August 31, 2010 version 1.0
CHEMISTRYADVENTURE welcome screencast
Introduction to Chemistry
Unit 1
In this Unit:
Flame Lab
Seed Lab
light stuff on fire
grow stuff
Molecular Model Lab wiki stix for scientists
Rock Candy Lab
Cool Demonstrations
Rainbow Lab
water into wine magic trick huge flame whoosh bottle 20000 C flame many others
make a 7-layer mixture
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Welcome to Chemistry! Unit 1
Introduction to Chemistry
August 31, 2010
Everything about this course, this book, and the next 180 days we’ll spend together is based on a simple philosophy:
1. People don’t learn unless motivated
2. Once motivated, people can do anything
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3. Motivation is sparked by curiosity
4. Curiosity arises through hands-on experiences
5. The brain is a muscle. Anything you learn will be forgotten if you don’t continue to use it.
e begin this course by asking a simple question: What is everything made out of?
That is the essential question for this course- the same question that the we all naturally ask as we look at the world around us. For a few of you, opening your mind to the world of chemistry may change the course of your life, as it did for me. For all of you this course will help you to understand the world you live in. In this unit we will consider what chemistry is and what chemists do, and how chemistry is part of everyday life. We will look at how the scientific method is applied in this field, and at the end we will focus on some of the details of one branch of chemistry: organic chemistry, which is based on the element carbon. We’ll see what some organic molecules look like, and how they are classified. To help explore this we will perform five experiments where we will try to find out own answers by lighting things on fire, assembling models, growing plants, crystallizing pure molecules, and forming multilayered mixtures. “Chemists are a strange class of mortals, impelled by an almost maniacal impulse to seek their pleasures amongst smoke and vapour, soot and flames, poisons and poverty, yet amongst all these evils I seem to live so sweetly that I would rather die than change places with the King of Persia.” -- Johann Joachim Becher, Physica subterranea (1667) If you happen to be scuba diving in Hawaii and see this colorful soft coral, you have came across a dangerous species. This zoanthid Palythoa toxica (shown above right, with a close-up of the tentacles on the left)produces the toxin palytoxin shown at bottom right. One of the most toxic substances known to man, this coral was collected by Hawaiian warriors who dipped their spears in it before battle.
Palythoa sp. tentacle palytoxin screencast
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Table of Contents Welcome to Chemistry 2-9 welcome 2 contents 3 schedule 4-5 homework assignments 5 syllabus 7-9
Labs 10-19 1.1 flame 10-11 1.2 molecular models 12-13 1.3 seed 14-15 1.4 rock candy 16-17 1.5 Rainbow (L2 only) 18-19
Lectures 20-30 1.1 Introduction to Chemistry 20-25 worksheet 1.1: Introduction to Chemistry 26-27 1.2 (L1, honors only) Organic Functional Groups worksheet 1.2: organic functional groups
Review 32-33 Index 34-35 Supplemental Material 36-40 safety contract 37-38 makeup request form 39-40
palythoa toxica
HO OH OH
O
O
O
OH
OH OH
OH
O OH HO
O
O
NH O
OH
HO HO
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO OH
OH
O OH OH OH HO
O
H2N
OH
NH OH
HO
HO HO
OH
OH
HO HO
OH O HO
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OH OH
O
Palytoxin, one of the most toxic substances known.
OH OH
OH
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Tentative Schedule check for homework updates at the chemistryadventure homework page Homework 1.1: Due on day 1 (5 points): Bring: 1. Pencil 2. Scientific Calculator 3. blank or composition book (for lab notebook) 4. 1” 3 ring binder with loose leaf paper 5. Signed safety contract Read: 1. Introduction: “How I got hooked on chemistry” 2. Syllabus 3. safety contract Lesson 1: flame lab introductions seats: period 2 3 5 7 8 receive packets complete welcome to chemistry! survey hand in homework 1.1 (signed safety contract) Demonstration 1.1: water into wine Demonstration 1.2: whoosh bottle Online overview Class Pictures Lab 1.1: flame lab homework 1.2 Lesson 2: molecular models hand in homework 1.2 supplies check (pencil, scientific calculator, 3 ring binder, lab notebook) Demonstration 1.3: alcohol solubility Molecular model activity Pretest Homework: 1.3 Lesson 3: introduction to chemistry (lecture 1.1) Hand in homework 1.3 Demonstration 1.4: 2000 degree flame review, return homework 1.2 Supplies check (pencil, scientific calculator, 3 ring binder, lab notebook) Begin lab 1.2 Seed Lab Begin Lab 1.3: Rock Candy Lab Lecture 1.1: Introduction to Chemistry worksheet 1.1 introduction to chemistry review pretest
a-hemolysin screencast Crystal structure of a-hemolysin, a dangerous pore forming bacteria click here for a 3d rotating structure click here for an interactive 3d rotating structure click here to learn more about this molecule
Lesson 4: rainbow lab/organic functional groups review homework 1.4 Seed, Rock Candy Lab Observations review, return homework 1.3 demonstration 1.5: layers
Supplies check (pencil, scientific calculator, 3 ring binder, lab notebook) L2: chemical rainbow lab L1, honors: nomenclature homework: 1.5
Lesson 5: review review homework 1.5 Seed, Rock Candy Lab Observations review, return homework 1.3
demonstration 1.6: combustion Supplies check
Lesson 6: Introduction to chemistry test test receive unit 2 packet homework
review for test homework: study for test
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Homework
check for homework updates at the chemistryadventure homework page
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or credit, hand in homework at the beginning of the period on the day it is due. Write your answers neatly on loose leaf paper, stapled if necessary, with your name and period on top. You don’t have to copy the questions, but you’ll find it easier to review for tests if you do. Homework 1.1: Due on day 1 (5 points): Bring: 1. Pencil 2. Scientific Calculator 3. blank or composition book (for lab notebook) 4. 1” 3 ring binder with loose leaf paper 5. Signed safety contract Read: 1. Introduction: “How I got hooked on chemistry” 2. Syllabus 3. safety contract Homework 1.2: flame lab Please answer the following on loose leaf paper, stapled if necessary, with your name and period on top: 1. In demonstration 1.1 how might the water have “turned” into wine? 2. What happened in the whoosh bottle demonstration, both visibly and on a molecular level? 3. (L1, honor s only) What would you have observed if butanol (C4H10O) were used in the whoosh bottle demonstration? Include a balanced chemical equation. Complete flame lab if not done in class Read molecular model lab to prepare for next class
Homework 1.3: molecular models 1. Draw as many isomers with formula C2H6O2 as possible, using both structural and skeletal formulas 2. L1, honors only: using the internet, provide the molecular and structural formula for aristolochic acid. Describe the dangers of this substance using your own words. 3. To prepare for the next class, read the Seed Lab and Rock Candy Lab. Optional: Read Lecture 1.1 and watch the screencasts. 4. Bring in a digital camera or colored pencilsi for photographing /drawing your seeds in the Seed Lab. Homework 1.4: lecture 1.1: introduction to chemistry 1. Complete worksheet 1.1. Don’t tear it out- it will get stamped next class. 2. Throughout the year, continue to bring a camera to class for observations. 3. To prepare for the next class, L2 students should read the Rainbow Lab; L1 and honors students should read Lecture 1.2: Organic Functional Groups homework 1.5:rainbow lab/ organic functional groups L2: layering research paper. Due____ L1, honors: complete worksheet 1.2
Homework 1.6: study for test homework
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Introduction How I got hooked on chemistry
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n 1979 I took a course at the University of Connecticut called Advanced Organic Chemistry. Our Professor was Sam Huang, who gave us instructions on the first day and then we rarely saw him again. We were told we had to complete three experiments: 1. Identify an unknown pure chemical sample 2. Purify and identify 2 unknown chemicals in a mixture 3. Create a new chemical
That was it. He then gave each of us a vial with a liquid or a powder in it. We had three weeks to identify it. Mine was a shiny white solid. Under a magnifying glass it appeared as flat white plates. It melted sharply at 212 oC. A big clue was discovered when I placed it under ultraviolet light- it glowed with a anthracene, a component of coal bright blue color. I later learned this is a sign of lots of alternating double bonds. With this information it seemed likely that these white crystals were anthracene, a constituent of coal. To confirm this I mades a derivative by reacting it with picric acid (which nobody uses any more since it explodes when dry!), and the new compound - anthracene picrate- had a melting point of 170 oC, matching the literature value. Now I was dead certain it was anthracene. Next, he gave each of us another vial. We were told it was a mixture of two chemicals. We had three weeks to separate and identify them. This time the vial had a dull white powder in it. I watched as my lab partners set up complex chromatography and distillation devices and began tedious separations of their mixtures. Ugh. Under a magnifying glass two distinct crystals could be identified- needles and plates. It took a couple days, but I was able to separate my mixture using a pair of tweezers and the magnifying glass, and identify each sample.
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Finally, we had the rest of the semester to make a new chemical. I got so excited about this one that I skipped spring break and spent it at the library. Yes, I had become a science nerd, big time. It was my first time reading real accounts of chemical research and I found it fascinating. Here people were creating chemicals to treat cancer, make bulletproof plastics, all sorts of projects ‌but what really interested me was the field of natural products- the study of natural, HO O H not man-made, chemicals. I found a research paper where the individual chemical that creates the main flavor of pineapples and strawberries was created in the lab. It was called furaneol, and I decided I would make my own version of it with a slight chemical change designed to give it a sweeter taste. furaneol, a flavor principle of pineapples furaneol screencast The initial experiments were a disaster. There were chemicals I needed that weren’t in the stockroom. My lab partners were goofing off while I was working with dangerous chemicals. And soon the deadline was approaching, but in the end I managed to make a small amount of a white solid, and the spectroscopic data matched the chemical structure. I realized that with enough effort any chemical one could imagine could eventually be made, and it seemed to me this was a powerful tool. I changed my major from biology to chemistry, and two years later I had my first job making chemicals designed to study cancer. In this class each of you will be given a similar opportunity to explore, imagine, and create using the chemical skills and knowledge from this class. In your first hands-on experiment you will be asked to identify unknown substances by lighting them on fire. By the time this class is near complete you will be ready to identify unknown samples and safely perform your own chemical research in a field of your choice.
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Syllabus
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elcome to chemistry! I look forward to working with you this school year. The purpose of this syllabus is to summarize the goals, content, grading policy, and class expectations for this school year. What is everything made out of?
That is the essential question for this course- the same question that the we all naturally ask as we look at the world around us. It also makes one wonder why some substances are inert, while other substances react violently when mixed. For a few of you, opening your mind to the world of chemistry may change the course of your life, as it did for me. For all of you this course will help you to understand the world around you. So, how to answer this question? Certainly the most enjoyable way is to roll up your sleeves and find out for yourself. Teachers call this inquiry-based learning, and the idea is to figure things out on your own. So often in life experts are self-taught, and it’s no surprise- they discovered rather than memorized, and enjoyed it. Of course, it’s always a good idea to get some assistance now and then, and that is the way this course is designed. We begin each unit by asking a simple question, and you and your lab partner then try to find out on your own. No, not by looking it up on wikipedia- by experiment. What you discover you aren’t likely to forget. It gives you a understanding of things that uses all of your senses. And, best of all, although it usually makes you question your own research, there are those rare occasions your own observations may make you question what the “experts” say, or the way that they say it. The best chemist is a skeptical chemist: 350 years old and still good advice: The Skeptical Chymist by Robert Boyle (1661). This is a scanned copy from the ...by having Thus drawn the Chymists Doctrine out of University of Pennsylvania. their Dark and Smoakie Laboratories, and both brought it into the open light, and shewn the weakness of their Proofs, that have hitherto been wont to be brought for it, either Judicious Men shall henceforth be allowed calmly and after due information to disbelieve it, or those abler Chymists, that are zealous for the reputation of it, will be oblig’d to speak plainer then hitherto has been done. Robert Boyle 1. Introduction to Chemistry The Skeptical Chymist (1661), praeface introductory, page 5 2. Data 3. Matter Here are the units we will cover. Each chapter will last for 1-2 weeks, and most units will be tested individually. 4. The Atom 5. Electrons At the beginning of each unit you will receive a unit packet. These 15 packets include or will direct you to everything you need to 6. The Periodic Table know about chemistry. Keep them in chronological order in your 3 ring binder, and by the end of the year you will have “created” 7. Chemical Bonding the textbook for the class. For those that are interested, a standard chemistry textbook is available, but is not required. The paper 8. Chemical Reactions version includes the core material. The online version at chemistryadventure.com includes links and rollovers. To get the most 9. The Mole out of this class explore these packets deeply by using the links- this is especially important for L1 and honors students, who will 10. Gases be tested on their content. The latest versions of adobe reader and flash player are necessary to view and play these files. Internal 11. Solutions. links are brown, external links to websites are blue, and video links are buttons. 12. Energy 13. Reaction Rates 14. Equilibrium 15. Acids and inquiry-based learning is really just the scientific method in disguise. Bases Or to put it another way, it is figuring it out on your own.
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Grading Policy This class uses a “pure points” system: your grade will be determined by the points accumulated from homework, tests, and lab reports. For, example, you might earn 90 points on a 100 point exam, and 5 points on a 10 point quiz. Your average at that point would be 95 points out of a possible 110 total points for an “average” of 86%. Your grade can be accessed on PowerSchool through the GHS website, also available on the chemistryadventure website. Test scores usually incorporate a citizenship component: arriving late to class or being unprepared results in a minor deduction for each occurrence. Assisting others and other meritous behavior can lead to a small increase in your test score. During any type of testing, there will be no communications in any form with any other student(s). Should such communications take place, the student(s) will receive a grade of zero on the test. Be aware that it is a big deal if your cellphone is out for any reason during a test- this can result in severe consequences. What to bring to class All parents should receive an email a few days before the first day of class outlining what each student should bring on day 1, including homework due on the first day of class. Each day students should bring: 1. An up to date 3 ring binder with all materials, especially the current unit packet, ordered by date, with no loose papers RObert Boyle 2. A scientific calculator 3. A pen or pencil 4. Your lab notebook. A blank book is ideal; a composition book is acceptable. Letter sized works well, but smaller sizes may be used 5. Your homework 6. A sense of humor and a positive attitude. Homework The homework is available online. The homework assignments are normally listed as a series of questions to be answered at home on a separate sheet of paper and handed in the next day. Be sure to include your name and class period and the assignment number (hw1.2 for example). You may find it useful for test reviews to write down the question, but this isn’t required. Neatness is required- points will be taken off it was ripped out of a spiral bound notebook, wasn’t stapled, etc. Homework assignments usually also includes some reading to prepare you for the next class. When a lecture is scheduled for the next day, the homework will include reading and watching the screencasts. This is important, since it will make the lecture a review. Hand in your homework into the class “in” tray at the beginning of class, collect any graded material from the “out” tray. No credit is given for late homework. If you had an excused absence, hand in your homework when you return, and note your absence on the top of the paper. Keep up with the homework and the tests will likely go well. Again, each class has an in and out box. Place your homework in the in box, take out your graded material from the out box at the beginning of class. This is also the time to check your long term experiments and make notes in your lab notebook. This is also a good time to check in with me if you were absent.
Absences and Makeup Tests If you missed a class it’s easy to find out what you missed. The best place is to go to the homework page online, which shows what was covered each day. This should also include your first name and last initial, to verify your absence. You can also check the tentative schedule in the packet, but it may change, so your best bet is to check the website, or ask a friend. You can also email me any time you like. Homework can also be accessed indirectly from powerschool. Once you know what you missed, you can still stay on top of things online. In fact with the exception of the hands-on labs, this class is fully set up for distance learning. All lectures have screencasts that can be viewed online. Use your packet, go online. Watch the screencasts for each lecture. Email me. Call homework
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your friends. Please try to avoid asking me “What did I miss?”- check the website first. Instead, say hello when you return to class and let me know that you are on track. Be aware that you will still have to take the test on the day scheduled, or soon after your return if you had and excused absence. Relax- each student gets two makeup tests per quarter, and they aren’t averaged: the higher score prevails. If you need to take a makeup test, there is a form to fill out. Fiscal Responsibility Students are fiscally responsible for instructional equipment including laboratory materials and textbooks, which are available for check out Ipods and Cellphones The school policy will be enforced- cell phones and ipods are not allowed in the classroom. They will be confiscated if they are seen at any time in the classroom, including during passing time. Media Privacy Occasionally there may be photographs or videos taken of us in the classroom. Although these are usually popular with the students and are good for class morale, it is important for each student to know that their right not to be photographed or videotaped is important and will be respected. Additionally, any photos or videos that are taken in the classroom will never be shared outside the classroom. Each student was mailed a media privacy form at the beginning of the year. Please let me know if you prefer not to be photographed or videotaped. In the News Once the second unit begins we will start presenting “In the News” presentations. I’ll model it for you at the start- it consists of a presentation of a chemistry related event in the news, with all presentation materials placed on the in the news blog. Upload it before your presentations begins. Final Note to students/Parents/Guardian Welcome to Chemistry! Please email me if you have any questions. Dr B (Harry Brielmann) Common Issues 1. Late to class Students who are late to class without a pass will receive a minor point deduction on their next test. Two tardies results in an email to your parents. Three tardies leads to a detention. 2. Arriving unprepared. Students who do not have a binder, calculator, pencil, and lab notebook will receive a minor point deduction on their next test. Daily homework is worth 5 points, and is due at the beginning of class 3. Ipods and cellphones visible in class Ipods and cellphones will be confiscated if seen, and delivered to the student affairs center. You will be permitted to use internet capable devices such as iphones only when specifically requested by the teacher. 4. Lab Groups of more than 2 To receive credit for a lab experiment your group must be no more than 2 students. 4. Absences Unexcused absences are treated in accordance with the student-parent handbook. Students are responsible for making up lost work and will still have to take each test. Two makeups are allowed per quarter; higher score prevails. 5. Homework from other classes Will be confiscated if students work on it in class unless specifically instructed otherwise. 6. Students not seated or not in assigned seats Please remain seated in your assigned seat unless instructed otherwise 7. Unsafe laboratory practices This is a serious offense and will result in immediate removal from class and detention.
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lab 1,1: flame lab
Flame Lab
an opportunity to safely light things on fire
have this box stamped to earn credit for this lab
flame lab screencast
H
H
O
H
H
H H
C O H
H C C O
H
water
H
H H
methanol
ethanol
H
H H
H
C C
C
H H
H
H
O H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
O H H
H
H
H
H
H C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
butanol
isopropanol
propanol
O H
about these alcohols
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ach of you will be given a sample of each of the alcohols shown above in numbered but otherwise unlabelled bottles. Your goal is to identify each one. It is suggested that you ignite the samples, partly because it helps, and partly because it is fun. To assist you, authentic samples of each are available for comparison. Think about how you will identify each sample, and write down your plan. Consider things such as the odor, flame color, and solubility in water of each sample. You can use any method you like to identify these samples as long as you work safely: goggles must be worn, and your instructor is the only one in the lab with matches. Tie your hair back, and listen carefully to the safety instructions provided by your teacher.
1. Data: Complete the table below, adding your own categories. The other categories are up to you. They might be flame color, solubility in water, or any other useful test you can come up with.
unknown # 1
odor
flame color
other observations
conclusion
2 3 4 5 6
Final Answers identify each unknown sample 1.__________ 2._____________ 3.______________ 4. _____________5. ____________ 6.____________
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questions Complete these after you have finished the experiment and cleaned up. Finish at home if necessary 1. Water has a molecular formula of H2O, Ethanol has a formula of C2H6O. Using the structures on the previous page, provide the formulas for the others
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2. Hydrogen always has one chemical bond , and oxygen (O) always has 2. How many bonds does carbon contain? 3. There is a saying: “HONC if you love chemistry”. How many bonds does nitrogen (N) contain? 4 (L1, Honors only) Each of these combustion reactions combines the alcohol with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. We can write a chemical reaction: C2H6O + O2 CO2 + H2O Taken literally this says that one molecule of ethanol combines with one molecule of oxygen to make one molecule of carbon dioxide and one molecule of water. The problem is this is impossible as written. Note for example we started with two carbon atoms, and ended with 1. We fix it by balancing it: C2H6O + 3 O2
2 CO2 + 3 H2O
This is a balanced equation for the combustion of ethanol. Note that now that nothing has magically disappeared or appeared- there are the same number of C (2), H(6), and O (7) for reactants and products. For a more detailed explanation click here. 5. Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of butanol (C4H10O)
6. (Honors only). Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol (C2H6O).
7. L1, honors only: Based on these formulas, provide a hypothesis why all of these substances are water-soluble except butanol.
8. Honors only: Draw a reasonable chemical structure for the major component of gasoline: hexane, (C6H14). Note that if you “branch” the molecule it can be drawn in more than one way- these are called isomers. Draw as many isomers of hexane as you can.
9. Honors only: Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of hexane.
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Molecular Model Lab
lab1.2: molecular model lab
an opportunity to see what molecules look like What do molecules look like? Molecular Model Activity
have this box stamped to earn credit for this lab
T
o really understand what everything is made out of, we need to magnify things down to a molecular level. In the flame lab, we were shown the molecular structure of ethanol. Here are several different ways of representing that molecule:
Visualizing Ethanol
C2H6O
molecular formula
CH3CH2OH condensed structural
H 3C
H H H C C O
OH
H
H H
H 3C
C
O H
H
skeletal
structural
structural formula with
how do these compare?
molecular model: ball and stick
molecular model: space filling
The three most common atoms attached to organic (carbon based) molecules are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. In the flame lab you observed that these tend to form the same number of bonds: H1, O2, N3, and C4. For convenience the same colors are used to assemble these molecules; there are also colors for some of the less common elements.
molecular models color guide
HONC hydrogen (white)
Hydrogen white (1 bond) Oxygen red (2 bonds) Nitrogen blue (3 bonds Carbon black (4 bonds) less common elements sulfur: yellow phosphorus: orange chlorine or fluorine: green bromine: brown
oxygen (red) bromine (red-brown)
1. Using the molecular models at your desk, assemble a molecule of ethanol (C2H6O). Models molecular models using the color conventions listed. Draw it using both structural and skeletal formulas.
structural formula
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chlorine or fluorine (green)
2. There is one other way C2H6O can be assembled with the proper number of bonds on each atom (HONC). Assemble it and draw it using both structural and skeletal formulas.
hint
C2H6O skeletal formula isomer 1 homework
sulfur (yellow)
carbon (grey, or more, often, black)
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C2H6O skeletal formula isomer 2 calculator
3. With your partner, assemble molecules with the formulas given below, and draw their structural formulas., have this box stamped to earn credit for this lab
C2H7N
C2H6O2
C3H8
L1, honors only: C3H6
4. OK, complete the table. The first one is done for you.
molecular formula
structural formula
skeletal formula
H H
C2H7N
H N
NH 2
H C C N H H H
Are there isomers? Draw one using shorthand bond notation.
H
ethylamine HO
OH
ethylene glycol a common antifreeze
C3H8
L1, honors only: C3H6 hint
5. What is the molecular formula of cocaine, the dangerous addictive alkaloid shown below? N
O
Molecular formula:
O
O
O
skeletal formula of cocaine, a tropane alkaloid have these pages stamped when you have completed them.
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lab 1.3: seed lab
Seed Lab
let mother nature synthesize thousands of molecules for you
about the seed lab
It is better to plant seeds than to accuse the earth Merle Shain
O
ne of the most enjoyable aspects of chemistry is that it is a great tool for solving mysteries. Each day people use chemistry to solve crimes, heal, and identify mysterious substances. In this lab you will get some seeds, and it is your job to identify the species, and learn as much as you can about them. So plant them and watch them grow, documenting everything carefully. By creating an oxygen-rich classroom, test scores will increase by 16%. Or not. Here is an example from a lab notebook, to give you an idea of .how to take good laboratory notes. Note the use of endnotes as references to support statements- this is the format you’ll be using in your final report. “Day 1: Received six seeds. As the photo indicates, each seed is roughly triangular in shape, with rounded points, about 1 cm on each edge. The are slightly concave, and the six had a total mass of 0.2 grams, suggesting a mass of about 35 milligrams per seed. They have rough surfaces, and look dried out. After photographing them they were placed planted in moist soil. “ Fast forward one month: “Based on the seeds, leaves, and flowers, this plant is consistent with Aristalochia clematitus, commonly known as birthwort. A deeper literature search shows that among other things, birthwort contains the nephrotoxin aristolochic acid:
Aristolochic acid structural formula
Aristolochic acid molecular model
Aristolochia clematitus seeds
Aristolochia clematitus botanical artwork ,1 A literature search on Aristolochic acid shows that although it is still used as a chinese herbal remedy it has been placed on the do not consume list by both the US2 and candian3 govenments, for its association with cancer and nephrotoxiicity (kidney failure). Sources: 1. Wing-Tat Poon, Chi-Kong Lai, Albert Yan-Wo Chan, 2007. “Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy: The Hong Kong Perspective.” Hong Kong Journal of Nephrology, 9(1):7-14. Full text available online at http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/1561-5413/PIIS1561541307600039.pdf 2. FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic acid. April 11, 2001. Website: http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/Alerts/ucm096388.htm 3. Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia. August 2001. Website: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisoriesavis/_2004/2004_43-eng.php” homework
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Instructions: Your goal is to identify the seeds your are given, and to learn as much as you can about the plants you are growing, including the phytochemicals contained in the plant. For the first week: Until your plant sprouts, your job is to nurture it and document how you take care of it. Photograph your seeds and print them at home, adding them to your lab notebook. Describe the seeds Measure the size and mass of the seeds Plant the seeds in a labelled container in moist soil and monitor them daily . Keep the soil moist but do not overwater. Once your plant sprouts: Photograph it daily and describe what you see. Perform a literature search to identify it. Confirm the identity of the plant with your instructor. Perform a literature search to find out what phytochemicals are present in the plant. Further instructions will be provided in later units.
This project will continue for at least a month, by which time you should have a big, healthy plant. Once it is complete you will prepare a report on your observations and the identity of your plant, focusing n the natural products it contains. .
Aristolochia clematitus (Birthwort)
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lab 1.4: rock candy lab
Rock Candy Lab
watch as a pure substance crystallizes from a mixture about the rock candy lab
H
ave you ever noticed on television how clean the scientist’s labs are? How carefully they work with their solutions, their little pipettes, or even with their cadavers? Usually Hollywood hopelessly botches any attempt to accurately portray scientists, but in this case they got it right. Good science requires pure chemicals. And to this day one of the best ways to prepare a pure solid sample is by crystallization- the process of isolating pure crystals from a solid/liquid solution. To understand crystallization, consider a geode. A sphere of molten rock hardens from the outside moving in, and the inner solution takes years to slowly cool and crystallize, forming beautiful crystals. This is the sort of situation we’ll be creating when we make rock candy.
In this lab you will observe a pure substance crystallize from a solution. Why does it happen? Where does it start? How does it happen? Could you make it happen again? What does this pure substance look like? Can we predict the chemical structure of this substance? To answer these questions, observe your solution carefully for the next two weeks. As your observations become more detailed, you may want to research this subject more carefully. For the first week or two, however, it is enough just to observe, take notes, and consider what is going on.
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Instructions: Your instructor has prepared a hot aqueous solution that is mostly table sugar (glucose) with some water. To make it dissolve it has been heated up. Each of you will also receive a clear plastic cup. 1. Label your cup, name and period 2. Grease the inside of your cup. Use vegetable shortening (or a substitute) so the sugar will not crystallize on the inner surface of the cup. 3. Add a cup of the hot rock candy solution. You can add flavorings and coloring, but don’t make it dark- the crystals will not be visible. Two drops of food coloring is enough. 4. Cover your cup with foil and punch several sticks through the solution. Covering it tightly will help prevent surface crystallization. 5. Make daily observations in your lab notebook and take pictures of your solution for the next week or two. Print your pictures and add them to you lab notebook. This project will continue for at least a month, by which time you should have giant crystals. Once it is complete you will prepare a report on your observations and the molecular process of crystallization. Be sure to a. describe your initial procedure carefully, noting any additives or coloring added. a. take pictures regularly with a ruler for comparison b. Take dated notes often to describe what is going on c. Note any changes made to the solution
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Rainbow Lab
lab 1.5: rainbow lab
watch a single substance crystallize from a mixture
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about the rainbow lab il and water don’t mix: they form separate layers, with the oil layer on top. What is this due to? Is it simply due to the density of the liquids? Is it due to the thickness (viscosity) of the solutions? Or is it something else, perhaps the greasiness of the oil compared to the water? In this lab you get to mix all kinds of different liquids to sort it all out.
O
Objective; Use the materials listed below to create a seven layer rainbow with a ROYGBIV pattern (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). While doing this consider how physical properties such as solubility, density, and viscosity, affect the layering of this heterogeneous mixture.
A good place to start is to check out how these liquids behave alone and when mixed together. To do that, complete the two tables below.
lamp oil
rubbing alcohol
water vegetable oil
x
karo syrup
dishwashing soap honey karo syrup lamp oil rubbing alcohol vegetable oil water
honey
1.0
dish washing soap
dishwashing soap honey karo syrup lamp oil rubbing alcohol water vegetable oil water
2. Table Two: solubilities of liquid mixtures solubilities: s = soluble, ss = slightly soluble, i = insoluble
density
viscosity
liquids (may vary) water vegetable oil rubbing alcohol lamp oil corn syrup honey dishwashing liquid
1. Table one: Density and viscosity of liquids Density and viscosity: L = low, m = medium, h = high substance
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
3. Based on these physical properties we will first try from bottom to top (use abbreviations like ds w vo ra lo cs h): 1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5._________ 6._________ 7._________ If you were incredibly smart (or lucky) you have a 7 layer mixture. If not, and its probably not, you will try a lot of trial and error to work things out. Once you have created as many layers possible in the time a lotted, record them in table 3. Be persistent.
Table 3: results Top
4. Recreate your rainbow by adding food coloring to each in a ROYGBIV pattern. Line them up with the others in your class for a nice picture.
Final Result: We were able to create ____ layers.
Bottom homework
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seal of approval here Discussion Solubility is the ability of one solution to dissolve in another. Example: Oil is insoluble in water Density is the mass of a substance for a given volume Example: Water has a density of 1 gram per milliliter; air is much less dense (0.001 g/mL) Viscosity is the resistance of a substance to flow. Example: Honey has a greater viscosity than water. Summarize your data to determine the effects of viscosity and density on liquid layering 1. List your ingredients by increasing viscosity: 1._________2._________ 2._________3._________ 3._________4._________ 4._________5._________ 5._________6._________ 6._________7.7.__________ __________ 1._________ least viscous (“thinnest”) most viscous least viscous (“thinnest”) most viscous(“thickest”) (“thickest”) 2. List your ingredients by increasing density: 1._________ 1._________2._________ 2._________3._________ 3._________4._________ 4._________5._________ 5._________6._________ 6._________7.7.__________ __________ least most leastdense dense(“lightest”) (“lightest”) mostdense dense(“heaviest”) (“heaviest”) 1. Give an example of two substances in your experiment that form an insoluble mixture (2 layers): ______________ and ____________. The sample with greater density is_________. 2. In this experiment, how does the density of your substance affect the results? _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Is it possible for samples with a big difference in density to be soluble in each other?_______ 4. Two samples that are insoluble in each other can be made to form two layers, at least for a while, if they have a large difference in solubility/density/viscosity (circle one).
Layering Research Paper Write a research paper describing the effect of viscosity, density, and solubility on liquid layering. Suggested title: Liquid layering is due to______________ Scoring: 5 points: title is a one sentence summary statement. For example: Liquid layering requires liquids which are mutually insoluble with large differences in viscosity 5 points: A summary paragraph which provides a more detail 5 Points: An introduction which describes what is known in the literature supported with endnote style references 5 points: References are based only peer reviewed research. Any papers with references which are not peerreviewed will be returned for rewriting with a grade of zero. 5 Points: An experimental section which includes a summary of your own lab results. Must include at least one table and one chart. 6. A conclusion 7. At least 3 references which are based on peer-reviewed research in this area. You may start with wikipedia , but look up and use the references within wikipedia (these are primary sources, and they are generally peer reviewed). Another place to look is Google Scholar- it includes only peer-reviewed sources. Lame websites that are not peer reviewed can not be used- how can you trust them? two page typed single spaced minimum, no maximum. Due_______________
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lecture 1.1
Introduction to Chemistry lecture 1.1
W
hat is chemistry all about? This is the question that will be addressed in this lecture. These slide-based lectures are the core of this unit, and the majority of the test questions will be based on this material. A great way to master this material is to watch the screencasts and take notes, and read the lecture notes underneath the night before the lesson, so that you are watching and listening a second time on the day of the lesson.
Chemistry
chemistry is awesome: • • • • • •
We blow stuff up Solve matter-based problems Make a difference: cancer pain energy $$$ Heal Explain the world.
chemistry is :
What the experts say
What I wrote
The study of matter
A chemical is What the experts say
What I wrote Click on this slide to see the screencast.
A pure form of matter (a substance)
1
slide 1.1: chemistry and chemicals All of us at one time or another see the world around us and wonder...what is everything made out of? How is the physical world organized? This is the essence of chemistry, which is the study of matter. For those who make it a career, they often consider it to be something else- a hobby, a passion, an obsession, perhaps. They get to blow things up. Heal. Solve any matter based problem. Make a lot of money in the process, if they want to., Most of all, they can make a difference for the better. by applying their knowledge. What do chemists do? Consider the experiments you’ll be performing over the next week or two: identifying unknown liquids by their flame color; growing a plant from seed; making rock candy; examining molecular models; making a seven-layer mixture. Chemists study matter. What is a chemical? Many think that a chemical is something smelly and probably bad for you and dangerous. That is close; a chemical is defined as a drug, or a substance used in a chemical process. Since any substance might be used in a chemical process, we will define a chemical as a pure substance. homework
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Ok…What is matter? Is it matter? You? Anger?
Yes
No
Air?
Religion?
4. What do chemists do? •Carbon-based •Ex: plastics Not Carbon-based Ex: mining
Anything that has mass and takes up space. Yes
An idea?
No
A perfect vacuum?
No No
Study matter
They all
The Branches of chemistry organic
analytical
inorganic
forensic
•Physical change physical •Ex: reaction rates •medicines medicinal •Ex: viagra
biochemical
•analysis Crime solvers Chemistry of life
2 slide 1.2: branches of chemistry t’s not particularly useful to say that chemistry is the study of matter unless we know what matter is. Most of us know intuitively what matter is- it’s everything around us- the trees the ground, chairs. Is everything matter, then? No. A conversation is not matter, nor is religion. What about air? And strange examples like black holes, which are believed to have infinite space and no volume? Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Note the “and” in that definition. This Types of Chemists eliminates perfect vacuums (they have space but nothing is inside- there is no mass) and black holes research chemist example (they have, if youc can believe it, infinite mass and noi space. As if.) organic paint formulator And what about air? A scale shown no mass, even though there is air all around it. Imagine however carbon-based gold researcher that we take air and cool it way down until it condenses to a liquid...then we could see and mass out not carbon-based inorganic that liquid air. We’d find that every liter of air has more than one gram of mass to it. There is matter in physical prophysical miner air- nitrogen, oxygen, etc. cesses Keep in mind that most of this is academic. Matter is stuff- everything around us. chemical analysis analytical quality control chemistry of medicinal synthesize pain There are many types of matter, and so it should not surprise us that there are many types of chem- medicines drugs ists. Those that study carbon-based substances are organic chemists. Those that focus on the hun- chemistry of life biochemist enzyme research dred-plus other elements and the compounds they form are inorganic chemists. If you are a chemist plutonium nuclear bomb maker but arent interested in chemical reactions, you are studying physical chemistry. You are interested crime solver forensic blood type in the physical properties of a substance, not the chemical properties. In a physical process, the analysis identity of the substance is retained- no chemical reactions take place. In a chemical process, the
I
substance reacts and is converted to something else. There are a number of other branches of chemistry as shown in the table on the right. homework
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What kind of chemist am I? I make medicines
medicinal Organic (or polymer) I make plastics I study physical analytical physical processes
I analyze
bio
I study fruit flies
I study gold
inorganic
Where does chemistry fit in? basic
applied
chemistry physics
biology social science
math
Marie Curie 1903, 1911 radioactivity
Chemistry is the central science
3 slide 1.3: chemistry in context Chemistry is often referred to as the central science. Chemistry uses what is known about mathematics and physics and applies that to matter. Take light for example. A simple prism will divide sunlight to create a rainbow. Light from individual elements, on the other hand, does something fascinating: it creates sharp lines of colored light, and a mathematical pattern was eventually observed for this pattern; this mathematical formula helped solve the riddle for why atoms behave the way they do. It also creates a fundamental understanding of the relationship between light and energy. Just as chemistry is based on math and physics, biology relies on chemistry to gain a detailed understanding of living things. For example, it was known since 1869 that all cells contained a white, gooey substance in the nucleus whose function was unknown. When the chemical structure of this substance -DNA- was solved in 1953 it led to a revolution in genetics and, later, medicine. Why were the chimney sweeps dying?
benzo(a)pyrene
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Chemistry is used every day to solve issues of life and death. High incidences of cancer among the chimney sweeps of the 19th century was eventually solved in detail when it was determined that components of coal tar such as benzo(a)pyrene (in the center of the DNA image shown) bonds irreversibly to this molecule. Benzopyrenes also exist in barbecued foods, and cigarette smoke. website
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The “OHEC” Scientific Method C
O
Example: Pain medication study Positive control: benchmark
Controls:
aspirin
Standards For comparison
E
Negative control:
H
No effect Prevents false positives
Placebo (sugar pill)
Oh heck I know that
4
slide 1.4: a brief scientific method
C
hemists, like all scientifists, apply the scientific method to separate fact from fiction. It begins with observations. For example, it became obvious in the 1940’s that many who smoke cigarettes get cancer. And cigarette smoke contains big flat molecules like benzo(a)pyrene. This leads to a hypothesis: these big flat molecules may be bad news for humans. To test this, experiments are devised- make these molecules, and test them in cell lines to see what happens. When it is found that these molecules indeed cause cancer, scientists came up with a new hypothesis: if cancer is uncontrolled cell growth, and DNA plays a big role in it, perhaps DNA is interacting in some way with DNA. Once it was established that benzo(a)pyrene and similar substances in cigarette smoke react with DNA, the conclusion was inescapable: smoking is a very bad idea, and that these molecules are at least partly to blame.
Other times a negative control, rather than a positive control, is needed. Imagine a study where 100 people have a headache. Half the people take aspirin, while the other half think they are taking aspirin, but in fact they are just taking a pill with no medicine at all in it: a placebo. Now, some of those people who took the placebo will inevitably report that they feel better. This is an example of a negative control, and the people who took it and report that they are feeling better are examples of false positives- they claim to feel better, but it can’t be due to the aspirin, since their pill had no aspirin in it.
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What is everything made out of? Name:
water ethanol
Molecular H 2O formula: structure
H
O
triethylamine
C2 H6O H H
H
H
acetone
C6 H15N H
H
O H
cyclohexane
C3H6O H
C
C
H
benzaldehyde C7H5 O
C6H12
O
H
H
H H C C C N C H H H H H C H C H H H H
H
C C H
Some examples
H C H H
H
H
H
H H C C H H C C H H C H H H C
Note the number of bonds:
H 1
O 2
N 3
H 2O2 O
O
HONC if you love chemistry
butane
Hydrogen peroxide
H
C 4
C4H10 n-butane
H
H H
H C H
H C
C
H
Isomers:
H C H
isobutane H
H H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
C
C
H
H
End slides Unit 1
H H
5
Same formula, different structures
slide 1.5: organic formulas
Organic Chemical Formulas Our essential question is “What is everything made out of?� Here are the chemical structures of several common substances:
H
O
H H
water water everywhere
H C H
H
H C O H
H
H
H
H
H H C C N C H H C H H C H C H H HH
ethanol ethanol in alcoholic beverages in alcoholic beverages
triethylamine triethylamine odor of rotten odor of rotten fish fish
H
O H H
C H
C
H
C H H
H
H
H H
H C C C H H C C H H C H H H
H H
C C
C C C
O C C
H H
H
cyclohexane acetone acetone cyclohexane used in nail polish remover com in fingernail polish in gasolinemon solvent
benzaldehyde benzaldehyde odor of almonds odor of almonds
Take a careful look at these molecules, looking for patterns.
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10
Organic Chemical Formulas (continued) Note that there are only four elements shown- hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. Count the number of bonds each element contains. You’ll find that hydrogen forms one bond, oxygen two, nitrogen three, and carbon four bonds. Remember this by using the mnemonic device: HONC if you love chemistry (H1, O2, N3, C4). The bonds can be single, double (note the two lines together in acetone and benzaldehyde), or even triple. The molecules may be chains like ethanol, branched like triethylamine, or rings, like cyclohexane and benzaldehyde. With the simple HONC bonding pattern we can assemble all sorts of molecules. Consider cyclohexane, for example. This molecule contains six carbon and twelve hydrogen atoms per molecule: it has a molecular formula of C6H12. However, there are many other molecules with the same molecular formula- these are called isomers: different substances with the same molecular formula. Here are two examples: H
H
H H
H C C H H C H C C H C H H H H
H H H
C C H
H C C
H H
H C H C H H
Two isomers of C6H12 shown using structural formulas. Numerous other isomers exist- how many can you find? Drawing these molecules showing every carbon and hydrogen can become tedious. To simplify drawing these organic (carbon-based) molecules, skeletal formulas are used more often.
Here are the same two isomers of C6H12 using skeletal formulas. The hydrogens are implied, rather than drawn.
structural and skeletal formulas
Note that every end or bend in a line implies a carbon atom, and the hydrogen atoms are omitted. They are implied based on the fact that carbon contains four bonds. Atoms other than carbon or hydrogen are called heteroatoms, and are explicitly drawn, usually with their hydrogens as well. All of the skeletal formulas you’ve been looking at follow these rules; check out palytoxin, for example. Stereochemistry (L1 only) A big limitation of these 2-dimensional representations of molecules is that they give us no 3-dimensional information. Consider the molecule shown at right. If you assemble it using molecular models, you can place the two chlorine atoms adjacent to each other, or far away. These are clearly different molecules. To designate their structure two types of bonds are used: Wedges (coming toward you) and hatches (going away from you). Note that molecules that are more spread out tend to be more stable, as one might predict. Cl Cl “wedge” bond: coming towards you “hatch” bond: going away from you Cl
Cl
L1, honors only: Two stereoisomers of dichlorohexane, with the C-Cl bond magnified to show the two chlorine atoms adjacent to each other (left), or on opposite sides of the rings.
Carbon-based bond angles
Scientists often use molecular models, since they are a fairly good representation of what the molecule looks like. If you assemble organic structures using single, double, and triple bonds, you can get a good idea of bond angles: 2-butene: 120O double C-C bonds single bonds: C-C bond angle of 109.5o double bonds:C-C bond angle of 120o triple bonds: C-C bond angle of 180o butane: all 109.5O single C-C bonds 2-butyne: 180O triple C-C bonds Try making these four carbon molecules and the bond angles become readily apparent.
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Worksheet 1.1: Introduction to Chemistry learn an overview of what chemistry is all about
Answer the followin questions based on lecture 1.1: Introduction to Chemistry
1. What is chemistry?
2. What do chemists do?
What type of chemist am I? 4. I study the molecules in tree frogs. I am a ____________________________ chemist
3. I synthezize new experimental drugs for Pfizer in Groton, CT. I am a ____________________________ chemist
5. I analyze chemical structures with a 6. I study aluminum. I am an Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrom__________________ chemist. eter (NMR). I am a __________________ chemist 7. I use chemistry to bust the bad guys. I am a _____________________ chemist.
8. Several high schools in Connecticut have modified their science programs to proceed in the order physics, then chemistry, then biology, then an elective course. List one advantage and one disadvantage of this “physics-first program of science. One advantage of this design is _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ One disadvantage of this design is _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. The four consecutive steps of our simplified scientific method are _____________________, _____________________, _________________, and _______________. The mnemonic device to help remember it is “___________________________ _________________________!�.
10. You are conducting experiments designed to create a lightweight, bulletproof material. Suggest a positive control: 11. L1, honors only: You are creating synthesizing s new drug that will remove all symptoms of the AIDS retrovirus. Suggest a positive and negative control (this may require a quick search): Positive control:________________________ Negative control:__________________________
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12. How many bonds are there typically in nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
13. Draw propanol (C3H8O) using both structural and skeletal formulas
14. How many isomers of propanol can you draw? Use either strucural or skeletal formulas below.
15. Because of the 6,000 oF (3300 oC) flame it produces, acetylene is a common welding gas. Draw two additional isomers of C3H4. Hint: consider rings and double bonds. H H
C
C
C
H
H
skeletal (left) and structural formulas of acetylene, C3H4 16. Indicate all C-C bond angles in this molecule
17. Convert the molecule on the left into a molecular and a structural formula. help!
help! molecular formula
18. Convert the structural formula shown into a molecular and skeletal formula H H
H
C C
C C H
structural formula
OH C C O
C
O
O C
molecular formula C H3
structural formula Aspirin 19 (honors only): Using molecular models, circle the identical molecules. Suggestion: make the molecules, and take a good look at them. Br
Br
Br
Br
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Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
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organic functional groups
Lecture 1.2: Organic Functional Groups L1 chemistry classes only
We have found that the 4 major elements of life: hydorgen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, can create a bewildering assortment of organic compounds. They have been classified into functional groups. Here are some of the more common ones: Common Organic Functional Groups O
alkane
alkene O
NH 2
amine
alkyne
alcohol
ether
O
aldehyde
OH
O
ketone
amide
O N H
OH
O
ester
O
carboxylic acid
The groups shown above contain generally more hydrogen, and less oxygen as one reads across; they are organized by increasing oxidation state. Alkanes contain no double bonds or heteroatoms. The molecular formula is CnH2n+2 for straight chain or branched molecules; each ring removes 2 hydrogens from the molecular formula
Formulas skeletal formula
structural formula
name molecular formula
H H H H H C C C H C H H H H
H
H C H
C 4H10
H
C
C
H
H
H H
C 4H10
isobutane C4H10 isobutane
butane C4H10 n-butane
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H H C
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H H C
C
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
H C H
4 8 cyclobutane C4H8 cyclobutane
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Alkenes can exist as cis or trans isomers. Trans-alkenes are in general more spread out and therefore more stable
cis and trans alkenes trans
cis
trans-alkene
cis-alkene
cis and trans video
When oxygen is in a central position, it forms an ether; when it is at the end a molecule, it forms an alcohol
ethers and alcohols OH
O alcohol
ether
amines at the end of adiethyl molecule are primary; in the middle they may be secondary orn-butanol tertiary ether
the smallest water-insoluble alcohol
a common solvent
primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
NH 2
N H
primary amine
secondary amine
a primary amine
a primary amine is monosubstitued a secondary amine is disubsitited a tertiary amine is trisubstitued
N
a secondary amine
tertiary amine
a tertiary amine
A C=O group is known as a carbonyl group. When it is terminal (at the end of the molecule) it is an aldehyde. When in the middle it is a ketone. Common aldehydes include formaldehye and benzaldehyde, acetone and methyl ethyl keotne are common ketones
O
Aldehydes and Ketones
carbonyl group
O primary amide aldehyde
ketone
Carbonyl groups connected to oxygen or nitrogen form amides, esters, and carboxylic acids. O
O
O NH 2
primary
primary amide amide
N H secondary
secondary amide amide
O N
OH
O O
tertiary
ethyl acetate ester ester a common
tertiary amide amide
acetic acid carboxylic acid acid a common carboxylic
For now, your goal is to recognize these functional groups. Use the worksheet on the following pages to assist you.
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Organic Functional Groups Worksheet Level 1, Honors only
worksheet 1.x
stamp of approval
learn the organic functional groups All living things are based primarily on different arrangements of the atoms hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. Less common elements include sulfur, prhosphorus, and many others; for now we will focus on the four most common atoms. Use the information from the lecture on the previous page and any notes you may have received from your instructor to become comfortable with these functional groups. The best way to do this is to first learn the functional groups, and then complete this worksheet without peeking back at the lesson.
Part 1: Draw single functional groups
.Draw a(n)� 1. Ester 2. alkane
3. alkyne
4. alcohol
5. alkene
6. aldehyde
7. carboxylic acid
Example Draw an amide 8. ether
O
9. ketone
10. cyclic ketone
N H
Part 2: Identify single functional groups
Example Name that functional group:
Name that functional group: 11. 12.
13.
OH
NH 2
14.
O
O
15. O
O
amine
16.
17.
O
O
18. OH
N H
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20. NH 2
OH
HO
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Part 3: Identify multiple functional groups
21. Circle and label the alcohol, amine, and cis alkene
Example: Circle and label the ether, cis alkene, and carboxylic acid cis alkene
ether
help! 22. Circle and label the alcohol and alkane.
HO
O O
O O
–
O
H
H N
H
+
H
HO
N O O
OH
H
H
C
C
C
H
O H
H
H
carboxylic acid
23. Circle the esters, amine, and ether
H
aristocholic acid, a toxic constituent of birthwort
24. Circle the esters, amine, and a cis alkene
N
O
O
O
O
O H O
H C·
C·
N
O
O
O
25. Draw a molecule that include a ketone, a cyclic ether, and a secondary amine Part 4: Draw multiple functional groupsW
help!
Example: Draw a molecule that contains a trans-alkene, an aldehyde, and a cyclic ether O
aldehyde
NH O
Trans alkene
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Review
I’m sure you would all like to ace your first chemistry exam. Here’s how.
1. Test yourself on the topics below. 2. Review this packet in its entirety. Be familiar with each of the 10 topics that were covered in the powerpoint presentation. 3. Write down what you don’t know yet. If you don’t know something, ask a friend or ask me. 4. If you are missing anything it may be available on the class website:http://www.chemadventure.com note that the in-class material may be more recent than the website. This exam is based on in-class material.
Here is a conceptiual diagram of this introduction to chemistry unit. Fill in the blanks
C
O
E
H
positive control: negative control
Chemistry
organic
formulas
C HON
isomers: _________ ______________ functional groups (L1, honors only)
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How to Ace the Introductory Chemistry Test: Sample questions question answer what is chemistry? What is matter? What are the products of the combustion of methanol? What is the structure of ethanol? What is the molecular formula for methanol What is the shorthand bond notation for isopropanol? Which alcohol burns clear blue What is the secret to the water into wine demonstration?? Is the rock candy experiment based on physical or chemical change? l2 only: what is viscosity? l2 only: what is solubility? l2 only what is density Why are some liquids insoluble in others? What is an emulsion L1 only: Draw a carboxylic acid L1 only: Draw an alcohol L1 only: H3COCH3 is an ______ L1 only: What is oxidation state? L1 only: What is a trans alkene? L1 only: Draw a secondary amide L1 only: List the functional groups by increasing oxidation state Is a perfect vacuum matter? Is a black hole matter? I study the effect of steroids on humans; I am a ________ chemist I study silver... I am a ___chemist
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How to Ace the Introductory Chemistry Test: Sample questions question answer name a branch of science more basic than chemistry List the branches of science from most applied to most basic l1 only: What is the bay region theory of chemical carcinogenesis Why were all the chimney sweeps dying in the early 20th century? What is our simple scientific method? Give an example of a negaitve control for a pain research study Give an example of a positive control for an experiment designed to produce bubble gum that produces big bubbles What is a synonym for a negative control Why are negative controls important for most drug studies? How many bonds does nitrogen typically form What is a useful mnemonic device for the bonding patterns of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon? Who wrote “The Skepical Chymist� l2 only: Why are peer reviewed sources important? safety questions questions that put concepts together additional topics covered in class: why is chemistry awesome?
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Supplemental Material safety contract makeup request form
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Chemistry Laboratory Safety Contract
Guilford High School Please read this page, have it signed by you and your parents, print it, and bring it to class on the first day. Dear Parents and Students Welcome to Chemistry! For the next 9 months we will be performing hands-on experiments nearly every time we meet. We will be lighting things on fire, melting, heating, boiling, refluxing, subliming, and distilling. Nothing is more important than safety. As your teacher, you should know I have twenty five years of industrial chemistry experience. At one time or another I was an explosives chemist (Ensign-Bickford in Simsbury), cancer research chemist (The American Health Foundation in New York), college lab instructor, (UMass and Wayne State University in Detroit) and medicinal chemist (Neurogen Corporation, down the hill from the Chowder Pot). I was even a security guard once with a guard dog and everything, but that’s another story. The point is that you’re in good hands. Parents, I’m sure you are aware that there all sorts of unsafe videos on the internet showing dangerous at-home experiments. Please be vigilant to ensure that your student does no experiments at home. Students, this is a hands-on course. The consequences for safety violations are severe, as they must be. Let’s all have fun and be safe. To be completed by chemistry student I have read the online Chemistry Course Syllabus. I have also read the Lab Notebook Policy and Lab Safety documents. I agree to the following: 1. I recognize that today there are lots of “science experiments” on the internet. that are unsafe. I will never, ever try anything unsafe at home. 2. I am responsible for my own safe conduct in the laboratory. I understand this creates a safer working environment for my colleagues. 2. I will listen carefully at the beginning of the laboratory for additional safety precautions described by the teacher. 3. I will wear eye protection during all laboratory activities, without complaining, even if they mess up my hair. 4. I will not engage in unsafe behavior in class. 4. I understand that my grade may be lowered and/or I may be suspended from class for safety violations. Nothing is more important than my safety. Print Student Name ___________________________________ Period _____________ Date ____________ Student Signature ____________________________________ To be completed by parent or guardian I, the parent/guardian of the above individual have read the chemisty syllabus and safety contract. I understand the safety rules and will be vigilant to ensure that no unsafe experiments are performed at home. Parent/Guardian Signature ___________________________________ Date: ______________
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makeup test request form Did you bomb a chemistry test, or miss it due to an excused absence? Don’t worry- twice per quarter you can take a makeup test, and they aren’t averaged: the higher score prevails. There are a few things to be aware of: -The makeup test may be more challenging than the the original. This is to make sure you study for the first one. - They are only scheduled after school. This helps prevent chaos during class. -please talk to me at the end of class to schedule it, not during. Otherwise I go nuts. -makeup tests are only available for the previous unit. In other words, you can take a makeup on the unit 4 test while we are on unit 5, not after. This keeps you from falling way behind. -If you don’t show up after school for the makeup your original grade stands. Like, forever. -please bring this stamped form with you to the after school makeup. There are a lot of rules here, but in the end, the goal is to give you multiple opportunities to succeed. And let me know if you’d like to schedule some extra help.
Name________________________________________ Date_________ Period__________________________________ Quarter ______ (1,2,3,4) I’d like to take the makeup test for unit ____ This is my _______ (first, second) makeup test this quarter. I’d like to take this makeup test after school on _________________________________ (day of week, month, day) After talking with Dr B at the end of class we agreed the makeup date after school is _________________________________ (day of week, month, day) Please have this form stamped and bring it to the makeup.
Good Luck on your makeup :)
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