Architectural Preservation Studio Prof.ssa20/21 Chiara Dezzi Bardeschi Prof.ssa Fausta Fiorillo Arch.Tutors:Simona Bravaglieri Arch. Roberto Recalcati Arch. Simone Terruggi Politecnico di Milano
Group 8 Haya
FeliceFedericaArafaBettiBisignanoMichelaBottiHanGao
HISTORICAL AND URBAN ANALYSIS
Porta Volta, Via Montello
PORTA NUOVA PORTA COMASINA PORTA PORTAPORTAVERCELLINATICINESEPORTAROMANAORIENTALE
URBAN ANALYSIS STARTING FROM CITY GUIDES
Milan was divided in area, called by the name of the doors, highlighting the major connectionctions to the other important italian cities.
Porta Comasina corresponds with Porta Garibaldi (Comasina - bacuse of the road with Como)
Corso Garibaldi was Corso di Porta Comasina
The today Chinatown correspondede with Borgo degli Ortola-ni
The author describes a lot of chrches standing in the area, that nowadays are no more present. (ex. S. Febronia, of which nowadays we can find some remains in Corso Garibaldi)
“Tornando in città per la detta Porta Comasina, trovasi a sinistra un magnifico stradone nuovamente aperto che conduce per ret ta linea all’ I.R. Zecca”
It’s interesting how the author gives directions to the visitor.
There were many canals in Milan, not only the Navigli that now cross the southern part of the city.
from GUIDA DI MILANO, L.Bossi, 1818
“ (...) con soppresso convento de’ Minimi di S. Francesco di Pao la, nel quale si è ora stabilita una grandiosa fabbrica di opere in oro, in argento e in massime in bronzo dorato, con manifattura di orologi e pendoli (...) ”
Porta Comasina was dedicated to the moon (each door was dedicated to a divinity)
Already in 1818 some factories of textiles rose and part of the ve getables garden became the garden of the Castle. First important axes appear.
“Mirasi qui vicino un vicolo, il quale viene intitolato Borghetto, a distinzione del vasto Borgo, che sarà da voi veduto nell’inviarsi alla Città, il quale è di lunghezza fino alle sponde del Navilio di passi nostri ordinari 1600”
Some of the chruches descrived by C. Torre in 1714, now are already suppressed. Small factories start appearing in the area in place of them.
“Sul Corso di Porta Comasina si è di recente stabilita una fabbri ca considerabile di stoffe”
from IL RITRATTO DI MILANO, C.Torre, 1714
In 1859 Italian people decided to change the drawings on the Arch of Moraglia representing the rivers of the region with the main battles of Garibaldi and the door took his name. So did the street. In 1865 starts the building of the “Cimitero Monumentale”.
from L’ARTE IN MILANO, G.Mongeri, 1872
from Milano, Touring Club Italiano, 2005
In the second half of the crossing the area of Ex Borgo degli Ortolani.
Building Porta Volta an urbanistic point of view, and many factories occupy the pla Theces. neightborhood between Garibaldi ad Repubblica (today known as Piazza Gae Aulenti district) is under porject. Chinatown hosts first guest in the 30ies of the XX century. In 2005 is a real strong and wide community, that grows everyday more, spreading in all the city.
The Arch of Porta Comasina was built in 1826 by C. Moraglia, for Francesco I of Austria, using the money of the owners of the boutiques of Corso di Porta Comasina.
“Vi sta dinanzi un viale largo 40 metri” , speaking about the today Ceresio street
1596 Ex Porta Romana Yesterday: Casello Daziario Porta Romana Today: the arch is today a traf fic junction, the ruins of the roman walls host a thermal centre Porta Venezia R.Vantini 1827-28 Ex Porta Orientale Yesterday: Casello Daziario Today: west casello hosts the bread museum, called “casapane”del
Moraglia, 1826-36 Ex Porta Comasina Yesterday: Casello Daziario e porta Porta Garibaldi Today located: in a new pede strian area. A lot of even ts also during the design week, take place inside.
Porta Nuova G.Zanoia, 1810-13 Ex Porta Nuova Yesterday: Caselli Daziari e Porte Today: Milan’s municipality recently decided to rent the caselli daziari in order to host commercial, cultural and lesure activities.
1802-1814 Ex Porta Ticinese Yesterday: Casello Daziario Porta Ticinese Today: both caselli hosts bars, where musical events take place. The ensemble is unified with the renwal project of the darsena. Via Paolo Sarpi in 1928 Hotel San Guido 1909 Bastioni di Porta Volta e scuola Carlo Tenca 1950 Bastioni di Porta Volta e scuola Carlo Tenca 2020 Hotel San Guido 2020 Via Paolo Sarpi in 2020 Archi di Porta Nuova 2020Archi di Porta Nuova 1854 Pictures comparison
1910, Milan, Porta Volta
At the end of XIX century, the Spanish Walls were demolished, as a consequence of the implementation of the Beruto Plan, the first regulatory plan of Mi lan. With the demolishion of the Walls, the urban pattern spread out the former limits of the city, filling a lot of empty areas, the belonged to the countryside.
1884, Milan, Porta Volta
URBAN ANALYSIS STARTING FROM HISTORICAL MAPS
1884, Milan, Porta Volta
The new city entrance, created with the aim of connectinf the city to the new cemetery, and the new neighborhoods gently inserted themselves into the existing urban context, in harmony with the old tamparts, and the large rows of the trees. Due to the presence of the Spanish Walls, there is a more dense urban texture in the inner part of them. At the contrary, there are still a lot of empty areas outside the walls.
Despite of the wars, the suburb faced to a general stabilizazion from the estate point of view. In particular Via Paolo Sarpi that extends for about 1 km westwards, starting from Porta Volta, became the central and fundamental axis on which, starting from the first decades of the twentieth century, a strong presence of Chinese immigrants has developed, so much so that the entire area between via Procaccini, Montello and Canonica is called Milan’s Chinatown 1930, Milan, Porta Volta 1945, Milan, Porta Volta
The little freight yard of the suburb was transformed in Porta Garibaldi railway station in 1961. The construction of the station was part of an ambitious project for the development of a business centre, which re mains uncompleted untill the beginnig of 2000’s.
1956, Milan, Porta Volta 1965, Milan, Porta Volta
Extended Tram Line Extended Intercity Tram Line
SubwayBuildingsDemolishedAddedstationTransitstop
The current Lea Garofalo Garden was a built-up area in which still has some damaged building from Second Word War bombings. New Commercial Buildings were added along the ancient path of the Spanish walls, along Via Pasubio. The urban pattern remained quite unchanged.
There was a big change from the economical point of view, a lot of fac tories were closed and the unemployement rised up, forcing a lot of peo ple to leave from the city towards the more periferical areas. The building system stopped growing in order to allow the service sector to develop. Most of the action in building sector focused on renewal of unused or abandoned spaces.
Starting from the 2000’s a massive urban change involved this area of Mi lan. The area around Porta Garibaldi station started a big transformation that wanted to create a new financial and commercial district Also new residential buildings were created, giving a new aspect to the whole neighborhood.
1972, Milan, Porta Volta 2006, Milan, Porta Volta
2020, Milan, Porta Volta Summary map, Milan, Porta Volta 1971 2012 1905 1893 1866 1930 2006 1960 1971 2012 1905 1893 1866 1930 2006 1960 section through Viale Montello section through via Paolo Sarpi
Strategic Map, Milan, Porta Volta
But the garden of Lea Garofalo and the adja cent casello daziario, are still quite isolated and the existing path that cross them don’t consider the strategy of the surrounding.
Porta Volta has been always characterized as a place of crossing. It is considered as a non-active center of an acctrative and growing area.
Via Ceresio, with both Via Crispi and Bastioni di Porta Volta composes a strategic triangle of traffic.
Around, new buildings and vibrant neighborhood are becoming popular and real centralities of the Milanease life.
SURVEY ANALYSIS
analyzing the instruments
Capture Geometry
before
in which are we going to operate the survey itself. REALIZZATO CON UN PRODOTTO AUTODESK VERSIONE PER STUDENTI REALIZZATOCONUNPRODOTTOAUTODESKVERSIONESTUDENTI REALIZZATOCONUNPRODOTTOAUTODESKVERSIONEPERSTUDENTI STUDENTIVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOREALIZZATOLEICA HDS7000 Laser Scanner SENSOR SIZE 22.6 x 15.8 mm (4288 x 2848) PIXEL SIZE (ps) 0,0055
Instruments and characteristics
Mesh Generating a mesh means creating a surface from a point cloud. In this phase it is possible to pass from a point model to a 3D model with a con tinue surface. The points are joined to form triangles that will make up the mesh. The texture will be obtained from the acquired images. (Poligons 523.671, Vertices 333.450)
STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATO
TECHNIQUES A. Survey
and
Photos are imported in Agisoft in order to be processed. Since our camera has a GPS sy stem, that is not enough precise for the suc cessive alignement, we need to manually clear coordinates. Photographies are aligned with “high” accuracy. In Camera Calibration we can see that the software can detect the camera model, the focal length, the pixel size. In this menu there are the starting parameters of calibration, that could be corrected later during the processing. From this proces we obtained a Sparse Cloud made up of 289.901 points.
SURVEY Programming GSD is chosen in advance according to the reprentation scale and plotting error (ε). GSD = (ε)/2 = 4mm/2= 2mm MAX DISTANCE (dmax) = (c x GSD)/(ps) = = (35mm x 2mm)/ 0,0055 mm = 12,72m
Scan stations
The on site activities are very important to have the correct data amount to elaborate in the succesive phases. During the survey we took 1194 photos of the facade (a great amout because of the presence of a lot of arches and corners that needed more photos than orthogonal parts).
important programming properly the
Another fundamental aspects is the positioning the markers that are really important during the processing phase. In order to have an easy summary map of markers positions we also draw some eidotypes sketches, which are useful to have an immediate reference system. is really survey phase, even starting taking pictures, we have the site mm FOCAL LENGHT (c) 35 mm REPRESENTATION SCALE 1:20 PLOTTING ERROR (ε) 4mm GSD 2mm MAX DISTANCE (dmax) 12,72m TYPE Phase-Shift WAVELENGHT 1.5μm (Invisible) LASER CLASS 1 (in accordance with IEC 60825-1 resp. EN 60825-1) RANGE 187m ambiguity interval 0.3m minimum range 0.1mm resolution LINEARITY ERROR ≤1mm SPOT SIZE ~3.5mm @ 0.1m (Gaussian-based)distance BEAM DIVERGENCE <0.3mrad SCAN RATE Up to 1,016,727 points / sec, maximum instantaneous rate FIELD-OF-VIEW max. 360° x 320° vertical)(horizontal/ READING SPEED max. 1,016 milion points/sec DIMENSIONS 286 X 70 X 395 mm TEMPERATURE OF USE -10 C° +45 C°
On Site Activities
The laserscenner scan station where taken all around the wall, tring to over lap them to allow to the software to find some reference point to use to join to gether all the scans. These scans were taken in a High quality that allow us to obtain a good quality Point Cloud in the next phases. processing
B. Data
Now our model has a spatial reference, we have also the target error esti mated in meters. We could observe the model in his real orientation (we can check from the predefined views of the software). At this point is possible to build the Dense Cloud.The dense cloud is not mere densification of the sparse cloud: the product is a disparity map that assigns a relative depth va lue to each pixel of the image. (7.678.116 points with Low quality).
Orthophoto Through the command “Build Orthomosaic” it’s possible to build the orthophoto. We used the orthogonal projection plan identified by markers, previously choosen on site to be our horizontal and vertical axes. We imposed a 0.002 pixel size [(Pixel size is linked to the printing error, better not use a lower value of the default one. We decided to use 1:20 scale, so the plotting error is 4mm, so we have to set 0.002 m (equal to our GSD)], and we exported an orthomosaic as TIFF file. It is important to scale this image in a proper way when we import it on Autocad. This is possible opening the image’s properties and moltiplying its pixel dimension for our pixel size that we previously imposed. Since 1 pixel of this photo has the simension of the GSD (2mm in Our Case). From this product we have the real dimension in pixel, and we can import it on AutoCad and scale it properly.
REALIZZATO CON UN PRODOTTO AUTODESK VERSIONE PER STUDENTI REALIZZATOCONUNPRODOTTOAUTODESKVERSIONEPERSTUDENTI REALIZZATOCONUNPRODOTTOAUTODESKVERSIONEPERSTUDENTI STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATONIKON D5000 It
Dense CloudAlignement
Markers In order to orient and scale correctly the model, it is first necessary to detect mar kers from the photos, [it must be possible to see a single marker at least three different pictures, because in this way the softwa re manages to create enought projections. It is important to keep the pixel error the lower possible (better if less than 0.5 pixel). Than we have to introduce metric informa tion, we have to link to markers their spatial coordinates, that we extracted from the la serscanner acquisition. Thanks to this adjustments is it possible to use the tool Optimize Camera that optimize “internal camera calibration”. The softwa re recalculate the camera calibration, with some improvement (We inserted the coor dinates (x,y,z) from a .txt file in the referen ce folder).
Photogrammetrical Survey - Agisoft Metashape PHOTOS 1194 MARKERS 24 TIE POINTS 289901 points DEPTH MAPS 1194, Low quality, Moderate filtering DENSE CLOUD 7678116 points 3D MODEL 523671 faces
According to our calculations, and the used camera, it was really important to take photos at less than 12,72 m from the surface of the wall. The most impor tant aspect was to mantain an at least 80% of overlapping between them. In the corners we had to pay particular at tention, because these parts are more difficult to read for the software. So we had to take photos stating from a fixed points and repeating the shoot every 10° (at least 9 shoots for a 90° angle).
REALIZZATO CON UN PRODOTTO AUTODESK VERSIONE PER STUDENTI
Importing In order to align the different scans’ data and merge correctly into a single point cloud, we must import all the different scans done during the survey in ReCap Pro. During the registra tion Recap Pro used the first scan station as a reference fixed system to align the others with roto-traslations. So the final model have a ca sual orientation, depending on the center of the mirror of the first scan. However, the x,y plane is horizontal, and the z‐axis is vertical, because on site we have leveled the instrument. (later we oriented properly the scans).
Importing
Click to add the object coordinates of the point from a txt file
To create sections and plan it is possible to use the “section plan” tool that allow us to introduce horizontal or vertical plans that cut the cloud. You have to set the height of the cut plane in the reference systmes of your 3D model, we use SLICE to draw sectioned elements, setting a slice thi ckness that depends on the resolution of the point cloud and on the desired representation scale
Laser Scanner Survey - Autodesk ReCap Pro LASER SCANS 12
MEASURE GCPs Launch the GCP point measurement. Once activated, click on the point in the image Click to add the object coordinates of the point Manually add the name and the coordinates of the points, or load survey points from a txt file
MEASURE GCPs Launch the GCP point measurement. Once activated, click on the point in the image
It is possible to import Point Clouds in AutoCAD, importing from ReCap (the file could also be exportend from Agisoft Metashape to ReCap and the in AutoCad) in order to extract plans, sections and elevations.In the pictures is shown how the two clouds are easy overlappable, and they present a quite precise alignement. When we import point clouds, we have to crop them, in order to have a clearer output without noise or errors, even if we coud clean it deeply before importing them.
Setting a new UCS Creating Sections
To work properly with the imported cloud it is necessary to create a new UCS, that is alligned to the the facade. Thanks to this tool is possible to have an orthogonal view of our cloud, allowing to draw correcly on its surfaces. We identified and drew the axes of the UCS that we want to create, we aligned the axes of the new UCS to the lines created (before the x axis with 2 points then the direction of the y axis with 1 point), then we saved with a name the new UCS.
Manual Correction Since in our project we had some alignement problem when we imported the point cloud in AutoCAD, we need to check that the spatial coordinates where the same of the GCP measurement. So we selected manually the known points (in our case the markers), and we created new “survey points” using the correct coordinates. In this way our point cloud became corectly spatially alligned and could be imported in Autocad in the correct position, overlappable with the point cloud created in Metashape.
LOAD GCP COORDINATES
Photogrammetric and Laser Scanner Point Clouds Management - Autodesk AutoCad
LOAD GCP COORDINATES Field order: Point name, x [m], y [m], z [m] Separator:tab Once the point file is loaded, the point list will be present also for the other GCPs
Field order: Point name, x [m], y [m], Separator:tab Once the point file is loaded, the point list will be present also for the other GCPs
Registration In some instances, Auto‐Registration will not be able to find enough matching data to align a scan correctly. In these cases, it’s possible to manually register the unregistered scans. If the software encounters any problems with the automatic registra tion process, it offers the user a support with a manual registra tion to refine the alignment. It consists in searching 3 or more common points (using, for example the B/W Markers or remar kable architectonic points) between scan’s couple, that in this way, are better aligned and overlapped.
Indicization The software transforms the data from a raw information to a format that Recap could manage better, and could also be used on other software [AutoCad] This process will merge all the different scans in a unique project, on which we can work. Indexing time can range from a few minutes to a few hours, depending on the number and size of the files you import.
C. Point Clouds Management
D. Technical Drawings of the wall Photogrammetric and Laser Scanner redraw of elevation and section (vertical and horizontal) - Autodesk AutoCad REALIZZATO CON UN PRODOTTO AUTODESK VERSIONE PER STUDENTI STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATO REALIZZATOCONUNPRODOTTOAUTODESKVERSIONEPERSTUDENTI STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATO REALIZZATO CON UN PRODOTTO AUTODESK VERSIONE PER STUDENTI STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATO STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATO REALIZZATO CON STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATO VERSIONEPERSTUDENTI Overlap OrthomosaicVectorial Drawing Vectorial Drawing A A’ 1m 2m 3m 4m BB’ Horizontal Section BB’ Vertical Section AA’
MATERIAL AND DECAY SURVEY
Graffiti Vegetation Industrial bricks 2 Handmade’s bricks Plaster 2 Plaster 3 Artificial Stone 1 Artificial Stone 2 Artificial Stone 3 Concrete mortar ScaleScale1:201:20
Ortophoto
The lower part of the frames is in natural stone and they can be used as two benches. The border of the frame is made of artificial stone that tries to imitate the natural one below. Artificial stone 1 has thin shapes and it is used in the top part of the arches.
Material survey
Brick Industrial bricks 1
Stone Natural Stone
Natural stone Artificial stone 1 Artificial stone 2 Concrete Artificial stone 3
The body of the wall consists of handmande bricks. Industrial bricks 2 has a larger size than the industrial brick 1, and they look newer than the others.
Vegetation
Plaster
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
ConcreteConcrete mortar
REALIZZATO CON UN PRODOTTO AUTODESK VERSIONE PERREALIZZATOSTUDENTICONUNPRODOTTOAUTODESKVERSIONEPERSTUDENTI
Plaster 1 covers the concrete stripe below the first arch. Plaster 2 mainly covers the corners and the fixed parts. Plaster 3 is the newest and has a clear color and it is localized mainly under the first arch.
Plaster 1
Concrete
STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATO
PlasterPlasterPlasterbricksHandmade123
There are three main pieces of graffiti on the wall, the one on the handmade brick is not quite complete, the other two are very complete on the plaster and brick 1 respectively. Graffiti Vegetation In the upper right-hand corner of the wall are very dense trees and vine plants clinging to the wall.
Graffiti
DETAIL Industrial brick 1 Industrial brick 2
The Concrete stripe is positioned diagonally on the wall below the fist arch. It looks not to have structural purpose, but it may be hosted some pipes inside
DECAY DESCRIPTION
Application of paint, ink or paint spray on the red bricks, from simple written words to drawing.
Loss Missingcomponentsofmortar Moss Biological colonization: vegetal living being on the joints of bricks, mosses develop brown rhizines creating a micro-soil zone between the brick suface and the green part that often change morphology and color under lack or excess of water. Natural stone Coving It’s a subtype of Alveolization Disaggregation of individual ge ologically weaker blocks due to the consequential effect of reimpointing the joints and beds with a too hard and durable cementitious mortar.
Loss of components Moss CovingGraffiti Missing mortar Deposit 1 Deposit 2 Plant Crack Erosion
Deposit 2 Deposit 2 Desposit 2 PlantPlant Biological colonization: vegetal living being, plants growing on red bricks. Having root, stem, and leaves, throght consisting sometimes only a single leafy expansion (e.g. tree, fern, herb) excess of water. ErosionErosion Brick and mortart expand and contract as moisture enter and evaporate. Over time, the natural expansion and contraction of the brick caused by water infiltrstion causes erotion.
DETAIL Graffiti 1 Graffiti 2
CON
STUDENTIPERVERSIONEAUTODESKPRODOTTOUNCONREALIZZATO
Loss of originial surface, or missing parts which can be due to a variety of resons such as granular disintegration, scaling, etc.
Material decay
ConcreteConcrete mortar Desposit 1 Accumultion of exogenic material of variable thickness. Atmospheric particles such us soot or dust due to pollution or humidity. Deposit 1 CrackCrack Individual fissure, clearly visible by the naked eye, resulting from separation of one part from another. Graffiti Accumultion of exogenic material of variable thickness. Some splashes of plaster or mortar, sea salt aeresols, atmo sferic particles.
REALIZZATO UN PRODOTTO
OrtophotoScale1:20Scale1:20
AUTODESK VERSIONE PER STUDENTI
Loss componenetsof
USM 1 USR 2 USM 3 USM 4 USR 5 USM 6 USR 7USR 8 USM 9 USM 10 USR 11 USR 13 USR 12 USMUSR1514 USR 16 USR 17USM 17 USN 18 USM 19 USR 20 USRUSM2122USM 23 USM 24 USM 25 USR 26 USM 27 USM 28 USM 29 USM 30 USM 31 USM 32 USM 33 USR 34 USM 36 DESCRIPTION US RELATIONSHIP USR 17 USM 22 USM 24 USM 30 USM 31=USM 3 USM 36 = = USN 18 USM 19 USR 21 USM 23 USM 25 USR 26 USM 27 USM 28= USM 29= USR 20 Harris Matrix A
Stone element bonded with cementar mortar Cut: USM 30USM28
Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Is covered by: USM 24USM23
Stone element bonded with cementar mortar Cut: USM 30USM29
Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, partially degraded, bonded by cemetar mortar Cut: USM 22, USM 36. Is cutted by: USM 32USM31
USR5 Cement plaster’s traces Cover: USM 3 USM6 Industrial brick Fill: USM 3 Cover: USM 3
Cement plaster’s traces Cover: USM 30USR26
Stone element bonded with cementar mortar Cut: USM 30USM27
Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured industrial bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Cut: USM 31, USM 33USM32
Cover: USM 34. Is cutted by: USM 32USM33
Bricks’ wall. Non-homogeneous coloured, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cementar mortar Is filled by: USM 10, USM 15, USM 17, USM 19. Is covered: USM 11, USM 12, USM 13, USM 14, USR 16, USR 17, USM 24. Is cutted by: USM 18 USM36
A Stratigraphic Units
Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 33USR34
Stone filling Fill: USM 36USM19 Degraded plaster Cover: USM 22USM20 Heavily degraded plaster Cover: USM 24USR21 Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Is covered by: USR 20, USM 24USM22
Bricks filling. Homogenenous colour, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar US USR2NUMBER
Brick’s wall. Non-homogenenous coloured, degraded handmade bricks Is covered by: USM 24USM25
Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 3 USR11 Cement plaster’s traces USM9 Brick’s filling. Homogenenous colour, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Cover: USM 36 USR12 Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 36 USR13 Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 36 USR14 Heavily degraded plaster Cover: USM 36 USR16USM15
USM4 Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured industrial bricks, covered with graffiti Fill: USM 3 USM1 Fill: USM 3 USR8 Fill: USM 3 USM10 Brick’s filling. Non-homogenenous colour, degraded handmade bricks, with biological colonization by moss, bonded by cemetar mortar Fill: USM 3 USR7 Cementar mortar’s traces Handmade brick filling. Bonded with large amount of cemetar mortar Fill: USM 36
Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 36 Brick’s filling. Homogenenous colour, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Fill: USM 36USM17 Brick detatchement Cut: USM 36USN18
Concrete element Cover: USM 25, USM 23, USM 3, USM 22, USM 36 USM24
Brick’s arc. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Is cutted by: USM 27, USM 28, USM 29. Is covered by: USR 26USM30
Plaster covered with graffiti Cover: USM 3 USM3 Bricks’ wall. Non-homogeneous coloured, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cementar mortar Is filled by: USM 1, USM 4, USM 6, USM 9. Is covered: USR 2, USR 5, USR 7, USR 8, USM 24
Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, partially degraded, bonded by cemetar mortar
Detail Photos USR 2 and USM 4 in relationship with the main wall UMS 3 Concrete diagonal element (USM 24) un det the main arch (USM 30) the masonry infill (USM 23 and 25)
Detail of the concrete diagonal element (USM 24). It is partially covered by black plaster (USR 21)
Stone element bonded with cementar mortar Cut: USM 30USM27
Concrete element Cover: USM 25, USM 23, USM 3, USM 22, USM 36 USM24 Brick’s wall. Non-homogenenous coloured, degraded handmade bricks Is covered by: USM 24USM25
USM4 Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured industrial bricks, covered with graffiti Fill: USM 3 USM1 Fill: USM 3 USR8 Fill: USM 3 USM10 Brick’s filling. Non-homogenenous colour, degraded handmade bricks, with biological colonization by moss, bonded by cemetar mortar Fill: USM 3 USR7 Cementar mortar’s traces Handmade brick filling. Bonded with large amount of cemetar mortar Fill: USM 36 USR5 Cement plaster’s traces Cover: USM 3 USM6 Industrial brick Fill: USM 3 Cover: USM 3 Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 3 USR11 Cement plaster’s traces USM9 Brick’s filling. Homogenenous colour, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Cover: USM 36 USR12 Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 36 USR13 Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 36 USR14 Heavily degraded plaster Cover: USM 36 USR16USM15 Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 36 Brick’s filling. Homogenenous colour, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Fill: USM 36USM17 Brick detatchement Cut: USM 36USN18 Stone filling Fill: USM 36USM19 Degraded plaster Cover: USM 22USM20 Heavily degraded plaster Cover: USM 24USR21 Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Is covered by: USR 20, USM 24USM22 Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Is covered by: USM 24USM23
Cementar mortar’s traces Cover: USM 33USR34
Difference between the different masonry of USM 32, USM 32 and USM 33
Another detail photo that shows how the diffe rent units interact, and how various are the bri cks inside the same wall
Different covering techniques. We can see concrete mortar (USR 7 and USR 8) and de graded plaster (USR 11 and USR 12).
Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, partially degraded, bonded by cemetar mortar Cover: USM 34. Is cutted by: USM 32USM33
Stone element bonded with cementar mortar Cut: USM 30USM28
USM 1 USR 2 USM 3 USM 4 USR 5 USM 6 USR 7USR 8 USM 9 USM 10 USR 11 USR 13 USR 12 USMUSR1514 USR 16 USR 17USM 17 USN 18 USM 19 USR 20 USRUSM2122USM 23 USM 24 USM 25 USR 26 USM 27 USM 28 USM 29 USM 30 USM 31 USM 32 USM 33 USR 34 USM 36 Harris Matrix B B Stratigraphic Units USM 3 USM 32 USR 34 USM 36 USM 33 USM 1 USM 9 USR 2 USM 4 USM 6= USR 5 USR 7 USR 8= = USM 10 USR 14 USR 11 USR 12 USR 13 USM 15USR 16 USR 17= = =
DESCRIPTION US RELATIONSHIP
Plaster covered with graffiti Cover: USM 3 USM3 Bricks’ wall. Non-homogeneous coloured, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cementar mortar Is filled by: USM 1, USM 4, USM 6, USM 9. Is covered: USR 2, USR 5, USR 7, USR 8, USM 24
Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, partially degraded, bonded by cemetar mortar Cut: USM 22, USM 36. Is cutted by: USM 32USM31
Brick’s wall. Homogeneous coloured industrial bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Cut: USM 31, USM 33USM32
Bricks’ wall. Non-homogeneous coloured, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cementar mortar Is filled by: USM 10, USM 15, USM 17, USM 19. Is covered: USM 11, USM 12, USM 13, USM 14, USR 16, USR 17, USM 24. Is cutted by: USM 18 USM36
Cement plaster’s traces Cover: USM 30USR26
Detail Photos
Stone element bonded with cementar mortar Cut: USM 30USM29
Bricks filling. Homogenenous colour, partially degraded handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar US USR2NUMBER
Brick’s arc. Homogeneous coloured handmade bricks, bonded by cemetar mortar Is cutted by: USM 27, USM 28, USM 29. Is covered by: USR 26USM30
LOSS OF EROSION
A superficial crack in the second arch near the basketball court
CONSOLIDATION:
Accumulation of exogenic material of variable thickness. Some examples of deposits : splashes of paint or mortar, sea salt aerosols, atmospheric particles such as soot or dust, remains of conservation materials such as cellulose poultices, blast materials etc... In the wall the deposit have different natures, but they mainly come out from the atmosferic pollution and as a concequence of the humidity, that also promotes the deposit and the minera lization of salts
CLEANING AND PROTECTION: This kind of decay could be removed throught disinfestation with aqueous solu tions in quaternary ammonium salts (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides), sterilization with nebulization of hydrogen peroxide. Treatments are repeated if necessary, concluded with water washes. In the most difficult cases, more con centrated solutions suspended in mud or pastes are used. Mosses could also be mechanically removed with spatulas and brushes, then applying biocides. Against mold green algae surfaces would be wet with formalin.
BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION
Colonization of the surfaces by plants and micro-orga nisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi and lichen (symbioses of the latter three). Biological coloniza tion also includes influences by other organisms such as animals nesting on and in stone. Generally it is a thin, soft, homogeneous layer, adherent to the surface and of evident biological nature, variable in colour, mostly green. The biological patina is mainly located in the lower part of the wall, where water and humudity are more present. It is also favoured by the rough surface of the masonry, which makes easier for micro-organisms to attach to the wall face.
Individual fissure, clearly visible by the naked eye, resul ting from separation of one part from another.
CONSERVATION PROJECT TYPE OF DECAY DESCRIPTION EXTENSION AND CAUSE INTERVENTION
CLEANING AND PROTECTION: We would proceed in cleaning the surface from the deposit. The possible inter ventions could consist in mechanical brushing or washing with nebulized water. Only if it is necessary, it could be possible to use chemical solvents at low con centration, laser dry or wet sandblasting and chemical cleaning, verifying that they are not too aggressive and corrosive on the mansonry.
All the missing part that doesn’t present structural problems are not involved in the intervention.
The process of rising damp is determined when the water present in the ground, near the ma sonry and foundation structures, penetrates into the masonry bodies, impregnates them and then proceeds upwards, through the surface and capillary tensions, overcoming the force of Thegravity.phenomena of capillary rise can occur in all masonry with a capillary texture, in close con tact with water or damp soil. It should be noted that the phenomenon can be made even more complex by the presence of salts which, carried by the water, are deposited at different heights depending on their solubility and molecular weight. The saline compounds, incorporated in the porosity of the material, crystallise and increase their volume, causing considerable internal tensions, which often exceed the resistance of the material and therefore have destructive ef fects.
RISING DAMP
COMPONENTS/
Cleaned surfaces must be protected with a water-repellent and colorless gas per meable treatment based on Silanes ans Siloxanes in solvent, applied by spray on the wall. This treatment protects the product in the future from any atmospheric agents, from the aggression of moisture, from condensation ot from animal and vegetalbe microotganisms.
DEPOSIT
There are small cracks on the perimeter of the walls. They could be recognized because of the fractures that are visible inside the a certain number of bricks, and in some points they repre sent a real problem for the static of the wall.
CONSOLIDATION: Since there are different types of cracks, they could be treated in different ways. When they are small and they are not a risk for the stability of the wall, the main type of intervention is the injection epoxy resins mortars inside the fissure, that would avoid the risk of a progressive enlargement of the crack. When they are more extended they need more invasive intervention that must allow the stability of the wall.
On the entire wall there are so many graffitis, which are drawn on different support, with diffe rent dimensions and kind of paint.
DETAIL PHOTOS
CRACK
GRAFFITI Engraving, scratching, cutting or application of paint, ink or similar matter on the stone surface. Graffitis are ge nerally the result of an act of vandalism. However, some graffitis may have historical, aesthetical or cultural values and should be conserved.
Mechanical using abrasive actions or tools capable of exerting pressure, cuts, etc.) which, as such, is potentially destructive and not recommended, except in the mildest forms. Sometimes the two methods cooperate, in order to kill the plant and then easily remove it, which probably could be the most effective method to use in our case.
It is a pathological condition of masonry that causes nu merous consequences, both in terms of structural dege neration and in terms of the aesthetics and liveability of the environments in which the phenomenon occurs.
The vegetation is widely extended all over the wall. The main part is situated on the second and on third arch. In some parts it presents also roots. Plants will eventually colonise places where water is accessible, extending roots into joints and fractures. As the roots grow they can widen these joints and cracks and break the stone. They may also contribute to keep areas damp. This in turn, exacerbates other processes such as salt deterioration. Well adaptable species can emit diffusing substances (acids) that metabolize mortars, plasters, stuccos.
It is the most frequent cause of damp decay in buildings and, at the same time, the most difficult to combat and eli minate, since it often affects the masonry units connected to the foundations, causing irreversible processes of disin tegration of the plaster and mortar that bind the masonry.
Loss of original surface, or missing parts which can be due to a variety of reasons such as granular disintegra tion, scaling, etc. Partial or selective elimination of soft (clay lenticles, nodes of limonite, etc) or compact stone components (pebbles, fossil fragments, geological concre tions, lava fragments).
CLEANING: The cleaning of the graffiti could be done in different way. After the analysis of support and of the paint, we could use specific products, that are not too much aggressive that could be removed through the use of sponges or nebulized water. In case of resistant supports we coud use also lasers and high pressurized water. In our part the rising front on 24/01/2021 stands at a height of about 20 cm from the soil. It is clearly visible due to the colour difference between the upper dry masonry and the wet one subject to the rising water phenomenon.
Cleaned surfaces must be protected with a water-repellent and colorless gas per meable treatment based on Silanes ans Siloxanes in solvent, applied by spray on the wall. This treatment protects the product in the future from any atmospheric agents, from the aggression of moisture, from condensation ot from animal and vegetalbe microotganisms.
INTEGRATION: The deficiencies found are mainly in the in the mortar of the masonry. The fol lowing work would be carried out where the masonry static is damaged: the mor tar that is too damaged has to be removed without damaging the masonry, than after washing with water, the joints should be re-straightened with hybraulic lime mortars that are not too porous and compatible with the previous ones, in order to restore a correct distribution of distribution of stresses inside the masonry.
In order to alleviate the phenomenon of the rising front, which is difficult to defini tively eliminate it is possible to intervene on removing as much water as possi ble from the external flooring, which is absorbed by the bricks, this could be done intevening on the floor and on the foundations of the wall making it sufficiently draining to prevent water from stagnating. The drainage system is made by a trench dug that collects and dries the rising water. IT is filled with gravel, crushed stones, and it hosts a dreinage pipe, which are protected by a geotexile felt, so that the silt-clay soil does not interfere in its function, but only covers the top.
PLANTS Vegetal living being, having, when complete, root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion (e.g. Tree, fern, herb).
The loss of components is widely diffuse on the whole surface of the wall. In particular it could be maily identify as missing mortar among bricks due to the erosion caused by atmospheric agents and pollution, but also of where bricks, plaster and other elements fall down because of the general decay.
Cleaned surfaces must be protected with a water-repellent and colorless gas per meable treatment based on Silanes ans Siloxanes in solvent, applied by spray on the wall. This treatment protects the product in the future from any atmospheric agents, from the aggression of moisture, from condensation ot from animal and vegetalbe microotganisms.
CLEANING E PROTECTION: Plants can be eliminated through chemical or mechanical actions. Chemical disinfestation have to use as optimal formulation an indirect physical or chemical action, that not involves the structures; it has to be colorless, transpa rent,neutral, non-toxic and no polluting (e.g. Methoxytriazine).
Deposit on cement mortar maily due to atmospherical pollution Missing mortar among bricks due to the erosion caused by atmospheric agents and pollution. Colonization of the surfaces by plants and micro-organisms is widely spread on Graffiti on the wall near the the basketball court
PROJECT
Scale 1:200
Scale 1:200 West elevation East LongitudinalScaleelevation1:200sectionScale1:200
Scale 1:200 Trasversal TrasversalTrasversalScalesections1:200sectionsScale1:200sections
Stage for events Botanic Garden Wood Spanish Wall Covered Square Mystic Room Park Basketballl Direct ExperiencalPathsPaths Materials and identity Walls PathsFunctions Existing and new space
