The Periodic Table Unit 6 What is the periodic table good for?
Introduction
The universe is composed of approximately 120 elements. These are pure substances with a fixed number of protons: hydrogen has 1, helium 2, carbon 6 etc.
They could be listed in a few rows:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
But that wouldn’t really tell us much. Or maybe they could be organized another way, since for example 5 x 4 x 3 x2 x 1 = 120… but would there be a reason for organizing it that way? If the universe only has about 120 elements, it seems reasonable to expect some sort of organization to them. That is what the periodic table is about: trying to figure out how the most basic matter in the universe is organized. But there’s a problem. The periodic table just doesn’t look right. Here it is below: An important concept in science is known as Occam’s Razor, which suggests that the simplest
answer tends to be the right one.
In the table on the left most rows and columns are of different length, and it is in two pieces. This is
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not a simple table. Could it be that we humans just haven’t figured it out yet? I’m hoping you can do better. Somebody should. 1s2
A Basic Idea for the Organization of Matter.
2s2 2p6
We learned in our last unit that the periodic table is organized based on electron configuration. A good idea. But
3s2 3p6
3d10
4p6 4d10
4f14
consider this:
4s2 5p6 5d10
5f14 5g18
On the right is an organizational layout of the periodic table
5s2 6s2 6p6 6d10
6f14 6g18
7s2 7p6
7d10 7f14
8s2 8p6
8d10
9s2 9p6
10s2
based only on electronic configuration, that looks much more symmetrical. Notice how it closely it resembles a triangle. Is this a better scheme for the elements? This basic design may be a fundamentally better way of creating a more symmetical and revealing periodic table. A periodic table based on this idea is shown on the following page. Other more creative periodic tables have been created, including spiral designs like the one below (my favorite).
While we look at how the elements are organized, give some thought to your own organizational scheme. Me, being German, I am looking for major organization and balance. Maybe your are comfortable with a more abstract pattern to the universe, like the one I found on the web shown at the bottom:
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Keep your mind open to your own pattern to the elements as we study them, and keep in mind that nobody has yet created the perfect periodic table‌it is still a mystery waiting to be solved. - In our lab activity you will create your own pattern.
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Name_______________________________ Period_________
lab6.1
Instructions: Please read this and answer the 8 questions within it as you go.
What is everything made out of‌ on Planet Kalamata? Imagine that you are the scientific expert traveling to a far away planet, and everything seems‌.different. You are asked to find our what everything is made out of. How would you do it? This is the goal of the Kalamata Science Expedition Project you are about to begin. You will be given progressively more data on all the weird matter on Planet Kalamata, and you need to arrange things so that some sense can be made out of it. Fortunately for you, this has already been done on another planet: Earth. The quest for a systematic arrangement of the elements on our home planet started with the discovery of individual elements. By 1860 about 60 elements were known and a method was needed for organization. In fact many scientists made significant contributions that eventually enabled Mendeleev to construct his table. The periodic table did not end with Mendeleev but continued to take shape for the next 75 years. There is definitely still room for improvement. Use the information above to help answer the following question. 1. If you traveled to a foreign planet and were asked to find out what everything is made out of, what would you do first?
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The development of the Periodic Table on Planet Earth. By 1860 about 60 elements were discovered, with some basic data on them- not much more than their masses. Using this data alone, some patterns were discovered.
The development of the periodic table begins with German chemist Johann Dobereiner (1780-1849) who grouped elements based on similarities. Calcium (atomic weight 40), strontium (atomic weight 88), and barium (atomic weight 137) possess similar chemical prepares. Dobereiner noticed the atomic weight of strontium fell midway between the weights of calcium and barium: Ca Sr Ba (40 + 137) รท 2 = 88 40 88 137 Was this merely a coincidence or did some pattern to the arrangement of the elements exist? Dobereiner noticed the same pattern for the alkali metal triad (Li/Na/K) and the halogen triad (Cl/Br/I). Li Na K Cl Br I 7 23 39 35 80 127 In 1829 Dobereiner proposed the Law of Triads: Middle element in the triad had atomic weight that was the average of the other two members. Soon other scientists found chemical relationships extended beyond triads. Fluorine was added to Cl/Br/I group; sulfur, oxygen, selenium and tellurium were grouped into a family; nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth were classified as another group.
2. What was it that Dobereiner noticed about the masses of elements that he thought was interesting? Please use your own words to describe this.
3. Did Dobereiner arrange the triads into columns, or rows? ___________ Why do you suppose he did that?
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The First Periodic Table It was a 19th century geologist who first recognized periodicity in the physical properties of the elements. Alexandre Beguyer de Chancourtois (1820-1886), professor of geology at the School of Mines in Paris, published in 1862 a list of all the known elements. The list was constructed as a helical graph wrapped around a cylinder-elements with similar properties occupied positions on the same vertical line of cylinder (the list also included some ions and compounds). Using geological terms and published without the diagram, de Chancourtois ideas were completely ignored until the work of Mendeleev. 3. Try to draw the shape, and include some elements, for the periodic table that de Chancourtois created:
Law of Octaves
4.
English chemist John Newlands (1837-1898), having arranged the 62 known elements in order of increasing atomic weights, noted that after interval of eight elements similar physical/chemical properties reappeared. This was huge. Newlands was the first to formulate the concept of periodicity in the properties of the chemical elements. In 1863 he wrote a paper proposing the Law of Octaves: Elements exhibit similar behavior to the eighth element following it in the table.
Look at Newlands Columns. Compare to our known periodic table. Based on this, Newlands a. Had a great idea and his columns are identical to the modern periodic table b. Had a great idea and his columns are very close to the modern periodic table c. Had an great idea but his columns bear little resemblance to the modern periodic table.
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Mendeleev's Periodic Table Then in 1869, Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) proposed arranging elements by atomic weights and properties (Lothar Meyer independently reached similar conclusion but published his results after Mendeleev). Mendeleev's periodic table of 1869 contained 17 columns with two partial periods of seven elements each (Li-F & Na-Cl) followed by two nearly complete periods (K-Br & Rb-I). In 1871 Mendeleev revised the 17-group table with eight columns (the eighth group consisted of transition elements). This table exhibited similarities not only in small units such as the triads, but showed similarities in an entire network of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal relationships. The table contained gaps but Mendeleev predicted the discovery of new elements. In 1906, Mendeleev came within one vote of receiving the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
5. Look at Mendeleev’s Columns. Compare to our known periodic table. Based on this, Mendeleev’s columns a. are identical to the modern periodic table b. are very close to the modern periodic table c. bear little resemblance to the modern periodic table.
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Noble Gases Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919) and William Ramsey (1852-1916) greatly enhanced the periodic table by discovering the "inert gases." In 1895 Rayleigh reported the discovery of a new gaseous element named argon. This element was chemically inert and did not fit any of the known periodic groups. Ramsey followed by discovering the remainder of the inert gases and positioning them in the periodic table. So by 1900, the periodic table was taking shape with elements were arranged by atomic weight. For example, 16g oxygen reacts with 40g calcium, 88g strontium, or 137g barium. If oxygen used as the reference, then Ca/Sr/Ba assigned atomic weights of 40, 88, and 137 respectively. Rayleigh (physics) and Ramsey (chemistry) were awarded Nobel prizes in 1904. The first inert gas compound was made in 1962 (xenon tetrafluoride) and numerous compounds have followed (see xenon compounds)--today the group is more appropriately called the noble gases.
Moseley's Periodic Law
Soon after Rutherford's landmark experiment of discovering the proton in 1911, Henry Moseley (18871915) subjected known elements to x-rays. He was able to derive the relationship between x-ray frequency and number of protons. When Moseley arranged the elements according to increasing atomic numbers and not atomic masses, some of the inconsistencies associated with Mendeleev's table were eliminated. The modern periodic table is based on Moseley's Periodic Law (atomic numbers). At age 28, Moseley was killed in action during World War I and as a direct result Britain adopted the policy of exempting scientists from fighting in wars. Shown below is a periodic table from 1930:
6. Circle any of Mosely’s columns that are identical with the current periodic table.
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The Modern Periodic Table
The last major change to the periodic table resulted from Glenn Seaborg's work in the middle of the 20th century. Starting with plutonium in 1940, Seaborg discovered transuranium elements 94 to 102 and reconfigured the periodic table by placing the lanthanide/actinide series at the bottom of the table. In 1951 Seaborg was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry and element 106 was later named seaborgium (Sg) in his honor. 7. Note the atomic numbers of the lanthanides and actinides- these are the bottom two rows of the modern periodic table. Find where those numbers are missing on the periodic table. Mark that spot on the outline of the periodic table above. Now, draw what the periodic table would look like if these were properly inserted in the table, rather than dumping them down on the bottom:
8. Create a new element based on you. Include the symbol and name in the box.
Attention: New Addition to Periodic Table Name: Symbol:
Physical properties: Chemical properties: Usage:
Caution: Next, you will use what you have learned about the development of our Periodic Table of Elements on Planet Earth to create a Periodic Table of Elements on Planet Kalamata.
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The Urban Chemical Consultant Company
From: The Planet Kalamata Science Expedition Date of Transmission: Nov 12, 2008 Earth Time Dear Consultants:
The scientists in our expedition are having some difficulty arranging the elements we have been studying according to their properties. We have heard that you on Earth are experts at this. Since we have had no luck perhaps you could help us. Following is all the information we have gathered so far. Your goal is to cut up these sheets and try to sort the elements into groups and then use them to create an organized table.
At this point we have only melting point, state (solid, liquid, and gas), and size (atomic radius). We hope to have atomic mass data soon.
Sincerely, The Kalamata Science Expedition Team
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φPhi
Tau Melting point (OB): -101 State: gas Atomic Radius (qm): 0.99
Upsilon Melting point (OB): -259 State: gas Atomic Radius (qm): 0.053
Melting point (OB): -218 State: gas Atomic Radius (qm): 0.066
ςChi
ΦPsi
ΩOmega
O
Melting point ( B): 817 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.125
Melting point ( B): -7 State: liquid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.111
Melting point (OB): 181 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.152
Alpha Melting point (OB): 3,550 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.077
Beta Melting point (OB): -189 State: gas Atomic Radius (qm): 0.191
Gamma Melting point (OB): -220 State: gas Atomic Radius (qm): 0.072
Delta Melting point (OB): 217 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.114
Epsilon Melting point (OB): 1410 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.117
Zeta Melting point (OB): 1,278 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.111
ΦEta
Melting point ( B): 64 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.227
ΦTheta
Melting point ( B): 113 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.104
Iota Melting point (OB): -249 State: gas Atomic Radius (qm): 0.160
Kappa Melting point (OB): 98 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.192
Lambda Melting point (OB): 660 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.143
Mu Melting point (OB): 30 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.122
Nu Melting point (OB): 2,079 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.083
Xi Melting point (OB): 839 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.197
Omicron Melting point (OB): -272 State: gas Atomic Radius (qm): 0.122
Pi Melting point (OB): 649 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.160
Rho Melting point (OB): 44 State: solid Atomic Radius (qm): 0.115
Sigma Melting point (OB): -210 State: gas Atomic Radius (qm): 0.070
O
O
O
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The Urban Chemical Consultant Company From: The Planet Kalamata Science Expedition Date of Transmission: November 14, 2008 Earth Time Further developments! We have just completed an analysis of the atomic mass of each one of our elements This information is listed below. We suggest that you add it to your element cards and make any needed adjustments in your group arrangements. Mass in trams Alpha 48.04 Beta 159.79 Gamma 75.99 Epsilon 112.34 Zeta 36.04 Eta 156.39 Upsilon 4.00 Psi 319.62 Theta 128.24 Iota 80.72 Kappa 91.96 Lambda 107.92 Mu 278.95 Nu 43.24 Phi 63.99 Omega 27.50 Xi 160.32 Omicron 16.00 Pi 97.22 Rho 123.88 Sigma 56.03 Tau 141.81 Chi 299.69 Delta 315.84
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The Urban Chemical Consultant Company From: The Planet Kalamata Science Expedition Date of Transmission: Nov 19, 2008 Earth Time
Dear Consultants: We have been working diligently to provide you more information about our elements. We have tried reacting each of our elements with the element Tau, and have determined the following ratios between each element and tau. Element Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu
Reacting Ratio Element: Tau 1:4 ----1:2 1:4 1:2 1:1 1:2 --1:1 1:3 1:3
Element Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega
Reacting Ratio Element: Tau 1:3 1:2 --1:2 1:3 1:3 --1:1 1:2 1:3 --1:1
We suggest that you add this information to each of the element cards that we already sent. Then consider this information regarding your proposed groupings. Make whatever changes are needed to your groupings. We will continue to work with our elements and will fax you when we have some significant information.
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The Urban Chemical Consultant Company From: The Planet Kalamata Science Expedition Date of Transmission: November 23, 2008 Earth Time Further developments! After many experiments, the Kalamatian scientists have determined the oxidation state of each one of their elements. This information is listed below. We suggest that you add it to your element cards and make any needed adjustments in your group arrangements. We have adjusted our oxidation data so it is consistent with earth data. For example, element Alpha loses 4 fetas to form a +4 oxidation state, and Gamma gains one feta to form a -1 oxidation state. Element
Oxidation State
Element
Oxidation State
Element
Alpha Beta Gamma Epsilon Zeta Eta Upsilon Psi
+4 0 -1 +4 +2 +1 +1 -2
Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Phi Omega
-2 0 +1 +3 +3 +3 -2 +1
Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Chi Delta
Oxidation State +2 0 +2 -3 -3 -1 -3 -2
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The Urban Chemical Consultant Company From: The Planet Kalamata Science Expedition Date of Transmission: November 27, 2008 Earth Time Here is the final transmission from the Kalamatians. They have a major breakthrough. They have been able to analyze the nucleus and have discovered a subatomic particle called the vega. The number of vegas present in the nucleus of the atom of each element are listed below. Add it to your element cards and make further adjustments in your group arrangements. Element
Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta
Number of Vegas in the nucleus 24 72 36 136 56 16 76 64
Element
Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi
Number of Vegas in the nucleus 40 44 52 124 20 80 8 48
Element
Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega
Number of Vegas in the nucleus 60 28 68 4 32 132 140 12
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Kalamata Project Assessment Sheet Attribute
Points Possible
Original cards submitted with all information added Table submitted with three dimensional arrangement Table is color coded Table is attractively decorated An explanation of the horizontal alignment is present and is based on scientific fact An explanation of the vertical alignment is present and is based on scientific fact An explanation of the 3rd dimensional alignment is present and is based on scientific fact Explanations are combined into a KEY Table is sturdy A comparison of this table to the class periodic table is included and includes 5 points The prediction for element X are reasonable and are filled in on below. This sheet is completed by the team and is filled in. Total Points
10 20 10 5 5
Points assigned by team
Points assigned by CEO
5 5 5 5 10 10 10 100
Predictions for Element X The Kalamatians have reason to believe that another element, call it X, exists somewhere between Mu and Chi. They have requested that you use your element arrangement to predict the following properties of this unknown element X. Element X Melting Point:_______ State:________ Atomic Radius:________ Reacting Ratio, Element X:Tau_________ Atomic Mass:________ Oxidation State:_________ Number of Vegas in the nucleus:_______
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Name___________________________________ Period_______
lab 6.2
Three-Dimensional Periodic Tables lab6.1
30 points Elements are not two-dimensional, so why should the periodic table be? In the introduction to this unit, you saw several unusual versions of the periodic table. Your goal for this project is to create a useful three-dimensional version of the periodic table. The design is up to you. An example of a 3D periodic table with rotating parts will be displayed to help get you started. Work in groups of 1 or 2. An incredible resource is available within meta-synthesis.com. The best way to get there is to google “periodic table formulations” and click on the first hit, which should be: http://www.metasynthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt.html . You’’ find more periodic table design ideas than you can shake a stick at. Here is the schedule for the project: Homework for Day 1: Bring in printouts of your favorite 3-D periodic tables you found on the web, and materials to make it happen. Be creative! Materials can include cardboard, clay, wood, legos, boxes, marbles, pennies, etc. You are only limited by your imagination. Your work can be based on things you found on the web, but must have original contributions to it. Note that any idea that includes functional lighting (for example using christmas lights) will receive 5 bonus points. Day 1 in-class: Using equipment you have brought in, and anything available in the lab, begin construction of your 3D periodic table. You will have two class periods to complete your table. Homework for day 2: Bring in more material for yourself and for others.
Day 2: Complete your 3D periodic table, and hang it or post it on the wall, or place it on a table. Homework: Prepare an informative presentation on your periodic table, that must include a handout. Day 3: Present your 3D periodic table. Your score will be based on 1. 10 points: Functionality: the added dimension (and lights, if you use them) serves a useful purpose 2. 10 points: Creativity: The design is unique and shows imagination without sacrificing utility. 3. 10 points: Timeliness: The project is finished on time; each daily task is completed on schedule. 21
To help you get started some ideas are shown on the following page: 3-D Periodic Table Idea Generator 1. Here is the periodic table in the shape of a box, and a pyramid
A sphere, an elephant, cylinders
A spiral, more cylinders:
Use these ideas to create your own original 3D periodic tables. If you prefer, you can also create a histogram that shows a conventional periodic table where some property of each atom is compared; some examples are shown on the first powerpoint slide of this unit. Have fun, while at the same time trying to create something that is not only coo-looking, but is also useful.
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Name: ______________________________________
Period: _____
WS6.1
Periodic Table WS I: History and organization 1. List three elements that were known for over 2000 years
2. Lavoisier was the first major contributor to the periodic table. What was his contribution?
3. What was the big breakthrough that led to the discovery of nearly 50 more elements, and who is credited with the discovery?
4. Around when did this take place?
5. What did John Newlands get right, and what did he get wrong?
6. What three elements did Mendeleev predict?
7. The least reactive group in the periodic table is the __________ __________ 8. Which group of metals desperately wants to lose an electron?
9. Which group easily loses 2 electrons?
10. This is the first element in the d-block.
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Name: ___________________________________Period: _____
WS6.2
Periodic Table WS II: Groups, periods, and reactivity 1. List three alkali metals 2. List two alkaline earth metals 3. What key feature do the families (also known as columns or groups) of the periodic table have in common?
4. How many valence electrons do the halogens have? 5. True or false: The noble gases are grouped together because of their high reactivity. 6. True or false: The noble gases all have 8 valence electrons.
7. Columns in the periodic table are known as __________ or _____________; rows are called _____________. 8. Write the ionic compounds that would form when the following elements combine: Example: Sodium and chlorine: NaCl Lithium and bromine:__________ Potassium and Iodine__________ Fluorine and Lithium___________ Beryllium and chlorine__________ Magnesium and oxygen____
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Name: ____________________________________Period: _____
WS6.3
Using Periodic Trends to Predict Atomic Radius Directions: Using the trends discussed in class, answer each of the following questions as “logically� as possible.
1. Which of the following kinds of atoms has the largest atomic radius? 31Gallium
11Sodium
19Potassium
2. Which of the previous kinds of atoms had the smallest atomic radius?
3. Rank the following three kinds of atoms by increasing atomic radius, highest = 1. 76Platinum
79Gold
47Silver
4. Rank the following three kinds of atoms by increasing atomic radius, highest = 1. 15Phosphorus
17Chlorine
35Bromine
5. Which of the following kinds of atoms has the largest atomic radius? 21Scandium
22Titanium
30Zinc
6. Which of the atoms in question 6 had the smallest atomic mass?
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Name: ______________________________________
Date: ______
WS6.4 Period: _____
Using Periodic Trends to Predict Electronegativity Directions: Using the trends discussed in class, answer each of the following questions as “logically� as possible. 0. What is electronegativity? 1. Which of the following kinds of atoms has greatest Electronegativity? 3Lithium
(Li)
11Sodium
(Na)
19Potassium
(K)
2. Which of the previous kinds of atoms had the lowest Electronegativity?
3. Rank the elements from highest (1) to lowest (3) electronegativity. 13Aluminum
14Silicon
17Chlorine
4. Rank the elements from highest (1) to lowest (3) electronegativity.. 34Selenium
17Chlorine
9Fluorine
5. Which of the following kinds of atoms has the greatest Electronegativity? 35Bromine
20Calcium
12Magnesium
6. Which of the atoms in the previous question had the lowest Electronegativity?
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Name: ______________________________________
Date: ______
WS6.5 Period: _____
Using Periodic Trends to Predict Ionization Energy
1. Which of the following kinds of atoms has highest Ionization Energy?
3Lithium
19Potassium
37Rubidium
2. Which of the previous kinds of atoms had the lowest Ionization Energy?
3. Rank the following three kinds of atoms by increasing Ionization Energy. 9Fluorine
16Sulfur
17Chlorine
4. Rank the following three kinds of atoms by increasing Ionization Energy. 3Lithium
5Boron
6Carbon
5. Which of the following kinds of atoms has the greatest Ionization Energy? 7Nitrogen
15Phosphorus
51Antimony
6. Which of the previous kinds of atoms had the lowest Ionization Energy?
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Name: ______________________________________
Date: ______
WS6.6 Period: _____
Using Periodic Trends to Predict Elemental Properties
1. Which of the following kinds of atoms has highest Ionization Energy? Fluorine (F) Francium (Fr) Cesium (Cs) 2. Which element wants electrons the most? Or, said another way, which element has the highest electronegativity? Oxygen (O) Sulfur (S) Selenium (Se) 3. Rank the following three kinds of atoms by increasing Ionization Energy: 1 = highest, 3 = lowest Fluorine (F) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl) 4. Rank the following three kinds of atoms by increasing Ionization Energy. Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) 5. Which of the following kinds of atoms has the lowest Ionization Energy? Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) 6. Which of the previous kinds of atoms had the lowest Ionization Energy? Cesium (Cs) Iron (Fe) Fluorine (F) 7. Which ionic compound has the highest melting point Cesium chloride (CsCl) cesium fluoride (CsF) cesium iodide (CsI) 8. Describe what electronegativity is using your own words.
9. Describe what atomic radius is using your own words.
10. Describe what ionic radius is using your own words.
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How to Ace the Periodic Table Quiz
Howtoaceunit6
To ace this quiz, review your notes, the Periodic Table PowerPoint, the worksheets, and the labs completed. Then, try the questions in this guide. Get help on anything you don’t understand, and finally, sleep well knowing you are in good shape. Know the history of the periodic table 1. List 3 elements known before 1790 2. Lavoisier: What was his contribution 3. Poor John Newlands: what did he get right, wrong 4. Mendeleev: Why is he “the father of the periodic table”? 5. Groups or families are ____________ 6. Periods are _________ 7. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids: Where is the dividing line? Groups: For each below know where they are, ions formed, and why 8. Alkali metals 9. Alkaline Earth Metals 10. Halogens 11. Noble Gases 12. S,p,d, and F blocks- where they are, how many electrons in each 13. Lanthanides are the ____ column in the ___ block 14. Actinides are the ____ column in the ___ block 15. Valence electrons- know for each family 16.Know the number of valence electrons for charged and uncharged atoms. And be sure to know what elements the charged atoms are isoelectronic with. For example, Sc3+ is isolectronic with _______ The 4 Trends: 17. Atomic and ionic radii. Largest element/ion is___; Arrange Ca, Cs, Sr 18. Electronegativity and ionization energy: Highest value is for the element _______. Arrange Cl, Se, Te 16. Know how to draw simple ionic compounds based on charge. For example sodium chloride = NaCl 17.Magnesium chloride, potassium oxide 18. Aluminum fluoride, lithium sulfide 19. Be sure to know the names of elements 1-40. 20. Describe a useful 3D periodic table 21. What is the periodic table good for?
Answer
Be prepared to give a one paragraph answer Be prepared to give a one page answer. 29
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