ThaiHealth 2006 (Thai) by health information system development office HISO

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Patients Suing Doctors: Jeopardizing the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Complaints to the Medical Council of Thailand According to a Medical Council of Thailand report on January 2006, 258 cases of possible medical malpractice were submitted to the Medical Council from 1993 to 2005. This is 8 cases per 1,000 doctors or 4.1 per 100,000 members of the general public. The issues most frequently raised were professional standards and advertising (see chart).

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The number of patients suing their doctors has been increasing in Thailand. Some cases have been brought to court, others have been brought to the Medical Council of Thailand, and others have been pursued in the media. Accusations of medical malpractice inevitably jeopardize the relationship between health workers and patients. It is currently unclear how the rise in malpractice suits will affect Thailand.

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Medical Malpractice Cases Brought to the Medical Council of Thailand 1993 to start of 2005 Issues

Number Pecentage

Medical Profession Standard Medical Profession Advertisement Professional Dishonor Negligence of Patient’s Safety and Unnecessary Loss Infraction of Laws Issue of false certification and comments in bad faith Support of illegal profession Lack of respect toward professional colleague

Since the establishment of the Medical Council of Thailand in 1968, only 2 doctors have had their licenses revoked. It is easy to understand why people choose instead to pursue their cases through the media.

Discourtesy to patient Refusal to provide patient with assistance Experiment on humans without consent Total Source: Medical Council of Thailand.,2006. Issues brought to sub-committee of the Medical Council of Thailand from 1993 to present. Photocopy. C

CMY

According to Dr. Somsak Lolekha, President of the Medical Council of Thailand, malpractice suits have a number of causes: a decline in professional standards; a deterioration of the relationship between doctors and patients, which results in poor communication; inappropriate promises to patients; unrealistic expectations among patients; treatment costs that are too high for patients to pay; and doctors’ failure to seek patients’ views. In some cases, doctors intentionally mislead patients, which leads the patient to mistrust the doctor once the truth is known. In January, 2005 there were 353 complaints pending before the Medical Council 218 from the period before 2005, and 135 from the year 2005. Of the 218 complains from the period before 2005, the Medical Council upheld 76 (36%) and rejected 138 (65%).

From the “Case of Dolaporn” to the “Case of Dokrak” Medical malpractice had a high profile during the year 2005. The Nonthaburi Provincial Court ordered the Office of the Permanent Secretary to pay Mrs. Dokrak Phetprasert 800,000 baht damages plus interest at the rate of 7.5% per year for a 6-year period (2,000,000 baht in total). Mrs. Phetprasert became completely blind after taking drugs prescribed to her by a doctor at Nakhon Sawan Pracharak Hospital. Even though it was not the first time a patient had been to court to defend his or her rights, the “Dokrak” case received a great deal of attention from medical personnel in Thailand. Ten years ago, Mrs. Dollaporn Lorsermwattana, President of the Medical Victims Network, filed a lawsuit against Phya Thai 1 Hospital, over a incident during childbirth that caused her son to be disabled. She pursued the case for 13 years, but it was eventually dismissed by the court because too long had elapsed since the time of the incident. Many victims of medical malpractice are not able to seek justice because of a lack of medical and legal knowledge. Sometimes the legal procedure can add to the suffering of the victim, who therefore chooses to withdraw charges or seek a compromise, rather than reaching the same outcome as the Dollaporn case.

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Examples of Malpractice Suits Reported the Minister of Public Health, stated that the death was due to the medical malpractice. The Medical in the Media during 2005 “Pyelic Calculus”–Mrs. Sumali Nikornsaen filed a lawsuit against doctors of Ramathibodi Hospital following the death of Mrs. Rabiab Chuihiran, who had been treated for pyelic calculus. The doctors claimed that the death was caused by excessive blood loss, while Dr. Winit Puapradit, Director of Ramathibodi Hospital, said that there was a misunderstanding between the doctors and the patient’s relatives. “Nong Dream”–Mr. Poolsawat Pitoontham, a garage owner in Lat Phrao, filed a lawsuit against doctors of Ramkhamhaeng Hospital following the death of his 4-month-old daughter, Pannita Pitoontham, or “Nong Dream.” The girl had been showing symptoms of listlessness and a lack of appetite. The doctors claimed that the death was due to blood infection. “Death after Delivery”–Mr. Akanit Tempiroj asked the police to bring charges against Lt. Col. Dr. Yanyong Imsuwan, an obstetrician at Ekpathum Hospital, after the death of Mrs. Paijit Mueangtum from intrapartum haemorrhage. The doctor argued that the death was due to placenta praevia. “Vegetative state due to dental treatment” Mrs.Tiwakarn Onyai sought compensation for malpractice against her son Chanayuth Patangthane, who suffered brain injuries during dental treatment in 2003, causing him to enter a vegetative state. In January 2006, the Nonthaburi Provincial Civil Court ordered the Ministry of Public Health to pay 2,400,000 baht compensation to the son and to pay 1,070,000 baht compensation to the mother, plus 7.5% annual interest and 20,000 baht in lawyer fees.

The “Nong Sen” Case: Conflict between the Minister of Public Health and the Medical Council of Thailand A recent case clearly showed the doctors’ professional organization to be protecting its members rather than patients. In 2005, doctors at Samut Prakan hospital twice refused to admit a patient named Pirachat Chanarawee, or “Nong Sen,” who was suffering from a 41C fever. Nong Sen subsequently died. Mr. Phinij Charusombat,

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Council of Thailand asked for a meeting with the minister to clarify the issue. The meeting was followed by a seminar on “The Crisis in the Relationship between Doctors and Patients” on January 13, 2006. Dr. Cherdchoo Ariyasriwattana, secretary of the Medical Council’s administrative subcommittee, stated that the Medical Council did not necessarily disagree with the substance of the minister’s comment. Rather, the Medical Council was worried that the comment might threaten morale among doctors, who had to work under conditions of shortage and limited budgets. Moreover, all medical care carries some risks, no matter how careful the doctor. Dr. Ariyasriwattana stated that civil and criminal lawsuits against doctors had already caused some district hospitals to suspend operations or deliveries, especially in complex cases. Instead, patients are sent to provincial or regional hospitals, which are better equipped. She suggested that the government set up a compensation fund to assist patients suffering from complications from treatment. Compensation need not depend on whether the doctor was responsible, especially when the doctor had complied with professional standards.

The Medical Council’s Proposal The Medical Council of Thailand has released a Draft Statement announcing that its members (which means all doctors in Thailand) have the right to choose whether to perform examinations and treatments in non-urgent cases, for the patient’s benefit. This statement can be interpreted as protecting doctors from being sued for negligence. The Medical Council has stated that it will release a revised statement in 2006. The revised statement may clarify patients’ rights, to improve the relationship between doctors and patients.

A Compensation System–The Solution? Medicine and public health undeniably have a commercial dimension. In many cases, the doctor

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is “service provider” and the patient is a “customer,” and there is more to the relationship than curing people or saving lives. If there is no effective damage management system for the medical service, then lawsuits against the doctor will increase enormously. This will inevitably hurt the general public. In the United States, there is a compensation system called “Financial Medicine”, whereby doctors buy indemnity insurance with high premiums and carry out excessive examinations and treatment, which is known as defensive medicine. Dr. Sanguan Nittayarampong, Secretary-General of National Health Security Office, states that in the USA, 25% of all public health costs, or 4% of GDP, are used for legal procedures or insurance instead of treatment. In the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, Finland, and France, there is compensation system that does not try to establish guilt, but instead to establish whether the illness or injury really was caused by medical intervention. Compensation funds provide assistance to victims, and central committees investigate problems in the health system. The advantages of this approach is rapid compensation of victims and a dramatic reduction in lawsuits, which are generally 3-4 times less common than in the United States. In these countries, it was doctors who campaigned for compensation systems, to protect themselves from being sued. In contrast, in Thailand, it has been the victims rather than the doctors who want a compensation system. Doctors are preoccupied with protecting themselves in court. In Thailand, under Article 41 of the National Health Security Act 2002, compensation is provided only to families covered by the government health insurance system. This is nevertheless a first step towards reducing health system inefficiencies and avoiding conflict between doctors and patients. If legal measures are used for prosecuting physicians for malpractice, conflicts between doctors and patients will be worsened. Even more importantly, legal measures may harm the health system, since people will have to pay more, and doctors may refuse to carry out treatments. In 2004-2005, the National Health Security Office paid compensation amounting to 17 million

baht under Article 41 of the National Health Security Act 2002. Of this amount 4.5 million baht was paid in 2004, and 12.7 million baht in 2005. In 2004, there were 85 requests for compensation, of which 62 were successful. In 2005, there were 218 requests, of which 179 were successful. The majority of cases (66%) were related to death, disability, and loss of organ. (See chart). The number of those suffering from medical treatment and receiving primary grants in the fiscal year of 2004-2005

62 Cases 179 Cases

Death/Permanent Disability

Loss of organ

2547 paid compensation amount 4,525,000 baht 2548 paid compensation amount 412,765,000 baht

Injury/Chronic IIIness

Source : National Health Security Office, 2005

Thailand appears to be following the American model. Insurance companies have begun offering malpractice insurance to medical professionals. Lawsuits against doctors have become a new source of business for some law firms. If these trends continue, then ordinary people will be the ones to suffer because: (1) People will have to pay the costs of doctors’ malpractice insurance and excessive treatment due to defensive medicine, including over-use of medical technology. (2) Unnecessary treatment not only wastes resources, but can also cause harm. According to a US Institute of Medicine report, medical mistakes cause 50,000 –100,000 deaths yearly in the US, which is more than the numbers of deaths from accidents. (3) The relationship between doctors and patients deteriorates. Doctors and patients trust medical treatments, but patients and their families loose faith in the medical system.

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Pregnancy, Abortion, and Child Abandonment: Neglected Problems

Premature pregnancy, abortion and child abandonment According to data from the Child Watch Project, Bangkok is the province with the highest rate of child abandonment, with 7.43 children abandoned per 100,000 population. The average for the whole country is 2.61 per 100,000. There are 700-800 babies and children abandoned per year, or about two per day. This number excludes aborted fetuses found in public places. There are reports of women suffering post-partum haemorrhages in public toilets after committing abortions by themselves. The Ministry of Social Development and Human Security estimates that in 2003-2004, 1,975 babies were abandoned at hospital, with baby sitters, or at public places.

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In 2005 the newspapers carried stories about child abandonment, discovery of discarded aborted fetuses, and raids on abortion clinics. There is little sign, however, that Thais are willing to take a comprehensive view of these problems and or to adopt systematic measures to address them.

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Source: Child Watch Project in each province, Ramjitti Institute [http://www.childwatchthai.com].

Number of Abandoned Children per 100,000 Population, 2005, by Region Regions

Ratio

Bangkok Center East

as were cases of HIV/AIDS. Cases of postpartum bleeding and abortion-related infection have been increasing among teenagers.

Upper North Lower North Northeast South Whole country

Child abandonment is closely linked to unintended pregnancy. Statistics collected in 2001 by the Reproductive Health Rights Campaign Project suggest that Thai society has a major problem with unintended pregnancies. The researchers collected data on pregnancies from 925 women aged 15-59 in two communities in North and Northeast Thailand. Of the 2,496 pregnancies, 45% were unplanned, and 16% were aborted. The most commonly cited reason for aborting, given by over half the women who had abortions, was economic difficulties. The group with the most abortions was 20-29year-old women. The Age of Women having Abortions is Falling Dr.Suriyadev Tripati, head of the of Teenage Clinic at the Queen’s National Children’s Health Institute, states that around 20% of females who give birth at the hospital are less than 20 years old. There have been cases of 13-year-old girls having their second pregnancies. Thai children do not receive formal sex education until they over 13 years old, even though increasing numbers of 13-year-olds are having unprotected sex. These ideas have been verified by new research conducted in 2005. A national study of sex and violence conducted among 200,000 13-18 years old, mainly in grades 7 to 12, found that the age of first sexual intercourse was falling over time. Some students aged 13 were having sex. The pregnancy-abortionabandonment phenomenon was found,

New Abortion Methods If they become pregnant, teenagers try to deal with the situation using their limited personal experience and knowledge. Many traditional abortion methods are based on the traditional medical concept of “hot” substances. Many women can acquire and use traditional abortion medicines themselves. At present the most popular modern medicine is Cytotec, a drug used for treatment of gastric disorders, but which can cause abortions. It appears that women learned about this drug when it was used in hospitals to treat incomplete abortions, and that information about the drug has spread informally. Dr. Wichai Thienthaworn, Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Public Health has described other popular abortion methods. One is the use of weightreduction medicines. Another is acne medications. These are inexpensive and widely available, but can easily lead to haemorrhaging, physical malformities in the baby, and incomplete abortions. Incomplete abortions can have a long - term impact on women’s health. Use of the drug is particularly dangerous for 4-5 months pregnancies.

Government Efforts to Address the Problems are Poorly Coordinated Though the issues of unintended pregnancy and abortion are becoming more serious, some people try to add to the difficulties of girls who have become pregnant. Major government figures argue that, if teenage girls do not respect the traditional value placed on virginity, the problem will be insoluble. Measures to suppress abortion clinics are unlikely to decrease the abortion rate, but will instead push the problem underground, making it impossible to provide safe, high-quality services.

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Looking for Light at the End of the Tunnel

Dr. Tares Krassanairawiwong, Director of the Medical Licenses Division, Ministry of Public Health, has stated that the Ministry can determine whether an abortion service is legal, and whether the doctor has a license, but cannot punish offenders. To offer an alternative to abortion, the Office of Child Protection and Welfare Promotion, Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, attempts to make agreements with pregnant women are do not wish to bring up their children. It offers two possible solutions. The first is for the state to care for the child until the mother is ready for instance, once she has graduated or found a job The mother will then be provided with information about the childís location. The other solution is for the state to care for the child permanently. The Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, has launched a program on Thai teenagers’ reproductive health, in cooperation with tertiary education institutions. A course about sex education is added to the undergraduate curriculum to provide teenagers with access to accurate health information about sex and reproductive health. Special health services are established, tailored to teenagersí needs. The program also aims to set up places in every secondary school where teenagers will have access to information and advice about sex and reproductive health. There are, however, continuing controversies over providing information and birth control services to teenagers. Many Thais argue that teenage sex is not acceptable, and that services should not be provided. Such views are common among teenagers themselves. According to a 2005 survey, only 41% of teenagers agree with the installation of condom vending machines in tertiary educational institutions. Almost as many—37%—disagree with the idea, and 23% neither agree nor disagree.

Concerned at the scale of the problem of teenage pregnancy, the Ministry of Education has supported some pilot projects by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Teachers from across the country have been provided with sex education materials designed for all age groups, aiming to improve studentsí coping skills. The materials aim not to control childrenís thoughts and values, but rather to provide them with a beneficial learning process. Effective sex education programs may be able to reduce the risk of early childbearing. However, many other measures will be needed. Pregnancy, abortion, and child abandonment are all complex issues. An integrated solution is essential.

Success Through Coordinated Efforts Thai society needs to take immediate measures to address the problem of unintended pregnancies, abortions, and abandonment. Such measures should lead to a long-term, sustainable solution. There must be cooperation between the government and society. (1) Measures to reduce the number of infants abandoned and the number of abortions - Provide comprehensive advice and information to women with unintended pregnancies, respecting the rights and needs of the women. - Provide accommodation to women about to deliver in every province, together with standard maternity services. - Organize adoption services and temporary childcare services. - Establish clear procedures to assist women who have become pregnant as a result of rape.

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More Teenagers Need Taught about Birth Control

(2) Measures to reduce social pressure on women with unintended pregnancies - Education institutions under the Ministry of Education must revise their procedures for dealing with pregnant students. They should place greater emphasis on the care of the students and less on the reputation of the school, and they should help these students to achieve good academic results. - All governmental and non-governmental organizations should ensure that access to services for children is not affected by the marital status of the parents. (3) Measures to reduce unintended pregnancy - Information and birth control services must be provided to all young people, but particularly unmarried females, including junior high school students and girls not attending school. Birth control centers should be established in communities. - Educational materials should identify gender inequities in traditional views on sex, and should attempt to promote equality between women and men. These materials should be provided to all people, including people not in school.

Many girls’ first experience of sex is probably similar to that of Kaew. She was in a long-term relationship built on love, trust, and sharing. Then one day, her boyfriend told her that a relationship without sex was not love. “Before then, I didn’t let him touch my hands or body. When he talked about it, I refused, completely refused. I had never thought about sex before. I thought it should be after marriage. I never thought that he would force me.” Not only had she not thought about sex she had also not thought about protecting herself from pregnancy. “I did not dare. It was very embarrassing. I never talked about it. I knew nothing about birth control. I donít know where to begin and how to take the medicines.” When her boyfriend raised the issue of sex, she was a 17 year old student in her final year at high school. She had one older brother and one younger brother. Everyone regarded her as a respectable girl, which made her proud. She had been going out with her boyfriend, a senior student from the same school, for 5 years. Both families knew and had no objection to their relationship. The boyfriendís parents were waiting for him to spend time as monk, and for Kaew to graduate from university, before they held a wedding ceremony. A few months after their first night together, Kaew found that she was pregnant. She asked her family for advice. They sympathized with her situation, and let her make her own decision. She decided to keep the baby, with assistance from her family. However, her boyfriend was worried about his parents’ reaction. Kaew was concerned about her boyfriend, and had an abortion, costing 5,000 baht. Her life and that of her boyfriend returned to normal. “Birth control should be taught more widely. I only learnt about AIDS. If you go anywhere in Thailand, you can see lots of children born before their parents were ready. These children may become beggars or thieves. Their future is hopeless. We can avoid this, if we make birth control more widely known.” Source:“Would like you know : The diary of the experience of the unwanted pregnant woman”. Campaign project to reproductive rights., Meeting document “The Alternative of the unwanted pregnancyî. Organizing by the Population Council.” (6 July 2000).

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The Continuing Struggle Against Alcohol and Tobacco

Campaigns and legislative measures to reduce consumption of alcohol and tobacco remain important. Their success depends on the determination of civil society and the sincerity of the government. The aim is to reduce the economic and social costs of alcohol and tobacco and to improve social and individual health. Thailand is a world leader in the control of alcohol and tobacco. In the last five years, the combined efforts of civil society and the Thai Health Promotion Foundation (ThaiHealth) have led to many new measures to restrict alcohol and tobacco use. For instance, retailers may now only sell alcohol between 11:00 AM and 2:00 PM and between 5:00 PM and midnight, children under 18 are prohibited from buying alcohol and tobacco, and cigarette packets must now carry vivid pictorial warnings. The public has become particularly concerned about alcohol and tobacco use among the young, so youth have been a major target of new policies.

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Campaigns to Reduce Smoking, 20052006 A 2004 Statistical Office survey on smoking habits found that 11.3 million Thais aged 15 and older smoke. Of these, 9.6 million smoke every day. Over 90% of smokers started smoking when they were young. Tobacco companies therefore focus their advertising campaigns on young people. In 2005, the government, together with civil society, attempted to strengthen measures to prevent smoking among youth. Sale of alcohol and tobacco to children aged less than 18 was prohibited, and Thailand became one of the first countries in the world to use pictorial warnings on cigarette packets. After the Ministry of Public Health mandated the display of pictorial warnings, 21% of smokers who saw the warnings quit smoking, 57% percent reduced their consumption, and 22% continued as before. However, the number of smokers still needs to be reduced further. Many young people are still able to buy tobacco because the regulations against sales to minors are not rigorously enforced. Advertisements at point of sale and in the media are still effective in persuading young people to smoke. Accordingly, in 2005 and 2006, a number of new, proactive measures were introduced: 1. Prohibiting shop displays. Tobacco companies put a great deal of emphasis on the display of cigarettes at the point of sale because it is the best opportunity to persuade customers to buy their product. Displaying cigarettes alongside sweets, snacks, and chewing gum increases their appeal to young people. Across the world, tobacco companies spend 100 billion dollars, or 4 trillion baht, per year on advertisements, giveaways, and promotions at point of sale, out of a total advertising budget of 4.56 trillion baht. To help control advertisements at point of scale, the government has been using Article 8 of the 1993 Tobacco Control Act, which prohibits the advertising of tobacco products, including the inclusion of symbols or brand names in print, radio, or television. The Ministry of Public Health announced that by February 24, 2005, all retailers had to remove tobacco products from displays and

counters. Shops that advertised products in violation of the ruling would receive fines up to 200,000 baht. Faced with dramatic losses of sales, the company Seven-Eleven, together with international and domestic tobacco producers, exploited loopholes in the legislation. Eventually, the case went to the Supreme Court. Meanwhile the companies came under heavy pressure from the public, forcing Seven-Eleven to back down and give up its fight in the courts. 2. Increasing cigarette taxes. As of 2005, Thailand had not increased cigarette taxes for four years, despite that fact that economic growth had improved and incomes had increased by 10%. Sales of cigarettes increased from 1,727 million packets in 2001 to 2,110 packets in 2004. Accordingly, in September 2005, the government increased the stamp duty on cigarette packets from 75% to 79%. This was just under the maximum level of 80% defined by the Tobacco Act of 1966. The tax rise was expected to reduce consumption by about 10%. In addition, the government intends to amend legislation in order to raise the ceiling for tobacco taxes above 80%. If the ceiling is raised to 200% or 300%, the government will be able increase tobacco taxes immediately, without having to issue new legislation. Tobacco producers predict that consumption will fall by 7% in 2006. The Customs Department predicts that it will fall by 10-12%. Meanwhile, the increased taxes are expected to raise an extra 3 billion baht in tax revenues. 3. Increasing smoke-free zones. Thailand has two kinds of smoke-free zone. In the first, smoking bans are rigorously enforced, to protect the health of non-smokers. In the second, there are exceptions to protect the health of smokers. On December 30, 2005, the Ministry of Public Health made two announcements. It displayed a new smoke-free zone symbol, and it announced three new types of smoke-free zone, increasing the total from 31 to 34. The new zones include lobbies of air-conditioned hotels, clinics for traditional Thai medicine, and all healthcare businesses.

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Healthcare businesses are defined to include health spas, massage parlors, and â&#x20AC;&#x153;beauty and healthâ&#x20AC;? clinics. The original legislation referred to train carriages, but only ones with air-conditioning. This was amended to cover all train carriages. The new rules came into force in January 2006. The reduction in exposure to second-hand smoke should help reduce cancer rates among nonsmokers.

In 2005, Alcohol Continued to Ensnare Increasing Numbers of Young People

Measures Implemented in 2005-2006 to Combat Abuse of Alcohol

Alcohol consumption has clear effects on the economy. Costs include productivity losses, health care expenditures, and crime and violence. Alcohol is the third biggest disease risk factor in Thailand, behind unsafe sex and tobacco. The cost of alcohol-related traffic accidents alone is around 2-3% of national income, or about 100 billion baht per year. If all the costs of alcohol were included, the total losses from alcohol would likely be more than 500 billion baht per year. In 2005, ABAC Poll, Assumption University, surveyed Thais about their alcohol use and their attitudes to alcohol. The survey was conducted in Bangkok and surrounding provinces and covered 1,672 people. Of those aged 15 and older, 55% said that they consumed beer. Average consumption was 3.8 glasses per day. Forty-five percent drink occasionally and 10% drink every day.Thai beer was the most popular alcoholic drink,followed by Thai spirits and imported spirits. Average income was 8,825 baht per month, and average expenditure on alcohol was 3,588 baht per month. Most drinkers had received one or more injuries while drunk. Fifteen percent of drinkers said that it affected their mood, 14% said it caused them to loose employment, and 13% said it reduced their productivity. Fifty-two percent had no plans to give up drinking, and of those who planned to give up, 78% had not yet succeeded. In addition to its economic effects, alcohol also imposes social costs. Alcohol contributes to violence within the family and in the larger society. A survey of newspapers and websites between January 2002 and June 2005 identified 3,427 court cases involving alcohol-related violence. There were 1,198 such cases in 2003, 944 cases in 2004, and 422 cases in the first six months of 2005. Altogether, there were 1,146 cases of assault, 963 murders, 440 rapes, 321 accidents, and 229 suicides.

1. Increases in Alcohol Tax. At present, the Excise Department has two rules for setting the tax on alcohol. Alcoholic beverages can be taxed according to their price or according to the amount of alcohol they contain. Whichever rule yields the higher tax is the one that is used. For spirits the maximum possible rates are 50% of the price or 400 baht per liter. However, until recently the actual rate used was 240 baht per liter. On September 6, 2005, the same day that it raised tobacco taxes, the cabinet announced that the tax on spirits would be increased to maximum levels. Mixed spirits such as Mekong Whisky and brandy would be taxed at a rate of 400 baht per liter. Brandy, which had been taxed at a rate of 35% of its selling price, would be taxed at 40%. The new measures did not include rice whisky or medicinal spirits, which are defined as traditional beverages. The reason for excluding traditional beverages was to assist community industries.The National Institute of Health has recommended that the same tax rate be applied to all types of alcohol, and that the tax be increased slowly, so as to avoid encouraging black market production. Similarly, the Center for Research on Alcohol argued that the government should not grant an exemption for rice whisky because rice whisky is the cheapest and most popular form of alcohol. It is also the form of alcohol most preferred by people with low incomes, particularly youth. In Chiang Mai Province, for example, the number of shops selling the cheap types of whisky preferred by young people increased from 389 in 2003 to 482 in 2005, a rise of 21%. These shops are most common where there are concentrations of people, such as in crowded communities, or near student accommodation and massage parlors.

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2. Restricting times and places where alcohol is sold and restricting advertising. From January 1, 2006, the Ministry of Finance issued new rules on the registration of shops selling alcohol. Gas stations and shops at schools and religious instittions were no longer permitted to sell any sort of alcoholic beverage, including beer. The Excise Department would not extend the alcohol licenses of around 10,000 gas stations. Altogether, 580,000 shops throughout the country are licensed to sell alcohol. Licenses are normally renewed in December. New rules have also been introduced limiting the times during which alcohol can be sold. The two legal periods are 11:00 AM - 2:00 PM and 5:00 PM to midnight. The government also has plans to ban the sale of alcohol on Sundays, which is supposed to be the day for families. A ban on alcohol sale on Sundays would help bring families closer together and reduce social problems. Most importantly, in 2006 the Ministry of Health announced a ban on all forms of alcohol advertising, in all media. 3. Increased penalties for drunk drivers. In 2005, the government amended the 1979 Transport Act, to increase penalties for the use of motor vehicles while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. In cases where the driver caused an accident, the penalties vary according to the severity of the physical and mental injuries caused. Maximum prison terms range from 3 to 10 years, and maximum fines range from 60,000 to 200,000 baht. The court can revoke a driverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s license without having to wait for the final verdict.

The Most Important Step: Changing Behavior The aim of the all these policies is to reduce consumption of alcohol and tobacco. If this aim is achieved, then the damage that tobacco and alcohol do to the economy, society, and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health will be reduced. Effective implementation of the policies will require cooperation from all concerned and determination from the government.

The efforts of people campaigning against alcohol and tobacco over the last 10 years bore fruit in 2005-2006. Thailand now has a set of proactive policies deterring people from consuming tobacco and alcohol. It is now necessary to change public perceptions, so that people become less tolerant of tobacco and alcohol use. New attitudes would make it easy for users of tobacco and alcohol to give up. Success in changing attitudes depends on networks formed by groups involved in the struggle against tobacco and alcohol. Governmental and non-governmental organizations can together educate the public to change smoking and drinking habits. This is not just a task for health workers. Effective measures will require knowledge from many fields and systematic implementation. It will require sufficient budget, and support from all levels of the government. Special attention needs to be paid to young people, to prevent them from taking up smoking and drinking in the first place. To deal with people who already abuse tobacco and alcohol, effective measures will be needed to help them quit. There must be policies to protect non-smokers from second-hand smoke and to protect non-drinkers from injuries and property damage caused by drinkers. Changing behavior and attitudes requires participation from trendsetters in the media and entertainment sectors. It requires participation from all parts of society, and social marketing. It requires the use of government policies and the legal system. Schools will need to teach children not to smoke and drink, and anti-smoking and anti-drinking messages will need to be broadcast in the popular media.

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The Consumersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Association: Another Step Forward for Thai Consumer Power

Most Thai consumers have poor access to information, and are regularly cheated by government and private producers. However, there is little cooperation among consumers to oppose unfair practices. It is time for Thais to establish an independent organization to protect consumersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rights. In the present consumerist era, it seems that every person in the country has been cheated when purchasing goods or services. People are sold genetically modified food, or fruit and vegetables grown with unsafe chemicals. They buy cheap electrical goods that do not work. They buy major items such as cars or houses that do not live up to the claims in the advertisements. They are misled by advertising campaigns about SMS services.

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In 2005, the mass media devoted substantial attention to problems faced by consumers. Incidents reported in the media raised public consciousness about consumer issues, and led to calls for an independent organization to defend consumer rights. Article 57 of the 1998 Constitution states that “the rights of consumers must be protected. The law provides for an independent organization consisting of consumers’ representatives that provides input into legislation, regulations, and standards.”

The Car Demolition that Drew the Attention of the World. In early 2005, a shopkeeper named Duenpen Silaket drew the attention of the world when she demolished a car in front of the media to protest against unfair treatment by the car’s manufacturer. Her brand new four-wheel drive, costing 1.3 million baht, would not start and its steering veered to the left, despite numerous repairs. The manufacturer refused to provide her with a replacement vehicle, claiming that none of the other 100 vehicles had had any faults. Eventually Duenpen Silaket took a great deal of satisfaction in smashing the vehicle for the benefit of reporters. Thai consumers all over the country followed the story with interest. Eventually, to save face, the manufacturer bought the vehicle back at the original sale price. Within days, owners of virtually every other make of car flooded the media with stories

about problems with their cars and about the manufacturers’ lack of concern. People invented many new forms of protest.One person set a car on fire. One put a car in a coffin and laid a wreath on it. In March 2005, a group of people smashed cars in front of a large crowd at a car show. When, in March 2005, the complaints began to affect car sales, the Office for Industrial Standards and the Motor Vehicle Institute quickly set up the “Center for Quality Assurance.” Within a month, the Center had received 190 complaints. Car companies also began to pay more attention to manufacturing quality and service. The number of complaints to the Center gradually decreased.

Painting a House Black to Protest Eleven Years of Problems In 2005, Rattana Satjathep painted her house black to protest against the builders of the house. In doing so, she ignited a national campaign among dissatisfied house owners. The house owners were assisted by the Consumers’ Foundation. Their aim was to put pressure on the government agency responsible for regulating construction businesses. Ms. Satjathep’s problems began more than 10 years ago. The house began to develop numerous cracks, after her neighbors all began extending their houses. Ms. Satjathep asked the local authorities to prevent the neighbors from doing further building. However the authorities told her that if they were going to take a case against the neighbors, they would also take a case against her. They claimed that she had encroached onto public land by building a house in a place where people reversed their vehicles. However, the local authorities had themselves issued Ms. Satjathep with a building permit many years before. Over the following years, Ms. Satjathep appealed to many different government organizations, but was always disappointed. All she hoped for was to find an official who would enforce the law, for her own sake and for the many other house owners whose rights had been violated by government officials or construction companies. At the time of writing (February, 2006), the government inspectors have still not responded to Ms Satjathep’s requests. This sort of inefficiency is typical for official building inspectors. After 11 years of problems, the governor of Bangkok Province and the Human Rights Commission addressed Ms. Satjathep’s concerns by arranging for her to receive 12.5 million baht compensation, so that she could buy a house elsewhere in Bangkok. Ms. Satjathep and Ms. Duenpen are both ordinary, powerless people, but the determination they showed has had a major impact on the automobile manufacturers and construction companies and on the rights of Thai consumers. They serve as an example for other consumers.

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Making Money from Text Messages (SMS). Many television programs invite people to cast votes on the program using text messages on their mobile phones. A big scandal occurred in 2005 when the programs Big Brother and Fantasy Academy told people to vote participants off the show, and then allowed people to vote the rejected participants back on. The producers boosted their profits at the expense of the viewers who voted. Downloading on to Mobile Phones. Some companies discovered a new way to make money, particularly from children: charging people to download music and pictures. The conditions of sale were ambiguous. Some customers used the service only once, but received further downloads, and were charged for these too. Some customers had to pay for calls that were supposed to be free. Download services were advertised in magazines and websites, and reached all the target groups. Advertisements for Products to Become Slimmer, Younger, and Whiter. These products were aimed mainly at women. They promised to improve their appearance, by, for instance, making them paler or slimmer. Dangerous Bus Services in Bangkok. Many people were killed or injured while using bus services in Bangkok. Some cases were featured in the news while others were not. Most deaths and injuries occurred on privately-run buses. These buses charge more than publicly run buses, but their service is no better. Substandard Electrical Goods. Cheap imported electrical products that do not conform to Thai industrial specifications last a short time before they have to be replaced. They add to the electronic waste threatening the country’s environment.

The Roots of the Problems Facing Consumers in Thailand One of the most important reasons that consumers’ rights are weak is the Thai legal system. The country has in fact had a government agency responsible for consumers’ rights since 1979. It is called the Office of the Committee for the Protection of Consumers, and belongs to the Office of the Prime Minister. An Act to protect the rights of consumers was also passed in 1979 and amended in 1998. The Act sets out five rights: 1. Consumers must be provided with accurate information about products 2. Consumers can freely choose products or services 3. Goods should be safe to use 4. Contracts must be fair 5. The right to an investigation and compensation if the previous four rights are violated

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In addition to this Act, there are many other rules and regulations designed to protect the rights of consumers. There are 38 further Acts dealing with consumer issues, including one passed in 2004, regulating “direct sales.” There are two Royal Decrees, a 1988 Royal Ordinance about misleading lending, and 11 Ministerial Orders. However, this body of legislation is rarely used, because of gaps in the legislation and because the government agencies responsible for enforcing the rules do not take their jobs seriously. The case of Rattana Satjathaep is a clear example. Even though she collected together all the necessary documentation on infractions by the construction companies and the local administrators, no one was ever punished, and she had to wait 11 years for her concerns to be addressed. Another important reason for the weakness concerning enforcement of consumers’ rights is that there is no forum for consumers to voice their concerns, and no one provides consumers with the information and skills necessary to deal with advertising. Many people, particularly rural people, the poor, and the less-educated, lack information and options when choosing products, and must rely entirely on advertising. Moreover, there has never been any opportunity for representatives from civil society, such as leaders of independent organizations or students’ organizations, to provide input into laws and regulations. Consumers are scattered and unorganised. Groups trying to protect consumers’ interests lack the money and/or ability to bring consumers together to oppose powerful business interests. Similarly, the Office of the Committee for the Protection of Consumers is unable to act quickly, because of bureaucratic red tape. It is therefore unable to control the thousands of retailers and producers who cheat consumers. The government has done little to force producers to disclose information about products, including information about the safety of food, medicine, cosmetics, surgery, and agricultural chemicals. Consumers therefore only learn about the positive aspects of the products, and never the negative aspects. When something goes wrong, consumers lack the information necessary to complain to the retailers or producers. There is no organization responsible for approving advertisements or checking that claims made about a product are correct. The most important problem is the feeling of powerlessness among consumers. Consumers who experience problems look to the example of other people who have taken cases to the courts or the authorities.

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Many such people have been accused of infractions themselves, or have wasted large amounts of time and money. The legal process is very complex and expensive and takes many years. There are therefore many “silent victims” who, despite having been cheated themselves, have not joined the struggle to assert the rights of consumers.

Decrease of Cases Reported to Government Organizations; Increase of Cases Reported to Non-Governmental Organizations

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It is worth noting that in 2005, even though stories about consumer protests were printed on the front pages of the newspapers and were pursued in depth by the popular media, the number of complaints registered at the Office of the Committee for the Protection of Consumers fell. There were almost 1000 fewer complaints in 2005 than there were in 2004 (see Table). The peak number of complaints occurred in 1999, when there were about 8000, presumably because retailers increased unfair practices during the economic crisis. In contrast, the number of cases reported to the Foundation for Consumers, a non-government organization that campaigns for consumers’ rights, increased three times between 2004 and 2005 (see Table). This demonstrates that the public is coming to trust non-governmental organizations more than they used to. It also raises questions about the effectiveness of their governmental counterparts.

Cases reported to the Office of the Committee for the Protection of Consumers Type of complaint

1999

2000 2001

2002 2003 2004

2005

House, building, land Goods and services Advertisements Direct sale Total Source: Office of the Committee for the Protection of Consumers

Cases reported to the Foundation for Consumers Type of complaint

1999

2000 2001 2002

2003 2004 2005

Quality of service Immovable property

The Consumers Association and Prospects for an Independent Consumers’ Organization The numbers of complaints and the stories reported in the media show that Thai consumers are facing many problems and need assistance. If there is no one that consumers can trust to protect them, then the problems will only grow worse.Tensions will grow between consumers and producers, eventually damaging the economy. Even though there are about 100 laws and regulations protecting the rights of consumers, implementation is seriously deficient. There were many infractions of consumers’ rights in 2005, and consumers became increasingly conscious of their rights. This induced consumers’ groups to increase their effectiveness and improve cooperation. A network of consumers groups, led by the Foundation for Consumers’ Rights and the Department of Community Pharmacy, Chulalongkorn University, established the Consumers’ Association. Other participants included groups concerned with substandard housing, unfair practices, medical malpractice, and debts. A ceremony to launch the Consumers’ Association was held on April 24, 2005, at Thammasat University. The association will receive complaints from consumers, and will assist consumers who have received unfair treatment in matters such as houses, cars, health care services, and debts. Around 1000 people attended the opening ceremony. The Association Chair, Bangkok Senator Mr.Dumrong Puttan, noted in a speech that the new constitution had been in force for eight years, but Article 57 calling on the government to establish an independent organization to defend consumers’ rights had not yet been implemented. All other articles in the constitution calling for independent organizations had been implemented. Under the Constitution, the Senate cannot establish the organization itself but can only put pressure on the legislature. Politicians in the legislature have, however, shown little interest. The founding of the Consumers’ Association will help put pressure on the government to quickly introduce legislation to set up an independent consumer organization and a consumer court. These institutions would help raise the quality of goods and services, which would benefit both consumers and producers.

Health care products and services Manufacturing standards Public utilities Other (Debts) Other Total Source: Foundation for Consumers

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ç „Àâ‰¥â‰«√— μâπ·∫∫∑’Ë¡’≈°— …≥–‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫‰«√— μ—«∑’Ë°”≈—ß√–∫“¥Õ¬Ÿà „Àâ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡∑à“∑’Ë®–¡“°‰¥â ‡æ◊ËÕ«à“«—§´’π∑’Ë ‰¥â®–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈„π °“√ªÑÕß°—π‚√§ ·μà°“√∑’ËμâÕß‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰«√— μâπ·∫∫ ”À√—∫º≈‘μ «—§´’π‰¢âÀ«—¥„À≠à∑ÿ°Ê ªïπ—Èπ °Á·πàπÕπ«à“®–∑”„Àâμâπ∑ÿπ ”À√—∫ °“√º≈‘μ Ÿß ·≈–∑”„Àâ√“§“ ”À√—∫ª√–™“™πºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ Ÿß¥â«¬ ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°‰«√— ‰¢âÀ«—¥„À≠à¡°’ “√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ßμ—«‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿμà ≈Õ¥ ‡«≈“‡™àππ’‡È Õß „π√–¬–¬“«®÷ß‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â∑®’Ë –‡°‘¥¡’‰«√— μ—«„À¡à ∑’·Ë μ° μà“ß‰ª®“° çμâπ·∫∫é ¢Õß¡—πÕ¬à“ß ‘Èπ‡™‘ß ∑—Èß„π∑“ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡ ·≈–„π∑“ß§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘ ‡¡◊ËÕ∂÷ß¢—Èππ—Èπ°Á°≈à“«‰¥â‡μÁ¡∑’Ë«à“ ‰«√— π—Èπ‰¥â ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿåÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈â« ¡’¢âÕ —ß‡°μ«à“ ≈—°…≥–∑’Ëº‘¥‡æ’È¬πÀ√◊Õ·μ°μà“ß ‰¡à«à“®–πâÕ¬ À√◊Õ¡“°°Áμ“¡ ∂â“∑”„Àâ‰«√— ¡’‚Õ°“ Õ¬Ÿà√Õ¥‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ ‡™àπ∑”„Àâ μ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ À√◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ —μ«å√—∫‡™◊ÈÕ (host) ‰¥âÀ≈“°À≈“¬™π‘¥ À√◊Õ ¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ëμà“ß‰ª®“°‡¥‘¡®π¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π„π —μ«å∑’Ë‡§¬¡’‡™◊ÈÕ®” ¡—π‰¡à‰¥â ≈—°…≥–‡™àππ—Èπ°Á®–∂Ÿ°§—¥‡≈◊Õ°‰«â‚¥¬°≈‰°°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ° μ“¡∏√√¡™“μ‘ ·μà„π∑“ßμ√ß°—π¢â“¡ ∂â“≈—°…≥–∑’ºË ¥‘ ‡æ’¬È π·μ°μà“ß ‰ªπ—πÈ ∑”„Àâ‚Õ°“ °“√Õ¬Ÿ√à Õ¥¢Õß¡—π≈¥≈ß ≈—°…≥–π—πÈ °Á®–‰¡à∂°Ÿ §—¥‡≈◊Õ°‰«â ·≈–‰¡à™â“°Á®– Ÿ≠‰ª‡Õßμ“¡∏√√¡™“μ‘ ¥â«¬°≈‰°°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°μ“¡∏√√¡™“μ‘∑™’Ë “≠©≈“¥‡™àπ∑’°Ë ≈à“« ¢â“ßμâπ ‡√“ “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥â«à“ ‰«√— ‰¢âÀ«—¥„À≠à ∑—ÈßÀ«—¥„À≠àπ° ·≈–À«—¥„À≠à§π∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π‚≈°∑ÿ°«—ππ’È ®–§àÕ¬Ê ‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‰ª ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π°Á®–ª√—∫μ—«‡¢â“°—∫ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’‡Ë ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß‰ª¥â«¬ ¢â Õ ‡∑Á ® ®√‘ ß π’È ¡’ § «“¡ ”§— ≠ μà Õ ∂“π°“√≥å ‰ ¢â À «— ¥ π°∑’Ë ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–ª√–‡∑»Õ◊πË Ê °”≈—ßª√– ∫Õ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫π— Õ¬à“ß¡“° °≈à“«§◊Õ ∂â“‰«√— ‰¢âÀ«—¥π° H5N1 π’¢È “â ¡¡“μ‘¥„π§π‰¥â∫Õà ¬Ê ·≈– ∂â“ ¿“æ‡™àππ’È¡’μàÕ‡π◊ËÕß‰ª‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π „π∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‰«√— μ—«π’È®– ª√—∫μ—«‡¢â“°—∫§π ´÷ßË ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ ç∫â“π„À¡àé ¢Õß¡—π‰¥â¥’ ∑”„Àâμ¥‘ „π §π‰¥âßà“¬ ´÷Ëß°Á®–π”‰ª Ÿà°“√√–∫“¥„À≠à„π§π‰¥â‡™àπ°—π (≥ «—ππ’È ¬—ßμ‘¥‰¥â‰¡àßà“¬π—°)

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∑’Ë¡“: °√¡ª»ÿ —μ«å °√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å 107

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13 μ—«™’È«—¥∑“ß ÿ¢¿“æ 1. ÿ¢¿“æøíπ °Õß∑—πμ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “√≥ ÿ¢.2545.√“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«® ¿“«–∑—πμ ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘§√—Èß∑’Ë 5 æ.». 2543-2544. °√ÿß‡∑æ : ∫√‘…—∑ “¡‡®√‘≠æ“≥‘™¬å ®”°—¥. °Õß∑—πμ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “√≥ ÿ¢. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«® ¿“«–ª√“»®“°øíπºÿ¢Õß‡¥Á°Õ“¬ÿ 3 ªï æ.». 2547. ππ∑∫ÿ√’: °Õß∑—πμ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ‰¡àª√“°Øªï∑’Ëæ‘¡æå. ®—π∑π“ Õ÷Èß™Ÿ»—°¥‘Ï ·≈–§≥–. √“¬ß“π°“√®—¥°‘®°√√¡√≥√ß§å ç«—π§√Õ∫§√—«ÕàÕπÀ«“πé ªï 2547. π—∫ πÿπ‚¥¬ ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬‡¥Á°‰∑¬‰¡à°‘πÀ«“π ·≈– . ‰¡àª√“°Ø∑’Ëæ‘¡æå. ªî¬–¥“ ª√–‡ √‘∞ ¡ ·≈–§≥–. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√»÷°…“°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫°“√ √â“ß‡ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ™àÕßª“°‡¥Á° 0-12 ªï ∫π∞“π¢Õß§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ °“√√—∫√Ÿâ ·≈–æƒμ‘°√√¡¢Õß‡¥Á°·≈–ºŸâ ¥Ÿ·≈‡¥Á°.ππ∑∫ÿ√’ : °Õß∑—πμ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ‰¡àª√“°Øªï∑’Ëæ‘¡æå. »‘√‘‡æÁ≠ Õ√ÿ≥ª√–æ—π∏å ·≈–§≥–. 2545. °“√»÷°…“ ∂“π°“√≥å°“√®—¥∫√‘°“√∑—πμ ÿ¢¿“æμ“¡π‚¬∫“¬À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∂â«πÀπâ“.«“√ “√∑—πμ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢; 7(2) : Àπâ“ 37-55. ÿ«‘∑¬å «‘∫ÿ≈º≈ª√–‡ √‘∞, (∫√√≥“∏‘°“√). 2548. °“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰∑¬ æ.». 2544-2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ‚√ßæ‘¡æåÕß§å°“√√—∫ àß ‘π§â“·≈–æ— ¥ÿ¿—≥±å. 2. ∑âÕß‰¡àæ√âÕ¡ °√¡ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ.°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. √“¬ß“πª√–®”ªïß∫ª√–¡“≥ 2547. °ƒμ¬“ Õ“™«π‘®°ÿ≈ ™◊Ëπƒ∑—¬ °“≠®π–®‘μ√“ «“ π“ Õ‘Ë¡‡Õ¡ ·≈–Õÿ…“ ‡≈‘»»√’ —π∑—¥.2546.√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß„π™’«‘μ§Ÿà°—∫ ÿ¢¿“æºŸâÀ≠‘ß. ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬ª√–™“°√·≈– —ß§¡ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈ ·≈–¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ºŸâÀ≠‘ß.‚§√ß°“√√≥√ß§å‡æ◊ËÕ ‘∑∏‘Õπ“¡—¬‡®√‘≠æ—π∏ÿå. ¿“ª√–™“°√. 2545. °“√ ”¡–‚π√–¥—∫™ÿ¡™π‡√◊ËÕß ÿ¢¿“æºŸâÀ≠‘ß·≈–ª√–«—μ‘°“√μ—Èß§√√¿å. πß≈—°…≥å ∫ÿ≠‰∑¬ ·≈– ÿ«√√≥“ «√§“¡‘π. ∂“π°“√≥å°“√·∑âß„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ªï 2542. «“√ “√°√¡Õπ“¡—¬ ªï∑’Ë 7 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 5 æ.». 2545. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§. 2546. √“¬ß“π°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ßæƒμ‘°√√¡‡ ’Ë¬ßμàÕ°“√μ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ¥ å¢Õßª√–‡∑» ‰∑¬ æ.». 2546. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§. ”π—°«‘®—¬‡Õ·∫§‚æ≈≈å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬Õ— —¡™—≠. 2548. §à“π‘¬¡∑“ß‡æ» ·≈–æƒμ‘°√√¡‡ ’Ë¬ß„π«—π«“‡≈π‰∑πå (14 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2548) °√≥’ »÷°…“‡¬“«™πÕ“¬ÿ 15-24 ªï „π‡¢μ°√ÿß‡∑æ¡À“π§√. (‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“) ÿ«‘∑¬å «‘∫ÿ≈º≈ª√–‡ √‘∞, (∫√√≥“∏‘°“√). 2548. °“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰∑¬ æ.». 2544-2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ‚√ßæ‘¡æåÕß§å°“√√—∫ àß ‘π§â“·≈–æ— ¥ÿ¿—≥±å. Reproductive Health Division. Department of Health Ministry of Public Health. Thailand reproductive health profile. 2003. The World Health Organization (WHO) Regional office for South-East Asia. New Delhi. 3. ‚¿™π“°“√°√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ . 2548. √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®¿“«–Õ“À“√·≈–‚¿™π“°“√¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ æ.». 2546-2547. °Õß«“ß·ºπ∑√—æ¬“°√¡πÿ…¬å ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ß§¡·Ààß™“μ‘. 2538. °“√§“¥ª√–¡“≥ª√–™“°√¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ 2533-2563. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2548. °“√ ”√«®æƒμ‘°√√¡°“√¥Ÿ·≈ ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2548. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. · ß‚ ¡ ’π–«—≤πå. ç ∂“π°“√≥å‚√§Õâ«π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬é. ‚¿™π“°“√ ªï∑’Ë 3 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 5 (°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2541). 4. ÿ√“ °√¡ √√æ “¡‘μ °√–∑√«ß°“√§≈—ß. 2548. §≥–°√√¡°“√∫√‘À“√«‘™“°“√ “√‡ æμ‘¥. 2544-2546. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2548. °“√ ”√«®æƒμ‘°√√¡°“√ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë·≈–°“√¥◊Ë¡ ÿ√“¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. AC NEILSEN. 2547. 5. ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬ °ÕßÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬‡æ◊ËÕ ÿ¢¿“æ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. 2547. ∂“π°“√≥å°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«ÕÕ°·√ß/ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬¢Õß§π‰∑¬∑’Ë¡’Õ“¬ÿ 6 ªï¢÷Èπ‰ª ª√–®”ªï 2547. (‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“). ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√.°“√ ”√«®æƒμ‘°√√¡°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2544. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. √ÿªº≈°“√ ”√«®æƒμ‘°√√¡°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. (‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“). ÿ«‘∑¬å «‘∫ÿ≈º≈ª√–‡ √‘∞, (∫√√≥“∏‘°“√). 2548. °“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰∑¬ æ.». 2544-2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ‚√ßæ‘¡æå Õß§å°“√√—∫ àß ‘π§â“·≈–æ— ¥ÿ¿—≥±å. 6. À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∂â«πÀπâ“ ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2543. √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®¿“«–‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ß§¡¢Õß§√—«‡√◊Õπ æ.». 2543. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘ ·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2544. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«®Õπ“¡—¬·≈– «— ¥‘°“√ æ.». 2544. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2545. √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®¿“«–‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ß§¡¢Õß§√—«‡√◊Õπ æ.». 2545. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘ ·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ·‘ Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2546. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«®Õπ“¡—¬·≈– «— ¥‘°“√ æ.». 2546. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2547. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«®Õπ“¡—¬·≈– «— ¥‘°“√ æ.». 2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2547. √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®¿“«–‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ß§¡¢Õß§√—«‡√◊Õπ æ.». 2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘ ·Ààß™“μ‘. 7. ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ‡¥Á°·≈–«—¬√ÿàπ °√¡ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢.2548. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«®√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ªí≠À“¥â“πÕ“√¡≥å·≈–æƒμ‘°√√¡¢Õß‡¥Á°·≈–«—¬√ÿàπ. °√¡ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢.2546. ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ‰∑¬ æ.». 2545-2546. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ‚√ßæ‘¡æåÕß§å°“√√—∫ àß ‘π§â“·≈–æ— ¥ÿ¿—≥±å. °Õß«“ß·ºπ∑√—æ¬“°√¡πÿ…¬å ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ß§¡·Ààß™“μ‘. 2538. °“√§“¥ª√–¡“≥ª√–™“°√¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ 2533-2563. ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢·≈– ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬ª√–™“°√·≈– —ß§¡ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈. 2546. °“√©“¬¿“æª√–™“°√¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ æ.». 2543-2568. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ∫√‘…—∑ Õ¡√‘π∑√åæ√‘Èπμ‘Èß·Õπ¥åæ—∫≈‘™™‘Ëß ®”°—¥ (¡À“™π). ÿ«‘∑¬å «‘∫ÿ≈º≈ª√–‡ √‘∞, (∫√√≥“∏‘°“√). 2548. °“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰∑¬ æ.». 2544-2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ‚√ßæ‘¡æåÕß§å°“√√—∫ àß ‘π§â“·≈–æ— ¥ÿ¿—≥±å. 112

8. ÿ¢¿“æªí≠≠“·π«æÿ∑∏ °Õß°“√·æ∑¬å∑“ß‡≈◊Õ° °√¡æ—≤π“°“√·æ∑¬å·ºπ‰∑¬·≈–°“√·æ∑¬å∑“ß‡≈◊Õ° °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. 2548. ÿ¢¿“«–Õß§å√«¡·π«æÿ∑∏ æ√–æ√À¡§ÿ≥“¿√≥å (ª.Õ.ª¬ÿμ⁄‚μ). »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬ °√ÿß‡∑æ‚æ≈≈å. 2548. §π‰∑¬°—∫°“√∑”∫ÿ≠. [http://research.bu.ac.th/poll/poll_list.php]. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2533. °“√ ”√«®°“√‡¢â“√à«¡°‘®°√√¡∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–°“√„™â‡«≈“¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2533. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2538. °“√ ”√«®°“√‡¢â“√à«¡°‘®°√√¡∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–°“√„™â‡«≈“¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2538. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2548. √ÿªº≈°“√ ”√«®°“√‡¢â“√à«¡°‘®°√√¡∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡ æ.». 2548. (‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“). 9.°“√¢“¥·§≈ππÈ” °√¡™≈ª√–∑“π °√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å. 2548. °√¡∑√—æ¬“°√πÈ” °√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. 2547. ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ß§¡·Ààß™“μ‘. 2548. ”π—°ß“ππ‚¬∫“¬·≈–·ºπ∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (2547). ç√“¬ß“π ∂“π°“√≥å§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ æ.». 2546é °√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. ”π—°ß“ππ‚¬∫“¬·≈–·ºπ∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (2548). ç√“¬ß“π ∂“π°“√≥å§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ æ.». 2547é °√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. ”π—°ΩπÀ≈«ß·≈–°“√∫‘π‡°…μ√. 2548. [http://www.royalrainmaking.thaigov.net]. 10. Õÿ∫—μ‘‡Àμÿ®√“®√·≈–°“√∫“¥‡®Á∫ °√¡°“√ª°§√Õß ·≈–°√¡æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π·≈–Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π. 2545. ‡æÁ≠ª√–¿“ »‘«‘‚√®πå·≈–§≥–. 2546. §«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß¢Õß§π‰∑¬°—∫°“√„™â√∂„™â∂ππ. Road Safety Report Card of Thailand. ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ( ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2546). ‡ πÕÀπà«¬®—¥°“√ §«“¡√Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ∂ππª≈Õ¥¿—¬ §≥–·æ∑¬»“ μ√å‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈√“¡“∏‘∫¥’. «’√–»—°¥‘Ï ®ß Ÿà«‘«—≤πå«ß»å. 2548. °“√ ”√«®æƒμ‘°√√¡‡ ’Ë¬ß™à«ß‡∑»°“≈ªï„À¡à·≈– ß°√“πμå ªï æ.». 2546-2548. »Ÿπ¬å»÷°…“π‚¬∫“¬‡æ◊ËÕ°“√æ—≤π“ §≥–‡»√…∞»“ μ√å ®ÿÃ“≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬.§«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õÿ∫—μ‘‡Àμÿ®√“®√∑“ß∫°„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬. 2548. ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢·≈– ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬ª√–™“°√·≈– —ß§¡ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈. 2546. °“√©“¬¿“æª√–™“°√¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ æ.». 2543-2568. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ∫√‘…—∑ Õ¡√‘π∑√åæ√‘Èπμ‘Èß·Õπ¥åæ—∫≈‘™™‘Ëß ®”°—¥ (¡À“™π). ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. 2538-2541.√“¬ß“π°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß°“√∫“¥‡®Á∫„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬.ADB-ASEAN REGIONAL SAFETY PROGRAM THE COST OF ACCIDENT IN THAILAND. MARCH 2004. Tosutho R. ECONOMIC LOSS AND ROAD ACCIDENT RELATED FACTORS. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master Of Science in Health Economics. Department of Economics. Graduate School Chulalongkorn University. Academic Year 1997. ISBN : 974-639265-4. 11. ‡¥Á°°—∫‚∑√∑—»πå·≈–°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ Nielson Media Research. √“¬ß“π º≈°“√ ”√«®¢Õß.www.positioningmag.com.2548. ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“·≈–‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß ◊ËÕ‡æ◊ËÕ ÿ¢¿“«–¢Õß —ß§¡ (¡’‡¥’¬¡Õπ‘‡μÕ√å) . 2548 . √“¬ß“π°“√·∂≈ßº≈°“√»÷°…“·≈–‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß ◊ËÕ ‡√◊ËÕß√“¬°“√≈–§√‚∑√∑—»πå∑’ËÕÕ°Õ“°“»„π‡«≈“ 16.00-22.00 π. √Õ∫∑’Ë 1( ‘ßÀ“§¡-°—π¬“¬π 2548 ) . ∂“∫—π»‘≈ª«—≤π∏√√¡‡æ◊ËÕ°“√æ—≤π“ (¡“¬“). 2547. √“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“‚§√ß°“√‡¥Á°‰∑¬√Ÿâ∑—π . ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ . 2546 .‚§√ß°“√ μ‘¥μ“¡ ∂“π°“√≥å‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π ( Child Watch) . ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. 2545. √“¬ß“π‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ°“√ ”√«®‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π æ.». 2545 .°√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ .2548.√“¬ß“πº≈‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ°“√ ”√«®æƒμ‘°√√¡°“√Õà“π Àπ—ß ◊Õ¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2548 . ”π—°«‘®—¬‡Õ·∫§‚æ≈≈å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬Õ— —¡™—≠ √à«¡°—∫¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬§√Õ∫§√—«·≈–¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕ°“√æ—≤π“‡¥Á° .2546 . °“√ ”√«®ª√–™“™π·≈–ºŸâª°§√Õß„π‡√◊ËÕßº≈°√–∑∫¢Õß ◊ËÕ‚∑√∑—»πå∑’Ë¡’μàÕæƒμ‘°√√¡¢Õß‡¥Á° ·≈–‡¬“«™π . 12. ™’«‘μ§√Õ∫§√—« °ƒμ¬“ Õ“™«π‘™°ÿ≈ ™◊Ëπƒ∑—¬ °“≠®π®‘μ√“ «“ π“ Õ‘Ë¡‡Õ¡ ·≈–Õÿ…“ ‡≈‘»»√’ —π∑—¥. 2546. √“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬ §«“¡√ÿπ·√ß„π™’«‘μ§Ÿà°—∫ ÿ¢¿“æºŸâÀ≠‘ß. ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬ª√–™“°√·≈– —ß§¡ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈ ·≈–¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ºŸâÀ≠‘ß. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2539. √“¬ß“π≈—°…≥–¢Õßª√–™“°√®“°°“√ ”√«®°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2538-2539. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2544. °“√ ”√«®¿“«–°“√∑”ß“π¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2544. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2545. °“√ ”√«®¿“«–°“√∑”ß“π¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2545. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘ ·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2546. °“√ ”√«®¿“«–°“√∑”ß“π¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2546. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2547. °“√ ”√«®¿“«–°“√∑”ß“π¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2547. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. 2548. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«®Õπ“¡—¬·≈– «— ¥‘°“√ æ.». 2548. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘. 13. “√‡§¡’§«∫§ÿ¡»—μ√Ÿæ◊™°”®—¥ √“¡°ÿ≈, ‡æÁ≠»√’ Õπ—πμ°ÿ≈π∏’ ·≈–π≈‘π’ »√’æ«ß. 2547. °“√»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æ®“°°“√„™â “√‡§¡’°”®—¥»—μ√Ÿæ◊™ . 2547. ”π—°‚√§®“°°“√ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ΩÉ“¬«—μ∂ÿ¡’æ‘… ”π—°§«∫§ÿ¡æ◊™·≈–«— ¥ÿ°“√‡°…μ√ °√¡«‘™“°“√‡°…μ√ °√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. 2546. √ÿª√“¬ß“π°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß‚√§ 2546. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ‚√ßæ‘¡æåÕß§å°“√√—∫ àß ‘π§â“·≈–æ— ¥ÿ¿—≥±å. Division of Entomology and Zoology. 1994 : Annual Report 1993.National Environment Board Cited in Thai-German Plant Protection Programme. 1993.

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10 ∂“π°“√≥å‡¥àπ∑“ß ÿ¢¿“æ 1. ∂“π°“√≥å ‰ø„μâ∫π·π«∑“ß ¡“π©—π∑å·≈–æ.√.°.©ÿ°‡©‘π 1. ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå. «—π∑’Ë 14-20 ¡°√“§¡ 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1274. 2. √ÿª¢à“«„πª√–‡∑». ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå. «—π∑’Ë 1-7 ‡¡…“¬π 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1285 : Àπâ“ 7. 3. ·øÑ¡¢à“«. ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå. «—π∑’Ë 10-16 ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1295 : Àπâ“ 21. 4. §Õ≈—¡πå„πª√–‡∑». ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå «—π∑’Ë 29 ‡¡…“¬π-5 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1289 : Àπâ“ 11. 5. ç Ÿà‡ âπ∑“ß∑’ËÕ—πμ√“¬¡“°é. §Õ≈—¡πå‚≈°∑√√»πå. ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå «—π∑’Ë 24-30 ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1297 : Àπâ“ 16. 6. çº≈æ«ß çæ.√.°.©ÿ°‡©‘πé √â“ß¿“«–©ÿ°‡©‘π„Àâí¡◊ÕªÉ«π„μâíÀ√◊Õí∑—°…‘≥-√—∞∫“≈é. ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå. «—π∑’Ë 22-28 °√°Æ“§¡ 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1301 : Àπâ“ 9. 7. ç§≈Õ¥ æ.√.°.¿“«–©ÿ°‡©‘πœ √—∞∫“≈ À√◊Õ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¡’ªí≠À“é. °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 18 °√°Æ“§¡ 2548. 8. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 5 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 9. √ÿª¢à“«„πª√–‡∑». ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå «—π∑’Ë 14-20 μÿ≈“§¡ 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1313 : Àπâ“ 7. 10. ç ¡“π–é©—πé ¡“π–é‡∏Õéé ∫∑§«“¡æ‘‡»…. ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå «—π∑’Ë 28 μÿ≈“§¡-3 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1315 : Àπâ“ 9. 11. ¢à“« ¥. «—π∑’Ë 28 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 12. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 23 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 13. ¢à“« ¥. «—π∑’Ë 3 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 14. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 5 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 15. ∏’√¬ÿ∑∏ ∫ÿ≠¡’. 2549. ç‡¢â“„® —ß§¡‰∑¬ ·≈– 4 ªí≠À“∑’ËμâÕß·°â‰¢ °“√°àÕμ—«¢Õß —ß§¡´—∫´âÕπ (complex society) ‡ªìπμâπμÕ¢Õßªí≠À“é. ‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“·®°®à“¬μàÕ ◊ËÕ¡«≈™π·≈–ºŸâ π„® „π«—π·∂≈ß¢à“«∑’Ë¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∏√√¡»“ μ√å. «—πÕ“∑‘μ¬å∑’Ë 22 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 2. ®–ª≈àÕ¬„Àâ√“¬°“√‚∑√∑—»πå°”Àπ¥™–μ“‡¥Á°‰∑¬‰ª∂÷ß‰Àπ? 1. ”π—°«‘®—¬‡Õ·∫§‚æ≈≈å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬Õ— —¡™—≠. ç√“¬ß“π √ÿªº≈°“√«‘®—¬‡√◊ËÕßº≈°√–∑∫¢Õß ◊ËÕ‚∑√∑—»πåμàÕ‡¥Á°é ◊∫§âπ®“°‡«Á∫‰´μå [http://168.120.31.165/webbase/2547/0108.html]. 2. ‚§√ß°“√¬ÿ∑∏»“ μ√å ◊ËÕ‡¥Á° ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“°“√‡¥Á°. 2548. ç√“¬°“√≈–§√„π™à«ß‡«≈“‡¥Á° ‡¬“«™π ·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«∑“ß ∂“π’‚∑√∑—»πåø√’∑’«’ (3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ·≈–‰Õ∑’«’ ‡¥◊Õπ ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2548)é ◊∫§âπ®“°‡«Á∫‰´μå http://www.childmedia.net/knowledge/researdh/re01.html 3. ç‡º¬≈–§√™à«ß‡¥Á°-§√Õ∫§√—« √ÿπ·√ß‡æ‘Ë¡é. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 25 μÿ≈“§¡ 2548. 4. æ—π∏ÿå∑‘æ¬å °“≠®π–®‘μ√“ ·≈–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈ ª√’μ‘ª√– ß§å. 2546. ∫∑§—¥¬àÕß“π«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ‡√◊ËÕß ç ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ √“¬°“√‚∑√∑—»πå‡æ◊ËÕ àß‡ √‘¡°“√»÷°…“·≈–°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¢Õß‡¥Á° ‡¬“«™π ·≈–§√Õ∫§√—« : «—ππ’Èª√–‡∑»‰∑¬æ√âÕ¡À√◊Õ¬—ß ???é ‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“. 5. ç∫“ª∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï¬ÿ§μ°¬“° √“¬°“√∑’«’‡æ◊ËÕ‡¥Á°é. ª√–™“™“μ‘∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 17 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. 6. ‚§√ß°“√¬ÿ∑∏»“ μ√å ◊ËÕ‡¥Á° ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“°“√‡¥Á°. 2548. Õâ“ß·≈â«. 7. ç∫“ª∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï¬ÿ§μ°¬“° √“¬°“√∑’«’‡æ◊ËÕ‡¥Á°é. Õâ“ß·≈â«. 8. ç·©¿“æ‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡¬—ß∑–≈—°®Õ∑’«’ √“¬°“√‡¥Á°‡√‘Ë¡À¥-‡¢â“ Ÿà«—ß«π‡¥‘¡é. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 11 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 9. ç ◊ËÕ∂“¡À“§«“¡®√‘ß„®®“°√—∞é. ‰∑¬‚æ μå. «—π∑’Ë 5 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. 10. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°“√ —¡¿“…≥åÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈ ª√’μ‘ª√– ß§å π—°«‘®—¬À≈—°ºŸâ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫‚§√ß°“√ TV4KIDS ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 22 ¡°√“§¡ 2548 ‚¥¬ π—°«‘™“°“√‚§√ß°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ§π‰∑¬ (°ƒμ¬“ Õ“™«π‘®°ÿ≈) 11. ç∑’«’ √â“ß √√§å (Õ“®) ‰¡à‡°‘πΩíπ¢Õß‡¥Á°é. ‰∑¬‚æ μå. «—π∑’Ë 30 μÿ≈“§¡ 2548. 12. ç∫“ª∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï¬ÿ§μ°¬“° √“¬°“√∑’«’‡æ◊ËÕ‡¥Á°é. ª√–™“™“μ‘∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 17 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. 13. °“√ —¡¿“…≥åÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈ ª√’μ‘ª√– ß§å. Õâ“ß·≈â«. 14. ç»∏. ®—∫¡◊Õ . ·≈–‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬ ◊ËÕ‡æ◊ËÕ‡¥Á° æ≈‘°‚©¡ ETV Ÿà∑’«’‡¥Á°·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«é. ◊∫§âπ®“° [http://www.tv4kids.org/autopage/show_page.php?t=53&s_id=33&d_id=33]. 15. çΩíπ„Àâ‰°≈‰ª„Àâ∂÷ß ø√’∑’«’‡æ◊ËÕ‡¥Á°é. ¬“¡√—∞. «—π∑’Ë 4 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 3. «‘°ƒμ°“√≥åπÈ”¡—π·æß°—∫°“√· «ßÀ“§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π 1. Àπ÷Ëß∫“‡√≈ ‡∑à“°—∫ 159 ≈‘μ√ 2. ç√“§“πÈ”¡—π...„™â¿“…’‡√“ ∫‘¥‡∫◊Õπ„Àâ‡√“μ“¬„®é. °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 4 ¡’π“§¡ 2548 : Àπâ“ 2. 3. ç‡√◊ËÕß√—∞ª√—∫¢÷Èπ√“§“¥’‡´≈ „§√‰¥âª√–‚¬™πå?é. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 25 ¡’π“§¡ 2548. 4. ç ∂“π°“√≥åæ≈—ßß“π‰∑¬ ªï 2548é. ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå. «—π∑’Ë 30 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548 - 5 ¡°√“§¡ 2549, ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1324 : Àπâ“ 27. 5. çπÈ”¡—π¡À“‚À¥é. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 25 ¡’π“§¡ 2548. 6. çéªî¬ «— ¥åé ·π– ç∑—°…‘≥é πÈ”¡—π·æß-§πª√–À¬—¥ ¬‘Ëß™¥‡™¬¬‘Ëß·∫°¥Õ°‡∫’È¬é. ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå. «—π∑’Ë1-7 °√°Æ“§¡ 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1298 : Àπâ“ 13. 7. ç¢“¥¥ÿ≈∫—≠™’‡¥‘π –æ—¥ √–‡∫‘¥‡«≈“≈Ÿ°≈à“ ÿ¥ √–«—ß –¥ÿ¥...©ÿ¥‡»√…∞°‘®√à«ßé . ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå. «—π∑’Ë 6-12 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2548 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1290 : Àπâ“ 22. 8. ç ß§√“¡·¬àß™‘ßπÈ”¡—π «‘°ƒμæ≈—ßß“π√–≈Õ°„À¡à‡¡◊ËÕ∫àÕπÈ”¡—π‡À◊Õ¥·Àâßé. 2548. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ¡μ‘™π : Àπâ“ 120. 9. ç:∫—ß§—∫ª√–À¬—¥πÈ”¡—πé ¡“μ√°“√·°â‡°’È¬« ! 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Àπâ“131, Õâ“ß·≈â«. 12. ç ∂“π°“√≥åæ≈—ßß“π‰∑¬ ªï 2548é. ¡μ‘™π ÿ¥ —ª¥“Àå, «—π∑’Ë 30 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548 - 5 ¡°√“§¡ 2549, ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1324 : Àπâ“ 27. 13. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π, «—π∑’Ë 28 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 14. ç ∂“π°“√≥åªí≠À“æ≈—ßß“π‰∑¬ „π¬ÿ§∑—°…‘≥ 2é. π‘μ¬ “√‚≈° ’‡¢’¬« ©∫—∫‡¥◊Õπæƒ…¿“§¡-¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2548 : Àπâ“ 57. 4. §π‰¢â çøÑÕßÀ¡Õé: §«“¡ºÿ°√àÕπ¢Õß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åÀ¡Õ-§π‰¢â 1. ¡»—°¥‘Ï ‚≈àÀå‡≈¢“. ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ çªí≠À“§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫·≈–®√√¬“∫√√≥«‘™“™’æ∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å·≈– “∏“√≥ ÿ¢é. «—π∑’Ë 12 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. ‚√ß·√¡‡Õ‡™’¬ °√ÿß‡∑æ¡À“π§√. 2. ·æ∑¬ ¿“. ‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à ç√«¡‡√◊ËÕß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’Ë‡¢â“ Ÿà°“√æ‘®“√≥“¢Õß§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√·æ∑¬ ¿“μ—Èß·μàªï 2536 ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—πé. 2549. 3. ç√“¡“ ªí¥°√≥’√—°…“π‘Ë«·≈â«μ“¬∑”¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥·≈â« ®–„Àâ°√“∫°Á¬Õ¡!é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. «—π∑’Ë 5 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 4. çæàÕπâÕß§√’¡¬—π‡Õ“‡√◊ËÕßÀ¡Õ √æ. √“¡“∂÷ß∑’Ë ÿ¥é. §¡ ™—¥ ≈÷°. «—π∑’Ë 28 ¡’π“§¡ 2548. 5. çº®.Àπÿà¡·®âß§«“¡®—∫À¡Õ∑”§≈Õ¥‡¡’¬μ“¬é. ‰∑¬√—∞. «—π∑’Ë 23 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2548. 6. ç»“≈„Àâ ∏.™¥„™â °«à“ 3 ≈â“π ‡¥Á°∑”øíπ-™ÁÕ°é. ‰∑¬√—∞. «—π∑’Ë 1 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. 7. ‡™‘¥™Ÿ Õ√‘¬»√’«—≤π“. ∫∑§«“¡‡√◊ËÕß ç°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√∫√‘À“√·æ∑¬ ¿“é ‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à. ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 8. ™ÿ¡»—°¥‘Ï æƒ°…“æß…å. ∫∑§«“¡‡√◊ËÕß ç¬ÿàßπ—°°ÁÕ¬à“√—°…“é ‡¡¥‘§—≈‰∑¡å ©∫—∫ª√–®”«—π∑’Ë 16-31 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548 : Àπâ“ 45. 9. ™ÿ¡»—°¥‘Ï æƒ°…“æß…å. Õâ“ß·≈â« 10. Õ”æ≈ ®‘π¥“«—≤π–. ∫∑§«“¡‡√◊ËÕß çªí≠À“§«“¡¢—¥·¬âß√–À«à“ßÀ¡Õ°—∫§π‰¢â : μâÕß·°â‡™‘ß√–∫∫ 3 ‡√◊ËÕßé, ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ : «‘°ƒμ§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–·æ∑¬å. ÀâÕßª√–™ÿ¡ ”π—°ß“πª≈—¥°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢, «—π∑’Ë 13 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 11. ¿§¿“ »‘√‘ ÿ¢. ∫∑§«“¡ çÀ¡Õ‡®Á∫ √–∫∫°ÁªÉ«¬é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 30 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 12. ª√–«‘∑¬å ≈’Ë ∂“æ√«ß»“. ç∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√§π‰∑¬®–À¬ÿ¥°“√øÑÕß√âÕß·æ∑¬åé. ©≈“¥´◊ÈÕ. ªï∑’Ë 12 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 69 μÿ≈“§¡-æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. 13. ”π—°ß“πÀ≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘. ∫∑§«“¡ çøÑÕß-‰¡àøÑÕß Ÿß ÿ¥§◊π Ÿà “¡—≠é «“√ “√‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈™ÿ¡™π ªï∑’Ë 7 ©∫—∫∑’Ë3.æƒ»®‘°“¬π -∏—π«“§¡ 2548 : Àπâ“ 33-34. 114

5. °“√√–∫“¥·≈–°≈‚°ß¢ÕßÀπ’È‡ß‘π¥à«π 1. °Õ∫»—°¥‘Ï ¿Ÿμ√–°Ÿ≈, ∏√√¡πŸ≠ ¥»√’™—¬ ·≈–‡°’¬√μ‘æß»å Õ√‘¬ª√—™≠“. ç°“√ÕÕ¡„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ §«“¡æÕ‡æ’¬ß·≈–§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ßé. ‡Õ° “√‡ πÕ„πß“π —¡¡π“«‘™“°“√∏π“§“√·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 17-18 ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2548. 2. ”π—°«‘®—¬‡Õ·∫§‚æ≈≈å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬Õ— —¡™—≠. ç‡ªî¥Õ°§π‡ªìπÀπ’È°—∫π‚¬∫“¬·°âªí≠À“Àπ’ÈπÕ°√–∫∫¢Õß√—∞∫“≈é. ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå [http://168.120.31.165/webbase/2548/1001.html]. 3. ç·Àà·®âß§«“¡ çÕ’´’∫“¬é ‡°Á∫ ¥∫.‡°‘π°¡.°”Àπ¥é. §¡™—¥≈÷°. «—π∑’Ë 21 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. 4. ç∏ª∑.¬—π‡°≥±å§ÿ¡πÕπ·∫ß°å∂Ÿ°°ÆÀ¡“¬é. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 20 μÿ≈“§¡ 2548. 5. ç¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·∫ß°å™“μ‘≈â“À≈—ß √Ÿ¥ ‘π§â“‡æ◊ËÕ·≈°‡ß‘π ¥é. ∞“π‡»√…∞°‘®. ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2053, «—π∑’Ë 16 μÿ≈“§¡ - 19 μÿ≈“§¡ 2548. 6. ç‡ß‘ππÕ°√–∫∫√–∫“¥Àπ—°„π¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ¢¬“¬¢à“¬¢â“¡®—ßÀ«—¥ - μ—Èß‚μä–πÕπ°‘π 30%é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 22 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2548. 7. ç°Ÿâ‡ß‘π¥à«π ·∫∫‰¡à‡Õ“ ‘π§â“®“° Easybuyé ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§,‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå[http://www.consumerthai.org/compliant_board1/view.php?id=343] 6. ·ª√√Ÿª√—∞«‘ “À°‘® ª√–™“™π‰¥âÕ–‰√ 1. ‡°…’¬√ ‡μ™–æ’√–. ç‰ª√‡«‰∂‡´™—Ëπ: ‚§μ√‡Àßâ“‡À≈à“°Õé. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 9 ‡¡…“¬π 2547 : Àπâ“ 6. 2. ‡Õ° μ—Èß∑√—æ¬å«—≤π“. ç·ª√√Ÿª√—∞«‘ “À°‘® °—∫º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ§π„π™“μ‘é. °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 15 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. 3. ¡‡°’¬√μ‘ μ—Èß°‘®«π‘™¬å. ç‡∫√°·ª√√Ÿª °øº. √Õ°≈‰°·¢àß¢—πé. °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 7 ‡¡…“¬π 2547. (‡ªìπ∫∑ √ÿª§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢Õß ¡‡°’¬√μ‘ μ—Èß°‘®«π‘™¬å ∂“∫—π‡æ◊ËÕ°“√æ—≤π“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ „π°“√√–¥¡§«“¡§‘¥¢Õßπ—°«‘™“°“√ ·≈–Àπà«¬ß“π∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫°“√·ª√√Ÿª°“√‰øøÑ“ΩÉ“¬º≈‘μ ∑’Ë®—¥‚¥¬Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå°√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®). 4. ¢âÕ‡ πÕ¢Õß Àæ—π∏åÕß§å°√ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ·≈– Àæ—π∏åÕß§å°√ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§. ‡√◊ËÕß ç‰øøÑ“‡ªìπ¢Õßª√–™“™π Àâ“¡¢“¬é. «—π∑’Ë 20 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. 7. ÷π“¡‘°—∫º≈°√–∑∫∑“ß ÿ¢¿“æ 1. ç≈–‡≈ß‡ß‘π ÷π“¡‘-√”≈÷° Ÿ≠‡ª≈à“é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 19 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 2. ç§”ª√“»—¬¢Õßπ“¬°√—∞¡πμ√’„πß“π√à«¡√”≈÷° 1 ªï ÷π“¡‘é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 3. ç≈–‡≈ß‡ß‘π ÷π“¡‘-√”≈÷° Ÿ≠‡ª≈à“é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 19 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 4. ç‡º¬ 1 ªï‡À¬◊ËÕ ÷π“¡‘‰¡à·Œªªïô‡ß‘π™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ-‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑”°‘πé. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 22 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 5. «’√–»—°¥‘Ï ®—π∑√å àß· ß. ç ÷π“¡‘: Àπ÷ËßªïÀ≈—ß«—ππ—Èπé. π‘μ¬ “√ “√§¥’. ªï∑’Ë 21 ©∫—∫ 250 ‡¥◊Õπ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 6. ç™’«‘μ„À¡à„π ç∫â“πæ—°∂“«√é ¿—¬√–≈Õ° ÕßÀ≈—ß ÷π“¡‘é. °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 24 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 7 çμ—Èß ¡∑.1 ·°âªí≠À“‡À¬◊ËÕ ç ÷π“¡‘é 3 ª¡ ¢âÕæ‘æ“∑- —≠™“μ‘-∑’Ë¥‘πé ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 28 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 8 ç™’«‘μ„À¡à„π ç∫â“πæ—°∂“«√é ¿—¬√–≈Õ° ÕßÀ≈—ß ÷π“¡‘é. °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘® . «—π∑’Ë 24 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 9. çμ—Èß ¡∑.1 ·°âªí≠À“‡À¬◊ËÕ ç ÷π“¡‘é 3 ª¡ ¢âÕæ‘æ“∑- —≠™“μ‘-∑’Ë¥‘πé ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 28 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 10. ™“≠™—¬ ™—¬ ÿ¢‚°»≈. 2548. ç√–∫∫°“√√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫¿—¬æ‘∫—μ‘ ÷π“¡‘ ¥â“π —ß§¡·≈–°“√®—¥°“√ª°§√Õß: ∂Õ¥ª√– ∫°“√≥å‡™‘ß√–∫∫é. √“¬ß“π«‘®—¬‡ πÕμàÕ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢·Ààß™“μ‘. 11. ç§≈◊Ëπªí≠À“∑’Ë¥‘π¬—ß´—¥´È”Õ—π¥“¡—πé. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 23 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 12. «’√–»—°¥‘Ï ®—π∑√å àß· ß. ç ÷π“¡‘: Àπ÷ËßªïÀ≈—ß«—ππ—Èπé. π‘μ¬ “√ “√§¥’. ªï∑’Ë 21 ©∫—∫ 250 ‡¥◊Õπ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 13. «’√–»—°¥‘Ï ®—π∑√å àß· ß. Õâ“ß·≈â«. 14. çºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘μ 800 »æ √Õ°≈—∫∫â“π μ√.ß—¥«’¥’‚Õ·© éÀ¡Õæ√∑‘æ¬åéé. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 21 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 15. ç ∏. ‡ªî¥»Ÿπ¬åøóôπøŸ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 29 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2548. 16. √–∫∫∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ºŸâ‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°°√≥’¿—¬æ‘∫—μ‘ »Ÿπ¬å‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»œ °√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√. [ ◊∫§âπ®“° http://www.mis12.moe.go.th/tsunami]. 17. ç·©‡À¬◊ËÕ ÷π“¡‘μ‘¥‡À≈â“ßÕ¡ àÕ´÷¡‡»√â“-¶à“μ—«μ“¬ ∏. μ—Èß»Ÿπ¬åøóôπøŸ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μé. ¢à“« ¥. «—π∑’Ë 12 °√°Æ“§¡ 2548. 18. ®“°°“√π”‡ πÕ¢Õßπ“¬·æ∑¬å«’√¬ÿ∑∏ ª√–æ—π∏åæ®πå. ‚§√ß°“√«‘®—¬∑“ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫‚√§ PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) „π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡√–¥—∫™“μ‘‡√◊ËÕß™’«®√‘¬∏√√¡§√—Èß∑’Ë 2 ‡√◊ËÕß ç™’«®√‘¬∏√√¡: ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬∫π¢∫«π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’„πÕπ“§μé. ®—¥‚¥¬¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢·Ààß™“μ‘. ≥ ‚√ß·√¡√“¡“°“√å‡¥âπ å. «—π∑’Ë 22-23 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 19. √ÿª¢à“««—π∑’Ë 30 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2548. ◊∫§âπ®“°‡«Á∫‰´μå¢Õß ”π—°‡≈¢“∏‘°“√π“¬°√—∞¡πμ√’. [http://www.thaigov.go.th/news/press/48/May48/pr30may48-10.htm]. 20. ç ”√«® 62 ÀÕ‡μ◊Õπ¿—¬ 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥Õ—π¥“¡—π À≈—ßºà“π ÷π“¡‘§√∫ªïîé. ¢à“« ¥. «—π∑’Ë 22 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 21. ç‡μ◊Õπ°àÕπμ“¬ ¿—¬√â“¬ ÷π“¡‘é. °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 22 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 22. ◊∫§âπ®“°‡«Á∫‰´μå¢Õß ∂“π’‚∑√∑—»πå°Õß∑—æ∫°™àÕß 5 . [http://www.tv5.co.th/newsclipsbox/newsclips.php?urlx= mms://203.144.136.82/news/oter/movie001.wmv]. 23. √ÿª¢à“«°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§≥–√—∞¡πμ√’πÕ° ∂“π∑’Ë «—π∑’Ë 6 °—π¬“¬π 2548. ◊∫§âπ®“°‡«Á∫‰´μå¢Õß ”π—°‡≈¢“∏‘°“√π“¬°√—∞¡πμ√’ [http://www.thaigov.go.th]. 8. ∑âÕß ·∑âß ∑‘Èß ªí≠À“„À≠à∑’Ë¬—ß‰¡à¡’ „§√¥Ÿ·≈ 1. ∂“∫—π√“¡®‘μμ‘. ‚§√ß°“√μ‘¥μ“¡ ¿“«°“√≥å‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π√“¬®—ßÀ«—¥ (Child Watch), ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡º¬·æ√à®“° [http://www.childwatchthai.com ]. 2. ”π—°ß“π àß‡ √‘¡ «— ¥‘¿“æ‡¥Á° ‡¬“«™π ºŸâ¥âÕ¬‚Õ°“ §πæ‘°“√ ·≈–ºŸâ ŸßÕ“¬ÿ. °√–∑√«ß°“√æ—≤π“ —ß§¡·≈–§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å. ç√“¬ß“π ∂“π°“√≥å‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π‰∑¬ æ.». 2546 -2547é. ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2548. 3. ªí®®ÿ∫—π §◊Õ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ √â“ß§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡√◊ËÕß ÿ¢¿“æºŸâÀ≠‘ß 4. ≥—∞¬“ ∫ÿ≠¿—°¥’·≈–¥ÿ ‘μ“ æ÷Ëß ”√“≠. ç ¿“æªí≠À“·≈–Õ—μ√“°“√∑”·∑âß„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬é. √“¬ß“π‡ πÕ„π°“√ —¡¡π“√–¥—∫™“μ‘‡√◊ËÕß ç∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ëμ—Èß∑âÕß‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡àæ√âÕ¡ μÕπ√à«¡°—π √â“ß∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°„Àâ À≈“°À≈“¬é ‚√ß·√¡‚´≈∑«‘π °√ÿß‡∑æ¡À“π§√. «—π∑’Ë 1 ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2545. 5. çç‡´Á°´å ¥◊Ë¡ ‡∑’Ë¬« √ÿπ·√ßé Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß ◊ËÕ àß‡¥Á°À“¬π–é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π, «—π∑’Ë 11 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2548. 6. ç«—¬∑’π√ÿ¡Õ—¥ ç ◊ËÕ≈“¡°é ™π«π‡Àμÿ∑âÕß-·∑âß-∑‘Èßé. ¬“¡√—∞. «—π∑’Ë 2 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 7. ç«—¬√ÿàπ¬ÿ§„À¡àŒ‘μ¬“·°â ‘«∑”·∑âßé ‰∑¬√—∞. «—π∑’Ë 4 ‡¡…“¬π 2548. 8. °π°«√√≥ ∏√“«√√≥. ç∫—π∑÷°ª√– ∫°“√≥å¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ëμ—Èß∑âÕß‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡àæ√âÕ¡é. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ √â“ß§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡√◊ËÕß ÿ¢¿“æºŸâÀ≠‘ß. 2548. 9. ç«—¬√ÿàπ¬ÿ§„À¡àŒ‘μ¬“·°â ‘«∑”·∑âßé ‰∑¬√—∞. «—π∑’Ë 4 ‡¡…“¬π 2548. 10. ç ∏.™’È ◊ËÕ∑”‰°àμ◊Ëπ ®—¥°“√§≈‘π‘°∑”·∑âß‡∂◊ËÕπ¬à“π¥‘π·¥ß‰¡à‰¥âé ºŸâ®—¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. «—π∑’Ë 18 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2548. 11. ç∑‘Èß §◊Õ ç·∑âßéé °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 6 °—π¬“¬π 2548. 12. çμ–≈÷ß! «—¬√ÿàπ‰∑¬„®∂÷ß “√æ—¥«‘∏’∑”·∑âß‡∂◊ËÕπé ºŸâ®—¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. «—π∑’Ë 12 μÿ≈“§¡ 2548. 13. ç‚æ≈≈å™’È‚®ãπ—∫· π‡≈◊Õ° «“‡≈π‰∑πå ¡’‡´Á°´å-μ°„® ç°“¡‚√§é æÿàß 3 ‡∑à“é. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 11 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2548. 14. ç°â“«¬à“ßÕ¬à“ß‡¢â“„®é À≈—°À≈—° Ÿμ√‡æ»»÷°…“ æ—≤π“‚¥¬Õß§å°√ PATH Thailand. [http://www.teenpath.net/Share/Manual.asp]. 15. çÕ¬“°„Àâ§ÿ≥‰¥â√Ÿâ : ∫—π∑÷°ª√– ∫°“√≥å¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ëμ—Èß∑âÕß‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡àæ√âÕ¡é, ‚§√ß°“√√≥√ß§å‡æ◊ËÕ ‘∑∏‘Õπ“¡—¬‡®√‘≠æ—π∏ÿå ¿“ª√–™“°√, ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‡√◊ËÕß ç∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ëμ—Èß∑âÕß‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡àæ√âÕ¡é «—π∑’Ë 6 °√°Æ“§¡ 2543 ≥ ‚√ß·√¡Õ¡“√’«Õ‡μÕ√å‡°∑ °√ÿß‡∑æ¡À“π§√. 9. »÷°‡æ◊ËÕ ¬∫ ç∫ÿÀ√’Ë-‡À≈â“é ¬—ß‰¡à®∫„π —ß§¡‰∑¬ 1. ”π—°ß“π ∂‘μ‘·Ààß™“μ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. ç √ÿªº≈°“√ ”√«®æƒμ‘°√√¡°“√ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë·≈–°“√¥◊Ë¡ ÿ√“¢Õßª√–™“°√ æ.». 2547é. “√ ∂‘μ‘. ªï∑’Ë 16 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡ 2548. 2. »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∏ÿ√°‘®∫—≥±‘μ¬å. ‚æ≈≈å ”√«®§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ ç§‘¥Õ¬à“ß‰√‡¡◊ËÕ‡ÀÁπ¿“æ§”‡μ◊Õπ∫π´Õß∫ÿÀ√’Ëé «“√ “√‡æ◊ËÕ§π√ÿàπ„À¡à‰¡à Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë. ©∫—∫∑’Ë 64 ‡¥◊Õπæƒ…¿“§¡.2548. 3. À∑—¬ ™‘μ“ππ∑å. 2548. ç°“√‚¶…≥“ àß‡ √‘¡°“√¢“¬ ≥ ®ÿ¥®”Àπà“¬ : μâπ‡Àμÿ ”§—≠∑’Ë‡¥Á°‡√‘Ë¡ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë ·≈–‡¢â“‡ªìππ—° Ÿ∫Àπâ“„À¡àé. ‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß‡«Á∫‰´μå¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘√≥√ß§å‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‰¡à Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë, [http://www.ashthailand.or.th/th/index.php]. 4. ª√–°‘μ «“∑’ “∏°°‘®. ∫∑∫√√≥“∏‘°“√. «“√ “√‡æ◊ËÕ§π√ÿàπ„À¡à‰¡à Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë. ©∫—∫∑’Ë 64 ‡¥◊Õπæƒ…¿“§¡ 2548. 5. ç¢÷Èπ 5-8 ∫. ç¢’È¬“ ”≈—°§«—πé ‚æ μå∑Ÿ‡¥¬å. «—π∑’Ë 7 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 6. çº≈‡Õ·∫§‚æ≈≈å 61.2% ™’È™—¥ ‚¶…≥“‡À≈â“ àßº≈é. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 26 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 7. ¢à“«‡º¬·æ√à‚¥¬ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√ √â“ß‡ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ ( ”π—°«‘®—¬‡Õ·∫§‚æ≈≈å·≈– . √à«¡°—π«‘®—¬ çº≈°√–∑∫¢Õß°“√¥◊Ë¡‡§√◊ËÕß¥◊Ë¡·Õ≈°ÕŒÕ≈åî ¥â«¬°“√‡°Á∫√«∫√«¡ ∂‘μ‘®“°¢à“«∑’Ëª√“°Øºà“π ◊ËÕ Õ“∑‘ ‰∑¬√—∞ ‡¥≈‘π‘« å ¢à“« ¥ §¡™—¥≈÷° ‰∑¬‚æ μå ¡μ‘™π °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘® ºŸâ®—¥°“√ ”π—°¢à“«‰∑¬ ·≈–‡«Á∫‰´¥å¢Õß ∂“π’‚∑√∑—»πåμà“ßÊ μ—Èß·μà‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡ 2545 ®π∂÷ß ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2548).

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10 ∂“π°“√≥å‡¥àπ∑“ß ÿ¢¿“æ ∂“π°“√≥åªï∑’Ë·≈â« 1. §≈◊Ëπ¡À“ª√–≈—¬ ç ÷π“¡‘é ∏√≥’æ‘∫—μ‘§√—Èß√â“¬·√ß∑’Ë ÿ¥¢Õß‚≈° »Ÿπ¬å¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ “√ π‡∑»ºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬œ °√¡ªÑÕß°—π·≈–∫√√‡∑“ “∏“√≥¿—¬ °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ [http://61.19.54.131/tsunami/overall.php?pack=report_10]. »Ÿπ¬åøóôπøŸ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ °√¡ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. [http://www.mhrcthai.org]. ç‡º¬ 1 ªï‡À¬◊ËÕ ÷π“¡‘‰¡à·Œªªïô‡ß‘π™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ-‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑”°‘πé, ºŸâ®—¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. «—π∑’Ë 22 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 2. ∂“π°“√≥å‰ø„μâ ∫π‡ âπ∑“ß Ÿà —πμ‘¿“æ °Õß∫—≠™“°“√μ”√«®¿Ÿ∏√¿“§ 9 (¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ¬à“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ μ—Èß·μà ¡°√“§¡ 26 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548) ‰¥â√—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈«—π∑’Ë 4 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. ç‡ªî¥ß“π«‘®—¬ 2 ªï‰ø„μâ μÕπ∑’Ë 1é ª√‘»π“·Ààß§«“¡√ÿπ·√ßé »Ÿπ¬å¢à“«Õ‘»√“ ¡“§¡π—°¢à“«π—° Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬. «—π∑’Ë 9 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. [http://www.tjanews.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=633]. 3. ∑“ß Õß·æ√àß¢Õßπ‚¬∫“¬‰¢âÀ«—¥π° : ®–‡≈◊Õ° ÿ¢¿“æ§πÀ√◊Õ∏ÿ√°‘® —μ«åªï° àßÕÕ° Õß§å°“√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°. [www.who.int]. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. 4. —ß§¡‰∑¬°—∫¿—¬¢à¡¢◊π ”π—° ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ —ß§¡ °√¡ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ. ç ∂“π°“√≥å§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß„π —ß§¡®“°¢à“«Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå ‡¥◊Õπ ¡°√“§¡ 2548 ç∏—π«“§¡ 2548é. ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå, [http://www.dmhweb.dmh.go.th/social/]. ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ß§¡·Ààß™“μ‘. ç√“¬ß“π¿“«– —ß§¡‰∑¬‰μ√¡“ Õß ªï 2548é. ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå, [http://social.nesdb.go.th]. 5. πÈ”μ“≈„ππ¡·≈–¢π¡‡¥Á° ‡√◊ËÕß‰¡à‡≈Á°„π —ß§¡‰∑¬ °Õß∑—πμ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ·π«∑“ß°“√‡≈◊Õ°√—∫ª√–∑“πÕ“À“√ ∑¥·∑π [http://dental.anamai.moph.go.th/oralhealth/kanom/bank25.php]. çμ“¡‰ª¥Ÿ‚§√ß°“√ ç‚√ß‡√’¬πÕàÕπÀ«“πéç ¢à“«‡º¬·æ√à‚¥¬ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√ √â“ß ‡ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ( .) «—π∑’Ë 23 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. [http://www.thaihealth.or.th/ content.php?SystemModuleKey=Content2&id=5928]. çμ‘¥¥“«¢π¡‡¥Á° 5 ¥“«°‘π·≈â«‰¡à‚ßàé ‰∑¬√—∞. «—π∑’Ë 14 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 6. ®“°‡ª≈â“πâÕ¬∂÷ß°«“«‡§√◊Õ ƒÂ ¡ÿπ‰æ√‰∑¬®–μ°Õ¬Ÿà „πÕÿâß¡◊Õμà“ß™“μ‘ ç‡≈ÁßøÑÕß 2 ∫√‘…—∑¡–°—π®¥ ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√°«“«‡§√◊Õé. ¡μ‘™π «—π∑’Ë 10 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549 : Àπâ“ 10. ç«Õπ√—∞ª°ªÑÕß ‘∑∏‘∫—μ√°«“«‡§√◊Õ¢“«®“°¡–°—πé ºŸâ®—¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå «—π∑’Ë 10 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. ç ¡ÿπ‰æ√„π‡Õø∑’‡Õ ‰∑¬‡ ’¬..‰¡à¡’‰¥âé. ‰∑¬√—∞ «—π∑’Ë 27 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 7. ◊ËÕ‚ªÖ°—∫‡√◊ËÕß‡´Á° å¢Õß«—¬√ÿàπ ç√à“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ª√“∫¬—Ë«¬ÿ∑“ß‡æ» ÿ¥‡¢â¡ ‚∑…Àπ—°‡∑à“§¥’¬“‡ æμ‘¥ ∂à“¬‰«â¥Ÿ‡Õß °Áº‘¥é. ¡μ‘™π. «—π∑’Ë 2 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å s2549. ç —Ëß®”§ÿ° 6 ‡¥◊Õπ ≈Ÿ°æμ∑.- ´’¥’‚ªÖî ‰∑¬√—∞. «—π∑’Ë 2 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. ç‰Õ´’∑’é «“ß‡ªÑ“ 3 ‡¥◊Õπªî¥‡«Á∫≈“¡° ‡Õ“º‘¥μ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“‡√‘Ë¡ 1 °.æ.é ºŸâ®—¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. «—π∑’Ë 31 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 8. §«“¡√ÿπ·√ß„π«—¬√ÿàπÕ—π∏æ“≈À√◊Õ§÷°§–πÕßº‘¥æ≈—ÈßÀ√◊Õμ—Èß„® ”π—° ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ —ß§¡ °√¡ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ∂“π°“√≥å§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß„π —ß§¡®“° ¢à“«Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå ‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡ 2548 ç∏—π«“§¡ 2548. ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. [http:// www.dmhweb.dmh.go.th/social/]. 9. ¢¬–Õ—πμ√“¬¿—¬√â“¬∑’Ë¡Õß‰¡à‡ÀÁπ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… °√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. ç √ÿª ∂“π°“√≥å¡≈æ‘… ¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ªï æ.». 2548é. °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… °√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. ç§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π°“√®—¥°“√´“° ·∫μ‡μÕ√’Ë‚∑√»—æ∑å¡◊Õ∂◊Õé.[http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/haz_battery_pcd.htm]. ç°.∑√—æ¬åœ §ÿ¡‡¢â¡¢¬–Õ‘‡≈Á°∑√Õπ‘° åé. ∫â“π‡¡◊Õß. «—π∑’Ë 24 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. ç≈âÕ¡®—∫√∂æà«ß¢π “√‡§¡’∑‘ÈßÀÿ∫‡¢“„π —μÀ’∫é ºŸâ®—¥°“√ «—π∑’Ë 26 °—π¬“¬π 2548. ç®—∫ 4 ∫√√∑ÿ°¢π¢¬–‡™’¬ß„À¡à ¢â“¡∂‘Ëπ≈Õ∫∑‘Èß ç∫â“πμâπ∏ßé ¡μ‘™π «—π∑’Ë 26 °—π¬“¬π 2548. ç®—∫ ‘∫≈âÕ¢π¢¬–‡™’¬ß„À¡à·Õ∫∑‘Èß≈”ª“ßé °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘®. «—π∑’Ë 16 °—π¬“¬π 2548. 10. ‡¥Á°‰∑¬„π°—∫¥—°Õ∫“¬¡ÿ¢‡∑’Ë¬«°≈“ß§◊π Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë·≈–¥◊Ë¡‡À≈â“ ç‡μ◊Õπ‚™«å∫ÿÀ√’Ë∑’Ë®ÿ¥¢“¬º‘¥é. ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 26 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. ç ∏.‡μ√’¬¡‡ πÕÀâ“¡¥◊Ë¡‡À≈â“„π ∂“π∑’Ë√“™°“√ «—¥ ‚√ß‡√’¬π ∑’Ë “∏“√≥–é ”π—°¢à“«‰∑¬. «—π∑’Ë 9 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. çæ¡.‡√àß√≥√ß§å®—¥√–‡∫’¬∫ÀÕæ—°é °Õß‡º¬·æ√à·≈–ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å °√–∑√«ß°“√æ—≤π“ —ß§¡·≈– §«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å «—π∑’Ë 8 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548. [http://www.m-society.go.th/news/mbdetail.php?id=M040652].

8. ‡À≈â“μÕß §◊Õ ‡À≈â“·∫àß¢“¬‚¥¬„ à¿“™π–°√–∫Õ°μ«ß ´÷Ëß∑”¥â«¬∑Õß‡À≈◊Õß À√◊Õ∑’Ë§π‡¡◊Õß‡Àπ◊Õ ‡√’¬°«à“ μÕß 9. ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å ÿ¢¿“æ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡à ·≈–¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬®ÕÀåπ åŒÕæ°‘Èπ å. ç°“√ ‡æ‘Ë¡®”π«π¢Õß√â“π¢“¬‡À≈â“μÕß„π‡¡◊Õß‡™’¬ß„À¡à·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„°≈â‡§’¬ßé. ‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“. 2548. 10. ª√–°‘μ «“∑’ “∏°°‘®. ç°≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√√≥√ß§åª√—∫‡ª≈’Ë¬πæƒμ‘°√√¡ —ß§¡:°√≥’»÷°…“°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π ¢Õß‚§√ß°“√√≥√ß§å‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‰¡à Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ëé. ®¥À¡“¬¢à“«™ÿ¡™π§π√—° ÿ¢¿“æ ©∫—∫ ç √â“ß ÿ¢é ªï∑’Ë 4 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 52 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 10. ç ¿“ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§é Õ’°°â“«Àπ÷Ëß¢Õßæ≈—ßºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰∑¬ 1. ç∫∑‡√’¬π®“°§ÿ≥‡¥◊Õπ‡æÁ≠é. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 31 ¡°√“§¡ 2548. 2. ç√«¡æ≈-√∂ªÉ«¬ ∫ÿ°ª√–®“πß“π¡Õ‡μÕ√å‚™«åé. ¢à“« ¥, «—π∑’Ë 25 ¡’π“§¡ 2548. 3. ç ¡Õ.≈âÕ¡§Õ°ªí≠À“ ç√∂¬πμåé μ—Èß§Õ≈‡´π‡μÕ√å - §ÿ¡¡“μ√∞“πé. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 4 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2548. 4. ç‡μ√’¬¡¬ÿ∫»Ÿπ¬å√âÕß‡√’¬π√∂¬πμå Õâ“ß§π‚∑√.πâÕ¬‡Àμÿ∫√‘°“√¥’¢÷Èπé. ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π. «—π∑’Ë 12 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2548. 5. ç ç√—μπ“é ∑“∫â“π ’¥”∑—ÈßÀ≈—ß‰«â∑ÿ°¢åÀπà«¬ß“π§ÿâ¡§√ÕßºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§é. ”π—°¢à“«‰∑¬. «—π∑’Ë 20 ‡¡…“¬π 2548. 6. çÕ« “π∫â“π ’¥” ç√—μπ“é √—∫ 13 ≈â“π √â“ßÀ≈—ß„À¡àé. ºŸâ®—¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. «—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. 7. ç°ÆÀ¡“¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§ÿâ¡§√ÕßºŸâ√‘‚¿§é ◊∫§âπ®“°‡«Á∫‰´μå¢Õß ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√§ÿâ¡§√ÕßºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ( §∫.) [http://www.ocpb.go.th/law.asp]. 8. çπ—°«‘™“°“√®ÿÃ“œ «‘®—¬ ç·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥μ—ÈßÕß§å°“√Õ‘ √–§ÿâ¡§√ÕßºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§œé ¬÷¥·π« ¿“ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ·Ààß™“μ‘é . 23 °—π¬“¬π 2548. √“¬ß“π¢à“«‚¥¬ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√ √â“ß‡ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ ( .). [http://www.thaihealth.or.th/content.php?SystemModuleKey=news_sss&id=4781]. 9 ç ¿“ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ¿“·√°¢Õß‡¡◊Õß‰∑¬é «—π∑’Ë 28 ‡¡…“¬π 2548. √“¬ß“π¢à“«‚¥¬¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘°Õß∑ÿπ‰∑¬. [http://www.thaingo.org/HeadnewsKan/ consumer280448.htm ]. 10 ∂“π°“√≥å ”§—≠„π√Õ∫ªï 2548 1. ¡≈æ‘…‡¡◊Õß°√ÿß‡¢â“¢—ÈπÕ—πμ√“¬ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… °√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. ç √ÿª ∂“π°“√≥å¡≈æ‘… ¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ªï æ.».2548é. ç§æ. ÕàÕπ„®√∂√à«¡ - ¡‘π‘∫— ‡¡‘π°¡.¡≈æ‘…§≈ÿâßé. ¡μ‘™π. «—π∑’Ë 3 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. ”π—°®—¥°“√ §ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»·≈–‡ ’¬ß, °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… °√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. 2. ¿—¬·≈âß / πÈ”∑à«¡ ç¿—¬·≈âß-πÈ”∑à«¡-·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ¡À—πμ¿—¬∑’Ë ç∏√√¡™“μ‘é ‡Õ“§◊πé. ‡¥≈‘π‘« å. «—π∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 3. ¶à“μ—«μ“¬ »Ÿπ¬å¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“, °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§, °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ 2548 http://epid.moph.go.th/ dssur/y48/ac_Suicide_48.rtf ‚√§‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß ‡ªìπ “‡Àμÿ¶à“μ—«μ“¬¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ °√ÿß‡∑æ∏ÿ√°‘® 28 æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548 ‡≈’¬π≈–§√ ùπ“ß∫“ªû 6 ¢«∫·¢«π§Õ Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå‡¥≈‘π‘« å 9 ¡.§. 2549 ”π—° ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ —ß§¡ °√¡ ÿ¢¿“æ®‘μ °√–∑√√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ç ∂“π°“√≥å§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß„π —ß§¡ ®“°¢à“«Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå ‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡ 2548é ∏—π«“§¡ 2548é ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå [http://www.dmhweb.dmh.go.th/social/]. çÀ¬ÿ¥ªí≠À“...¶à“μ—«μ“¬ ‚®∑¬å∑’Ë√—∞μâÕß¡’§”μÕ∫é §¡™—¥≈÷°. «—π∑’Ë 3 ¡°√“§¡ 2549. 4. ª√—∫π‚¬∫“¬ 30 ∫“∑ ‡æ◊ËÕ§π‰∑¬Àà“ß‰°≈∑ÿ°‚√§ ”π—°ß“πÀ≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘ ( ª ™.). 2548. ç√«¡ §√‘ªμå ∂“π’«‘∑¬ÿ 30 ∫“∑™à«¬§π‰∑¬ Àà“ß‰°≈‚√§é. ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå [www.nhso.go.th]. ”π—°ß“πÀ≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘ ( ª ™.) 2548. ìº≈°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π°“√ √â“ßÀ≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∂â«πÀπâ“ ªïß∫ª√–¡“≥ 2548 (1 μ.§.47-30 ¡‘.¬.48) ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå, [www.nhso.go.th]. 5. ‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° ç™’Èμâπ‡Àμÿ«‘°ƒμ‘é ºŸâ®—¥°“√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. «—π∑’Ë 7 ‡¡…“¬π 2548. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ç√“¬ß“π‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß∑“ß√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ ª√–®” —ª¥“Àåé ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4. 3 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. 6. ·°Áß§å´‘Ëß¡Õ‡μÕ√å‰´¥å°—∫«—¬√ÿàπ°«π‡¡◊Õß çπ—°´‘Ëß π“¡«—≤π“-¡’·μàÀπâ“‡°à“Êî ¢à“« ¥. «—π∑’Ë 26 °—π¬“¬π 2548. ç·¡â«‡∫√°‡Õ’Í¬¥«—≤π“ ®¬¬.§«Ë” —Ëß‡≈‘°®—¥·¢àß´‘Ëßé .¢à“« ¥. «—π∑’Ë 28 °—π¬“¬π 2548. 7. ‡°…μ√°√√¡¬—Ëß¬◊π ”π—°‚√§®“°°“√ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. [http:// occ.ddc.moph.go.th]. ”π—°§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§√–∫“¥ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ [http://epid.moph.go.th/dssur/ enocc/insecticide.htm]. 8. ‚√§‰¡à‡§“√æ»—°¥‘Ï»√’§«“¡‡ªìπ¡πÿ…¬å çéÀ¡Õª√–‡«»é™’È ‚√§¢“¥»—°¥‘Ï»√’§«“¡‡ªìπ§πÕ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß ª¡ ç‡ π“–é √–‡∫‘¥Õ“√¡≥åé. ¡μ‘™π. «—π∑’Ë 22 ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2548 : Àπâ“ 2. 9. «—¬√ÿàπ‰∑¬μ‘¥‡Õ¥ å¡“°¢÷Èπ çç‡Õ¥ åé °—∫ ç«—¬√ÿàπé ªí≠À“∑’ËμâÕß‡√àß·°â ∂“π°“√≥åªí®®ÿ∫—π‡√‘Ë¡‡¢â“¢—Èπ«‘°ƒμéî ‡¥≈‘π‘« å. «—π∑’Ë 2 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2549. éé«—¬√ÿàπ15-19 ªïμ‘¥‡Õ¥ å‡æ‘Ë¡ çæ‘π‘®é ‡μ◊Õπ√—°π«≈ ß«πμ—«é ¡μ‘™π√“¬«—π «—π∑’Ë 1 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548 : Àπâ“ 10. 10. ·√ßß“π‰∑¬‡ ’Ë¬ß‡ªìπ‚√§·≈–‰¥â√—∫Õ—πμ√“¬®“°°“√ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ‡ß‘π∑¥·∑π ”π—°ß“πª√–°—π —ß§¡ °√–∑√«ß·√ßß“π . ∂‘μ‘ (¡°√“§¡æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2548) º≈°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß‚√§®“°°“√ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ æ.».2547 ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬‡ΩÑ“ √–«—ß‚√§®“°°“√ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ 116

Õ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ß‰√°—∫‰¢âÀ«—¥π°?: ª√—∫‡ª≈’Ë¬π‡æ◊ËÕÕ¬Ÿà√Õ¥ ·À≈àß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡Õ° “√ ‘Ëßæ‘¡æå ·≈–Õ‘π‡μÕ√å‡πÁμ °√¡ª»ÿ —μ«å °√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å. ç°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√®—¥√–∫∫°“√‡≈’È¬ß‡ªì¥‰≈à∑ÿàß„Àâ‡¢â“ Ÿà√–∫∫ø“√å¡À√◊Õ‚√ß‡√◊Õπé ≈ß«—π∑’Ë 27 ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå [http://www.dld.go.th/home/bird_flu/return/sys_duck.html]. °√¡ª»ÿ —μ«å °√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å. ç‚§√ß°“√√≥√ß§å°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π‰°à™π·≈– π“¡™π‰°à/´âÕ¡™π‰°àé ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. [www.dld.go.th/home/bird_flu/return/project_fig.doc]. °√¡ª»ÿ —μ«å °√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å. çª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å ‡√◊ËÕß¡“μ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–ªÑÕß°—π‚√§‰¢âÀ«—¥π°„π‰°à™πé. ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. [http://www.dld.go.th/home/bird_flu/control-1.pdf]. °√¡ª»ÿ —μ«å °√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å. ç √ÿªª√–‡¥Áπ ”§—≠ °“√ª√–™ÿ¡°”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬‡√◊ËÕß«—§´’π‚√§‰¢âÀ«—¥π°„π —μ«åªï°é. ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. [http://www.dld.go.th/home/bird_flu/vaccine.pdf]. §≥–°√√¡°“√æ‘®“√≥“·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‚√§‰¢âÀ«—¥π°. 2548. ç·ºπ¬ÿ∑∏»“ μ√å·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‰¢âÀ«—¥π° (æ.».2548-2550)é. ‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“. §≥–°√√¡°“√æ‘®“√≥“·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‚√§‰¢âÀ«—¥π°. 2548. ç √ÿª§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“¢Õß°“√ π—∫ πÿπ‡«™¿—≥±å «— ¥ÿ Õÿª°√≥åªÑÕß°—π‚√§‰¢âÀ«—¥π°é ‡Õ° “√Õ—¥ ”‡π“. §”π«≥ Õ÷Èß™Ÿ»—°¥‘Ï. 2549 . é∫∑ √ÿª : √Õ¬μàÕ«‘°ƒμ√–À«à“ß‰¢âÀ«—¥π°·≈–°“√√–∫“¥¢Õß‰¢âÀ«—¥„À≠à„π§π∑—Ë«‚≈°é. ∫∑§«“¡«‘™“°“√ª√–°Õ∫√“¬ß“π ÿ¢¿“æ§π‰∑¬ 2549. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ∑«’»—°¥‘Ï àß‡ √‘¡. ç‚√§‰¢âÀ«—¥π° —μ«å(©∫—∫™“«∫â“π)é. ∫∑§«“¡«‘™“°“√ª√–°Õ∫√“¬ß“π ÿ¢¿“æ§π‰∑¬ 2549. §≥– —μ«·æ∑¬»“ μ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…μ√»“ μ√å °”·æß· π. ª√–‡ √‘∞ ∑Õß‡®√‘≠. 2547.é‰¢âÀ«—¥„À≠à ‰¢âÀ«—¥π°é. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ª√–™“™à“ß. ª√–‡ √‘∞ ‡Õ◊ÈÕ«√“°Ÿ≈.2549. ç®“°‰¢âÀ«—¥π° Ÿà‰¢âÀ«—¥„À≠à “¬æ—π∏å„À¡àé. ∫∑§«“¡«‘™“°“√ª√–°Õ∫√“¬ß“π ÿ¢¿“æ§π‰∑¬ 2549 §≥–·æ∑¬»“ μ√å»‘√‘√“™æ¬“∫“≈ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈. ª√’™“ ‡ª√¡ª√’.2549. çº≈°√–∑∫¢Õß‰¢âÀ«—¥π°μàÕ —ß§¡‰∑¬é. ∫∑§«“¡«‘™“°“√ª√–°Õ∫√“¬ß“π ÿ¢¿“æ§π‰∑¬ 2549. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ¡√°μ μ—πμ‘‡®√‘≠ ·≈– π”™—¬ ™’««‘«√√∏πå, ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√.2548. çé‰¢âÀ«—¥π°é ‚√§Õÿ∫—μ‘„À¡à∫π‚≈°„∫‡°à“é »Ÿπ¬åæ—π∏ÿ«‘»«°√√¡·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’™’«¿“æ·Ààß™“μ‘. ”π—°ß“πæ—≤π“ «‘∑¬“»“ μ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’·Ààß™“μ‘°√–∑√«ß«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1. ¬ß ¿Ÿà«√«√√≥. ∫∑§«“¡, ç√—∫¡◊Õ‰¢âÀ«—¥π° √Õ∫3é. π‘μ¬ “√À¡Õ™“«∫â“π ªï∑’Ë 27 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 320 ‡¥◊Õπ∏—π«“§¡ 2548. «—π∑π’¬å °—≈≈åª√–«‘∑∏å. ç‚√§‰¢âÀ«—¥π°·æ√à√–∫“¥Õ¬à“ß‰√é ‰≈¥åª√–°Õ∫§”∫√√¬“¬. «‘™—¬ ‚™§«‘«—≤π. 2544. çª√‘∑—»πå‚√§μ‘¥μàÕé. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1.ππ∑∫ÿ√’ : ‚§√ß°“√ «— ¥‘°“√«‘™“°“√ ∂“∫—πæ√–∫√¡√“™™π°. »ÿ¿¡‘μ√ ™ÿ≥Àå ÿ∑∏‘«—≤πå, ¥“√‘°“ °‘Ëß‡πμ√ ·≈–«√¬“ ‡À≈◊ÕßÕàÕπ. 2549. ç¡“μ√°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√√–∫“¥„À≠à ¢Õß‰¢âÀ«—¥„À≠àé. ∫∑§«“¡«‘™“°“√ª√–°Õ∫ √“¬ß“π ÿ¢¿“æ§π‰∑¬ 2549. °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ∂“π°“√≥å‚√§À«—¥π°„π§π∑—Ë«‚≈°é. √“¬ß“π‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß∑“ß√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ª√–®” —ª¥“Àå . ªï∑’Ë 35 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2 , ‡¡…“¬π¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2547. °≈ÿà¡æ—≤π“√–∫∫·≈–¡“μ√∞“πß“π√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ”π—°‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡°…μ√ ‚¥¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ¢Õß°√¡»ÿ≈°“°√.2548. ∂‘μ‘ª√‘¡“≥°“√ àßÕÕ°º≈‘μ¿—≥±å‰°à 2542-2548. ”π—°‡»√…∞°‘®°“√§≈—ß. º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß‰¢âÀ«—¥π° . ‡º¬·æ√à«—π∑’Ë 10 °.æ. 2547 . ‡Õ° “√ÕÕπ‰≈πå. [http://www.scb.co.th/LIB/th/article/mof/data/4803-3.pdf]. Õß§å°“√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° (WHO), ®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬¬◊π¬—π‰¢âÀ«—¥π°∑—Ë«‚≈°. [www.who.int]. Department of Livestock Development Ministry of Agriculture and cooperatives Bangkok, Thailand. çHPAI in Thailandé Available from. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/cd/documents/Xraysurvey%20Thailand.pdf. Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases Operations (ECTAD), FAO. çEconomic and Social Impacts of Avian Influenzaé. Available from.[www.fao.org/.../health/diseases-cards/cd/documents/ Economic-and-social-impacts-of-avian-influenza-Geneva.pd]. Ferguson NM, et al. çStrategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asiaé. Nature. 2005, August 5. Mclood, A., Morgan, N., Prakash, A. and Hinrichs, J. 2005 çA Global Strategy for the Progressive Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian influenzaç(HPAI) Published in May 2005 by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, Rome) and the World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties - OIE, Paris) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO, Geneva). T.M. Ellis, et al..éVaccination of chickens against H5N1 avian influenza in the face of an outbreak interrupts virus transmission Avian Pathologyé (August 2004) 33 (4), : p. 405-412. WHO Global Influenza Programme; World Health Organization. Dept. of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. Responding to the avian influenza pandemic threat. Geneva : World Health Organization, 2005.

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1. πæ. ÿ«‘∑¬å «‘∫ÿ≈º≈ª√–‡ √‘∞ 2. πæ.«‘™—¬ ‚™§«‘«—≤π 3. πæ.Õ”æ≈ ®‘π¥“«—≤π– 4. ∑æ.°ƒ…¥“ ‡√◊ÕßÕ“√’¬å√—™μå 5. πæ.æ‘π‘® øÑ“Õ”π«¬º≈ 6. πæ.≥√ß§å °…‘μ‘ª√–¥‘…∞å 7. πæ.™Ÿ™—¬ »ÿ¿«ß»å 8. º».Õ¿‘≠≠“ ‡«™¬™—¬ 9. ¥√. ÿ∑∏‘≈—°…≥å ¡‘μ– ‘√‘ 10. §ÿ≥¬ÿ«¥’ §“¥°“√≥å‰°≈ 11. §ÿ≥ª“√‘™“μ »‘«–√—°…å 12. §ÿ≥®’√“«√√≥ ∫ÿ≠‡æ‘Ë¡ 13. §ÿ≥«√—≠≠“ ‡μ’¬«°ÿ≈ 14. Õ“®“√¬åæ‘¿æ ∏ß‰™¬ 15. º».¥√.«‘≈“ ‘π’ æ‘æ‘∏°ÿ≈ 16. Õ“®“√¬å ÿ√‘π∑√å °‘®π‘μ¬å™’«å 17. §ÿ≥‡∫≠®¡“¿√≥å ®—π∑√æ—≤πå 18. √».¥√.™◊Ëπƒ∑—¬ °“≠®π–®‘μ√“ 19. √».¥√.°ƒμ¬“ Õ“™«π‘®°ÿ≈ 20. √».¥√.™“¬ ‚æ∏‘ ‘μ“ 21. √».¥√.«“ π“ Õ‘Ë¡‡Õ¡

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