What is the truth? A manual to Rhetorical Analysis

WhatWhat IsIs thethe Truth?Truth? A A GuideGuide toto RhetoricalRhetorical AnalysisAnalysis Hanson Wen, Year 10, Peel House

Is There a ‘Real World’?

Humans are curious animals who seek the truth. Our nature has pushed us to develop science, religion, literature, and other fields of study. But at times our curiosity fails to identify inaccuracies and discern what is real. Without recognising what is real, we may rely on unfounded information in our everyday decision making. Sometimes, world leaders make this mistake too. For example, Ronald Reagan, the 40th president of the United States, frequently relied on astrology in his decision making.

Before exploring the importance of seeking the truth, we must first define it. I believe that, in reality, we can never find the so-called truth. Are we even sure this is the real world? For all we know, we could be living in the Matrix, or in an illusion broadcasted into our brains by an evil scientist. There are infinite possibilities of ‘real worlds’ that we could be in.

There is no definitive way of knowing the truth about something, as there is no definitive starting point: we do not know what is real. What we do know is how to reach conclusions from observations, though these still may not be the full truth. Imagine this: A Goldfish Scientist is in your room watching you bounce a ball. You wake up every morning at 6:00 and bounce a ball for 30 minutes. The Goldfish Scientist observes this phenomenon for 3 months and concludes that this is yet another natural law, like how the earth rotates around the sun, that you will wake up every day at 6:00 and bounce a ball for 30 minutes. He also discovers that depending on where he positions himself in the goldfish bowl, the movement of your ball changes. We know this is because of light refraction in the water, but the Goldfish Scientist does not. He therefore formulates a highly complex equation of ball movement and believes this is the truth, and that all movement beyond the bowl follows this equation. Now, suppose one day you did not wake up as usual. This would break the foundations of truth for this goldfish, and as a result, the entire system of science that he built around his daily observations would have to be reconstructed.

The Goldfish Scientist represents how we humans observe the world around us and make conclusions from them. We think that what we observe and the equations we formulate are the ‘truth’ , but there are infinite possibilities. We could be in a computer simulation, where a small malfunction could break all the fundamentals of physics that we know of. We only say that our world is physical because all our gathered evidence points to it, but that does not negate the possibility of us being in a simulation. The ‘truth’ (or theory) that we believe in is merely a truth which has a better explanation and stronger supporting evidence than all of the other theories: The heliocentric theory has a better explanation of the orbits of the planets we observe than the geocentric theory; Einstein's relativity theory has a better explanation of the ether theory and why we cannot find ether, because it doesn't exist; the modern medical system has a better explanation of the body than humorism and the Chinese medical theory of yin-yang. In theory, however, any of these theories can be disproved and replaced if we discover better ones.

How to Find the Truth

Our method of seeking the truth is through the use of logic, evidence, and deduction. There is no proof of any sort for the statement: “logic and proof could lead us to the truth”; This statement is just how we think naturally. We think that: “if there is only 1 Bob in this world, and Bob is right here in front of me, then he could not possibly be in Paris right now drinking a cup of tea, because ‘there is only 1 Bob in the world’ . Having said that, logic and proof have not failed us yet, and everything we’ve observed has followed the 3 basic principles of logic:

1. The law of identity: you are you, a = a

2. The law of non-contradiction: you cannot be a man and not a man at the same time and in the same space, a ≠ -a

3. The law of the excluded middle: two contradicting statements cannot both be true. You can either move forward or back. You cannot move forward and backward.

Anything violating these rules cease to exist, unless this logic is incorrect, which it could be. In quantum mechanics, a particle can, in the same space, simultaneously exist and not exist, which seems to violate the law of non-contradiction (Schrödinger's cat thought experiment). Although I am not an expert in quantum mechanics, I will still try to give an answer. Maths is based on the rules of logic, and since quantum mechanics is derived from mathematical provings, it follows that quantum mechanics is also based on logic. Logical impossibility Physical impossibility Technological impossibility

What Could Possibly Be True?

The 3 levels of impossibility are methods that we can use to create a first perception of a statement or object and analyse the possibility of it being true.

1. 2. 3.

The first level, logical impossibility, refers to contradictions which violate the rules of logic and therefore cannot be true. Statements like “a married single person” , “a round square” , and “blue is not a colour” cannot be true.

The next level, physical impossibility, is the violation of physical potentiality. The described phenomena which contradict the rules of physics today. Telepathy is an example: the idea that you can transfer energy from one mind to another mind in an instant must be impossible because it violates the principle of the conservation of energy.

Finally, technological impossibility describes things or events that cannot be true because they are beyond the technological abilities of humans. For example, we can't make a spaceship that flies at near the speed of light because we don’t have the technology for that.

Now, let’s use this to assess the statement “Cows can jump to the moon” . Firstly, does it violate any of the logical rules? Quite obviously, no. Secondly, is it physically impossible for the cow to jump to the moon? Well, the muscles, tendons and energy of the cow itself would not physically allow this to happen, so it is physically impossible. In other words, things only seem impossible because they violate one of the three possibilities.

What Is True?

Reasoning, as opposed to impossibilities, is a way to find the truth in all conditions because it strictly follows the rules of logic. There are 2 types of reasoning: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.

1.

An effective way to conduct deductive reasoning is syllogism. A syllogism is composed of one major premise, one minor premise and one logical conclusion from the premises. A typical example would be:

Deductive reasoning

Major premise: All Human beings are mortal

Minor premise: Socrates is a Human being

Logical conclusion: Socrates is Mortal

If the premises are true and the reasoning has no fallacies, then the conclusion will ultimately also be true.

However, we also need to be able to identify deductive fallacies:

A. Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise:

If John is a single man, then John must be male. John is not single. John is not a man.

In this example, all premises are true, but the conclusion is not true, as there is no premise

saying John not being single means John is not a man.

B. Affirming the consequent:

If Chicago is the capital city of Illinois, then Chicago is a city in Illinois. Chicago is a city in Illinois. Chicago is the capital city of Illinois.

In this example, Chicago being a city in Illinois does not mean it is the capital city of Illinois.

Another example of a deductive fallacy is similar to the structures above, but with the terms swapped. For the John example, we could swap the terms and say:

If chickens can lay eggs, then they are useful to humans. Chicken can't lay eggs. So they are not useful to humans.

In this example, this reasoning does not stand because chickens are useful to humans in other ways, such as providing meat for consumption.

What I just mentioned are fallacies specific to deductive reasoning, but in general there are a lot more. Here is a reference image to help you remember all the fallacies.

2. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is sorting statements or objects based on their properties and making predictions based on those properties and groupings.

There are 3 major types ways of inductive reasoning:

Enumeration induction Analogy induction Hypothetical induction

1.Enumeration induction:

Examples: Through observation of a portion x of the members of group a, y% of the observed group has the attribute P, so y% of group a has the attribute P.

Through observation, 15/30 of the members from the competing company that came to the meeting are Christian, so the rest of the company is also 50% Christian.

The vast majority of the food at Joe’s is bad, so the rest of the food at Joe’s is also bad.

2. Analogy Induction

Examples:

Premise: Object A has attributes E F G, and also H Premise: Object B has attributes E F G Conclusion: So object B is likely to have attributes H

Premise: Earth has land, water, air and also life Premise: Mars has land, water and air Conclusion: Mars is likely to have life

3. Hypothetical Induction

Examples:

Observation P is made. Hypothesis H explains P. No other Hypothesis can explain P as well as H. So H is likely to be true.

Watson is a doctor who is wounded, tanned and seems depressed. My hypothesis is that he is a medic who just came back from the front lines of Afghanistan, which could explain why he is like this. I cannot think of any other reason that explains Watson’s appearance and behaviour as well as this. Therefore, Watson is likely to be a medic who has just come back from the Afghanistan front lines.

These inductions cannot reveal the absolute truth, but they can tell you what is likely to be the truth. It is important to note that they can only give a plausible conclusion, so we must be careful when encountering such reasoning.

Extrasensory Perception (ESPs):

Extrasensory perception, or ESP, is a controversial topic. Earlier generations often subscribe to the belief in phenomenons like this more. It is very interesting to talk about this topic using the tools we’ve just learned.

ESP is defined as “claimed reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses, but sensed with the mind. It is said that it includes abilities such as intuition, telepathy, psychometry, clairvoyance, and their transtemporal operation as precognition or retrocognition. ”

While ESPs are logically possible, they are physically impossible because telepathy breaks the principle of energy conservation, as it involves transfer of energy at an instant. In order for the brain to receive information, it has to receive energy, because information must be in the form of energy. But modern medical analysis demonstrates that there are no mechanisms for receiving energy beyond the physical processes of blood transfer and neural signals. We therefore have good reason to question ESP because it goes against our knowledge of the natural world, not to mention the fact that ESP itself also does not have substantial supportive evidence.

To conclude, we cannot find the absolute truth itself, because there is no tangible starting point. We also don’t know for certain if we can trust the tools we use today, such as maths and logic, to find the truth, though they have not failed us yet. And we don’t know if the scientific conclusions we have reached today are real or just illusions. We also introduced the use of logical reasoning to analyse statements and identify fallacies, an important process that can help us navigate and avoid deceptions fed to us in the modern world, such as through digital media.

After reading this article, I hope you’ve learned that the world is not black and white, that there may not be an absolute truth at all, and to always have a critical mindset.

Existential Crises: What is the Meaning of Life? Lara McWilliam, Year 12, Keller House

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Cognitive biases: are we making fair and just choices? Helen Ng, Year 11, Gellhorn House

Desjardins, Jeff. "Every Single Cognitive Bias In One Infographic". Visual Capitalist, 2021, https://www.visualcapitalist.com/every-single-cognitive-bias/. "12 Cognitive Biases Explained - How To Think Better And More Logically Removing Bias". Youtube, 2016, https://youtu.be/wEwGBIr_RIw. Accessed 9 Feb 2021. Kendra, Cherry, and Swaim Emily. "The Psychology Behind Why We Strive For Consensus". Verywell Mind, 2021, https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-groupthink-2795213. Sharot, Tali. “The optimism bias”. TED: Ideas Worth Spreading, February 2012, https://www.ted.com/talks/tali_sharot_the_optimism_bias?language=en Cherry, Kendra. “Understanding the Optimism Bias, AKA the Illusion of Invulnerability”.Very Well Mind, May 2010, https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-optimism-bias-2795031 Chang, Edward C., and Kiyoshi Asakawa. "Cultural Variations On Optimistic And Pessimistic Bias For Self Versus A Sibling: Is There Evidence For Self-Enhancement In The West And For Self-Criticism In The East When The Referent Group Is Specified?". Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, vol 84, no. 3, 2003, pp. 569-581. American Psychological Association (APA), doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.569. Andhavarapu, Sanketh. "Remaining Vigilant In The Era Of Information Overload - The Decision Lab". The Decision Lab, 2021, https://thedecisionlab.com/insights/health/remaining-vigilant-in-the-era-of-information-overload/. Think Collaborative. “Blind Spot Bias”. Thinking Collaborative, April 2016, https://www.thinkingcollaborative.com/stj/blind-spot-

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France 24. "Small Donors Are Rebuilding Notre-Dame As French Billionaires Delay". France 24, 2021, https://www.france24.com/en/20190615-france-small-donor-rebuilding-notre-dame-cathedral-paris-fire-french-billionaire-charity-us. Accessed 19 Mar 2021. Hong Kong Transport Department. Trend Of Monthly Total Road Traffic Accidents. Statistics Section, Transport Department, Hong Kong, 2021, pp. Chart 7.1, https://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/transport_figures/monthly_traffic_and_transport_digest/2020/202012/index.html. Accessed 19 Mar 2021. Katrin, Bennhold, and Glanz James. "Notre-Dame’S Safety Planners Underestimated The Risk, With Devastating Results (Published 2019)". Nytimes.Com, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/19/world/europe/notre-dame-fire-safety.html. Accessed 21 Mar 2021. "Difference Between Heliocentric And Geocentric | Compare The Difference Between Similar Terms". Compare The Difference Between Similar Terms, 2021, https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-heliocentric-and-vsgeocentric/#ixzz2aFd0rsPR. "Finding Help: When To Get It And Where To Go". Mental Health America, 2021, https://www.mhanational.org/finding-helpwhen-get-it-and-where-go. "Seeking Help In Hong Kong - Mind HK". Mind HK, 2021, https://www.mind.org.hk/getting-help/. Accessed 15 May 2021. "Confirmation Bias - Definition & Examples | The Decision Lab". The Decision Lab, 2021, https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/confirmation-bias/. "The Pessimism Bias: When Things Seem Worse Than They Are – Effectiviology". Effectiviology, 2021, https://effectiviology.com/pessimism-bias/. Accessed 18 Mar 2021. "Pessimism Bias - Biases & Heuristics | The Decision Lab". The Decision Lab, 2021, https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/pessimism-bias/.

Are our laws keeping pace with the new digital age? Lola Waczkow, Year 11, Anderson House

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Home, Nostalgia, and The Odyssey Warren Zhu, Year 13, Churchill House

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How Has Art Adapted Amidst Covid? Alysha Wong, Year 13, Keller House

Editorial, Artsy, and Sonia Xie. “In the Midst of COVID-19, Chinese Galleries Adapt and Persevere.” Artsy, 17 Mar. 2020, www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-midst-covid-19-chinese-galleries-adapt-persevere. Grincheva, Natalia. “Researching Online Museums: Digital Methods to Study Virtual Visitors.” Research Methods for the Digital Humanities, 2018, pp. 103–128., doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96713-4_7. “Is the Future of Museums Online and What Might a Virtual Museum Look like?” MuseumNext, 17 Oct. 2020, www.museumnext.com/article/is-the-future-of-museums-online/. Moss, Isaac. “Is Instagram Changing Our Fundamental Relationship to Art?” Sleek Magazine, Nov. 2018, www.sleekmag.com/article/instagram-art/. Schwab, Katharine. “Art for Instagram's Sake.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 14 Mar. 2016, www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/02/instagram-art-wonder-renwick-rain-room/463173/. “V&A · The Ardabil Carpet.” Victoria and Albert Museum, www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-ardabil-carpet. Voxdotcom, director. How "Instagram Traps" Are Changing Art Museums. YouTube, YouTube, 19 Sept. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qx_r-dP22Ps&ab_channel=Vox. Nowlis, Stephen M., et al. “The Effect of a Delay between Choice and Consumption on Consumption Enjoyment.” Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 31, no. 3, 2004, pp. 502–510. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/425085.

Should A Wise Person Fear Death? Warren Zhu, Year 13, Churchill House

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The Cape Town Water Crisis Stella Liu, Year 12, Keller House

Baker, Aryn. “Cape Town's Water Crisis Day Zero: The Day the Taps Run Dry.” Time, Time, 15 Jan. 2018, time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/. Davies, Matthew, director. What Happened to Cape Town's 'Day Zero'? BBC News, BBC, 2018, www.bbc.com/news/av/business-44170561. “First City To Run Out Of Water? - The Cape Town Water Crisis | AJ+.” YouTube, YouTube, 1 May 2018, www.youtube.com/watch? v=hg6cwdc19Rw. Heggie, Jon. “Day Zero: Where next?” Science, National Geographic, 10 Feb. 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/partner-content-south-africa-danger-of-running-out-of-water. Leahy, Stephen. “The World's Water Crisis Explained on World Water Day.” Science, National Geographic, 10 Feb. 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/world-water-day-water-crisis-explained. Mahr, Krista. “How Cape Town Was Saved from Running out of Water.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 4 May 2018, www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/04/back-from-the-brink-how-cape-town-cracked-its-water-crisis. Mlaba, Khanyi. “How Cape Town Went From Water Crisis to Overflowing Dams in Just 2 Years.” Global Citizen, 2020, www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/cape-town-water-crisis-day-zero-overflowing-dams/. Poon, Linda. “The Future of the City Is Thirsty.” Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/201908-14/the-urban-water-crisis-may-be-worse-than-it-looks. TestTubeNetwork, director. Why Is Cape Town Running Out Of Water? | NowThis World. YouTube, YouTube, 25 Feb. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=SViZEtsoHyA. Torrent Tucker, Danielle. “Cape Town's 'Day Zero' Drought a Sign of Things to Come.” Stanford News, 8 Nov. 2020, news.stanford.edu/2020/11/09/cape-towns-day-zero-drought-sign-things-come/. Walton, Brett. “The Next Urban Water Crisis? Inadequate Data Clouds the Forecast.” Circle of Blue, Brett Walton Https://Www.circleofblue.org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2018/06/Circle-of-Blue-Water-Speaks-600x139.Png, 21 Nov. 2019, www.circleofblue.org/2019/wef/the-next-urban-water-crisis-inadequate-data-clouds-the-forecast/. Welch, Craig. “Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and the Cities That Are Next.” Science, National Geographic, 10 Feb. 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities.

The Educational Divide Sophie Ho, Year 13, Wu House

O'Regan, John, director. How Is the Pandemic Reshaping the Education Debate? Part 1: East Asia, South East Asia, Australasia. YouTube, UCL Institute of Education, 15 Dec. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch? v=JdVlMEZwBZM&list=PLciXpf358xeAhxGA6swp_Kuw9wd8MUzdE&index=2&ab_channel=UCLInstituteofEducation%28IOE%29. O'Regan, John, director. How Is the Pandemic Reshaping the Education Debate? Part 2: the Americas and South Africa. UCL Institute of Education, YouTube, 18 Dec. 2020, www.youtube.com/watchv=ZOP0xMdPC9Y&ab_channel=UCLInstituteof Education%28IOE%29. “South Africa's Broken and Unequal Education Laid Bare.” Amnesty International, 11 Feb. 2020, 17:13 UTC, www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/south-africa-broken-and-unequal-education-perpetuating-poverty-andinequality/#:~:text=The%20South%20African%20education%20system,published%20by%20Amnesty%20International%20today.

UNSDG | Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and Beyond.” United Nations, United Nations, Aug. 2020, unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-education-during-covid-19-and-beyond. “Urgent, Effective Action Required to Quell the Impact of COVID-19 on Education Worldwide.” World Bank, 22 Jan. 2012, www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2021/01/22/urgent-effective-action-required-to-quell-the-impact-of-covid-19-oneducation-worldwide.

The Change America Needed Dora Gan, Year 11, Wu House

1.McPherson, James M. “Out of War, a New Nation,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/spring/newnation.html. Accessed 12 February 2021. 2.History.com editors. “Civil War.” History, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history. Accessed 12 February 2021. 3.Ransom, Roger. “Causes, Costs and Consequences: The Economics of the American Civil War.” Essential Civil War Curriculum, https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-economics-of-the-civil-war.html. Accessed 12 February 2021. 4.History.com Editors. “Republican Party Founded.” This day in History. Accessed 12 February 2021. 5.History.com editors. “Civil War.” History, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history. Accessed 12 February 2021. 6.Ransom, Roger. “Causes, Costs and Consequences: The Economics of the American Civil War.” Essential Civil War Curriculum, https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-economics-of-the-civil-war.html. Accessed 12 February 2021. 7.Freeman, Joanne. “Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints.” Library of Congress. Accessed 12 February 2021. 8.Beardsley, Frank, and Kelly Jean Kelly. “First Shots of the Civil War Fired at Fort Sumter.” Learning English, https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/first-shot-civil-war-fortsumter/2441338.html#:~:text=Just%20before%20sunrise%20on%20April,to%20answer%20the%20Confederate%20attack. Accessed 12 February 2021. 9.History.com Editors. “Abraham Lincoln's assassination.” History.com, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/abrahamlincoln-assassination. Accessed 12 February 2021. 10.Bailey, Thomas and Kennedy, David: The American Pageant: A History of the Republic (6th Edition). D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1979. 11.“Reconstruction 1865-1877.” spark notes, https://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/reconstruction/section1/#:~:text=Lincoln%27s%20blueprint%20for%20Reconstructio n%20included,of%20allegiance%20to%20the%20Union.&text=Lincoln%20wanted%20to%20end%20the%20war%20quickly. Accessed 12 February 2021. 12.Bailey, Thomas and Kennedy, David: The American Pageant: A History of the Republic (6th Edition). D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1979. 13.Varon, Elizabeth R. “ANDREW JOHNSON: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS.” Miller Center, https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/domestic-affairs. Accessed 12 February 2021. 14.Foner, Eric. “Reconstruction.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history. Accessed 12 February 2021. 15.“Constitution of the United States.” United States Senate, https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm. Accessed 12 February 2021. 16.“Examples of Jim Crow Laws - Oct. 1960 - Civil Rights.” Ferris State University, https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/misclink/examples.htm. Accessed 12 February 2021. 17.Brooker, Russell. “Voting Rights For Blacks And Poor Whites In The Jim Crow South.” America's Black Holocaust Museum, https://www.abhmuseum.org/voting-rights-for-blacks-and-poor-whites-in-the-jim-crow-south/. Accessed 12 February 2021. 18.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Freedmen's Bureau.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Freedmens-Bureau. Accessed 12 February 2021. 19.History.com editors. “Freedmen’s Bureau.” History, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedmens-bureau. Accessed 12 February 2021. 20.Ransom, Roger. “Causes, Costs and Consequences: The Economics of the American Civil War.” Essential Civil War Curriculum, https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-economics-of-the-civil-war.html. Accessed 12 February 2021. 21.Mccammon, Sarah. “The Story Behind '40 Acres And A Mule.'” NPR, https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/01/12/376781165/the-story-behind-40-acres-and-amule#:~:text=%22But%20it%20became%20known%20as,to%20its%20former%20Confederate%20owners. Accessed 12 February 2021. 22.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Freedmen's Bureau.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Freedmens-Bureau. Accessed 12 February 2021. 23.“Why Was Andrew Johnson Impeached?” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/articles/why-was-andrew-johnsonimpeached.htm. Accessed 12 February 2021. 24.“Andrew Johnson Cleveland speech, September 3, 1866.” http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/andrew-johnson/cleveland-speechseptember-3-1866.php. Accessed 12 February 2021.

The Problem of “Equality” Joshua Yen, Year 13, Shaftesbury House

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Modern Library, 1950. Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Notes from Underground. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage Books, 1994. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Demons. Edited by Ronald Meyer. Translated by Robert A. Maguire, Penguin , 2011. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. The Merlin Press, 1998. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Aphorisms on Love and Hate. Translated by Marion Faber and Stephen Lehmann, Penguin Books, 1878. Nietzsche, Friedrich. On the Genealogy of Morals & Ecce Homo. Translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, Vintage Books, 1989. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Beyond Good and Evil: (World Classics, Unabridged). ALPHA EDITIONS, 2016.

What Is The Truth? A Guide to Rhetorical Analysis Hansen Wen, Year 10, Peel House

1.Schick, Theodore, and Lewis Vaughn. How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age. McGraw-Hill Education, 2020. 2.McCandless, David. “Rhetological Fallacies.” Information Is Beautiful, 2012, informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/rhetologicalfallacies/.

Further Reading

1. Bem, Darly. “APA PsycNet.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, doi.apa.org/doiLanding? doi=10.1037%2Fa0021524. 2. R, Dr., et al. “Why the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Should Retract Article DOI: 10.1037/a0021524 ‘Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect’ by Daryl J. Bem.” Index, 1 Jan. 2020, replicationindex.com/2018/01/05/bem-retraction/. 3. Schick, Theodore, et al. How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age. Langara College, 2020.

1. This paper outlines some of the experiments on ESP, about predicting the futures and others. It's very interesting. 2. This source contains rigorous analysis on the aforementioned paper 3. This was the book that inspired me to think about the world in a skeptical way. I recommend it to everyone

The Crisis of 2020 Jolie Chan, Year 12, Wu House

Calma, Justine. “What You Need to Know about the Australia Bushfires.” The Verge, 13 Feb. 2020, www.theverge.com/2020/1/3/21048891/australia-wildfires-koalas-climate-change-bushfires-deaths-animals-damage. Ramsay, Susan. “Coronavirus: A Timeline of the Outbreak Related to the Deadly Sars - March 2020.” Youngpost, 5 Oct. 2020, www.scmp.com/yp/discover/news/global/article/3104241/coronavirus-timeline-outbreak-related-deadly-sars-march. Kirby, Jenny. “‘Black Lives Matter’ Has Become a Global Rallying Cry against Racism and Police Brutality.” Vox, 12 June 2020, www.vox.com/2020/6/12/21285244/black-lives-matter-global-protests-george-floyd-uk-belgium. “Beirut Explosion: What We Know so Far.” BBC, 11 Aug. 2020, www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53668493. Stelloh, Tim. “California Exceeds 4 Million Acres Burned by Wildfires in 2020.” Nbcnews, 5 Oct. 2020, www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/california-exceeds-4-million-acres-burned-wildfires-2020-n1242078.

Authorship

Lara McWilliam Helen Ng Hanson Wen Warren Zhu Lola Waczkow Jolie Chan Alysha Wong Stella Liu Dora Gan Sophie Ho Warren Zhu

Arts and illustration

Kayan Tam Hebe Cheuk Rachel Li Se Lyn Lim Reika Oh Joy Chen Cherry Liu

Formatting Jolie Chan Megan Siu

Editing

Jolie Chan Jessica Keady Catrina Kean Annie Kim Ella Hirmasto Sophie Ho Valerie Ho Jett Li Amber Liu Jarra Sisowath Joshua Tang Lola Waczkow Sally Wang Janice Wong Joshua Yen Audrey Yuen Cindy Zhang

Academic Supervisor

Miss A. King

HH Team

Sally Wang Sophie Putman Amber Liu Jolie Chan Stella Liu Cindy Zhang Josh Tang Rhea Kundamal Jarra Sisowath Jett Li Josh Yen