Figure 2.12: User’s Levels of Space

2.2.7 IMPACTS OF POS

Environmental/Ecosystem: Gas regulation, microclimate regulation, disturbance regulation, water regulation, storage and supply, erosion control, soil formation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, pollination, biological control, habitat nature conservation, air and water purification, wind and noise filtering

Economic: Reduction in costs of pollution control and prevention measures (through air purification services), increase in attractiveness of the city (leads to increased tourism revenue and employment), increased real estate values

Social/Cultural: Promotion of social encounters, equality and social integration, reduction of aggression, supports urban renewal and provision of space for active sport, play, recreation, leisure. Place to celebrate cultural diversity and assists in assimilation of values and moral attitudes (in terms of the relationship between people and nature), combines green space and civic space and represents a democratic forum for citizens and society, shaping of the cultural identity of an area. Neighborhood social ties (NSTs) substantially depends on informal social contact which occurs these spaces

Educational: For study and exploration by students and researchers at all education levels provides a sense of aesthetic and historical continuity, crucial to children's social and cognitive development

Psychological/Restorative: Provides a sense of refuge and freedom; relaxation and reduction of stress; enhance contemplativeness; provide a sense of peacefulness and tranquility-restorative function, supports place building, urban renewal

Health: Decreased blood pressure, less use of painkillers, lower stress levels, increased overall fitness levels

Scenic/Landscape: Provides a sense of aesthetic and historical continuity, increased attractiveness of city, urban renewal

Scientific: Place for research to take place; location of genetic resources including unique biological materials and products (i.e., medicinal plants, genetic materials)

SERVICES IMPACTS

ECOSYSTEM • Microclimate regulation • Erosion control • Wastemanagement • Habitat nature conservation • Air and water purification • Wind and noise filtering ECONOMIC • Reduction of cost in pollution control • Increase in attractiveness of the city (Leads to increase in tourism revenue and employment) • Increase real estate value

SOCIAL/ CULTURAL

• Promotion of social equality and social interaction • Reduction in aggressiveness • Supports urban renewal and provision of spaces for active sport, play and leisure • Place to celebrate cultural diversity • Combines green space and civic space • Shaping cultural identity of any area EDUCATIONAL • At all education level it provides a sense of aesthetic and historical continuity • Crucial to children’s social and cognitive development

PSYCHOLOGICAL/ RESTORATIVE

• Provides a sense of freedom • Relaxation and reduction of stress • Enhance contemplativeness • Provides sense of peacefulness and tranquility • Restorative function, supports place building and urban renewal HEALTH • Decreased blood pressure • Less use of painkillers • Lowest stress level • Increased

SCENIC/ LANDSCAPE

• Sense of aesthetic • Historical continuity • Attractiveness of city SCIENTIFIC • Research to take place • Location of genetic resources

Here by various services are summarised into various different short ideas.

Table 2.2: Impacts of Public Open Space Source: Urban Open Space, Thesis-Colleen Marianne Sutton, Queens University Kingston, Ontario, Canada(August, 2008) | 25062021