3
K
22.99
sodium
Na
6.94
Rb
39.10
Cs
Fr
132.91
cesium
francium 223.02
87
55
85.47
rubidium
37
potassium
19
11
lithium
Li
4
Sr
40.08
Lu
Lr
La
Ac
Hf
Rf
Th
cerium 140.12
Ce
Ta
Db
Pr Pa
W
Sg
Nd
Chlorate ClO3-
Chloride Cl-
Bicarbonate HCO3-
Bisulfate HSO4-
uranium 238.03
U
Carbonate CO32-
92
neodymium 144.24
60
263.12
seaborgium
106
183.85
tungsten
74
Bromide Br-
231.04
protactinium
91
140.91
praseodymium
59
262.11
dubnium
105
180.95
tantalum
73
26
Fe
Group 8
Re
Bh
Pm
Np 237.05
neptunium
93
promethium 144.91
61
264.12
bohrium
107
186.21
rhenium
75
technetium 96.91
43
Os
Hs
Sm
Pu
Ir
Mt
Eu
Am americium 243.06
95
europium 151.96
63
(268)
Meitnerium
109
192.22
iridium
77
Rh
rhodium 102.91
45
cobalt 58.93
Co
Group 9
27
Pd
Pt
Ds 111
79
47
Cm curium (247)
96
gadolinium 157.25
Gd
64
Dichromate Cr2O72-
Fluoride F-
Cu
Group 11
Rg
gold 196.97
Au
Ag
silver 107.87
copper 63.55
29
Tb
Bk
Cd
Hg
Uub
Dy
Cf californium (251)
98
dysprosium 162.50
66
Ununbium (285)
112
mercury 200.59
80
cadmium 112.40
48
metal
Nitride N3-
Nitrate NO3-
Ga
26.98
Tl
In
indium 114.82
69.72
Uut
Ho
Es
Si
P
114
82
50
Uuq
207.19
Pb lead
tin 118.69
Sn
Uup
208.98
Bi
bismuth
115
83
Antimony) 121.75
Sb
74.92
As
30.97
72.59 51
33
phosphorus
15
14.01
arsenic
Ge
28.09
N
Group 15
Group 16
Se
32.07
Te
Po
116
Uuh
polonium (210)
84
tellurium 127.60
52
selenium 78.96
34
S
sulfur
16.00
O
oxygen
16
8
-2
-3 nitrogen
7
6
5
germanium
32
silicon
257.10
fermium
100
Fm
Er erbium 167.26
68
(256)
mendelevium
Md
Yb
Phosphate PO43-
No (254)
nobelium
102
ytterbium 173.04
70
Permanganate MnO4-
Perchlorate ClO4-
Oxide O2-
Tm thulium 168.93 101
69
Nitrite NO2-
einsteinium (254)
99
C
carbon 12.01 14
6
+4, -4 Group 14
4
Valence electrons:
-1
F
Group 17
At
I
iodine 126.90
Uus
117
(210)
astatine
85
53
79.91
bromine
Br
35.45
Cl
chlorine
35
17
19.00
fluorine
9
halogens
7
He
Group 18
0
Noble gases
Sc
Thiosulfate S2O32-
Sulfate SO42-
Sulfide S2-
nonmetal
Atomic mass
Manmade
Solid Liquid Gas
Symbol:
metalloid
metal
44.96
scandium
21
Atomic number
Phosphide P3-
to 103
to 71
name
Uuo
(220)
Rn
radon
Xe
xenon 131.30
118
86
54
Kr
39.95
Ar argon
krypton 83.80
36
18
neon
20.18
Ne
helium 4.00 10
2
8
ununtrium ununquadium ununpentium ununhexium ununseptium ununoctium (289) (295) (284) (289) (288) (293)
113
204.37
thallium
81
49
gallium
31
164.93
Hypochlorite ClOIodide I-
Al
boron 10.81
B
Group 13
aluminum
13
5
3
+3
Holmium
67
7p
6p
5p
4p
3p
2p
Hydroxide OH-
berkelium (249)
97
terbium 158.92
65
Zn
zinc 65.37
30
Group 12
Thallium Tl 204.38 Thorium Th 232.04 Thulium Tm 168.93 Tin Sn 118.71 Titanium Ti 47.87 Tungsten W 183.84 Uranium U 238.03 Vanadium V 50.94 Xenon Xe 131.29 Ytterbium Yb 173.04 Yttrium Y 88.91 Zinc Zn 65.41 Zirconium Zr 91.22
Darmstadtium roentgenium (272) (281)
110
195.09
platinum
78
palladium 106.40
46
Chromate CrO42Cyanide CN-
Ni
Group 10
nickel 58.71
28
Radium Ra 226.03 Radon Rn 222.02 Rhenium Re 186.21 Rhodium Rh 102.91 Rubidium Rb 85.47 Ruthenium Ru 101.07 Rutherfordium Rf 261.11 Samarium Sm 150.36 Scandium Sc 44.96 Seaborgium Sg 266.12 Selenium Se 78.96 Silicon Si 28.09 Silver Ag 107.87 Sodium Na 22.99 Strontium Sr 87.62 Sulfur S 32.07 Tantalum Ta 180.95 Technetium Tc 97.91 Tellurium T6 127.60 Terbium Tb 158.93
Chlorite ClO2-
plutonium 244.06
94
samarium 150.41
62
265.13
hassium
108
190.20
osmium
76
ruthenium 101.07
44
Ru
Mn
Group 7
Tc
Mo
molybdenum 95.94
42
Bromide Br-
thorium 232.04
90
58
261.11
rutherfordium
104
178.49
hafnium
72
91.22
Nb
niobium 92.91
41
25 iron 55.85
Cr
Group 6
chromium manganese 52.00 54.94
24
Ammonium NH4+
actinium 227.03
89
lanthanum 138.91
57
262.11
lawrencium
103
174.97
Lutetium
71
Zr
zirconium
40
vanadium 50.94
V
Group 5
23
Bisulfite HSO3-
5f
4f
6d
5d
Y
yttrium 88.91
39
titanium 47.90
Ti
Group 4
22
Mercury Hg 200.59 Molybdenum Mo 95.94 Neodymium Nd 144.24 Neon Ne 20.18 Neptunium Np 237.05 Nickel Ni 58.69 Niobium Nb 92.91 Nitrogen N 14.01 Nobelium No 259.10 Osmium Os 190.23 Oxygen O 16.00 Palladium Pd 106.42 Phosphorus P 30.97 Platinum Pt 195.08 Plutonium Pu 244.06 Polonium Po 208.98 Potassium K 39.10 Praseodymium Pr 140.91 Promethium Pm 144.91 Protactinium Pa 231.04
Transition metals: 2 valence electrons
Meitnerium Mt 268.14 Mendelevium Md 258.10
Hafnium Hf 178.49 Hassium Hs 265.13 Helium He 4.00 Holmium Ho 164.93 Hydrogen H 1.01 Indium In 114.82 Iodine I 126.90 Iridium Ir 192.22 Iron Fe 55.85 Krypton Kr 83.80 Lanthanum La 138.91 Lawrencium Lr 262.11 Lead Pb 207.19 Lithium Li 6.94 Lutetium Lu 175.00 Magnesium Mg 24.31 Manganese Mn 54.94
2011 www.chemistryadventure.com
Acetate CH3CO2-
(and NH4
+)
common anions
226.02
radium
Ra
Ba
barium 137.33
88
56
87.62
strontium
38
4d
Sc
scandium 44.96
Ca
3d
Group 3
21
ActiniumAc 227.08 Cesium Cs 132.91 Aluminum Al 26.98 Chlorine Cl 35.45 Americium Am 243.06 Chromium Cr 52.00 Antimony Sb 121.75 Cobalt Co 58.93 Argon Ar 39.96 Copper Cu 63.55 Arsenic As 74.92 Curium Cm Astatine At (210) Darmstadtium Ds (281) Barium Ba 137.33 Dubnium Db 262.11 Berkelium Bk (249) Dysprosium Dy 162.50 Beryllium Be 9.01 Einsteinium Es 252.08 Bismuth Bi 208.98 Erbium Er 167.26 Bohrium Bh 264.12 Europium Eu 151.96 Boron B Fermium Fm 257.10 Bromine Br 79.91 Fluorine F Cadmium Cd 112.40 Francium Fr Calcium Ca 40.08 Gadolinium Gd Californium Cf (261) Gallium Ga Carbon C 12.01 Germanium Ge19.00 Cerium Ce 140.12 Gold Au 196.97
24.31
calcium
20
magnesium
Mg
9.01
beryllium
Be
Group 2
Alkaline earth metals
12
(H is a nonmetal)
hydrogen 1.01
H
Group 1
+2
2 valence electrons
Monovalent cations: Group 1, Ag: +1 Group 2, Zn: +2 Group 3, Al: +3
7s
6s
5s
4s
3s
2s
1s
1
Alkali metals
+1
1 valence electron
Periodic Table of the Elements
nonmetal
D
D
° °
error x 100 accepted value
D
° °
D
D
D
D
D D D D
D
gA x
mol A g B x g B g A mol A
D D
D
1
C
O Controls: Standards For comparison all experiments need these:
E
What is a positive control?
Example:
H
Oh heck I know that The 4-letter mnemonic for this simplified scientific method
What is a positive control?
Example: 4
5
OH
O alkane
alkene O
O
NH2 amine
ether
alkyne O
O O
aldehyde
ketone
alcohol O
ester
NH amide
O
H
carboxylic acid
H H C C C H H
O
O
H H H O C C C C H C C O H C H H H
Br
Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br
C C
Br
O NH
I’m sure you would all like to ace your first chemistry test. Here’s how: 1. Test yourself on the topics below to see what you know and don’t know. 2. Review this packet in its entirety. Be familiar with each of the topics that were covered in the powerpoint presentation. 3. Write down what you don’t know yet. If you don’t know something, ask a friend or ask me. 4. If you are missing anything it may be available on the class website: http://www.chemistryadventure.com 1.
What is chemistry?
2.
What is matter?
3.
What is not matter? Give examples.
24. Provide two isomers of C3H8O by drawing their structural and skeletal formulas
4.
What do chemists do?
25. Draw an ether with the formula C3H8O.
5.
Where does chemistry fit in with the other branches of26. Draw an amine, an alcohol, a carboxylic acid, an ester, and an science? amide.
6.
Name a branch of science more basic than chemistry.
7.
List the branches of science from basic to applies.
8.
What is our simple scientific method?
9.
Give an example of a positive and negative control
10. What is a synonym for a negative control 11. Why are negative controls important for most drug studies?
23. Provide a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of isopropanol, C3H8O.
27. Provide the molecular formula, skeletal formula, and functional groups present in leucine shown at right. 28. What organic functional groups are present in sodium chloride, NaCl? 29. Explain what is implied by the wedges and hatches used in the drawing of leucine. Does contain straight chains, branched chains, or rings? 30. What happens to molecular formulas when double bonds and rings are used?
12. Provide a positive control for an experiment designed to produce bubble gum that blows big bubbles 31. Describe what you know about aristolochic acid, palytoxin, and the kahalalides. 13. How many bonds to the atoms C, N , H, and O form? 32. In the rock candy lab, sugar crystallizes, meaning it change 14. What is a useful mnemonic device for the bonding pattern of from being dissolved in a liquid to becoming a solid. Is hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon? crystallization a physical or a chemical process? 15. Who wrote The Skeptical Chymist?
33. Define density, viscosity, and solubility. What role, if any, do these play when solutions are mixed?
16. What constitutes a reliable reference when writing a scientific paper, and why? 34. Draw a molecule that has an aldehyde, an ether, and a amide in it. Provide the molecular formula as well. 17. Why is chemistry awesome? 35. Be prepared to answer the essential question for this unit: what 18. Compare and explain the flammability of liquids to gases. is chemistry all about? 19. True or false: most combustion reactions produce water 20. What is the difference between a physical and a chemical change? 21. Provide an example of a physical and a chemical change. 22. How could you identify methanol?