Appendix A. Epidemiological studies investigating the effects of nut consumption on risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality (4 cohorts)1 Author (year) Level of evidence Fraser et al. (1992) 2+
Fraser et al. (1995) 2+ Fraser et al. (1997) 2+ Fraser & Shavlik (1997) 2+
Prineas et al. (1993) 2+ Kushi et al. (1996) 2+
Study design; Subjects’ characteristics The AHS a ; Prospective 6-y follow-up; 10,003 M & 16,740 F; Non-Hispanic white
Endpoints
Frequency of nut consumption < 1 time / week 1 – 4 times / week ≥ 5 times / week < 1 time / week 1 – 4 times / week ≥ 5 times / week < 1 time / week ≥ 5 times / week
Relative risk (95% CI) 1.00 0.76 (0.56 – 1.04) 0.52 (0.36 – 0.76) 1.00 0.78 (0.51 – 1.18) 0.49 (0.28 – 0.85) 1.00 0.45 (0.35 – 0.59)
P value for trend2 <0.01
The AHS a ; Prospective 7-y follow-up; 27,321 M & F The AHS a ; Prospective 11-y follow-up; 585 M & 1,083 F Black subjects The AHS a ; Prospective 12-y follow-up; 603 M & F Aged > 84 years at baseline 11,828 person-years
CHD All-cause mortality
< 1 time / week 1 – 4 times / week ≥ 5 times / week
1.00 0.60 (0.40 – 0.90) 0.56 (0.30 – 1.00)
NR
All-cause mortality
< 1 time / week 1 – 4 times / week ≥ 5 times / week < 1 time / week 1 – 4 times / week ≥ 5 times / week Never 1 – 3 times / month 1 time / week 2 – 4 times / week Never 1 – 2 times / week 3 – 4 times / week > 4 times / week
1.00 0.88 (0.76 – 1.01) 0.82 (0.70 – 0.96) 1.00 0.74 (0.57 – 0.97) 0.61 (0.45 – 0.83) 1.00 0.60 (0.40 – 0.89) 0.75 (0.44 – 1.27) 0.43 (0.19 – 0.93) 1.00 0.98 (0.57 – 1.68) 0.96 (0.56 – 1.64) 0.60 (0.36 – 1.01)
<0.01
The IWHS b; Prospective 5-y follow-up; 41,837 F Aged 55 – 69 years The IWHS b ; Prospective 7-y follow-up; 34,486 F
CHD death
Fatal CHD Non fatal MI
Total CHD
Fatal CHD
<0.01 <0.001
<0.001 0.06
0.016
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