN IT IS NECESSARY TO BUILD A CHANNEL FOR CARRYING WATER INTO THE STREAM
BASIC ELEMENTS OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Reservoir Dam Trace rack For bay Surge tank Penstock Spillway Turbine Powerhouse
HOW A HYDROELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM WORKS FLOWING WATER IS DIRECTED AT A TURBINE (REMEMBER TURBINES ARE JUST ADVANCED WATERWHEELS). THE FLOWING WATER CAUSES THE TURBINE TO ROTATE, CONVERTING THE WATER’S KINETIC ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY.
THE MECHANICAL ENERGY PRODUCED BY THE TURBINE IS CONVERTED INTO ELECTRIC ENERGY USING A TURBINE GENERATOR. INSIDE THE GENERATOR, THE SHAFT OF THE TURBINE SPINS A MAGNET INSIDE COILS OF COPPER WIRE. IT IS A FACT OF NATURE THAT MOVING A MAGNET NEAR A CONDUCTOR CAUSES AN ELECTRIC CURRENT.
HOW MUCH ELECTRICITY CAN BE GENERATED BY A HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT? THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY THAT CAN BE GENERATED BY A HYDROPOWER PLANT DEPENDS ON TWO FACTORS: •
FLOW RATE - THE QUANTITY OF WATER FLOWING IN A GIVEN TIME; AND
•
HEAD - THE HEIGHT FROM WHICH THE WATER FALLS.
(THE GREATER THE FLOW AND HEAD, THE MORE ELECTRICITY PRODUCED.)
FLOW RATE = THE QUANTITY OF WATER FLOWING WHEN MORE WATER FLOWS THROUGH A TURBINE, MORE ELECTRICITY CAN BE PRODUCED. THE FLOW RATE DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF THE RIVER AND THE AMOUNT OF WATER FLOWING IN IT. POWER PRODUCTION IS CONSIDERED TO BE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO RIVER FLOW. THAT IS, TWICE AS MUCH WATER FLOWING WILL PRODUCE TWICE AS MUCH ELECTRICITY.
HEAD = THE HEIGHT FROM WHICH WATER FALLS THE FARTHER THE WATER FALLS, THE MORE POWER IT HAS. THE HIGHER THE DAM, THE FARTHER THE WATER FALLS, PRODUCING MORE HYDROELECTRIC POWER. POWER PRODUCTION IS ALSO DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO HEAD. THAT IS, WATER FALLING TWICE AS FAR WILL PRODUCE TWICE AS MUCH ELECTRICITY.
A STANDARD EQUATION FOR CALCULATING ENERGY PRODUCTION: POWER = (HEAD) X (FLOW) X (EFFICIENCY) 11.8 • POWER = THE ELECTRIC POWER IN KILOWATTS OR KW • HEAD = THE DISTANCE THE WATER FALLS (MEASURED IN FEET) • FLOW = THE AMOUNT OF WATER FLOWING (MEASURED IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND OR CFS) • EFFICIENCY = HOW WELL THE TURBINE AND GENERATOR CONVERT THE POWER OF FALLING WATER INTO ELECTRIC POWER. THIS CAN RANGE FROM 60% (0.60) FOR OLDER, POORLY MAINTAINED HYDROPLANTS TO 90% (0.90) FOR NEWER, WELL MAINTAINED PLANTS. • 11.8 = INDEX THAT CONVERTS UNITS OF FEET AND SECONDS INTO KILOWATTS