w
1 1 1 0.01097 2 2 2 n
1 valence electron
+1
2 valence electrons
+2
Alkali metals
H
1
1s
hydrogen 1.01
Group 2
(H is a nonmetal)
2s
Li
3
Be
4
3s
11
Na
sodium
Mg
12
4s 5s
19
37
Rb
rubidium 85.47 55
Cs
cesium 132.91
6s 87
7s
K
potassium 39.10
24.31
Fr
francium 223.02
Ca
20
calcium 40.08 38
Sr
strontium 87.62 56
Ba
barium 137.33 88
Ra
radium 226.02
Monovalent cations: Group 1, Ag: +1 Group 2, Zn: +2 Group 3, Al: +3
common anions (and NH4+)
3p
Transition metals: 2 valence electrons
magnesium
22.99
B
5
9.01
6.94
Group 3
21
3d
Sc
scandium 44.96 39
4d
Y
yttrium 88.91
Lu
71
5d
Lutetium 174.97 103
Lr
6d lawrencium
Group 4
22
Ti
titanium 47.90
Zr
40
57
5f
La
lanthanum 138.91 89
Ac
actinium 227.03
23
41
Hf
hafnium 178.49 104
Rf
rutherfordium
73
Ce cerium 140.12
90
Th
thorium 232.04
Ta
tantalum 180.95 105
Db
dubnium
261.11
58
Nb
niobium 92.91
91.22 72
V
vanadium 50.94
zirconium
262.11
4f
Group 5
262.11
59
Pr
Group 6
Cr
24
42
Mo
43
74
W
75
tungsten 183.85 106
Sg
seaborgium 263.12
protactinium
231.04
76
60
Nd
144.24
92
U
uranium 238.03
Bh 264.12
61
Pm
promethium 144.91 93
Np
neptunium 237.05
cobalt 58.9 3 45
Ru
ruthenium 101.07
Os
77
109
Sm
63
Ni
28
Group 11
29
nickel 58.71 46
Ir
78
iridium 192.22
Hs
Group 10
Rh
rhodium 102.91
osmium 190.20 108
Co
27
iron 55.85
Re
bohrium
Group 9
Fe
26
44
rhenium 186.21 107
Group 8
Tc
molybdenum technetium 96.91 95.94
140.91
Pa
Mn
25
chromium manganese 52.00 54.94
praseodymium neodymium
91
Group 7
Pd
Ag
47
palladium 106.40
Pt
silver 107.87 79
platinum 195.09
Mt
110
Eu
64
Ds
Cu
copper 63.55
Au
gold 196.97 111
Rg
hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium roentgenium (272) 265.13 (268) (281)
62
samarium 150.41 94
Pu
plutonium 244.06
europium 151.96 95
Am
americium 243.06
Gd
gadolinium 157.25 96
Cm
curium (247)
65
Tb
Group 12
Zn
30
zinc 65.37
Cd
48
cadmium 112.40 80
Hg
mercury 200.59 112
Uub
Ununbium (285)
66
Dy
terbium dysprosium 158.92 162.50 97
Bk
berkelium (249)
98
Cf
boron 10.81
Ga
67
Tl
82
thallium 204.37
Uut
Sn
51
Pb
83
lead 207.19 114
Uuq
Sb
Antimony) 121.75
tin 118.69
Bi
bismuth 208.98
Uup
115
Cl
argon
39.95
Te
53
Po
85
Uuh
117
polonium (210) 116
Ar
18
35.45
Br
Kr
36
krypton 83.80
bromine 79.91
I
tellurium 127.60 84
neon
20.18
chlorine
35
selenium 78.9 6 52
Ne
10
F
19.00
Se
34
arsenic 74.9 2
He helium 4.00
fluorine
17
sulfur 32.07
As
33
9
S
16
2
Group 17
16.00
30.97
72.59 50
O
phosphorus
Ge
-1
oxygen
Noble gases
Group 18
halogens
Group 16
8
P
15
germanium
In
Xe
54
iodine 126.90
xenon 131.30
Rn
At
86
Uus
118
astatine (210)
radon (220)
Uuo
ununtrium ununquadium ununpentium ununhexium ununseptium ununoctium (289) (295) (284) (289) (288) (293)
Ho
Holmium 164.93 99
N
7
28.09
indium 114.82
113
Group 15
14.01
Si
7
6
-3 -2 nitrogen
silicon
69.72
81
7p
C
6
32
gallium 49
6p
Group 14
14
aluminum 26.98
5p
5
+4, -4
carbon 12.01
Al
13
31
4p
4
Group 13
2p
beryllium
lithium
3
+3
0
8
Valence electrons:
Alkaline earth metals
metal nonmetal
Group 1
Es
californium einsteinium (251) (254)
68
Er
erbium 167.26 100
Fm
fermium 257.10
Tm
69
thulium 168.93 101
Md
70
Yb
ytterbium 173.04 102
No
mendelevium nobelium (256) (254)
to 71
Atomic number
21
Sc
scandium
to 103
Symbol: Solid Liquid Gas
Manmade
name
44.96 Atomic mass metal metalloi d
nonmeta l
solution :
16S:
1s2 2s2 2p2 3s2 3p4
Principles and rules of electron configuration Principle or rule Heisenberg
Bad
Good
1s22p1
1s22s1
(e-position uncertain)
1s
1
Aufbau (build up) Hund’s Rule (spread out) Pauli (opp. spins)
1s22s22p2 1s2
Unit 5 electrons Dr. B.’s ChemAdventure
1s22s22p2 1s2