Heartland Magazine Issue 41

History features People, Pioneers, Business, Communities and much more

SUMMER RECIPES AUSSIE MOTORING TRAVEL CROSSWORDS MARKETS PLUS MUCH MORE..

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From the Publishers A huge thank you to everyone that rang and emailed us to thank us for such a great issue we produced last month. Issue 40 was a brilliant edition to the Heartland range, and it has pretty much sold out everywhere it was on sale. We thank you for all your support during these hard times.

QUANTA LINES can help you with all your power needs large or small. Our friendly and experienced staff will assess your needs, and can design, construct and manage your project from start to finish.

Whether it’s moving a pole, upgrading your power supply, or full electrical infrastructure and telecommunications pit & pipe for a new subdivision or development, QUANTA LINES will provide the whole package.

I am pretty sure you will also love this issue of Heartland Magazine, we have worked hard and long hours, put our heads together and put this 84 page edition together and we have some amazing stories as well as stories that will be running from this issue for the next 2-4 issues.

As usual they are true stories, compiled by some readers and then we put them together with fur-ther research.

It’s hard out there at the moment for everyone and we are seeing many businesses closing doors which makes me wonder will they ever be able to re-open again, time will tell.

I’d like to thank the advertisers in this edition for their faith in placing ads with Heartland Magazine, we know it’s hard but keeping your name, brand, services and products in the pub-lic eye is extremely important right now. I’d especially like to ask our readers to support our advertisers as their contribution to the magazine is so very much appreciated and they really need you support and custom, so please use them.

Once again, I would like to thank our Government, both State and Federal. I would not envy anyone’s job in governing the country at the moment but I have to say they have done a wonderful job, keeping everyone safe and in as much financial help as the economy can at the moment, this also goes for the financial packages they have offered businesses and in all hon-esty, we really need to take our hats off to them all.

Heartland Magazine is also available to buy online by going to

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April/May edition 2020 PUBLISHED by Heartland Media 81 Walker Street, Casino NSW 2470 02 6662 6222 TO ADVERTISE in Heartland Magazine send your enquiry to Sharon Bateman at sharon@heartlandmedia.com.au or call our office on 02 6662 6222 TO TELL US YOUR STORY for Heartland Magazine send your enquiry to Sophie at sophie@heartlandmedia.com.au or call our office on 02 6662 6222 Distribution If you would like to stock Heartland Magazine please contact our office on 02 6662 6222 or email jeff@heartlandmedia.com.au Heartland Magazine is distributed by

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Regulars 8

Farmer Sophie Adventures

10

Helen Trustum

40-43

Australian History part 1 (new series)

54-55

Motoring History

56-57

Truck History

58-59

Motorcycle History

60-61

Council Ranger

62

Kids Page

63-64

This month in History

65

Hall of Fame

66-67

Travel - Jindabyne NSW

68-69

Let’s Cook

70

Natural Products

71

Beauty

72-73

Wines of the Month

76-77

Scam Watch

79

Do you remember?

80-81

Crosswords

82

Issue 42 of Heartland Magazine

© Heartland Magazine 2020. All material in Heartland Magazine is copyright.

No part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission of the publisher. Please contact us for further information if required.

www.heartlandmagazine.com.au ISSN 2652-337X (Online) ISSN 2652-3361 (Print) Special thank you to Helen Trustum Thank you to Maclean Historical Society, Uki Historical Society, Tamworth Historical Society, Trove, Wikipedia and all of our contributors.

Heartland Media welcomes stories that are submitted via writing however we will publish them in their entirety and will not edit them in any way...some stories have tried to recreate events, locales and conversations from personal memories of them. In order to maintain their anonymity in some instances people have changed the names of individuals and places, or may have changed some identifying characteristics and details such as physical properties, occupations and places of residence. We do not take responsibility for the way the story reads or grammatical errors. We are simply transferring them from the heart.

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Once you are gone, your memories are gone with you. Let us tell your story and leave your history with your family and future generations to show you were here and the life you left behind. Call Heartland and let us tell your story in quality Call us on 02 6662 6222 or Email: sophie@heartlandmedia.com.au

The Heartland Team

Jeff - Co Founder Graphic Design & Layout

Sharon - Co Founder Sales

Sophie Writer & Research

Bella Security

Contents

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16 24

12

26

34 32

40

Heartland Magazine |

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boyfriend, aka my new farm hand, of the latest headache I was facing. With overwhelming fear, I listened to his suggestion of building a new fence from scratch and agreed, all the while replaying the voices I had heard that said I couldn’t possibly take on such a task.

After removing the outer electric fence wire and undoing the wire ties at each post, I take the keys to start big red, the tractor. Turning the key, I see the red light come on but hear no noise at all from the engine. Suddenly the blisters on my feet seemed like a positive treat compared to these frustrating hurdles which only seemed to become higher each day. Little did I know that I was actually about to become, Mechanic Sophie.

Through life I have come to realise that fashion is as much about what it looks like, as it is about how it makes you feel.

The time had come for me to get a brand spankin’ new pair of work boots and I have to say that they did not look good, nor did they make me feel good. After a day of drenching and ear tagging, with my bright pink tags, I struggle out of my boots and peal off my socks to find angry, bleeding blisters which even Bell my dog, did not like the look of. I didn’t mind because it had been a day of winning and I was basking in farming glory, having had also separated my calves, putting them into the weaner paddock. Settling in for the night I mentally high five my butcher boyfriend and thank him for his help with today’s adventures before getting to sleep.

Awoken by my cows bellowing moos, I assume the separation from their calves had become too much so I walk over to the weaner paddock to see if maybe I could give the ladies a chat to sooth their aggravation. The joke was on me though and I couldn’t control my frustration to see one lone calf remaining within the paddock. Its mother, Korova, was trying to tell her calf to come out like the other 5 calves had. Happily grazing on the grass, the calf ignored her instructions and continued to enjoy the paddock alone.

Driving back to Casino, I thought only of how I was going to build a new fence. Many ideas went through my head including a fence made from rope or fabric. Realising this was not going to be an easy quick fix situation, I alert my butcher

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Tying my hair up and donning my best determined mechanic face, I haul the heavy battery from the boot of my car and manhandled it over to the tractor. It was at that point I knew Wonder Woman was a fictional character because there is no way that she was able to lift heavy objects in no more then fancy boy leg nickers and stylish knee-high heeled boots. After taking the key out of the ignition and taking the old battery out, I heave the new battery up to the battery box and begin to hook up the terminals. With a short pray to the farming gods, I turn the key and to my surprise the tractor starts. I hug my dog Bell with relieved joy, knowing that soon my calves will have a shiny new fence to spend their days.

After a barbeque breaky, I carefully add a million band aides to my feet and slide my work boots on. The tractor starts straight away and we get to work pulling out the wire from the eroding posts, most of which were no longer connected to the ground. The first side of the fence was slow, but as we got into a steady rhythm things, became easier. Before we knew it, it was beer o clock.

As Bell sat in the shade of the tractor, my butcher boyfriend and I had a beer and admired the progress we had made in the short few hours we had worked together. It was then that I realised that we were building much more then a fence.

Fashion may not always functional, but a strong fence was important for the future of the farm and possibly a strong future for a family business, which hopefully will last as long as the original fence.

Affirmation Farm The phrase “Out of the darkness and into the light” has been so true for Sarah Parkinson and her business, Affirmation Farm. Sarah has had the courage and determination to use her own challenges to not only start a new business but to help many others to see and feel the positivity in the world.

After the birth of her third child Sarah felt she had more to give and decided to start a new business, Affirmation Farm was born. Having taught herself graphic design, she designed brightly coloured cards to present her affirmations and compliments on. Sarah now has 11 different themed packs available, aimed to inspire and bring joy as well as mugs and yearly calendars. There are specific packs aimed at children and teens as well as mothers who may need an extra bit of encouragement.

Affirmation Farm products are available on Etsy and are ideal for gifts or for people who just want to have an extra tool to help with their own mental awareness and self-growth.

Etsy has been the perfect platform for Affirmation Farm as it supports the creative community and attracts customers who enjoy finding unique companies to buy from.

Sarah has also been featured on podcasts such as The Rural Compass and Flying Solo which allowed her to talk about her background and the establishment of Affirmation Farm.

She was also able to speak about how social media has been a huge impact to her success and the effects of sharing a bit about herself has had on her business and its relatability.

Sarah’s life and story are no different to many others, which allows many to relate to her and feel as though they are a part of a community rather then feeling alone. It can be difficult for rural women who feel isolated not only through location, but also in their day to day life experiences. The establishment of Affirmation Farm is more than a business for Sarah, as it has been a way for her to heal through her own struggles. Although there were some dark times, Sarah has come through the other side, she is now living life in full colour and is brightening the lives of so many others.

Sarah grew up on a dairy farm at Camperdown in Victoria.

She attended University and became a Health Information Manager. In her mid 20’s, she saw there was a lack of workers in her field and a gap in the market which sparked her to start her first business as a contract medical coder.

Sarah, her husband and his 4 brothers run a large dairy farm with their families which has around 2500 cows. As well as working and living in rural South West Victoria, Sarah became a mother of three. It was after her second child was born that Sarah experienced post-natal depression which began an unexpected journey of self-reflection and emotional growth.

Through seeking help to combat the condition, Sarah met some amazing women through a support group called Happy Mama. She learnt the value of meditation and gained comfort in knowing she was not alone with the feelings she had. Through the group Sarah began to not only feel stronger herself but developed tools through her growth which she then shared with others.

Anytime Sarah would hear or see a quote or affirmation that she resonated with, she would share it with the group on Facebook as well as typing them up and leaving them around the house for her family to enjoy as well. The response was very refreshing and Sarah was amazed that she had made a difference in the mental health of others facing similar challenges.

Heartland Magazine |

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Helen Trustum Dwyer Family -

Backmede and Bentley My story on the Dwyer Family starts with John and Johanna Dwyer. John arrived in Sydney from Ireland in 1860 with one brother and a sister. He remained in Sydney for a few months before moving to Maitland where he began wheat farming. Later he moved to Belford, Hunter River and began dairying. It was here he met Johanna Hanley. Johanna had four children from a previous marriage in Ireland. They

John and Johanna Dwyer

were Mick Hanley born 1853, Dick Hanley born 1854, Johanna [Mrs Hartley] born 1856 and Bridget [Mrs Doolan] born 1857. They were married on 24th October 1861 in Maitland. In 1877 John travelled to Backmede near Casino and purchased 433 acres. In 1878 John and Johanna with their three children Mary aged 15 years, Patrick [Paddy] 13 years and William 9 years walked behind the bullock team from Belford to Backmede. This would have been a challenge on its own. I can imagine how long it took.

sharefarmers work the farm. John had many blocks of land where he cleared the lantana and other rubbish by using a bullock team.

John was noted for his walking where you would often see him walking around his properties.

John and his son Patrick [Paddy] would often be seen driving pigs to Foley’s Lismore. There would often be around 200 pigs in the mob. In later years he was known as Grand Daddy Dwyer.

John tendered a lovely garden from which he cured his owned tobacco.

John was a great party man and each year a party would be held in honour of his birthday.

Today a group of shady fig trees guard the site of “Briarfield”.

The house was pulled down about 1920.

John and Johanna Dwyer’s grave

John Dwyer died 6th July 1927 aged 95 years and Johanna died 27th December 1905 aged 79 years. They are both buried in the West Street, Cemetery, Casino.

Mary, eldest child of John and Johanna, was born 30th July 1862 at Port Stephens. Mary married Luke Comiskey in 1883 and lived on their property “Springvale” North Casino now owned by Melba De Re. Family - John, Peter, Johanna, William, Francis, Mary, Susannah, Veronica, Kathleen, Teresa, Clare Lillian, Lawrence and Rose.

The property was called “Briarfield”. A slab house was built on his selection. This house was added to over the years until there were four bedrooms and a large kitchen. After grazing for many years, he turned to dairying. A creamery was built on the property around 1900 and operated by the Adams, Reynolds and Dwyer Families. It was located near where the windmill stands now. Water would have been needed for the creamery. Mr Vardy who lived near the creamery was the manager. After separating the cream, farmers would take their skimmed milk back home to feed their pigs. The cream would be picked up and taken to Casino.

The children attended the Runnymede Provisional School, which was the first small school built in the Casino district in 1886. The site was near the Dwyer property. Mr William Grant was the first teacher with 29 pupils. School picnics were very popular with people turning up in their sulkies, carts, horse’s or even walking. The picnic lunch was very popular with plenty of food served. The old school site still has pines, oaks and jacarandas gracing the area, also after each shower of rain, pink crokers can still be seen popping up all around the old school site. In 1927 the school was moved and renamed Backmede School.

John and Johanna left “Briarfield” at the turn of the century and moved closer to Casino. He had a succession of 10

| Heartland Magazine Special Feature

Mick and Mary Moroney’s wedding

Luke, along with his brother Peter travelled from Lambing Flat to the Casino District in the 1870’s.

He selected his land and began in the cedar business, cutting and hauling timber by bullock team.

Sadness struck the Comiskey Family with losing their 4th child William at 4 weeks old on 22nd September 1889 and Clare Lillian on 19th August 1901 aged 8 months.

team hauling cedar. One flood claimed his wagon and logs while he was camped at Fairy Hill.

Paddy acquired a few properties around the area and houses in Casino. A tennis Jack and William Dwyer and Dick Hanley - 1917 court was built on “Springfield” where many matches were held either with family and friends. He always kept the names of his properties written up behind the door of the barn. This is where he had a tally of his cattle on each property.

Luke was an expert horseman and always kept a pair of creamy horses which he used in a buggy. The family moved to Umbirum between Pitsworth and Toowoomba in 1907 and purchased a property.

Mary died 26th January 1944

Luke Comiskey’s sale notice - 1907

Patrick [Paddy] was born in 3rd January 1864. He married Mary Reynolds 16th September 1889 in Casino. Mary, being the daughter of Patrick and Catherine Reynolds, were early pioneers to Backmede. Reynolds Road was named after him.

Family - Catherine, Mary, Ellen, Margaret, Anne, John and Clare.

In his early life Paddy worked bullock teams and later changed to dairying. He built their first home working at night where Mary held the lantern. When this house was pulled down, an 1883 halfpenny was found in a position which indicated it must have been placed there during the construction of the house.

Paddy was a busy carpenter and built many houses, dairies and barns in the neighbourhood. He also took a keen interest in the going’s on in the district where he was a member of many organisations in Casino. He loved a game of tennis and played it right up to his later years. He also used a bullock

Mary died 17th July 1919 from the Influenza epidemic.

Patrick later remarried to Anne Richardson who died at the age of 48 years. He then married Mildred Richardson.

Paddy died in 22nd September 1938 and the farm was purchased by his nephew, William Luke Dwyer. Now in 2020, Great Grandson, Chris wife Kathy with family Kirrley, Brendan and Kaitlyn live on the property, keeping the Dwyer tradition going.

To be continued in Issue 42 of Heartland Magazine….

Kit Monaghan

John and Johanna Dwyer and Family Heartland Magazine Special Feature | 11

Con Colleano Cornelius Sullivan was born in Lismore on the 26th December 1899 and was the 3rd of 10 children. His parents were an Irish man and a woman of indigenous decent. His father was a freed convict while his mother’s father was an Afro Caribbean man from St Thomas in the Danish West Indies.

The family was financially supported by his father who mad a living from side shows involving boxing and gambling.

outgrown Australia and wanted to try his luck overseas. His first performance was in South Africa and he was billed as Australian until April 1924, when he adopted a toreador persona which became one of his greatest career moves.

In 1907 the family settled in Lightning Ridge which had just been established as an opal mining settlement. It was here that 7 yr. old Colleano gained a rudimentary education and learnt circus skills from the sideshows in the town.

In September 1924 he performed at the New York Hippodrome Theatre where he was noticed by the famous Ringling Bros and Barnum and Bailey Circus. His toreador act included Spanish bullfighting in the ring as well as Spanish dance moves on the high wire, finishing with the front somersault. His success was unstoppable, and he became the principal act of the Ringling Bros Circus through the 1930’s, until WW2 broke out, earning $1000 per week. Con performed to massive crowds throughout his vaudeville tour of Europe with Adolf Hitler being one of his biggest fans.

In order to make a better living, the children who were old enough formed a circus troupe called “Collinos” in 1910. They picked this name to try and depict themselves as an Italian group to draw attention away from their true background, which at that time was controversial. The group was successful and travelled throughout New South Wales with other major circus’s, bringing in a modest but consistent income. Their success continued to grow and by 1918 “Colleano’s All-Star Circus” was travelling throughout Queensland on their own hired train. Their name changed again to “The Royal Hawaiian Troupe” to disguise their dark complexions.

1919 was the year that Con had mastered the foot-to-foot front somersault which was to be a pivotal point in his future career.

In 1922 he was earning 60 pound a week with the Australian vaudeville movement through the Tivoli Circuit while his siblings also appeared in the show as the “Eight Akbar Arabs”.

Con met his fiancé, Winnie Trevali who was a soubrette and was also able to teach Con some dance moves which he transferred onto a high wire act. At this point he had 12 | Heartland Magazine

Returning to Sydney Australia with his wife in 1937, Con performed a series of performances at the Tivoli. Through the 1940’s he continued to perform throughout the U.S and made a television appearance at the Texaco Star Theatre in 1952. By this time, he was married to his wife Winnie and they adopted United States Citizenship in 1950.

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6 years later in 1956, Winnie and Con returned to Australia and bought the Albion Hotel in Forbes, which was unsuccessful. He returned to the U.S and continued to perform however it was not to the same acclaim he once had. He finished his career in 1960 in Honolulu.

Con Colleano was inducted into the Circus Hall of Fame in 1966 before his wife Winifred Colleano was inducted in 1975. After his death in Miami on the 13th of December 1973, his wife Winnie returned to Australia and later passed away in Sydney in 1986.

The legacy of Con Colleano has remained and was honoured in 1997, along with May Wirth, by Australia Post releasing a postage stamp depicting a contemporary poster entitled The Wizard of the Wire.

His incredible achievements in the entertainment industry, through some of the hardest times in history are truly inspiring. His passion for his family and craft allowed him to succeed and to perform for some of the most influential people in history.

Con Colleano is one of the greatest Australian entertainers the world has ever seen as he always pushed new boundaries setting a very high standard for those succeeding him.

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Heartland Magazine | 13

Australian Historianians

According to Stuart McIntyre in his survey of the historiography of Australia, until the late 20th century historians of Australia used an Imperial framework, arguing that Australia emerged from a transfer of people, institutions, and culture from Britain. These historians painted a Whiggish narrative of successful growth into a modern nation, tracing the arrival of limited self-government, with regional parliaments and responsible ministers, followed by Federation in 1901 and eventually full national autonomy. According to McIntyre, that interpretation has been largely abandoned by recent scholars: The process of settlement is now regarded as a violent invasion of a rich and subtle indigenous culture, the colonists’ material practices as destructive of a fragile environment, their aesthetic response to it blinkered and prejudiced, the cultivation of some British forms timid and unresponsive.

The first major history of Australia was William Charles Wentworth’s Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales, and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen’s Land: With a Particular

14 | Heartland Magazine

Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration, and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America (1819).

Wentworth details the disastrous effects the penal regime.

Many other historians followed his path, with the six volume History of Australia by Manning Clark (published 1962–87) telling the story of “epic tragedy” in which “in which the explorers, Governors, improvers, and perturbators vainly endeavoured to impose their received schemes of redemption on an alien, intractable setting”.

With a handful of exceptions, there was little serious history of women in Australia before the 1970s. Women’s history as an academic discipline emerged in the mid-1970s, typified by Miriam Dixson’s The Real Matilda: Woman and Identity in Australia, 1788 to the Present (1976). The first studies were compensatory, filling in the vacuum where women had been left out. In common with developments in the United States and Britain, there was a movement toward gender studies, with a field dominated by feminists. Of recent importance are studies of the role of women on the Homefront, and in military service, during world wars. See Australian women during World War I and Australian women in World War II. Other important topics include the histories of families, demography, education, and childhood.

Since the 1980s a “history war” has been fought in Australia by scholars and politicians. They angrily debate the concept of genocide in the treatment of Aboriginal populations.

They debate how “British” or “multicultural” Australia has been historically, and how it should be today. The rhetoric has escalated into national politics, often tied to the question of whether the royalty should be discarded and Australia become a republic. There have been angry statements by those adhering to the older pro-British position. Interest in the study of Australian history has plunged, and some schools and universities have sharply cut it back.

Richmond Bridge - Australias First Bridge

On the 11th of December 1823, the first foundation stone was laid of the Richmond Bridge in Tasmania. Located 25 km North of Hobart, Richmond Bridge is Australia’s oldest stone span bridge which gained it recognition in 2005 on the Australian National Heritage List.

The need for the bridge was recognised by Royal Commissioner, John Thomas Bigge in 1820 and was named Bigge’s Bridge on its completion in 1825. It was constructed by quarried sandstone from Butchers Hill which was carried by convicts to the sight using hand carts. It has 4 main arches which were placed in the best possible places in relation to the water flow, with 6 arches in total.

The bridge was constructed to assist farmers with transporting their crops as well as transporting convicts to other regions from Hobart Town. The river was dangerous at flood time and so the bridge allowed crossings even in the rainy season.

The bridge was 41 meters in length and was 7.5 meters wide.

It was the longest bridge in Australia until 1836 and was built extremely well as it is still in use today with much heavy vehicles using the bridge daily. It is monitored heavily to ensure that its structural integrity is in-tact and that minimal damage is stressed upon the old bridge. The riverbanks are also maintained to support the structure as well as allowing people to appreciate it’s the bridges beauty and strong heritage history.

with some even spotting the ghost of George Grover. George was transported to Tasmania as a convict and was made a flagellator and managed a group of convicts who were rebuilding the piers on the bridge. He was unkind to the convicts and whipped the men while he rode on the back of the carts, they were pulling from Butchers Hill.

One day in 1932 George was travelling over the bridge after he had visited a near by farm. He had been drinking heavily and decided to take a rest on the bridge and fell asleep.

It is said he was thrown over the side of the bridge and was able to tell the police who found him, that he had been thrown off the side by four men.

He soon after died and is said to be haunting the bridge through his ghost. Some also believe his dog’s ghost walks alongside pedestrians that use the bridge.

The bridge is a main tourist attraction in the Richmond area

“Success is a journey, not a destination. It requires constant effort, vigilance and re-evaluation”

- Mark Twain

As we come to an easing of Covid-19 restrictions.

I am reminded of this quote.

Heartland Magazine | 15

PROFILE STORY OF WILLIAM OLIVE – COMPILED BY NOELINE OLIVE - PART 1 OF 3

The Aboriginal history of the “Olive Family” first relates to “Aboriginal Jenny” recorded and known as “Jenny Olive” who was born and died at Yulgilbar which is west of Grafton. Written records state that Jenny was a full blood Aboriginal woman and was about 75 years old when she died on the 12/9/1912.

Aboriginal customs at that time confirm that Aboriginal people did not have “Surnames” and their first names were “Tribal Names”. It was very common for Aboriginal people to have their tribal names and surnames changed to European names by people they worked for, or had a relationship with.

“Jenny Olive” had 4 children Mary Ann Olive, James Edward Olive, Annie Olive and William John Olive.

“ Jenny Olive” – Death Certificate

– 1966) and Harold (1902 – 1959).

William Olive was the son of William John Olive (1866 – 1946) and Nellie Cowan (1854 and 1904) and was born on the 7/10/1890 in Grafton. He was the 5th child of 8 children in his family and his siblings included Elsie (1882 -1966), Alice (1884 – 1924), Elizabeth (1886 - 1906), David (1887-1888), Twins Lily (1893 – 1893) and Ruby (1893

Cangai Mines

William left the Cangai Mines sometime in 1915 as he enlisted on the 15/10/1915 in Lismore. His army records confirmed he was aged 25, single, occupation Miner and his next of kin was his brother Harold Olive of Cangai.

Enlistment Form

Father – William John Olive

Eldest Sister Elsie

Youngest Sister Ruby

Signed Oath Form

The official recruitment policy of the Australian Army at this time was that Aboriginal enlistments were neither, necessary or desirable. However the pay and conditions offered by the AIF was a strong attraction for rural Aboriginal men to volunteer for active service abroad. Many Aboriginal men were knocked back by the AIF because they were Aboriginal.

William’s family lived at the township of Cangai which is about 43kms west of Grafton. William was only 13 years old when his mother died, his sister Ruby was 12 and his brother Harold was aged 2. Records confirm that William’s father sister Annie raised Ruby and she attended the Cangai School in 1905 aged 12 years and her guardian was recorded as her Uncle Augusta Napoleon one of Annie’s sons.

Not a lot is known about William’s early childhood but as a teenager he was employed as a Miner at the Cangai Mines where Copper, Gold, Silver and Ore were mined.

Miners at that time were paid an average of eight shillings a day (about $1.60) and could be paid in cash or gold.

During the booming mining times in the 1800’s and 1900’s the mines employed over 200 men and the township of Cangai continued to grow and the records confirm that during its peak, business consisted of a Coach House, 2 Hotels, 2 Butchers, Post Office, General Stores, Baker, Dance Hall, Barber, Skating Rick, a Boarding House, Billiard House, Race Course and Football Ground. The first school opened in 1896 and the second in 1908. The mine was very successful for many years but the effects of the workers joining up for WW1 and the Copper Market collapse the Cangai mine closed.

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Army Photo - 1915

William 3rd – left to right in the Third Back Row

Though William enlisted in Lismore, like many recruits from the Northern Rivers region he trained in Brisbane. He was with the 16th Reinforcement for the 9th Battalion and left from the Exhibition Grounds in Brisbane on the 28/3/1916 bound for Egypt aboard the “Star of Victoria”. By this time troops had been evacuated from Gallipoli and units in the Middle East were being reformed. He transferred to the 49th Battalion and in June 1916 he proceeded to France via the Port of Marseilles to begin his active service on the front line.

While fighting in France, William was wounded in his left arm on the 3/9/1916 and was evacuated on the ship “Asturias” to England for treatment. He was hospitalised initially at the Military Hospital at Dartford, England for two weeks before spending more than a month at the First Southern General Hospital at

Birmingham, England. On the 5/2/1917 he was briefly assigned for two weeks to the 5th Division Army Police before he embarked back to France to his Battalion on the ship “Invicta”. On the 7/7/17 while on the front line in Messines, France he obtained a flesh wound to his left leg but remained in France for treatment.

On the 17/7/1917, a Miss Rose Flint of Brisbane wrote to the Australia Army regarding William as she stated that she had heard nothing from him and being “Engaged” to him she was anxious to know why she had not had any letters or news about him. On the 26/7/1917 the Australia Army replied to her and informed her that William had been discharged from hospital in England on the 13/10/1916 after recovering from a mild gunshot wound in the arm and granted furlough until the 28/10/1916 and was then to report to Perham Downs in England. William’s family was not aware of this lady until they gained William’s war records Gladys – 2nd from left Front Row – brother John 5th Front Row Mother Kathleen 3rd from left Second Row

Gladys and her family also lived at Cangai and written records of Cangai School, confirm that Gladys attended the school in 1907 and she was 9 years old and her sister Mabel was aged 7.

Letter from Miss Flint

Army Response Letter

In August 1917 William was transferred to the Army Provost Marshal Unit for Traffic Control duties where he remained until the end of the war.

William returned home to Australia on the 6/6/1919 on the ship “Port Napier” which called into the port of Fremantle in Western Australia. William went Absent With-Out Leave (AWO) while the ship was in dock. He was located two weeks later, and, on the 24 June, he embarked on the ship “Somalie” and travelled back to Brisbane arriving in July. He was discharged from the Army on the 2/9/1919 in Brisbane. William’s name is inscribed on the Copmanhurst Church Roll of War Honour and the Grafton District War Scroll After being discharged from the Army, William’s family is not sure if he returned back to the Grafton area straight away or where he worked as on the 30/10/1920, William married Gladys Vivian Jackson at the Christ Church Cathedral in Grafton.

Gladys Vivian Jackson

In 1924/1925 William and Gladys, travelled from Grafton to Casino by horse and sulky with their two oldest sons Roy and Reginald aged about 5 and 3 years. Due to the Australian Aboriginal Welfare Board policy that Aboriginal people could not live in a township, William built a shanty hut for his family on the riverbank of the Richmond River about 3 miles along the Lismore Road.

The hut was made from salvaged timber from local mills, had a tin roof, 3 areas divided by hessian to make into bedrooms and had a dirt floor.

William and Gladys went onto have another 6 children while living in this shanty hut including Keith (1925 – 1991), Claude (1928 – 1982), Stanley (Bruce) (1930), Olga (1932 – 1996), Cyril (1935) and James (1937 – 1976).

When William first arrived in Casino, he gained employment cutting timber in the Drake area west of Casino, which was used for railway sleepers. He then gained employment with the Tomki Shire Council in Casino (now known as the Richmond Valley Council) where his job was to build and maintain the roads of Casino.

In 1945 William’s children understand that their mother Gladys had received some money from the Australian Army due to the death of her brother John as a Prisoner of War in Borneo. At this time William applied for a loan from the NSW Rural Bank to purchase a home for this family. This loan was approved which was very unusual for an Aboriginal person during the 1940’s to gain a loan, buy a house and be able to live in a town. This was due to the Aboriginal Welfare Board restrictions regarding Aboriginal people having no rights and were controlled and told what they could do and where they could go, and Aboriginal children were being removed from their families.

Marriage Certificate

Gladys was born on the 18/5/1896 in Grafton and she was the 2nd child, of Frederick Jackson and Kathleen Walker who were both born and died at Grafton. Her siblings included Mabel (1893 – 1962), Arthur (1910 – 1910), Eugene (1912 – 1937) and John (1916 – 1945)

William and Gladys Home – 29 Wheat St - Casino We will continue the story William Olive in the next edition of Heartland Magazine Heartland Magazine | 17

The Coola Cozzies Story On the Stress Scale starting your own business is right up there with buying your first house or getting married. It took me about eight years from first conceiving the idea of an on-line business to actually launching it in December 2015. I gave it a lot of thought and did a lot of research, but it was finally extreme environmental factors and the resulting sense of desperation that actually pushed me into just giving it a go.

Despite living on the land all my life and having fair skin, I did not take sun-safety seriously until I had to have BCCs removed in my thirties. I’m a slow learner! So, when my parents retired to the beach in 2004, I thought swim shirts/ rashies and boardies would be the perfect Christmas presents for me and my fair skinned family. I went on the hunt for nice quality sun-safe swimwear and could only find a few in black and nothing at all in larger sizes. For a couple of years, I kept searching on and off, even purchasing some from the US which turned out to be very disappointing.

At the same time my new husband and I were talking about ways to generate off-farm income to supplement his wage on his family’s property in Western Queensland.

One afternoon in 2006 this was all swilling around in my head while I was sitting on a motorbike walking cattle about 10km back to their paddock. Then I had an epiphany. “If I couldn’t find nice sun-safe swimwear, maybe others were having the same trouble!” I vividly remember riding over to Adrian and excitedly telling him. “I have just thought of our big off-farm business idea!” He just rolled his eyes at me, as if to say, “Oh God, here she goes again.” He was right, why would anyone with any sense consider starting up an on-line sun-safe swimwear business from Outback Qld? So, of course, I didn’t do a thing about it.

Throughout 2013 I kept saying to Adrian ‘don’t worry it’s going to rain’ (because I’m a naïve optimist!). And I kept praying. But it didn’t rain! Throughout 2014 Adrian and I were constantly struggling with a barrage of questions. Do we keep selling stock? What if we sell stock this week and it rains next week? What do we do if we aren’t generating any income? How much strain will restocking put on Adrian’s family business? What if we’re making the wrong decisions?! This torment began to undermine our confidence and our self-belief.

As so many of us know all too well, drought is a slow merciless thief. It feels like you can’t do a thing about it and there is no end-in-sight. It messes with your mind if you let it, and I let it. The pro-longed drought and family succession planning took their toll and I started to feel desperate. It was in this environment that the swimwear idea from way back in 2006 emerged again.

Despite feeling totally terrified and even embarrassed about my idea I started researching swimwear manufacturing and developed a business plan. I was teaching our two children via Longreach School of Distance Education during the day, and working on Coola Cozzies into the night. Slowly, one tiny step by tiny step Coola Cozzies took form. The ‘Marchmont’ schoolroom became Coola Cozzies headquarters.

Finally, on the 1st December 2015 we launched the Coola Cozzies Facebook page using photos of our beautiful neighbours wearing our colourful sun-safe Cozzies in a dry trough with the backdrop of our bare paddocks.

The very next morning we woke to find that we had no landline, no mobile and no internet. The tower carrying the signal for us and six of our neighbouring families had failed. I thought to myself, well if this is a sign, I’m xxx! I’d invested every cent of my life savings and worst of all, my new business was public.

Fast forward eight years to 2013, that was the year the worst drought in living memory started to really bite for us. On the back of a run of good seasons and a bumper wet season in 2012, we started 2013 fully stocked with cattle and sheep on the 20,000 hectare property. But in Winter, in what seemed like a matter of weeks, the protein just leeched from our grass. By September 2013 Adrian was feeding out cotton seed and lick supplements to our cattle nearly every day, but the older cows were going backwards before our eyes. We scrambled to destock. With almost 80% of Queensland drought declared, options for agistment and feed-lotting were almost non-existent, and prices for stock plummeted.

18 | Heartland Magazine

We had intermittent phone service and no internet service for 21 days. By driving to town most days to access the internet I finished off the website, finalised our first order from China (yes, sorry, could not find a swimwear manufacturer in Australia), and connected with our new Facebook audience.

Then in mid-December we drove to my parent’s home in Yeppoon and launched the Coola Cozzies website.

Since then we’ve sent more than 5000 orders across Australia and to several countries overseas. We’ve been incredibly blessed to receive some amazing media coverage and to be named the Qld Rural Regional and Remote Women’s Network

Small Business of the Year in 2016. But it has been the beautiful feedback from happy, grateful customers that has been our ongoing motivation and inspiration.

We’re proud to be able to help our customers be sun-safe in a land that has one of the highest sun cancer death rates in the world. And we’ve made so many lovely new friends along the Coola Cozzies journey.

In small business there seems to be new challenges each week and it’s a matter of trying to figure out how to do, or deal with, the latest thing. To be honest I still don’t know what I’m doing!

I’m learning every day. I’m grateful to be able to say that I’ve learned some useful lessons along the way and Coola Cozzies is providing a small, but steady, income as we limp through another less than average season in Western Queensland.

When it comes to sun-safety for me and my family, I’m now a vigilante! And my wish is for our Coola Cozzies customers, no matter their age, shape or skin type, to feel confident and sunsafe in and near the water. Get in the water, there’s magic in it!

What are the lessons I’ve learned from the Coola Cozzies journey?

Train your mind, its power is immeasurable. Our mind is a bit like a really talented, but strong-willed young horse.

It takes a lot of time, work, patience and perseverance to control that potential and energy to the point of competing in a futurity! Reward the positive thoughts, block the bad, judgemental, negative ones. It’s a work in progress!

Spats and Boot Guards The evolution of the humble boot guard is one of fashions more interesting apparel items. Tradesmen and farmers are often seen wearing boot guards to stop unwanted dirt, mud or grass getting inside their boots, but this was not always the case.

In the late 19th, and into the early 20th century men and women were often see wearing spats. The word spats comes from the lengthened version of spatterdashes. Originally, they were used to protect one’s footwear from mud and dirt but became a fashionable footwear item. Spats became a symbol of one’s wealth and often were worn on more formal occasions, usually with a top hat and cane. Fred Astaire can often be seen in many of his movies sporting the look, complete with a top hat, tails, a cane and spats.

The use of spats for formal dress code purposes, rather then their functional use, can be seen in many military uniforms across the globe. French infantry forces wore white spats up until 1903 as part of their parade and military uniform.

The Scottish line infantry regiments were amalgamated in 2006 into the Royal Regiment of Scotland, still retain white spats as part of their uniform today. As well as military, marching bands and bugle corps hold onto the tradition and still wear spats as well as many riffle guards throughout the world.

Although to look at, spats and boot guards are very different, boot guards have evolved from the form fitting spats of the past. Instead of shiny buttons of the spats, boot guards are a simplified version using elastic to hold the guard in place.

Instead a form fitted fabric cover the Australian boot guard has a ruffled skirt like effect which when worn correctly, ensures no unwanted debris will fall into a work persons boot. The boot guards of today are more of a safety item rather then the way spats are now worn in todays modern age.

Get quiet. This can be hard in our sophisticated and connected world, even more so if you’ve got kids or others depending on your time. Even if it’s half an hour at the beginning of the day, that’s a great start. Your still quiet voice will talk to you in those moments, just make sure that little voice is telling you ‘you’re awesome’!

Do the thing that you really want to do. If you’re not there yet, keep the vision of how you want to live your life in your mind and focus on that vision with laser like intensity. Think like you’ve already achieved it.

Ignore the nay-sayers and knockers, and don’t compare yourself to anyone else in business. Draft out any information or thoughts that aren’t helpful. You and your journey are unique.

Heartland Magazine | 19

PROFILE STORY OF STANLEY (BRUCE) OLIVE - COMPILED BY NOELINE OLIVE - PART 1 OF 3 My name is Stanley Bruce Olive, but I have always been known as Bruce by my family and friends. I was born on the 28 August 1930 at what was known at that time as the Northolme Private Hospital in North Street, Casino.

My father was William Olive who was born 7/10/1890 in Grafton and died on the 15/10/1961 in Casino and my mother was Gladys Vivian Jackson who was born 18/5/1896 in Grafton and died 22/10/1961 in Casino. My parents were married at the Christ Church Cathedral in Grafton on the 30 October 1920.

I am the 5th of 8 children in my family and my siblings include Roy (1921 – 2000), Reginald (1923 – 2001), Keith (1925 – 1991), Claude (1928 – 1982), Olga (1932 – 1966), Cyril (1935) and James (1937 – 1976). Roy and Reginald were born in Grafton and my other sibling were all born in Casino.

My father lived at Cangai, Via Grafton and worked as a Miner at the Cangai Copper Mines. My mother Gladys was employed as a Waitress and she worked in Maclean.

In 1924/25 my parents and my two eldest brothers Roy and Reginald travelled by horse and sulky to Casino. At this time Aboriginal people were under the Government, Aboriginal Welfare Board and were forced to live on Aboriginal Missions/Reserves which were built by the government miles away from towns and controlled by Managers.

When my father came to Casino, he had other ideas and built his own place to live which was on the riverbank of the Richmond River in Casino which was about three miles along the Lismore Road. He built a shanty hut made from salvaged timber from local mills. It had a tin roof, 3 areas divided by hessian to make into bedrooms and it had a dirt floor. My mother was a very hard worker and kept our hut spotless.

The land where my father built our hut was owned by a bloke named Cliff Davidson. I got my first job working for Cliff when I was about 12 years old where I would feed his pigs after I came home from school each day and I got paid about two bob a week (about 20 cents). After a while I worked there more often and did odd jobs for him and then I got paid about ten bob a week (about $1.00) and I thought I was a millionaire.

At this time there were many other Aboriginal families building their own huts along either side of the banks of Richmond River in Casino. Some of the families I remember included the Webb’s, Walkers, Hogan’s, Gordons, and Browns and on the south side of the river these huts went east and stretched right down pass Tatham.

When my father first arrived in Casino, he gained employment cutting railway sleepers in the Drake area and would come home for a few days and then he’d be gone again. There was no electricity in those days, so we had kerosene and fat lamps.

My mother would do the cooking on an open fire and the washing in an old copper tub which meant a few times a week, my brothers and I would have to cart huge drums of water from the river to our hut. Sometimes if we played after school and forget to cart the water and if our father come home from work, he would have us down at the river up to eight o’clock at night doing what we should have done hours earlier. My brothers and I also had to chop the firewood for the cooking fire and for heating up the bathing and washing water.

As children we made our own fun and played games with other children living along the riverbanks and we went 20 | Heartland Magazine

swimming in the river. When it flooded, we would get hessian bags and slide down through the mud into the river. We made boats to float down the river out of old tin and we patched up the holes with tar from the road. We also caught fish, ducks and rabbits to eat and lived off the land and ate wild cherries, berries, quavers and honey.

I began my schooling at the Casino Primary School in Walker Street, when I was about six or seven years old. One of my older brothers took me along to school on my first day I had no shoes and not many other kids had shoes either. I remember that I was wearing a pair of grey shorts and white shirt which had been one of my brothers and a bit small for me as I was quite big and tall for my age. I had some sort of bag on my back to carry my lunch and also my pencils and some books we had to bring along. I remember there was a big camphor laurel tree which had wooden seats all around it in the play area at the entrance of the school and my brother told me to wait there until one of the teachers came to get me. I was petrified and I must have waited there for about half an hour before the teacher came and took me to my classroom. I walked to school with my brothers and sister which was about 3 miles each way from where we lived along the Lismore Road. Most of the time we would walk along the riverbank, which was at the back of the school, as it was a good short cut and not as long, but we had to watch out for snakes and spiders. I was always keen on sports at school and I liked playing cricket and rounders and I remember one of my teachers name was Trigger McGee.

Bruce 5th from the left in the Back Row – 1941 - Class 4B

After leaving school at about 14, I worked for a while on local farms and then came a stint at a local sawmill. After that I got a job on the Tomki Shire Council in Casino (now known as the Richmond Valley Council) and worked alongside, my father who had a job with them after many years of hard physical work in the bush.

I worked for the council for about 8 or 9 years and at that time I as young, fit and strong and I would spend my days swinging a pick, shovelling dirt, breaking up stones or working an old backhoe to build and maintain a lot of the streets in Casino.

Away from the daily grind of hard manual work I was building a reputation as a tough, plucky rugby league player. I commenced playing with the “Casino All Blacks” First Grade Rugby League Football Club in the Casino Competition in about 1948 when I was about 18 years old. I remember that there were times when 5 of my brothers and I would take to the field together in this team. With 6 “Olives” in the one team, I recall the local radio commentator at the game

often found it impossible to call the game correctly when my brothers or I had the ball as he couldn’t remember “who was who” as at times a few of us played in different positions and in the end the radio commentator would just state “One of the Olive boys has the ball for the Casino All Blacks”.

Back Row – Bruce, Roy, Reginald Front Row – Claude, James, William (our father) Keith

Football Program 17 September 1954

At this time there were about 10 different Rugby League Football Clubs playing in the Casino Competition and the “Casino All Blacks Rugby League Football Team” was very successful and they won the competition for 7 years straight years in a row as Major Premiers from 1948 to 1954, and some of these years they were undefeated throughout the year.

Casino All Black Rugby League Football Club – from left Bruce 5th in the back row

During this time, I was regularly picked for the Casino 1st Representative Teams and clocked, up thousands of miles traveling to and from rugby league fixtures within the Far North Coast.

Casino 1st Representative Team Bruce 2nd from the right Back Row

Program – 14 September 1952 Casino 1st versus Toowoomba 1st

me play a number of rugby league games and then asked me if I would be interested in having a trial game in Wollongong with the Western Suburbs Rugby League Football Club.

I decided to take up his offer and a couple of week later I caught the train on a Friday night to Sydney and then caught another train to Wollongong. I was met at the Wollongong railway station by Geoff Fulner who was the secretary of the Western Suburbs Rugby League Football Club. The next day I had a trial run at Reed Park in Dapto, near Wollongong and then travelled back by train on the Sunday to Casino, so that I could start back to work on Monday. The following week I got a telegram from Geoff to ask me to go back to Wollongong for another trial so the following Friday I was off again and went through the whole rigmarole again. A few days later I got a second telegram from Geoff to say that they wanted to sign me up under a three year contract with the club and they would find accommodation and a job for me. I decided to take up this offer as I believed that I would have better opportunities to further my football career and future work opportunities.

1957 turned out to be a big year for me as I had just got married to Margaret Bolt on the 12 April at St Anglian Church in Casino. So, with my new bride, our single suitcase and the clothes on our backs we headed off by train from Casino to Wollongong.

Left to right – My parents, my brother James, me, wife Margaret, Evelyn Robinson and Margaret’s parents Christopher and Kathleen Bolt (nee Anderson)

On arrival at Wollongong Railway Station I was again meet

by Geoff who took us to a small flat with basis furniture on Mt Keira Road near Wollongong which he had got for us to rent. We were there for a couple of years before we moved up the road to a much bigger place and later on, we got a Housing Commission House at Berkley near Wollongong.

We continue the Story of Stanley (Bruce) Olive in the next Issue of Heartland Magazine

In 1957 while playing for the “Casino All Blacks Rugby League Football Team” I was spotted by a chap, named Norman McKnight who came from the Illawarra area on the South Coast of NSW to live in Casino. He came, to watch Heartland Magazine | 21

Petals Australia At the age of 16 Jules Flower bought the first of many charms.

It was an antique silver horseshoe which brought her much more then luck. Jules admired the fine intricate artwork on the charm which ignited a passion for beautiful things and led to a charm collection from her overseas travels.

For Jules Flower, art, travel and her love of exquisite jewellery has taken her on a journey which has developed into her own collection of delicate pieces. In 2007 Jules created Petals Australia which initially distributed open ended strings of pearls and pearl bracelets.

Since then Petals Australia has grown and now offers a huge selection of the finest pieces in sterling silver, rose gold and yellow gold.

From her studio in Bangalow, nestled in the Byron Bay hinterland, Jules takes inspiration from her travels, experiences and her daily surrounds to create jewellery which reflect her love and appreciation of life. Each piece is created with the unique attention to detail. The classic lines and beautiful finishes give her jewellery a simplistic yet exclusive feel.

Her range of bracelets, earrings, necklaces and rings are the perfect gift for women of any age and personal taste. Jules believes that her jewellery translates through the ages and compliments a woman’s natural essence, showing their beauty from the inside out.

The connection between a woman and her jewellery is one that can sometimes not be explained. Jewellery is often more

22 | Heartland Magazine

than an accessory but a physical piece of wearable art which is a reminder of a place, a special person or an event in a woman’s life.

Jules and her team are sensitive to this fact and present their necklaces and bracelets on beautiful quoted cards. This not only adds meaning to the individual pieces but allows customers to pick specific gifts for the people they love.

Jules designs her jewellery to bring joy and celebrate life as well as the relationship you not only have with yourself but with others. Her family range is designed to commemorate these bonds as does her Blessed and Loved range. The high quality of materials used means the jewellery can be worn on a daily basis, giving customers the chance to truly appreciate the detail and care taken to create Petals Australia Jewellery.

As the business grows, as does the passion and creativity from Jules and her team of eight other like minded women. The lucky silver horseshoe Jules Flower bought as a 16 year old girl has not only brought her much luck in life but has inspired her flourishing business and continues to bring her much joy, hope and gratitude.

02 6687 2939 4/10 Station Street, Bangalow NSW 2479 www.petalsaustralia.com.au

Ship of Death The quarantine station also being of a very considerable distance from Brisbane, and having no proper accommodation to afford shelter from the inclemencies of the weather, together with the vast amount of sickness prevailing there, will render the duty a very arduous and disagreeable one.

These were the words of Dr David Keith Ballow as he steeled himself to take charge of the typhus-stricken quarantine station at Dunwich, Stradbroke Island, in August 1850.

During these worrying times of pandemic today, it is interesting to reflect upon a similar health crisis of the past. Quarantine in 1850 meant quite a different thing from what it means today; accommodation was rough and uncomfortable, and there was no internet to aid communication or Netflix to ease boredom. And yet, human responses to adversity are universal and timeless.

Fear and uncertainty abounded then as now – and yet so did courage, selflessness and hope.

to be strictly no fraternising between the sexes. Two tiers of what could be described as ‘shelving’ lined the unventilated hull, with partitions demarcating sleeping berths for each passenger: 18 inches for women and 21 for men. Considering that most experienced seasickness for the first few weeks, and that many families included babies in nappies, the stench must have been appalling.

Small wonder that if infectious disease broke out, all on board were in dire peril. Typhus is a caused by the bacterium rickettsia typhi and carried by lice and fleas.

It is treatable with antibiotics now, but in 1850 it was deadly. Epidemics of typhus have been responsible for countless deaths worldwide throughout history, and in the mid-19th century it was rife. While medical science had not yet discovered its cause or cure, doctors knew typhus thrived in cramped and squalid conditions like gaols, army camps, crowded tenements and ships. For this reason, all passengers had undergone strict hygiene procedures at Plymouth’s Emigration Depot, and shipboard life included rigorous sanitation routines.

But despite these measures, about three weeks into the voyage one of the young female emigrants fell ill with typhus. Catherine Maunsell was a 22-year-old servant from Limerick who was travelling with her brother, Patrick. Catherine would eventually recover, but before long the disease was tearing through the ship.

By the time the Emigrant sailed into Moreton Bay, some 17 people had been buried at sea, including three infants and a sailor. Typhus claimed three more lives as the ship idled in Moreton Bay. And it was there that the young surgeon, George Mitchell, fell ill.

Photo supplied by Jim Fenwick

On 17 April 1850, 276 English and Irish emigrants had departed from Plymouth on the barque Emigrant, bound for Moreton Bay. The penal establishment there had closed in 1842 and the free settlers were eager to develop their fledgling community. The government had responded by selecting British emigrants for subsidised passage: young, healthy, respectable citizens who would work, prosper and reproduce. The Emigrant was the second government-assisted ship to sail directly into Moreton Bay. Captain William Henry Kemp was in command.

The experienced mariner from Kent, England, was accompanied by his wife Frances Sarah and their young daughter. Responsible for health and discipline throughout the voyage was surgeon-superintendent, an Irish-born twenty-five-year-old named Dr George Mitchell.

The passengers were all housed in steerage quarters – single women at one end, single men at the other, with married couples and families between. There was 24 | Heartland Magazine

The acting health officer, Dr David Keith Ballow, went out to the ship to assess the situation. What he found was alarming: 15 in the hospital, 12 convalescing, and the surgeon fading fast. Immediately he and Captain Wickham, police magistrate, arranged to transfer the immigrants to the quarantine station at Dunwich and sent out a plea for medical assistance.

Dr Patrick Walsh Mallon, a widowed Irishman who had recently arrived in Brisbane Town from Sydney, answered the call. A passionate and principled man, he has been largely forgotten by history, though he would come to earn the immigrants’ deepest respect.

A quarantine station had been declared at Dunwich only months before the Emigrant’s arrival, and was not equipped to receive them. The only accommodation was dilapidated buildings remaining from the island’s days as a convict outstation. The little community set to work putting up tents and making cabins from timbers stripped from the ship.

Dr Mallon contracted typhus almost immediately. Once again, a plea for help went out to the medicos in the district. Unsurprisingly, none wanted to take the risk.

With great reluctance, then, Dr Ballow took charge

of the station himself. The 45-year-old Scottish-born pioneer had a young wife and a thriving practice, and his letters show he took up duty with a heavy heart. His fears were well-founded; Ballow died of typhus on 29 September, only ten days after poor George Mitchell finally succumbed.

For over three months, the immigrants endured storms, leaking tents and dread of disease. Twenty-six more perished on the island, including a young woman who threw herself into the sea in despair, and a child who died from accidental burns after cooking a potato on the beach. Meanwhile, the residents of Brisbane Town sent food, medical supplies, newspapers and games to bolster the spirits and health of their long-awaited labourers.

By November, when the station was evacuated, six children had been orphaned and 48 had lost their lives.

Many of the newcomers went on to become eminent citizens (with at least four potential mayors and a Supreme Court Judge amongst them), while others’ lives ended in destitution. Despite the ‘no fraternising’ rule, at least ten couples amongst the passengers married after their release from quarantine!

Author Bio Jane Smith is a Toowoomba librarian, author and freelance editor who enjoys researching and writing about history – fiction and non-fiction, for children and for adults. Jane has written a series of five children’s non-fiction books about bushrangers, a biography of Captain Starlight (for adults) and the first eight episodes of the children’s historical fiction series, ‘Tommy Bell, Bushranger. Three of her children’s books have been listed for significant literary awards. Jane’s latest work, Ship of Death: The Tragedy of the ‘Emigrant’, combines Jane Smith Author/Editor her curiosity about people’s lives with an interest in the beautiful Stradbroke Island and a fascination for medical history. She is looking forward to releasing a new children’s series, ‘Carly Mills, Pioneer Girl’ in May 2020.

The story of the Emigrant is a story of hardship and stoicism – a story that reflects the experiences of so many of our early white settlers in Australia. The immigrants spread throughout the country; many settled in Queensland while others moved on to New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. Many of their descendants gathered at Stradbroke Island in 2000 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the incident. A plaque at Dunwich’s beautiful cemetery that lists the names of the deceased is a sobering reminder of the tragedy.

Dr Mallon, happily, recovered, and was warmly praised by the other survivors of the voyage for his competence and kindness. When the ordeal was over, he returned south, remarried, fathered many children and practised medicine for the rest of his long life. Dr Ballow, on the other hand, lies in the historic cemetery at Dunwich with Dr Mitchell, beside 26 small white crosses that mark the resting place of those who died in quarantine. On his grave is the inscription: Greater love hath no man that this, that a man lay down his life for his friend.

Title: Ship of Death Author: Jane Smith Phone: 0410 064 152 Email: janesmith66@live.com Website: www.janesmithauthor.com

Heartland Magazine | 25

Parramatta Gaol Parramatta Gaol was once one of Australia’s most prolific gaols in the country. The first gaol block was built in 1798 and was a medium security facility to house thieves that were causing havoc at that time. The gaol was built using a lot of log and thatch and was subsequently burnt down by arsonists on the 28th of December, 1799.

The second jail was built in a similar fashion and did not use masonry to secure a long term gaol building. This turned out to be a mistake through one prisoner named Michael Hoare who was sent to Parramatta gaol in 1816. He was sentenced to 3 years in prison with the first 12 months to be served on bread and water rations in solitary confinement. As related to Governor Lachlan Macquarie, Hoare was weighed down with heavy irons and locked to a chain made fast onto his cell wall.

The noises that came from Hoare were particularly bad at night-time and eventually he was able to pull an iron bar from his cell window. This created a lot of damage to the prison and demonstrated how poorly made the building was.

Governor Macquarie was looking to build a secure and a substantial gaol which would stand the test of time and be able to house even the most challenging inmates. The site he had picked was Governor Bligh’s 105 acre land grant which Macquarie pointed out had been made by Governor King ‘in direct violation of the Standing Orders of His Majesty’s Ministers.’ In 1814 Macquarie sought colonial office approval to appropriate Bligh’s grant, obtained that approval in 1815 and finally issued a proclamation in 1819 declaring the grant null and void. The legal complications however were not put to rest until 1841 when Sir Maurice O’Connell, on behalf of his wife Mary (Bligh’s daughter), formally surrendered the land.

Governor Richard Bourke began erecting a substantial gaol which was a long and hard process which was only brought to partial fruition under his successor, George Gipps. In 1833 he aimed to gain authority for new gaols in Sydney and 26 | Heartland Magazine

Parramatta. In 1834 he told the masters at the colonial office that unless he had a response from them

by May 1835, he would use colonial funds to commence work. His appointees on the NSW Legislative Council gave him the necessary numbers to make this possible and, despite colonial opposition, the 1836 vote included £10,000 for Sydney and £5,000 for Parramatta.

Bourke appointed one of Thomas Mitchell’s surveyors, Mortimer William Lewis, in January 1835, to be the colonial architect and to prepare plans for both gaols. Both gaols had the governor’s house in the centre with the Parramatta gaol having 4 wings and the Sydney gaol having 6. In each wing there were 96 cells on each of the 3 floors, housing 6 prisoners in each cell. On the 3rdof January 1842 the new gaol was proclaimed a “Public Gaol, Prison and House of Correction”.

There was a decline in prison entries with the commencement of the First World War and by 1914 many of the prisoners who were in the system had been transferred into the mental health system. The army recruited many inmates from the male population and established their own places of confinement. The gaol closed for a time and was used as the Cumberland Hospital for the Insane. On the 14thof July 1922 the gaol reopened and remained open until 2011 when it shut its cells for good.

These days Parramatta gaol is a tourist hotspot and a chance for visitors to see the inside of a gaol as well as go back in time and experience some of Australia’s gaol history. The gaol offers ghost tours which leads participants into a darker part of the gaols history with stories of original inmates and some of the strange happenings at the gaol throughout history.

With a brand new internal fit out and host of fresh faces, Norco Rural Casino has recently gone through some big changes!

Our internal fit out has seen a brand new counter and office space created, along with new shelving that runs diagonally across the shop for an open plan look & feel.

We’ve had the pleasure of welcoming three new members to our friendly team – Mark, Jeff & Ellie!

Mark re-joins Norco Rural after a period of time in our old Casino site; with his wealth of experience & knowledge, we are thrilled to have Mark back in our team.

We are also excited to welcome two fresh faces – Jeff & Ellie – to the Norco Casino team. In an industry where competent, confident & capable staff are hard to come by, we are so lucky to be able to add to our already excellent team with the addition of our new staff.

Mark, Ellie & Jeff

Norco Casino May specials This month at Norco Casino, Bordon Bros Dryraaba Vet Crush just $4,950 incl.

GST! With vet section & needle doors, the Crush features: • • • • • • • • • • •

Heavy duty galvanised RHS & sheet Needle doors & split door on working side Full door on non-working side Weight bar mounting plates Bayonet squeeze on both sides Heavy duty vet section with lower kick door Full walk through MK2 headbail Front & rear headbail operation Easy to use push, pull headbail mechanism (no need for release levers) Anti-backup bar & lugs Painted for added protection

As Mark, Jeff & Ellie settle in, we will be expanding our product range & expert services offered to further support the Casino region.

This is a limited offer & only while stocks last.

Norco Rural values the Casino community as a key contributor to the success of the region & will continue to invest into the Casino store to ensure we are offering nothing but the best quality products & expert advice. Our teams understand that these are tough times; the uncertainty of our current environment has caused many of us to change the way we live & work. But even though it feels like the world around us has stopped, we know for most of our customers, this is one of the busiest times of the year.

Purchase any Bordins Crush or Datamars Weigh Gear over $1,000, and go into the drawer to win a HUGE Cattle Handling Pack!

OR Purchase any bag of Hygain, Mitavite, Fiber Fresh or Norco Horse & Pony Pellets & go in the draw to win a Kara Kar 2 X Horse Deluxe Angle Load Float!

Make sure you’re swiping your membership card every time you make a purchase. See website for T&Cs.

There are still animals to feed, farms to run and hard work to be done. We want to extend a ‘thank you’ to our customers, and remind you that no matter what, our dedicated Norco Casino Rural team are still here, ready to support you while you keep our local community thriving. Whilst some things are different – here at Norco Rural there’s one thing that will never change. Our great quality, friendly service and expert advice.

We look forward to seeing you in store!

Norco Country Club May specials

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DOUG CAMPBELL IN PROFILE Doug Campbell Henry Ford once said, “Chop your own wood, and it will warm you twice.” This is especially true for Doug Campbell who has been a lifelong timber man and has been able to not only warm himself, but his family more than twice over.

Born to Mervyn Kenneth Campbell and Dorothy May Flemming, Doug Campbell was the 2nd son of 6 children, born Mervyn Kenneth Campbell and Dorothy on the 29th of September 1942 May Flemming in Bonalbo. Mervyn and Dorothy worked together on the gorge at Bonalbo, cutting out railway sleepers for two years. Mervyn served in the National service before being discharged and purchasing a rundown property at Mongogarie.

Throughout the week Doug and his mother, would work the property while his father fell timber for Bennett’s Sawmill, Casino.

Although the family

had increased the livestock and crops on the property, they were forced to leave within a 24hr period due to an error with the mortgage. Moving to a stock reserve on Mongogarie Road.

The family was forced to live in 2 small tents before moving into Casino to set up the tents beside the bridge, now known as Steam Roller Park.

Doug had a challenging school life, attending schools in Mongogarie, Casino, Grevillia, Wiangaree, Kyogle and Lismore 1958, Doug felling his first electricity pole due to his father moving the with Danarm Tornado chainsaw owned

by H.K McIntosh and sons. family around. He began his schooling at the age of 7 and a half at Mongogarie before the family moved to “Frosty Flat” 30 miles north of Kyogle in 1950. “Frosty Flat” was small settlement of 26 families and had a grinding shop, built

by Clive McIntosh, and a blacksmith shop, built by Mr Les McIntosh. It was here that 8-year-old Doug began helping his father cut sleepers and girders.

At the age of 11, Doug was working at Dourrigans Gap to help clean up after the 1954 flood. Kevin and Beryl Booth, paid Doug with 2 hot meals a day as well as 2 pounds, which was more than a married man was receiving working at a sawmill.

1958, Doug felling his first electricity pole with

At the age of 14, Danarm Tornado chainsaw owned by H.K McIntosh and sons.

Doug left school and commenced work for H.K. McIntosh and Son’s, de-sapping poles at Keybarbin State Forest. Clive McIntosh, who was the first world champion wood chopper in the Kyogle Shire, gave Doug his first Keesteel axe, broad axe and de-sapping axe while Jimmy Lavelle gave him a Plumb de-sapping axe. Doug gained invaluable experience working for McIntosh and Sons as they did many jobs across the industry. They cleared electric light lines, shifted houses, built machinery, roads and bridges, blew stumps, ploughed farmland and worked swing saws. Doug was able to also learn the complete bush trade, camping in the scrub alongside 3 Aboriginal workers who became great friends and colleagues.

Since 1933 until 1980, the McIntosh family supplied the chopping blocks for the Sydney Royal Easter Show with Clive McIntosh winning his first world championship at the 1940 Sydney Royal Easter Show. Doug enjoyed travelling to Bega to help cut the blocks with part Aboriginals, Ted McBride and Frank Davis, as they had fascinating stories, jokes and bush wit to keep him entertained for the whole journey. There were

28 | Heartland Magazine

DOUG CAMPBELL IN PROFILE 2,800 blocks plus tree poles cut, and work was still carried out in the rain as there was no time for delay with the show maintaining their strict event dates.

Around this same time, Doug suffered an accident Doug trimming teak butchers blocks cutting his achilleas and had to be taken to hospital. This would be where he met Pam, who was a nurse and who subsequently caught his eye. Putting his best foot forward, Doug endeavoured to impress Pam with his 1966 Holden Premier with a white vinyl. He was successful and Doug and Pam planned to marry.

After 10 years of working for H.K McIntosh and Sons, Doug took over contracting using Clive’s swing saw and Blitz with then 16-year-old, Terry Kennedy. In 1966, Doug began contract falling “The Bulldog” Ewinger State Forest working for Taylor Bros.

Doug also began falling for A.A Cooper and experienced an accident involving having his hand driven into the chainsaw by a tree limb 2 weeks before the wedding. His thumb was able to be reconstructed, leaving him with one thumb shorter than the other and Doug and Pam beautiful wife on his arm.

The wedding took place on the 24th of August 1968 at the Kyogle Methodist Church.

1968 Doug experience other joys such as the rediscovery of the Hastings Stick Mouse. Throughout his time in the bush, Jackadgery, Doug also killed two taipan snakes and found a new type of orchid.

Doug and Pam started a family in 1971 with the birth of their son Jason on the 16th of January. Their daughter, Tanya Odette was born the following year in March 1972. With wanting to be able to spend more time with his family, Doug decided to leave the bush and start a retail business in Kyogle.

Doors opened to the family business in 1973, selling chainsaws, motorcycles, mowers and small engine appliances.

The shop was extremely popular and was for a time referred to as ‘Doug’s Diner’ because of all the people who would go and have lunch with Doug at the shop. Business was booming and Doug and Pam had developed great relationships with their customers and locals, but also with the wholesalers, service managers and representatives. The business was so successful that it won workshop of the year, winning a trip to Japan.

Doug employed local people with Michael Frith working for him for 31 years. Other employees included Jim McLean, Robbie Scarborough and Robert Hyde. After selling the business in 2005, Doug continued to work with the new owner for 7 months after to help in the transition.

Doug’s passion for old cars saw him become the president of the Northern Rivers Vintage and Veteran Car Club. Doug and his family participated in rally’s and enjoyed getting to

camp and spend time with like minded people. Doug has also been an active member of Casino and Grafton Orchid Society having been awarded 2 worldwide awards as well as naming a new orchid after his beloved wife Pam. Doug was also invited as part of a group to travel to New Guinea to look for orchids.

In 1991, Doug and his family were instrumental in running the Clive McIntosh memorial wood chopping event. Running for two years, the events attracted many entrants and sponsors and hosted a $15,700 prize winnings amount. At this time Doug was the SES team leader Once again drawing on his passion for his community and his extraordinary woodworking skills, Doug has been an instrumental member of Kyogle District Historical Society.

He was named as the president and has worked with so many others to create the incredible new museum Kyogle has today.

The main entrance to the museum, hosts beautiful double doors which frame a beautiful red mahogany front counter, thanks to Doug’s friend, Garan Hale.

Jim and Ann Muldoon have spent many hours crafting Doug Campbell restoring doors for museum the red cedar heritage cabinets. Doug spent many hours restoring led light panels, that have been saved from an old Kyogle building. Now the woodwork of many, and the beautiful led light panels, proudly welcome visitors to the new Kyogle museum. So much of this has been made possible through the publication and sale of Pam and Doug’s book, Ramblings Of The Timber Industry.

Doug has a keen interest in the local history and is continually working on preserving as much of it as possible for the next generation. The Kyogle museum has an Aboriginal display which shows artifacts and tools that were used by Doug Campbell restoring doors for museum the women. With permission from the elders, Kyogle museum proudly display these items and encourage the younger generation to come and learn more about the traditional culture that was once within this area. At his time at the museum, Doug was able to secure Olympian boxer, Athol McQueen’s Olympic blazer which he wore for the 1964, Tokyo Olympics. Doug and Pam resigned from the Kyogle and District Historical Society around the same time the new museum opened.

After many years of working and spending free time participating in community projects, Pam and Doug now take time to slow down and enjoy time together.

The pair enjoy travelling and camping in different destinations throughout Australia with their caravan.

Doug’s enthusiasm and energy for life is captivating and he shares this energy with his family and those he meets. His work ethic has never diminished as his passion for timber continues to this day. In Doug Campbells life, wood has fed his fire which burns it.

Heartland Magazine | 29

Fleurage The smell of rain on a hot asphalt road or the delight of smelling the freshly cut grass on a summer’s afternoon, resonates with so many and conjures up memories that often bring a sense of comfort and happiness. Smell has the power to attract people to one another and has profound properties which are boundless through chemistry, psychology, and biology.

Emma J. Leah is the Master Perfumer at Fleurage which is an independent perfume house, one of only a handful operating in the world.

Emma has been studying the world of scent for over 20 years and is a proud member of the International Perfume Foundation and the Australian Society of Cosmetic Chemists. Emma is a qualified Natural Perfumer as well as a Commercial Industrial Perfumer. Her knowledge, experience and passion allow her to formulate signature fragrances for a range of applications such as private lines, start up commercial product ranges, collaborative works, space scenting and multi sensorial experiences.

The Fleurage Scent Studio encourages clients to come in and investigate, 30 | Heartland Magazine

question, and try different scents, giving them an engaging experience like no other. Emma offers advice on how to wear perfume and shares her knowledge of the fascinating world of perfumery.

ingredients which culminated the

Fleurage offers opportunities for people to learn about perfume and to make their own signature scent. It is great group activity to do with friends or colleagues or a bonding experience for couples to capture a scent memory of their special occasion. For those who have sensitivities toward synthetic fragrance ingredients, there is a course which explores natural perfume creations using plant ingredients. Fleurage has an extensive range of obscure or forgotten ingredients which provides clients with the opportunity to create a one off a kind perfume, inspired by their individual, personal style, biology, and psychology.

entry into the prestigious International Federation of Perfume based in Paris.

Fleurage developed an impressive private line and collaborative design portfolio and the development and implementation of unique perfume creation workshops, events, and private schooling.

Fleurage began in Melbourne in 2007 and spent 12 years focusing on historical French styles of parfum, with the Master Perfumer using the rarest ingredients.

The perfumery began exploring natural

In 2019 Fleurage moved to a larger studio and production space on the Gold Coast which has allowed the business to expand and develop, allowing more people to be consumed by the magical world of scent It is a place of happiness and generosity of spirit which is led by Emma and her entrusted team. Fleurage is a place where love, passion, history, body, and soul all connect in a perfume bottle.

During this time while social restrictions are in place, Fleurage are still selling perfume creation session vouchers which are a luxurious gift that can be redeemed when this is all over. Visit the website for product purchases and gift voucher information. www.fleurage.com.au

Its business as usual for Casino Engineering and Industrial Supplies, with their dedicated team continuing to serve the community, solving engineering and repair challenges for the local Northern Rivers area.

Established in 1980, Casino Engineering and Industrial Supplies, have 40 years of experience and knowledge in a wide range of areas such as, cattle production, tea tree, nut, blue berry, forestry, transport, construction, earth moving and local council to name a few.

Customers are able to take the stress out of any job and can find a comprehensive range of Engineering and Industrial Supplies, with leading brands such as RYCO, Lincon Electrics, Air Liquide, Bareco and so many more, all being available at Casino Engineering and Industrial Supplies. As well as having the best brands in the industry on offer, Casino Engineering can assist with any lifting requirements with their 22 Tone Franna Crane and 4 Tone Telehandler for wet hire. Making the job even easier, the team also has confident operators available to help and support in completing the job at hand.

No job is too big or difficult for the hard-working team at Casino Engineering and Industrial Supplies. Customers can receive professional engineering advice and services at an affordable rate. Coming to the end of the financial year, there are some impressive deals and sales on offer.

Casino Engineering and Industrial Supplies pride themselves on customer satisfaction which is reached through honest communication and customer involvement.

Their one stop shop approach allows customers to find everything they need in one place, from crane hire to a huge range of nuts, bolts and washers. Free consultations are available, resulting in finding the best solutions at the most efficient rates and affordable prices.

Customers walk into Casino Engineering and Industrial Supplies with a problem and walk out with a solution.

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Jazz Music in Australia Thanks to the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and their imitators in 1917-18, Australia soon became aware of the newest music trend, Jazz. Audiences were first introduced to jazz music through the popular travelling vaudeville performances with Australia’s first jazz band formed by Billy Romaine. Appearing at Fullers National Theatre in June 1918, the band was fronted by singer Belle Sylvia. Mabelle Morgan sang with the band performing on stages in Melbourne, Adelaide, and Brisbane. Other band popped up throughout the country and played at social dances which began a craze that swept the nation. Many people were opposed to jazz music in Australia as it had a reputation to attract trouble and an underworld which threatened traditional societal behaviours.

Jazz music became a post war phenomenon and was in high demand from Australian Audiences. Jazz musicians from America came to Australia to meet the high demand and brought with them a more established form of jazz music.

Among those musicians who came to Australia were Bert Ralton’s Havana Band, Joe Aronson, and Frank Ellis. Local musicians were taking their lead and formed bands of their own as there was enough work to go around for everyone.

Australia’s record industry emerged in the late 1920’s which left Australian musicians un-recorded until this time. News radio was introduced in 1923 which popularised dance music with 2BL and 2FC playing imported and some local records to a large audience. Australia’s sheet music publishing was flourishing around this time with local orchestras playing US and English renditions of popular music.

English musicians and records were well represented in Australia at this time but by the 1930’s, pressure from the Australian Musician’s Union made it increasingly difficult for American musicians and performers to find work here.

Swing music was embraced during the 1930’s and records of American bands were available in Australia soon after their original release.

The music scene in Australia began to change but jazz enthusiasts began to form jazz appreciation societies and jazz clubs in Sydney and Melbourne. Professional and amateur musicians were recreating what was being heard on records from the US resulting in Australian jazz music in Australia being influenced by the swing scene.

Swing jazz became extremely popular, but it was the Bell brothers and associates bringing undiluted jazz back to the 32 | Heartland Magazine

Australian public. In 1939 WW2 broke out with many jazz musicians finding themselves involved with the war and no longer being able to play in public. 1945 saw the war subside with many jazz musicians returning to civilian life and playing their music. Again, jazz was well appreciated in Australia and on the 26th of December 1946 a jazz convention was held at Eureka Youth Hall in Melbourne. Musicians gathered and jammed with each other for four days, culminating in a successful convention which has seen the return of the event annually ever since.

Post War Melbourne and Sydney maintained a vibrant jazz scene with bands such as Frank Johnson’s Fabulous Dixielanders, Tony Newstead’s Jazz Gang and Len Barnard’s Jazz Band performing and mentoring younger musicians.

Sydney had a strong nightclub scene which saw many musicians able to perform and jam all night. Early Sydney revivalist groups in the mid-1940s-50s included the Port Jackson, Illawarra, Riverside, Paramount, and Black Opal Jazz Bands. In Adelaide it was Malcolm Bills’ Jazz Band and the Southern Jazz Group and Brisbane had The Canecutters.

By the 1960’s Australian Jazz music was relying on conventions, and festivals as well as themed jazz clubs and societies. The genres of jazz became blurred in Australia with many musicians taking inspiration from New Orleans and Dixieland styles, creating their own style and interpretation.

Although mainstream media and radio does not feature jazz music there are media outlets and clubs still featuring jazz music. There is a healthy audience for jazz music in the larger towns and cities of Australia with many venues dedicating one night a week for this genre of music. With over fifty jazz festivals held throughout Australia each year, jazz music is here to stay with new and exciting musicians bringing new appreciation to audiences all over the country.

Dreams come true in Casino In the two year since Casino Plumbing opened for business its Facebook page has attracted just on 1,000 followers and 45 reviews.

Heartland Magazine featured Rod Jones back in our Issue 27 - March 2019 after his first year in business as Casino Plumbing.

Rod has obviously worked hard; he has an allegiance of followers on Facebook and that translates to satisfied customers in the area that not only use Rod’s professional services but also recommend them to others.

Rod is a self-declared perfectionist who takes pride in doing the best job, taking no shortcuts and applying the high ‘Packer standard of excellence’ to every job, big or small. His customers do love

him, not surprising since his creed is to do every job ‘as if I was doing this for my Mum’.

He has no tolerance for apathy and mediocrity.

These traits, and great skill recognised by his membership of the Master Plumbers Association NSW, guarantee the success of Casino Plumbing.

With more than 30 years’ industry experience, the team at Casino Plumbing are honest and reliable, providing thorough plumbing and gas fitting services at affordable rates.

Located in Casino, we travel throughout the surrounding Northern NSW region, including Lismore, Kyogle and Alstonville.

We don’t charge a call-out fee for local Casino residents.

Heartland Magazine | 33

The Remarkable Caroline Chisholm ‘I never can imagine that Almighty God sent females into the world to be cooks and housemaids all their days’

penniless and alone.

They arrived in Sydney looking for prosperity – but instead, finding a squalid city that was blighted by overcrowding and unemployment. Unscrupulous employers were waiting to take advantage of their desperation, engaging them to work for low (or no) wages and treating them cruelly. Young women were particularly vulnerable; many ended up destitute or turning to prostitution.

Caroline Chisholm saw all this happening and was appalled.

She also saw that people in rural areas were crying out for labourers and servants, and came up with an idea that solved many problems at once. She would establish a home for female immigrants, teach them the necessary skills for employment, and match them up with respectable employers – approved by her – out in the country.

These were the words of Caroline Chisholm, an extraordinary woman who was far ahead of her time. In an era when women weren’t even allowed to vote, Caroline used her formidable intelligence, determination, charm and integrity to change the world for the better.

My interest in Caroline Chisholm was inspired by my research into remarkable women to write about in my new children’s historical fiction series, ‘Carly Mills, Pioneer Girl’. The series is about a young contemporary girl who goes back in time to have adventures with trailblazing women throughout history. The first book, just released by Big Sky Publishing, is called A New World, and features the woman known as ‘The Emigrant’s Friend’: Caroline Chisholm. The more I learned about her, the more deeply she impressed me.

Thus, it was that in 1841, Caroline opened the Female Immigrants’ Home in Sydney. How she came to acquire the property is an amusing story that neatly demonstrates Caroline’s creativity, pluck and determination. She had written to Governor Gipps asking for the use of derelict government barracks, but the governor was reluctant on the grounds that the run-down, rat-infested building was unsuitable. To prove that it was perfectly habitable, Caroline spent a night in the building, rats and all. Consequently, it was granted to her and in no time she had converted it into a safe, busy home where immigrant women could lodge and learn skills.

She didn’t leave it at that; her next step was to connect these women with employers in the country. She had noted that when sheep farmers transported wool to the city on bullock drays, they returned to their farms with empty drays. Caroline arranged for her young women to travel back on those days to their new places of employment. This simple, efficient, effective solution cost no one a cent.

She was born Caroline Jones in Nottingham, England, on 30 May 1808. The youngest child in a large, wealthy family, Caroline was brought up with a strong sense of duty and a desire to help those less fortunate than herself. It is said that when Archibald Chisholm proposed marriage to Caroline in 1830, she accepted him only on the condition that he allow her to continue her charitable works. Archibald agreed and they were married.

Since Archibald was an officer in the East India Company’s Madras Army, the Chisholms travelled to Madras, where Caroline bore two sons. Never content with domesticity, she set to work educating the daughters of European soldiers in a ‘school of industry’ she established there. But due to ill health, Captain Chisholm was granted leave and the family travelled to New South Wales in the hope that the climate would suit him better.

Sometimes Caroline accompanied the women to the country, keeping an eye on her charges and their employers. So committed was she to her cause that, though it pained her to do so, she left her own children out in Windsor through the week while she worked.

It was there that Caroline began the work for which she would become famous. It was 1838: a time when unemployment and poverty were rife in the United Kingdom, and the poor of England, Scotland and Ireland were emigrating in droves in search of a better life. Conditions on long-haul voyages were harsh, and the future that awaited them uncertain, but these people were desperate. Many were unskilled, uneducated,

She believed that women and children had a vital ‘civilising’ influence and saw family as the basis of a stable society.

Many of her projects stemmed from this view. For instance, Caroline was troubled by the plight of freed convicts whose families remained in Britain, unable to join them. At their own expense, the Chisholms toured New South Wales gathering statements from ex-convicts and immigrants, and

34 | Heartland Magazine

Caroline Chisholm was not a woman to rest on her laurels.

When she had achieved one goal, she moved on to the next.

even returned briefly to England to pursue her cause. With the support of influential people like Charles Dickens, she successfully petitioned the governments to assist these families to travel to Australia to be reunited. Back in Australia, she and her husband established the Family Colonization Loan Society to help families to emigrate and find employment. She also campaigned successfully for improved conditions on emigrant ships. Later, after touring the Victorian goldfields, she raised funds to build shelters along the roads so that prospectors could travel more easily between the diggings and their families in the city.

Wise Advice from a Farmer’s Wife

In 1866, after periods of ill health, Caroline returned to England with her family. By then, she had six children.

Caroline Chisholm cared little for material wealth, and when she died in 1877 after being bedridden for five years, she died in poverty.

The hero of my series, Carly Mills, meets this remarkable humanitarian during her first time-travelling adventure.

She discovers first-hand what a selfless, innovative, clever and determined woman she was: a woman who simply side-stepped obstacles and got the job done.

But Caroline Chisholm wasn’t the only trailblazing woman in history, and later in the series, Carly will meet the brave Lilian Cooper (Queensland’s first female doctor) and the feisty, talented Dame Nellie Melba. She will even go overseas to have adventures with Florence Nightingale, Amelia Earhart and Marie Curie!

There is always room for improvement in society, but men and women alike owe much to these women who, often at great personal expense, gave so much to the world. Through Carly Mills’ adventures, I hope to celebrate the women who have led the way to a more just, equitable and kind society.

Whenever you return a borrowed pie pan, make sure it’s got a warm pie in it.

Invite lots of folks to supper. You can always add more water to the soup.

There’s no such thing as woman’s work on a farm. There’s just work.

Make home a happy place for the children. Everybody returns to their happy place.

Always keep a small light on in the kitchen window at night.

If your man gets his truck stuck in the field, don’t go in after him. Throw him a rope and pull him out with the tractor.

It’s a whole lot easier to get breakfast from a chicken than a pig.

Always pat the chickens when you take their eggs.

It’s easy to clean an empty house, but hard to live in one.

All children spill milk. Learn to smile and wipe it up.

A tongue’s like a knife. The sharper it is the deeper it cuts.

A good neighbour always knows when to visit and when to leave.

Always light birthday candles from the middle outward.

The longer dress hem, the more trusting the husband.

Enjoy doing your children’s laundry. Someday they’ll be gone.

Visit old people who can’t get out. Someday you’ll be one.

The softer you talk; the closer folks will listen.

The colder the outhouse, the warmer the bed.

Endorsements of Carly Mills, Pioneer Girl: ‘Carly Mills Pioneer Girl’ begins in the exact moment it should, aiming right to the hearts and minds of our young pioneer girls of today.

Genevieve Allpass, CEO & Founder of PEACEful Humans Inc. This does more than acknowledge our female trailblazers. It teaches our daughters about them in a delightful and entertaining way. Gold!

Madonna King, author and journalist.

Heartland Magazine | 35

Winter Solstice The winter solstice for 2020 falls on the 21st of June and welcomes the winter months for the Sothern Hemisphere. It has long been a celebration of the longest hours of darkness and the re birth of the sun. Australia now has its own traditions and celebrations including a naked charity swim in Canberra’s Lake Burley Griffin and the Dark Mofo Festival in Tasmania.

For the Northern Hemisphere, the June solstice is celebrating the welcoming of the sun and the summer months to come.

Traditionally it was a time for many farmers to organise their crop planting season and was a popular time for weddings.

The introduction of Christianity into many of the Northern Hemisphere countries saw the Pagan and Christian traditions intertwined. Festivals often have large bonfires and endless drinking and dancing into the evening.

China celebrates Yin, in the Summer solstice period and Yang on the Winter solstice. Yin represents the female energy with Yang depicting the male spirit.

The solstices are a spiritual time for many cultures which symbolizes not only a change in season but a renewal or rebirth spiritually.

Before the times of exact calendars and time keeping devices, the reliance on these meaningful days were paramount for farming purposes. Pagans celebrated the winter solstice with the beginning of Yule which related to the birth of the sun while Christians celebrating the birth of Jesus.

36 | Heartland Magazine

In todays society, more people are identifying with the summer and winter solstices for non-religious reasons and are embracing the change in seasonal weather. For many these celebrations are a chance to reflect on themselves and to spend time with their communities.

In the Northern Hemisphere, Stone Henge is a popular place for all types of people to gather and to celebrate nature or to feel a connection to their ancestries or the earth itself. Many who identify as Pagan or a part of a Pagan based religion still regard the Stone Henge site as a spiritual site which holds the answers to the earliest humans on the planet.

Through the development of science, the mysteries of Stone Henge have been slowly unlocked but has also uncovered new information leading to more questions. Through history many tried to tie the large stone structure to one particular group of people, but it is now believed that this is not the case and that it may be the remains of many groups who have added and changed the site throughout time.

Although religions and beliefs change throughout time, celebrations around the winter and summer solstices are still alive and well with many communities embracing the new season and what this means for them on an individual level.

Birdsnest

recommendations.

A bird’s nest is a place of retreat, rest or lodging. The very nature of a bird’s nest is to protect and nurture which is the same way in which Jane Cay has developed her business, Birdsnest.

The team has created a workplace so vibrant that people move from the city to the country to work with them. Still a family owned Australian Jane Clay business and with over 80% of their revenue coming from returning customers, Birdsnest has been recognised for its innovative approach to retail and above and beyond customer service over the years. They have been a finalist in the Australian Online Retail Industry Award for Best Customer Experience for six years running, winning in 2013, 2015 and 2016. Most recently Birdsnest took out the gong for ‘Independent Retailer of The Year’ and ‘Excellence in Customer Experience’ at the 2019 Australian Retail Association Awards. Happy customers usually result from a happy team with Birdsnest named the 4th Best Place to work in Australia according to the 2017 BRW Great Places to Work Study (for companies with over 100 employees).

Jane is the founder and ‘Big Bird’ of Birdsnest - an online fashion retailer with a mission to help women, across Australia and beyond, discover outfits they fall in love with.

After completing a commerce degree in Sydney, Jane joined the e-business team at IBM and had her sights set on a life in the big smoke. However, fate got involved when she fell in love with a farmer, moving to a sheep property on the NSW Monaro plains.

In 2004 Jane purchased a bricks and mortar clothing store in Cooma, NSW, population 6,500, and soon discovered that the notion of retail therapy was real. She was quick to realise that women wanted a place to shop where they felt confident, beautiful and uninhabited. A shop which had options for all body types and sizes and helpful staff to guide them in finding their own unique style.

After four years of serving women on the shop floor, Birdsnest launched online in 2008 with the vision to mirror the warmth and support found in-store.

The Birdsnest online store allows customers to shop from the comfort of their own home or on their devices when ever it is convenient. The website is easy to navigate and takes the stress out of finding an outfit by using the unique and popular features on their site including their styled outfits, wardrobe capsules, shop by body shape or personality and the changeroom upgrade service. They also have committed to no photoshopping in their imagery and shooting all clothing styles on multiple body sizes and shapes.

Jane has successfully built an incredible team of birds who help her with every aspect of the company. The Birdsnest team describe themselves as their customers’ ‘wardrobe wingbirds’.

They are passionate about inspiring confidence in women and discovering new ways to solve their wardrobe dilemmas using the latest technology, including personalised styling 38 | Heartland Magazine

With over 95% of Birdsnest’s revenue now coming from online, they have clocked up over 1 million hand-written notes to customers which accompany each parcel. Not only does Birdsnest retail other companies’ brands, they have developed 9 in-house labels which now accounts for over 50% of sales and has been a very important evolution in developing an exclusive offering for their customers.

Jane and her team of birds have created a thriving business built on passion, drive with the intent to nurture women and their inner and outer confidence. Through the use of technology, Birdsnest continues to grow and are able to increase their wing-span helping more women to fly.

Off the Track Training From her families remote western Queensland sheep and cattle station, Joy McClymont is helping people gain a healthy attitude towards fitness, food and a healthy mindset no matter their location or access to resources. Joy her husband and four kids, live 120km to the nearest gym which is the situation for so many in remote and outback Australia.

lot about mental health and overall wellbeing as well as making fitness a daily part of an individual’s routine.

Having gone through hardships relating to drought with the property, Joy knows only too well how helpful keeping active and having a network of people that inspire positivity, can be through the more difficult hurdles in life.

Joy uses objects she has around the house or backyard and incorporates weights in the form of chain or other materials many have on their properties. She believes in using what you have and to not be blinded by thinking that expensive gym equipment is a necessary part of personal fitness. Joy also encourages her clients to use what time they have, utilizing that time when waiting for other things to happen. Seeing the possibilities beyond the impossible is a critical part of overcoming the time challenge.

Joy is a certified Certificate IV Personal Trainer and an accredited Female Health and Performance Coach. She is also an RCS Executive Link Graduate, Swimming Coach and Level 1 Triathlon Coach which has given her a well-rounded understanding of physical and mental health and fitness. Her programs are designed for every fitness level and aims to help individuals gain a healthy lifestyle by taking into account their time commitments, priorities and daily life routines.

Being a mother of 4, Joy understands the effect a family can have on fitness and health. Always putting her family first she recognises that time and motivation can be lacking when it comes to personal fitness. Joy also relates to living in isolated and remote areas where access to a gym or an exercise park is difficult. As a result, Joy conducts video, tele seminars, webinars as well as group and print material. Joy is has found ways to communicate with people who have little to no internet access and has broken down the barrier of distance with many of her clients.

Joy’s passion for fitness and sharing her knowledge with others has lead to some incredible personal achievements. She has competed in Half and Ironman triathlons in Australia, France and Hawaii as well as Ultra Trail 100km and 50km Running events, but her passion is being and training the “everyday athlete”. Although Joy has accomplished some incredible achievements, she encourages people to focus on being functionally fit for life and creating long term habits.

Although family is a main priority, Joy emphasises how important it is to take the time each day to check in and make sure that individuals are caring for themselves, physically and emotionally.

Nutrition is one of the main elements to a healthy, balanced lifestyle and Off The Track Training incorporates this with the physical workouts as well. Stacey Curcio, naturopath/ nutritionist from Cultivating Wellness has worked alongside Joy and her members for over 10 years, supporting clients to learn and understand their body from a nutrition and lifestyle medicine perspective. Her vast experience in the field has seen Stacey hold many workshops and speaks regularly at local and regional events as well as being a part of many segments on ABC radio. She is passionate about her work and is a proud mother as well as having her own business, Cultivating Wellness.

Joy is able to experience each clients journey and often takes inspiration from them by seeing their progress and being able to support them throughout the entire journey. Heading into the future Joy hopes to build a society where being in fantastic health is the norm and is recognised as the most critical part of living a quality life. Her enthusiasm and vibrancy shines through to her clients and motivates them to be the best possible person they can be.

Off the Track Training is so much more than a fitness program. Joy aims to connect people in the hope they feel less isolated and feel more like a part of a community. It is a

For more information about Off the Track Training programs or to contact Joy go to her website offthetracktraining.com.au

Heartland Magazine | 39

The History of Australia part 1 of series We at Heartland magazine are continuously working with Historical Societies, community groups, politicians and people like you and me.

We thought it was time to write about Australia from our collection of archives and information available and share it with you. We have read through it many times and whilst we are doing this series of stories on our history is very hard to put 250 years into an ongoing series, we have what we think is somewhat a great featured series, which we will start from this Issue of Heartland Magazine, please enjoy.

The history of Australia is the history of the area and people of the Commonwealth of Australia, including its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies. Aboriginal Australians arrived on the Australian mainland by sea from Maritime Southeast Asia between 40,000 and 70,000 years ago. The artistic, musical and spiritual traditions they established are among the longest surviving such traditions in human history.

The first known landing in Australia

by Europeans was in 1606 by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. Later that year, Spanish explorer Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through, and navigated, what is now called Torres Strait and associated islands.

Twenty-nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts Willem Janszoon in the 17th century and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia’s northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier.

Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain. He returned to London with accounts favouring colonization at Botany Bay (now in Sydney, New South Wales.

A First Fleet of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a penal colony, the first colony on the Australian mainland. In the century that followed, the British established other colonies The First Fleeet on the continent, and European explorers ventured into its interior.

Indigenous Australians were greatly weakened and their numbers diminished by introduced diseases and conflict with the colonists during this period.

Gold rushes and agricultural industries brought prosperity.

Autonomous parliamentary democracies began to be established throughout the six British colonies from the mid-19th century. The colonies voted by referendum to unite in a federation in 1901, and modern Australia came into being. Australia fought on the side of Britain in the two 40 | Heartland Magazine

world wars and became a long-standing ally of the United States when threatened by Imperial Japan during World War II. Trade with Asia increased, and a post-war immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. Supported by immigration of people from more than 200 countries since the end of World War II, the population increased to more than 23 million by 2014, and sustains the world’s 12th largest national economy.

Aboriginal Australia Early Indigenous prehistory

Rock painting at Ubirr in Kakadu National Park. Evidence of Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back some 30,000 years.

The ancestors of Indigenous Australians are believed to have arrived in Australia 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, and possibly as early as 65,000 years ago. They developed a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, established enduring spiritual and artistic traditions and used stone technologies. At the time of first European contact, it has been estimated the existing population was at least 350,000, while recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 750,000 could have been sustained.

There is considerable archaeological discussion as to the route taken by the first colonisers. People appear to have arrived by sea during a period of glaciation, when New Guinea and Tasmania were joined to the continent; however, the journey still required sea travel, making them among the world’s earlier mariners. Scott Cane wrote in 2013 that the first wave may have been prompted by the eruption of Lake Toba. If they arrived around 70,000 years ago, they could have crossed the water from Timor, when the sea level was low, but if they came later, around 50,000 years ago, a more likely route would have been through the Moluccas to New Guinea. Given that the likely landfall regions have been under around 50 metres of water for the last 15,000 years, it is unlikely that the timing will ever be established with certainty.

Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony, Forrest River, Western Australia. Aboriginal Australian religious practices associated with the Dreamtime have been practised for tens of thousands of years.

The earliest known human remains were found at Lake Mungo, a dry lake in the southwest of New South Wales.

Remains found at Mungo suggest one of the world’s oldest known cremations, thus indicating early evidence for religious ritual among humans. According to Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in

The History of Australia part 1 of series Aboriginal Australia, the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land. It remains a prominent feature of Australian Aboriginal art. Aboriginal art is believed to be the oldest continuing tradition of art in A Luritja man demonstrating his method of attack with the world. Evidence a large curved boomerang under cover of a thin shield of Aboriginal art (1920) can be traced back at least 30,000 years and is found throughout Australia (notably at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory, and also at Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney). In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe.

Manning Clark wrote that the ancestors of the Aborigines were slow to reach Tasmania, probably owing to an ice barrier existing across the South East of the continent. The Aborigines, he noted, did not develop agriculture, probably owing to a lack of seed bearing plants and animals suitable for domestication. Thus, the population remained low. Clark considered that the three potential pre-European colonising powers and traders of East Asia—the Hindu-Buddhists of southern India, the Muslims of Northern India and the Chinese—each petered out in their southward advance and did not attempt a settlement across the straits separating Indonesia from Australia. But trepang fisherman did reach the north coast, which they called “Marege” or “land of the trepang”. For centuries, Makassan trade flourished with Aborigines on Australia’s north coast, particularly with the Yolngu people of northeast Arnhem Land.

The greatest population density for Aborigines developed in the southern and eastern regions, the River Murray valley in particular. The arrival of Australia’s first people affected the continent significantly, and, along with climate change, may have contributed to the extinction of Australia’s megafauna. The practice of firestick farming amongst northern Aborigines to increase the abundance of plants that attracted animals, transformed dry rainforest into savanna.

The introduction of the dingo by Aboriginal people around 3,000–4,000 years ago may, along with human hunting, have contributed to the extinction of the thylacine, Tasmanian devil, and Tasmanian native-hen from mainland Australia.

One genetic study in 2012 by Irina Pugach and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has suggested that about 4,000 years before the First Fleet landed, some Indian explorers settled in Australia and assimilated into the local population in roughly 2217 BC. Despite considerable cultural continuity, life was not without significant changes. Some 10–12,000 years ago, Tasmania became isolated from the mainland, and some stone

technologies failed to reach the Tasmanian people (such as the hafting of stone tools and the use of the Boomerang).

The land was not always kind; Aboriginal people of southeastern Australia endured “more than a dozen volcanic eruptions...(including) Mount Gambier, a mere 1,400 years ago”. In south-eastern Australia, near present-day Lake Condah, semi-permanent villages of beehive shaped shelters of stone developed, near bountiful food supplies.

The continent of Australia (then known as New Holland) was incorporated within Asia in this 1796 map, engraved by Samuel John Neele and published by John Wilkes. Tasmania is wrongly shown to be attached to the mainland of Australia, at the bottom of the map. Left The early wave of European observers like William Dampier described the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of the Aborigines of the West Coast as arduous and “miserable”. Lieutenant James Cook on the other hand, speculated in his journal that the “Natives of New Holland” (the East Coast Aborigines whom he encountered) might in fact be far happier than Europeans. Watkin Tench, of the First Fleet, wrote of an admiration for the Aborigines of Botany Bay (Sydney) as good-natured and good-humoured people, though he also reported violent hostility between the Eora and Cammeraygal peoples, and noted violent domestic altercations between his friend Bennelong and his wife Barangaroo.

Settlers of the 19th century like Edward Curr observed that Aborigines “suffered less and enjoyed life more than the majority of civilized men”. Historian Geoffrey Blainey wrote that the material standard of living for Aborigines was generally high, higher than that of many Europeans living at the time of the Dutch discovery of Australia.

By 1788, the population existed as 250 individual nations, many of which were in alliance with one another, and within each nation there existed several clans, from as few as five or six to as many as 30 or 40. Each nation had its own language and a few had multiple, thus over 250 languages existed, around 200 of which are now extinct.

“Intricate kinship rules ordered the social relations of the people and diplomatic messengers and meeting rituals smoothed relations between groups”, keeping group fighting, sorcery and domestic disputes to a minimum.

Permanent European settlers arrived at Sydney in 1788 and came to control most of the continent by end of the 19th century. Bastions of largely unaltered Aboriginal societies survived, particularly in Northern and Western Australia into the 20th century, until finally, a group of Pintupi people of the Gibson Desert became the last people to be contacted by outsider ways in 1984. While much knowledge was lost, Aboriginal art, music and culture, often scorned by Europeans during the initial phases of contact, survived and in time came to be celebrated by the wider Australian community.

The Impact of European settlement The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Twenty-nine other

continued page 42

Heartland Magazine | 41

The History of Australia part 1 of series Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland.

Macassan trepangers visited Australia’s northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed and, in due course, navigator Lieutenant James Cook wrote that he claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain when on Possession Island in 1770, without conducting negotiations with the existing inhabitants, though before his departure, the President of the Royal Society, one of the voyage’s sponsors, wrote that the people of any lands he might discover were ‘the natural, and in the strictest sense of the word, the legal possessors of the several Regions they inhabit. No European Nation has a right to occupy any part of their country, or settle among them without their voluntary consent. Conquest over such people can give no just title: because they could never be the aggressors.’

The first governor, Arthur Phillip, was instructed explicitly to establish friendship and good relations with the Aborigines, and interactions between the early newcomers and the ancient landowners varied considerably throughout the colonial period—from the curiosity displayed by the early interlocutors Bennelong and Bungaree of Sydney to the outright hostility of Pemulwuy and Windradyne of the Sydney region and Yagan around Perth. Bennelong and a companion became the first Australians to sail to Europe, where they met King George III. Bungaree accompanied the explorer Matthew Flinders on the first circumnavigation of Australia. Pemulwuy was accused of the first killing of a white settler in 1790, and Windradyne resisted early British expansion beyond the Blue Mountains.

Conflict and disease The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars (1790–1816) were largely fought in the Greater Western Sydney region and were considered to be the first conflict between settlers and the indigenous.

According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey, in Australia during the colonial period: “In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearing’s. Even worse, smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralisation”.

Conflict in the Hawkesbury Nepean river district near the settlement at Sydney continued from 1795–1816, including Pemulwuy’s War (1795–1802), Tedbury’s War (1808–1809) and the Nepean War (1814–1816), as well as the interwar violence of the 1804–1805 Conflict. It was fought using mostly guerrilla-warfare tactics; however, several conventional battles also took place. The wars resulted in the defeat of the Hawkesbury and Nepean Indigenous clans who were subsequently dispossessed of their lands.

Even before the arrival of European settlers in local districts beyond coastal New South Wales, Eurasian disease often preceded them. A smallpox epidemic was recorded near Sydney in 1789, which wiped out about half the Aborigines around Sydney. Opinion is divided as to the source of the smallpox. Some researchers argue that the smallpox was acquired through contact with Indonesian fishermen in the far north and then spread across the continent, reaching the Sydney area in 1789. Other research by Craig Mear, Michael Bennett, and Christopher Warren argues that, despite controversy, it is highly likely that the 1789 outbreak of smallpox was a deliberate act by British marines when 42 | Heartland Magazine

they ran out of ammunition and needed to expand the settlement out to Parramatta. Smallpox then spread well beyond the then limits of European settlement, including much of south-eastern Australia, reappearing in 1829–30, killing 40–60 percent of the Aboriginal population.

Proclamation issued in Van Diemen’s Land in 1816

by Lieutenant-Governor Arthur, which explains the precepts of British Justice in pictorial form for the Tasmanian Aboriginals. Tasmania suffered a higher level of conflict than the other British colonies.

The impact of Europeans was profoundly disruptive to Aboriginal life and, though the extent of violence is debated, there was considerable conflict on the frontier. At the same time, some settlers were quite aware they were usurping the Aborigines place in Australia. In 1845, settler Charles Griffiths sought to justify this, writing; “The question comes to this; which has the better right—the savage, born in a country, which he runs over but can scarcely be said to occupy ... or the civilized man, who comes to introduce into this ... unproductive country, the industry which supports life.”

From the 1960s, Australian writers began to re-assess European assumptions about Aboriginal Australia—with works including Alan Moorehead’s The Fatal Impact (1966) and Geoffrey Blainey’s landmark history Triumph of the Nomads (1975). In 1968, anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner described the lack of historical accounts of relations between Europeans and Aborigines as “the great Australian silence”.

Historian Henry Reynolds argues that there was a “historical neglect” of the Aborigines by historians until the late 1960s.

Early commentaries often tended to describe Aborigines as doomed to extinction following the arrival of Europeans.

William Westgarth’s 1864 book on the colony of Victoria observed: “the case of the Aborigines of Victoria confirms ...it would seem almost an immutable law of nature that such inferior dark races should disappear.”

(Left) Truganini, a Tasmanian Aboriginal who survived the outbreak of disease and conflicts which followed the British colonisation of Van Diemen’s Land Many events illustrate violence and resistance as Aborigines sought to protect their lands from settlers and pastoralists who attempted to establish their presence. In May 1804, at Risdon Cove, Van Diemen’s Land, perhaps 60 Aborigines were killed when they approached the town. The British established a new outpost in Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) in 1803. Although Tasmanian history is amongst the most contested by modern historians, conflict between colonists and Aborigines was referred to in some contemporary accounts as the Black War. The combined effects of disease, dispossession, intermarriage and conflict saw a collapse of the Aboriginal population of Tasmania

The History of Australia part 1 of series from a few thousand people when the British arrived, to a few hundred by the 1830s. Estimates of how many people were killed during the period begin at around 300, though verification of the true figure is now impossible. In 1830 Governor Sir George Arthur sent an armed party (the Black Line) to push the Big River and Oyster Bay tribes out of the British settled districts. The effort failed and George Augustus Robinson proposed to set out unarmed to mediate with the remaining tribespeople in 1833. With the assistance of Truganini as guide and translator, Robinson convinced remaining tribesmen to surrender to an isolated new settlement at Flinders Island, where most later died of disease.

In 1838, at least twenty-eight Aborigines were killed at Myall Creek in New South Wales, resulting in the unprece-dented conviction and hanging of six white and one African convict settlers by the colonial courts. Aborigines also attacked white settlers—in 1838 fourteen Europeans were killed at Broken River in Port Phillip District, by Abo-rigines of the Ovens River, almost certainly in revenge for the illicit use of Aboriginal women. Captain Hutton of Port Phillip District once told Chief Protector of Aborigines George Augustus Robinson that “if a member of a tribe offend, destroy the whole”. Queensland’s Colonial Secretary A.H. Palmer wrote in 1884 “the nature of the blacks was so treacherous that they were only guided by fear—in fact it was only possible to rule... the Australian Aboriginal...by brute force”. The most recent massacre of Aborigines was at Coniston in the Northern Territory in 1928. There are numerous other massacre sites in Australia, although supporting documentation varies.

From the 1830s, colonial governments established the now controversial offices of the Protector of Aborigines in an effort to avoid mistreatment of Indigenous peoples and conduct government policy towards them. Christian churches in Australia sought to convert Aborigines, and were often used by government to carry out welfare and assimilation policies. Colonial churchmen such as Sydney’s first Catholic archbishop, John Polding strongly advocated for Aboriginal rights and dignity and prominent Aboriginal activist Noel Pearson (born 1965), who was raised at a Lutheran mission in Cape York, has written that Christian missions throughout Australia’s colonial history “provided a haven from the hell of life on the Australian frontier while at the same time facilitating coloni-sation”.

The Caledon Bay crisis of 1932–34 was one of the last incidents of violent interaction on the ‘frontier’ of indigenous and non-indigenous Australia, which began when the spearing of Japanese poachers who had been molesting Yolngu women was followed by the killing of a policeman.

As the crisis unfolded, national opinion swung behind the Aboriginal people involved, and the first appeal on behalf of an Indigenous Australian to the High Court of Australia was launched. Following the crisis, the anthropologist Donald Thomson was dispatched by the government to live among the Yolngu. Elsewhere around this time, activists like Sir Douglas Nicholls were commencing their campaigns for Aboriginal rights within the established Australian political system and the age of frontier conflict closed.

Co-operation Frontier encounters in Australia were not universally negative.

Positive accounts of Aboriginal customs and encounters are also recorded in the journals of early European explorers, who often relied on Aboriginal guides and assistance: Charles Sturt

employed Aboriginal envoys to explore the Murray-Darling; the lone survivor of the Burke and Wills expedition was nursed by local Aborigines, and the famous Aboriginal explorer Jackey Jackey loyally accompanied his ill-fated friend Edmund Kennedy to Cape York.

Respectful studies were conducted by such as Walter Baldwin Spencer and Frank Gillen in their renowned anthropological study The Native Tribes of Central Australia (1899); and

by Donald Thomson of Arnhem Land (c. 1935–1943). In inland Australia, the skills of Aboriginal stockmen Vincent Lingiari became highly regarded and in the 20th century, Aboriginal stockmen like Vincent Lingiari became national figures in their campaigns for better pay and improved working conditions.

Early European exploration

Exploration by Europeans until 1812 1606 Willem Janszoon 1606 Luis Vaez de Torres 1616 Dirk Hartog 1619 Frederick de Houtman 1644 Abel Tasman 1696 Willem de Vlamingh 1699 William Dampier 1770 James Cook 1797–99 George Bass 1801–03 Matthew Flinders The Australian History will continue in Issue 42 of Heartland Magazine with Dutch exploration and discovery, Plans for colonisation, Convicts and colonial society Heartland Magazine | 43

TAMWORTH HISTORY contributed by Michael Cashman CARS CAME TO TAMWORTH Cars-cars-cars - I’m sick of cars ! Zooming past me over the last 6 months as I approach my 4000km of training towards my August walk from Tamworth to Newcastle. But in the old days I suppose I would have been complaining about horses galloping by ! How things have changed in a little over a hundred years !

Motor bikes came to Tamworth from 1900, 4 years before our first car was sighted, but a far cry from the bikes of today, the first one taking 1 1/2 hours to travel from Manilla to Tamworth, with a machine described as “a variety of taps, oil drums, levers, etc.”

An attempt in 1901 by local solicitor Albert Creagh to bring the first car to Tamworth failed when the vehicle only made it to Muswellbrook due to mechanical difficulties. The Melbourne manufactured 2 cylinder/steam engine/chain driven “Thomson Royal” eventually returned to Sydney.

In Creagh’s words - “The greater part of the journey to Muswellbrook was done in very hot weather and the steam and smell of hot oil coming up the space between the cushions, as well as the kerosene smoke and fumes from the rear compartment, made conditions very unpleasant. Occasionally flames issuing from the flue at the back scorched one’s hair.”

The first motor car to arrive in Tamworth was an 8horsepower bright red “De Dion”, driven by Messrs Cusack and Wylie from Newcastle, arriving on April 9, 1904. In a trial run whilst in Tamworth it achieved a top speed of 48 Km/hr. The first local Tamworth car owners were the builder Richard Stanfield and the tailor Peer Flanders.

Some later diverse machines included Dr Henry Harris’ twin-cylinder chain-driven car which had to reverse to get up Brisbane Street from Peel Street to the rail crossing, horse-riders often beating him to the railway gates ; John

instead of a steering wheel ; and John Ball Ware, who drove an ‘Alldays and Onions’ vehicle, Rego. number 1131. Even by the mid 1920’s the only sealed roads in Tamworth were comparatively short sections of Peel and Marius Streets.

Early cars were the “odd ones out” in road transport, being initially restricted to speeds of 6 miles per hour at intersections and 4 mph rounding corners. In 1906, 12 Sydney motorists were charged with “furious driving” for exceeding a speed limit of 10 mph (16 km/hr). A humorous reflection of rivalry between horse and car transport occurred in Tamworth when an argument occurred outside the Caledonian Hotel (present Coles) in Peel Street. One horse-owner declared - “I can whistle and my horse will come - cars could never do that !” The nearby car-owner placed bets with those in attendance that his vehicle would respond to his whistle. He then proceeded down Peel Street to where his steam-driven vehicle was parked outside the Post Office. Starting the car’s burners, he then returned to the Caledonian. Knowing precisely how long it would take the burners to activate the steam, he delayed his whistle until the appropriate moment, with the car then moving down the street towards him, all bets then being collected.

With the first car engine water pump not coming until a 1914 Cadillac, vehicles before this were very prone to boiling, necessitating most drivers carrying up to 40 litres of water with them. Many early cars had solid iron tyres, before Tamworth engineer / inventor William Silver produced a “spring wheel”, which was soon replaced by solid rubber tyres. Our earliest inflated rubber tyres were quite unreliable, with our 2nd taxi-driver (1911) Victor Omodei stating that in travelling from Manilla to Tamworth you’d expect “at least 3 punctures”. He reportedly carried up to 8 spare tubes with him. Car lights in those early years were powered by carbide or kerosene.

Victor Omodei’s 1911 “Vulcan” - Tamworth’s 2nd motorised taxi.

The first car seen in Tamworth, the 8-horsepower “De Deon”, arriving on April 9, 1904

Maunder, with an unreliable motor-buggy, who often had to summon his horse to tow him home ; Arthur Shelton, whose noisy chain-driven car with solid rubber tyres used a bar 44 | Heartland Magazine

In this early motoring period a Driver’s Licence could be obtained without any tests or related questions. When Victor Omodei obtained his licence, the police filled out his application form which included his age, height, colour of eyes and hair and whether or not he was a “total abstainer”. The forms then went to Sydney for approval and Licence No. 3264 was issued on June 6, 1911 (3 days before he began his taxi-service), at a cost of “one pound. twelve shillings and sixpence.” Even by the 1920’s it was a simple process to gain your licence, simply requiring someone to affirm that you could drive. In 1925 Alfred MacIntyre bought a 2nd- hand Model T Ford from Cliftons Pty Ltd, then in Brisbane Street near the present Westpac Bank. The salesman drove him to just past the present Golf Course, demonstrating en route how to drive the car.

TAMWORTH HISTORY contributed by Michael Cashman MacIntyre was then allowed to drive back to the Police Station,

then in Fitzroy above Carthage Street, where the Police Sergeant issued his driving licence and collected the prescribed fee.

Our first taxi service was started in 1910 by William Omodei (Victor’s brother), using a 4-cylinder “Adams” vehicle with a 12-horsepower engine. The car had 3 forward gears and 1 reverse, with separate foot pedals for each. There was no gear-lever or brake-pedal, the reverse pedal having to be used for braking. Our first motor carrying business was started about 1909 by local accountant Walter Palmer. A bus service got underway in 1916 when Reuben Stuve converted a Model T Ford into a bus. It became known as “The Midnight Horror”, picking up passengers alighting from the night train in Tamworth. Our ambulance became motorised in 1916, as did our fire-engine in 1919.

Now we live in a world of motorised transport. With some predicting that Tamworth may have a population of 100 000 in 20 years time, the only way you’ll be able to get to the other side of the road is to be born there - especially at Jewry Street in peak hour ! At least with the rise of electric cars there may be less “zoom” as cars pass. I’ll probably have got to Newcastle by then !

from Dungowan, and the Model T ambulance came to the rescue!

In that year the Tamworth & District Motor & Civil Ambulance This July 1, 1925 photo shows Superintendent Bowdler with driver Webster at 65 Church Street. Their new Austin ambulance is on the left, with the original Model T Ford (Tamworth’s first motor ambulance) on the right.

Society formed, with the Mayor William Green as President.

WE VALUE OUR AMBULANCE The only time I’ve been in an ambulance was when I was carted up to the Tamworth Hospital in 1961, after suffering a nasty knee injury while playing Rugby League for Newcastle Boys High School against eventual University Shield winners Tamworth High on No.1 Oval - my first time in Tamworth, coming here to live 4 years later. If I’d been here when Tamworth first started I’d have needed to “make my own arrangements.”

Back in 1845 an AA Company overseer James Robson was found at Goonoo Goonoo suffering from several spear wounds. Loaded onto a “dog cart” by his wife Isabella, he was taken over rough tracks to the Company’s hospital in Ebsworth Street but died on the way. He is buried in the original cemetery behind the Ibis Styles Motel in Ebsworth Street, and his relocated gravestone is the oldest to be found in the West Tamworth cemetery.

For several years there was no permanent housing for our single motorised ambulance, with successive drivers usually parking the Ford outside their house or place of employment. Ambulance requirement calls normally went first to Council, then were transferred on to the appointed ambulance driver. The 1918-1919 Spanish Flu epidemic was a particularly busy time. Bob Webster, a gunsmith and Bike-shop owner in Peel Street, was the ambulance driver from 1919 to 1925.

On July 1, 1925 the Tamworth Ambulance Service came under the control of the NSW Ambulance Service and 42-y-o Fred Bowdler became the first local Ambulance Superintendent.

The original Ford was supplemented by an Austin vehicle, with the Ambulance Station located at Bowdler’s home at 65 Church Street in West Tamworth. Charles Wane served as the President of the Ambulance Committee from 1921 to 1947.

Years later our first rather primitive communal ambulance service came by notifying the police station, where a stretcher was housed, of any medical emergency, whereby the policeman would then co-opt the first able-bodied passer-by to assist him as a stretcherbearer in conveying the patient to a doctor or the hospital.

By 1900 this had been improved upon ,by having a 2-wheeled “litter”, basically a bed with overhead canopy, requiring 2 men to provide the transport through shafts at either end.

This early ambulance was kept on the verandah of the Lands Office in Fitzroy Street, opposite the present Town Hall.

Prior to this, in 1897, a branch of the St John Ambulance Service had been formed in Tamworth, which organised 5 lectures on First Aid through local doctors Sexton and Stanley.

One Sunday morning in 1915, blacksmith William Smith and timbermerchant Charles Wane were seated on Smith’s home verandah on the corner of Bridge (then Peel) and Carter Streets, when a litter ambulance with patient was being wheeled to the distant hospital, located where it is now. Smith commented that as Bendemeer had a horse-drawn ambulance from 1912, Tamworth was overdue to have an improved service. The two men called a public meeting at the Mechanics Institute, with only 6 attending. A second meeting drew 12 attendees and a proposal ensued to pursue a motorised ambulance service. Eventually this came to fruition with a Model T Ford being purchased in 1916, and converted to ambulance use. Solicitor Albert Creagh offered as guarantor for the 480 pounds purchase of the new vehicle, which went on display at a Carnival at the Oval on Saturday, July 16, 1916. Fortunate timing, for on the following day 14-y-o Sylvia Solomons was injured in a car accident coming home

A new Humber Ambulance Wagon, delivered to the Tamworth Ambulance in 1939.

The present Marius Street Ambulance Station was opened with much celebration on June 22, 1927 by the NSW Governor Sir Dudley De Chair. The Tamworth District Police Association presented the Service with a fully-equipped Studebaker Wagon. Later, in the 1930’s, Humber Pullman and Hillman Wagons were gifted to the Service.

By 1943 Tamworth & District Ambulance covered an area of 11 000 square kilometres.

Today, when we hear the siren of an ambulance going to someone in need, think back to the Isabella Robson or the early stretcher-bearers doing their best to get someone to hospital.

The Tamworth History “Our Early Hospitals”continues in the next edition of Heartland Magazine

Heartland Magazine | 45

MACLEAN HISTORY Contributed by Carol Cameron and Ken Muller.

TYNDALE To residents of the Maclean district today Tyndale means that area just to the north of Maclean on the south side of the mainland opposite Woodford Island south bank. It too, like the parish of Taloumbi, encompasses a wider area as the parish of Tyndale. The boundaries of the parish encompassed the area from the edge of the Maclean town to the Coldstream River, and was backed by the Parish of Taloumbi.

the mainland side of the South Arm) had mail wrongly placed in bags for either Tyndale Post Office, or the Upper Shark Creek Post Office much further away. The petitioners asked that the Shark Creek Post Office be renamed as the “South Tyndale Post Office.” Petitioners were local farmers from the south side of the South Arm (what is now officially called Tyndale on the mainland).

But in the early days, the “village” area known as Tyndale was that area of the river on the banks of Woodford Island, as well as the area across the river from it, encompassing both sides of the river. Indeed, on 16th September 1875 an article in the Clarence and Richmond Examiner asks: “Where is Tyndale?” The answer being given as: “Many know where the parish of Tyndale is, but the township…where it is, they do not know. Well, Tyndale where the post office is situated, is as near as possible midway between Rocky Mouth and Brushgrove, on the south side of Woodford Island. As you pass it in the steamer you will see very little signs of a township; one solitary weatherboard cottage, with the words Post Office over its verandah (sic).

A stranger would wonder what induced the Government to establish a post office there. But Tyndale is central and has a large population around it.”

Again, when lobbying began for a punt to service the area, it was clear that both sides of the river shared the name. “A PUNT FOR TYNDALE - Are people justifies in asking for a punt at Tyndale? I say yes: for it is 14 miles from Brushgrove punt to Maclean punt, and the intervening district has a large population…We have a school and Church on one side (mainland side), a post office and protestant hall…on the other” (Woodford Island) Clarence and Richmond Examiner 26th August 1893.

Lobbying for the punt took many years, starting in the 1880’s and it was not until 1896 that it was decided by the government that a punt was necessary. “It has been decided by the Department to place the Tyndale punt at the site between Eaton’s farm and Watson’s in the vicinity of the Public school.” This of course, made the school much more accessible to children from both sides of the South Arm.

The school, which was on the mainland side of the river, was established in 1868 as a Provisional school and when the building was made habitable, the school began in February

• • • •

Thus, in January 1896, the punt that was working at Oyster Lake Yamba was transferred to Tyndale and tenders for the construction of a new punt to replace that at Oyster Lake were called.

An early Tyndale Ferry Further problems were pointed out to the authorities when the Shark Creek Post Office, (which was not far from the school on 46 | Heartland Magazine

Located in the heart of Maclean’s CBD next to award-winning bowls club Tse’s Chinese open 7 days for lunch and dinner Room charge facilities available at the Club’s bar and restaurant Barefoot Bowls packages and stay and play bowls packages available

• • • • •

EXECUTIVE KING & FAMILY SUITES DISABLED & FAMILY INTERCONNECTING ROOMS AVAILABLE AIR-CONDITIONED COMFORT FREE WI-FI FOXTEL

MACLEAN HISTORY Contributed by Carol Cameron and Ken Muller.

1869 with 27 pupils. However, in 1871, it was destroyed by fire.

“We are called this week to chronicle the total destruction by fire of the Tyndale Provisional School-house, on the South Arm of the Clarence River. The building was 26ft by 15 feet and was built of slabs. On Sunday afternoon, we understand, Mr and Mrs Watson held school in the building but no lights were used; and from the time the fire broke out, together with certain very suspicious circumstances, there appears to be very little doubt that the work was that of an incendiary, as the building was fired from the outside…the stock of school books which had only recently been replenished, beside some new furniture, all being destroyed… we understand that on the roll were some thirty-five children, and despite the heavy loss, the Local Board have succeeded in making such arrangements as will not necessitate even the temporary closing of the school.” (The Clarence and Richmond Examiner and New England Advertiser Tuesday 29th August 1871).

A new Public School was opened on land purchased from the Lee family and opened in 1884. A weather shed was added in 1887 and a residence in 1888.

the tree was a fitting reminder of floods and their destructive aftermath. Duncan McLachlan was a very dedicated teacher who spent 25 years at Tyndale School.

The school was one of many to close in the 1975 as populations had changed and school children were by then being bussed to a central location.

The Tyndale Hall, also on the Woodford Island side of the South Arm, was a popular spot for the locals. It had been built in 1883 or thereabouts and was the go-to place for weddings, family celebrations, school affairs and concerts, welcome home affairs for soldiers returning from both wars, as well as sendoffs for individual soldiers when they enlisted.

“A TYNDALE VOLUNTEER” Private James Watts, son of Mr and Mrs James Watts, of Tyndale, who some weeks ago volunteered for active service abroad, arrived home on Tuesday night on final leave and was publicly farewelled in the Tyndale Hall on Wednesday evening…to show that the people of that district endorse his actions…a present of a fountain pen, set of military brushes and a money belt (was made).” The Clarence and Richmond Examiner 7th October 1916 It was used for meetings and for public lectures as well; it seems it was the centre of the small community for over 70 years. It was known as the “Temperance Hall” or “Protestant Hall”. However, the hall was not allowed to be used for “games of chance” or when alcohol was supplied, and as it was old and damaged by a storm, the local farmers banded together circa 1958 to build a new public hall to be used by all.

It too was removed in 1990’s.

The school celebrated its centenary in 1968, the photo (above) shows Mr John Henry Watson, the oldest ex-pupil at the time ringing the school bell to signal the start of the celebrations.

It is also interesting to see the old Moreton Bay fig tree behind Mr Watson. This provided shade for the pupils from the time it was planted in 1890 (by the teacher at the time, Mr Duncan McLachlan and Edward Lee.) The tree was planted in a hole which had been scoured out from the ground by the record flood of that year which had damaged the schoolhouse and residence. This flood still holds the record of the biggest flood, devastating most of the Lower River at the time, so Heartland Magazine | 47

UKI HISTORICAL SOCIETY As far as we are aware this is the only photo taken of the Rowlands Creek School children and we thought your readers may be interested to know what became of them after they left school. It is interesting to note that three couples married from this group.

Ted Roberts married Marion Marshall Violet Roberts married George Sweetnam Vernie Roberts married Annie Donoghue

MARSHALL FAMILY John and Marion Marshall were the children of David & Georgina Marshall, who were among the earliest settlers on the South Arm. They selected portions 37 & 38 Rowlands Creek and commenced dairying. They were the first dairy farmers in the area to purchase a cream separator. David Marshall is known as the father of Uki. John Cleaton (Jack) Marshall Born May 1887. He selected portion 28 at Perch Creek. He was a Stock Inspector and was also a talented cricketer and runner. He enlisted in WW1 26th September 1916 and died of wounds 10th October 1918 aged 31. He is buried in Tourgeville Military Cemetery France.

Marion Vaenor Marshall Born 1889. She married Edward William (Ted) Roberts 16th October 1912 in the Uki Methodist Church, which was then known as the “Little Red Church”.

Edward and Marion farmed at Smiths Creek and Midginbil.

During WW2 Marion worked for the W.V.S., Hospital and Ambulance Auxiliaries. Marion died 24th May 1965.

Rowlands Creek School children; Photo taken between 1895-1900 Back Row: L/R: Harry Mills, John Marshall, Alice Roberts, Kitty Mills, Mr T. Campbell (teacher), John Donoghue, Ted Roberts & George Sweetnam.

Middle Row: L/R: Percy Roberts, Violet Roberts, Mary & Bessy Worley, Marion Marshall, Annie Donoghue, Dick Sweetnam.

Front Row: L/R: Billy Mills, Vernie Roberts.

Photo courtesy Tweed Regional Museum UB-3

TEACHER Thomas Fleming Campbell, who was born in 1869, began teaching in 1892. He was appointed to Byangum Provisional School in 1894 and on the 10th January 1895 he began teaching at both Rowlands Creek and Byangum Half-Time Schools. He married in 1899 and was transferred to another school out of the Tweed District in 1900. He remained teaching until he retired in 1934.

MILLS FAMILY Harry and Billy’s parents were Robert & Esther Mills. They selected portions 20, 21, 22, 23 & 24 (they had properties called “Glenmire” and “Ferndale”) at Rowlands Creek. Robert was a timber cutter before he selected at Rowlands Creek.

Henry John (Harry) Mills born 15th September 1886. Farmed at Chowan Creek and married Annie Partridge. Harry died aged in his 40’s.

William Vaughan (Billy) Mills Born 20th July 1889 at Byangum. Enlisted in WW1 on the 29th December 1914 aged 25. He landed at Gallipoli and served as a Gunner with the 5th Light Horse Regiment, 14th Field Artillery Brigade. He returned to Australia 12th May 1918. He dairy farmed at “Glenmire” Rowlands Creek. He married Annie Maisie (May) Askew on the 10th August 1920 in the first wedding service held at St. Columba’s Catholic Church Uki. He retired to Fingal and died 20th July 1962.

Cecelia Kate (Kitty) Mills born 21st September 1883 married Ernie Brims in 1908. They farmed at Rowlands Creek and Solomon’s farm, Dum Dum. Kitty died 19th September 1969.

48 | Heartland Magazine

ROBERTS FAMILY The Roberts children were born to Charles & Catherine (nee Heywood) Roberts, who were among the first pioneer selectors in the Uki district. Charles & Catherine selected portions 4 & 5 Smiths Creek around 1880. They lived at both “Norwood” Uki and “Heywood” Smiths Creek.

Edward William (Ted) Roberts Born 14th August 1883.

In 1898 at the age of 14, he was appointed pupil-teacher at Murwillumbah Public School and in 1901, aged 17, he was appointed teacher in-charge of two part-time schools in the New England area. He married Miss Marion Marshall at Uki in 1912. From 1912 to 1919 he was the Post Master at Uki. In 1919 he became a partner in the Uki auctioneering business of W.O. Irvine and Co. Ted and his younger brother Eric inherited the family farm at Smiths Creek in 1923. At that time Ted was more interested in teaching rather than farming, so in 1930 Eric’s wife Mamie bought Ted’s share of the farm.

Ted was an accomplished cricketer and an expert rifleman, who was also a foundation member of the Uki Masonic Lodge, which was established in 1924. In 1926 he moved to Rainbow Bay and in 1931 he returned to the South Arm, selecting land at Midginbil, where he remained until 1942. During the Second World War he was recalled to the teaching profession and taught at both the Murwillumbah Public School and Blunobia School. In 1946 he became a book-keeper and retired in 1957 to Tumbulgum. He died in 1972 aged 89.

A Melbourne Cup story as told by Marion Roberts: During either the 1930’s or1940’s my Uncle Ted purchased one of the earliest radios in the Midginbil area. To receive a radio transmission he had to install two large aerials. Ted decided that he would give his neighbours a treat by having a Melbourne Cup party and invited them all to gather around his radio to listen to the running of the race. Ted ended up with more visitors than he had anticipated and found that the room was over-crowded with no room left for Ted to sit next to the radio. He decided that he would go outside to get some fresh air before venturing back inside. At this time Ted had some backyard chickens and a local hawk had been stealing off with them. Ted looked up at the radio aerials and what did he spot sitting on one of them but the hawk. He decided he would either do away with the hawk or at least frighten it off with a shot from his rifle. The sum total of firing

UKI HISTORICAL SOCIETY the gun was that he missed the hawk and shot the top off the radio aerial, needless to say that put an end to the radio transmission, so no-one got to hear the running of the race.

Alice Helena Roberts Born 1885 at Murwillumbah.

Alice loved dancing at local country dances. Alice moved to Brisbane and married Walter Berry in 1913. Together they raised 5 children. Her niece Marion Roberts recalled that her Uncle Walter grew the best strawberries she had ever tasted on his small crop farm at Caboolture.

Alice died in Brisbane at the age of 94 in 1979.

Percy Charles Roberts Born 1889. Percy became a farmer at Uki. He enlisted in WW1 4th August 1915 with the 26th Battalion. He was “Killed in Action” at Villers-Bretonneux France 16th November 1916 aged 27. He has no known grave. Percy’s father Charles donated a fine wooden altar in the “Holy Trinity” Church Uki in memory of Percy.

Violet Adela Roberts born 1891 at Uki, married George Sweetnam on 26th March 1913 and dairy farmed at Doon Doon.

Vernon Heywood (Vernie) Roberts Born 1887 at Uki, married Annie Donoghue and lived at Uki on the corner of Mitchell Street and Grants Road.

They later moved to the outskirts of Uki. WORLEY FAMILY Mary and Bessie Worley. We currently have no information on the Worley family.

SWEETNAM FAMILY George Sweetnam Senior selected portion 41 at Byangum before settling on land that was later known as the Sweetnam Estate Uki. His wife was named Esther. They originally lived in a slab hut before building a house that was washed away in the 1954 flood. Before the Uki Catholic Church was built, Mass was celebrated in the family home. George Senior died in 1930 and various sharefarmers farmed the estate after he died. Sweetnam Park is named after this family.

George Sweetnam was born at Uki on Christmas Day 1887. On leaving school he helped his father on the family farm at Uki. In 1907 George selected portion 22 at Doon Doon. He felled the timber and cleared the selection ready to start dairying, subsequently building a house. Between times he worked on road maintenance around Uki. George was in the party of workmen who constructed the original zig-zag track up Mt Warning.

He married Violet Roberts in 1913. They grew bananas and dairy farmed at Doon Doon until 1955, when they retired to Tweed Heads. George died 19th April 1967.

Richard Epiphany (Dick) Sweetnam born 3rd December 1890 at Uki. Died 28th June 1970.

DONOGHUE FAMILY John and Mary (nee Sweetnam) Donoghue selected portion 90 at Byangum before selecting one of the first farms near Uki, near what is now the Braeside Estate. Mary was the first white woman to settle in the Uki area.

John Donoghue born 1885, died 1934.

Annie Donoghue born 1886, married Vernie Roberts. Died 1968.

Uki School is unusual in that it started in a barn at Rowlands Creek and was the Rowlands Creek School, the school moved to its current site in 1901 and in 1906 it became the Uki Public School.

ROWLANDS CREEK SCHOOL D. C. Marshall selected portions 37 & 38 Rowlands Creek Road and C. Huggins selected portion 39. D. C. Marshall’s wife Georgina Marshall and her sister, Mrs Huggins, who lived next door taught their children in a barn on the Marshall farm. Other parents in the area decided they would like to have their children taught as well, thus the wheels were put in motion to establish a school in the area.

15th September 1894 Inspector Peter Board reported, in connection with the establishment of Rowlands Creek Half-Time School which is to share a teacher with Byangum Half-Time School that ‘Mr Marshall of Rowlands Creek is willing to give the use of a suitable and centrally located detached building, 18ft by 12ft, for use as a school and the residents are prepared to supply the necessary furniture and to make any required improvements to the building’.

Mr Marshall charged the Department a “peppercorn” rental for the use of his building. The barn was situated about half a mile away from the present Uki School site.

Permission was granted for the establishment of a school at Rowlands Creek 22nd September 1894. D. C. Marshall wrote to the Department 20th December 1894 that the building and furniture at Rowlands Creek were ready.

The Department appointed Mr Thomas Fleming Campbell to be in charge of both the Byangum and Rowlands Creek Half-Time Schools 10th January 1895, he taught at both schools week about. On the 8th April 1895 Mr Campbell made a successful application for an allowance to keep his horse which he needed to travel the five miles between Byangum and Rowlands Creek.

Rowlands Creek Half-Time School Punishment Book 1895 All the students were punished for Carelessness: Annie Donoghue, 10 years, 2 strokes with cane John Donoghue, 11 years, 1 stoke with cane John Marshall, 8 years, 2 strokes with cane Katie Mills, 12 years, 2 strokes with cane Mabel Malloy, 6 years, 1 stoke with cane George Sweetnam, 7 years, 2 strokes with cane Marion Marshall, 6 years, 1 stoke with cane Richard Sweetnam, 7 years, 2 strokes with cane William Mills, 5 years, 1 stoke with cane Henry Mills, 10 years, 2 strokes with cane Annie Malloy 11 years, 2 strokes with cane 1896 Henry Mills received 4 strokes with the cane for Impertinence and Vernon Roberts received 4 strokes with the cane for laziness.

In March 1900 when Byangum School was being raised to a Provisional school, the teacher Thomas Campbell, was transferred to a Public School.

28th January 1900, Inspector Board wrote ‘A Half Time School has been in operation here [Rowlands Creek] in conjunction with one at Byangum; it had last quarter Continued page 50 Heartland Magazine | 49

UKI HISTORICAL SOCIETY continued from page 48-49 enrolment of 12. During the Christmas Vacation two new families settled in the locality with six children of school age. Two young children, now of an age to attend, make the total available enrolment of 20. This Half-time school has, since its establishment, been carried out in a building granted by Mr Marshall. He, however, during the late vacation withdrew the building from school use, and in order to keep the school in operation, a barn belonging to Mr [Henry] Sweetnam [portion 11, Rowlands Creek Road] has been occupied for six weeks. The provision of a building, in the event of a full time school being established, will need to be hastened and measures for that purpose will be submitted’.

The site for the new school was selected on Crown Land in a central position in Uki Village and lessons continued in the barn until March 1900. The school was then closed until the new full-time Provisional School was built.

The two acre school site was dedicated for school purposes on 6th December 1900.

Mr G. Sweetnam and Mr D. C. Marshall were authorised to fell timber on the school site at a cost of £5. Mr Cornelius McCarthy was the successful tenderer to build the school 18ft. x 14ft. at a cost of £52/9/6. His contract had a penalty clause that for every week after the due date of completion he was to pay £1 for any such delay. Before Mr McCarthy could begin to build the school he had to pay a man 7 shillings & 6 pence a day for six days to clear the site of heavy fallen timber.

destroyed in a bushfire and a new one was built the following year by H. Hatton of Byangum for £5.

Douglas Lancaster was teacher appointed on 8th February 1906. On the 12th February 1906 Mr Lancaster wrote from the Cottage Hospital Murwillumbah to Inspector McCoy; “I have the honour to inform you that while riding to Murwillumbah on Saturday last, I had a fall from my bicycle, sustaining a fracture of the thigh bone”. In February relieving teacher D. Ballie was sent to Rowlands Creek School. On the 10th March Mr Ballie was appointed to Coorabell School and because Mr Lancaster’s leg was slow to heal, Rowlands Creek School was temporarily closed while it was without a teacher. Mr Lancaster was appointed to another school on 5th June 1906.

3rd August 1906 D. C. Marshall, for the Uki Progress Association, wrote to the local Member of Parliament, George Hindmarsh: ‘At the usual monthly meeting of the above Association, a resolution was carried, directing the Secretary to apply to the Minister for Education, through you urging that the present Provisional School at Rowlands Creek be converted to a Public one, and known as Uki Public School’.

On the 21st September 1906 the Rowlands Creek School name was changed to Uki School and it was granted Public School status.

Inspector Cornish later wrote that ‘Evidently he [Mr McCarthy] took the work on too cheaply, and endeavoured to rush over it in an imperfect manner’. McCarthy was obliged to redo some of his work so that it met with Cornish’s approval. Mr McCarthy ended up out of pocket for all his trouble. He built a water-closet (cess-pit) [toilet] too quickly and before the land was surveyed properly.

This W.C. [toilet] had to be changed and so too he had to move the timber on the site before he could build. He asked for an extra £5/18/6 on his contract price but the Department of Public Instruction gave him only £3/15/-.

This school building was a basic one room wooden building on piers with a fireplace and a sheltered entrance.

On the 16th May 1900 Inspector Walker reported ‘The contractor for the new school at Rowlands Creek reports that he is ready to receive the furniture. It comprises 4 desks 7feet 6 inches long, 4 forms [seats] 7 feet 6 inches long, 1 blackboard (medium size) & 1 easel’.

Inspector Walker wrote on 15th September 1900 that he had no teacher in his inspectorate to send to the school which will open as a provisional [school] with about 15 pupils.

In September 1900 Inspector Cornish wrote … ‘He couldn’t make any recommendation about a teacher but perhaps the forthcoming Examination of Candidates for Small Bush Schools may provide a suitable teacher’.

Mr Stephen Hill was appointed on the 8th February 1901. Rowlands Creek was his first school appointment.

He made an application to the Education Department for his travelling expenses from Woodburn to Rowlands Creek. Woodburn to Lismore by boat 5 shillings, Staying overnight in Lismore 4 shillings & 6 pence, Lismore to Murwillumbah by train 8 shillings & 3 pence, Staying overnight in Murwillumbah 6 shillings, Hire of horse to Byangum 2 shillings & 6 Pence, Total £1/6/3.

The present school site was gazetted on 21st September 1901.

In 1904 the girl’s closet [toilet] at the school was 50 | Heartland Magazine

The Rowlands Creek School is situated on the left of the photo, partially obscured. Photo Courtesy Tweed Regional Museum, UXS000149

Life in the 20th Century

Do you know who these ladies are?

“Imagine you were born in 1900. On your 14th birthday, World War I starts, and ends on your 18th birthday. 22 million people perish in that war.

The picture below was brought in to us, with the request we place it in Heartland Magazine and ask, does anybody know who these ladies are?

Later in the year, a Spanish Flu epidemic hits the planet and runs until your 20th birthday. 50 million people die from it in those two years. Yes, 50 million.

On your 29th birthday, the Great Depression begins.

Unemployment hits 25%, the World GDP drops 27%.

That runs until you are 33. The country nearly collapses along with the world economy.

All we know is that the photo was taken in the 1970’s at the Casino Racetrack.

If you can help, please call us on 02 6662 6222 or email sharon@heartlandmedia.com.au

When you turn 39, World War II starts. You aren’t even over the hill yet. And don’t try to catch your breath. On your 41st birthday, the United States is fully pulled into WWII. Between your 39th and 45th birthday, 75 million people perish in the war.

At 50, the Korean War starts. 5 million perish.

At 55 the Vietnam War begins and doesn’t end for 20 years. 4 million people perish in that conflict.

On your 62nd birthday you have the Cuban Missile Crisis, a tipping point in the Cold War. Life on our planet, as we know it, should have ended. Great leaders prevented that from happening.

When you turn 75, the Vietnam War finally ends.

Think of everyone on the planet born in 1900. How do you survive all of that? When you were a kid in 1985 and didn’t think your 85 year old grandparent understood how hard school was. And how mean that kid in your class was. Yet they survived through everything listed above. Perspective is an amazing art, refined as time goes on, and enlightening like you wouldn’t believe. Let’s try and keep things in perspective.”

Supplied to the Heartland Magazine office from a reader in Panama © 2020 Earth is not round; it is slightly pear-shaped. The North Pole radius is 44mm longer than the South Pole radius.

The ozone layer averages about 3 millimeters (1/8 inch) thick.

Summer on Uranus lasts for 21 years – but so does winter.

The one place where a flag flies all day, never goes up or comes down, and does not get saluted, is the moon.

All the planets in the solar system rotate anticlockwise, except Venus. It is the only planet that rotates clockwise.

Plates carrying the continents migrate over the earth’s surface a few centimetres (inches) per year, about the same speed that a fingernail grows.

52 | Heartland Magazine

Do you have a story?

During these hard times, closures, isolation it’s a long road ahead for all of us. Heartland Magazine will continue to bring stories about people and communities.

Now can be a time of reflection. We love to write about people, their loves, their hopes and their dreams and publish them in our magazine each month. Our readers across the country love these stories of ordinary people and we would love for you to submit your story for keepsake for your family and future generations (and our readers).

Heartland Magazine is a monthly A4 gloss magazine, available through your nearest newsagency.

We would love to hear from you, you may want to tell us about long lost relatives or your current generation of family and or yourself.

Once we are gone, our life stories are gone with us. Let Heartland Magazine publish your story (and photo/s).

We can either write it for you via a phone conversation or you can write it and we will rewrite it for you. We are working on our Issue 42 at the moment and would love to publish your story. Contact either Sophie or Jeff and let us take care of you.

We can be contacted on 1300 679 787 or email sophie@heartlandmedia.com.au or jeff@heartlandmedia.com.au

AUSSIE MOTORING

The History of Holden The Holden Commodore 2nd Generation 1988-1997 VN (1988–1991) The VN Commodore of 1988 and subsequent second generation models took their bodywork from the larger Opel Senator B and new Opel Omega A. However, this time, the floor plan was

widened and stretched; now matching the rival Ford Falcon for size. Continuing financial woes at Holden meant the wider VN body was underpinned by narrow, carry-over VL chassis components in a bid to save development costs. In Australia, for the VN and succeeding models, the Commodore Berlina became known simply as the Berlina (but in New Zealand the V6 VN Berlina, assembled locally until the Trentham factory was closed in 1990, was badged Executive. The Berlina nameplate was not launched, as a new entry level grade, with trim and equipment equivalent to the Australian V6 Executive, until the locally built four cylinder model, using the Australian-made, Opel designed, two-litre Family Two fuel injected engine, was added some months after the V6s). The range expanded in 1990 to include a utility variant, given the model designation VG. This was built on a longer-wheelbase platform that it shared with the station wagon and luxury VQ Statesman sedans released earlier in the year. During this time, the rival Ford EA Falcon was plagued with initial quality issues which tarnished its reputation. Buyers embraced the VN Commodore, helping Holden to recover and post an operating profit of A$157.3 million for 1989. The team at Wheels magazine awarded the VN Car of the Year in 1988: the second Commodore model to receive this award.

Changes in the relative values of the Australian dollar and Japanese yen made it financially impractical to continue with the well-regarded Nissan engine of the VL. Instead, Holden manufactured their own 3.8-litre V6 engine based on a Buick design, adapted from FWD to RWD. The 5.0-litre V8 54 | Heartland Magazine

remained optional and received a power boost to 165 kW (221 hp) courtesy of multi-point fuel injection. Although not known for its refinement, the new V6 was nevertheless praised for its performance and fuel efficiency at the time. The 2.0-litre Family II engine offered in New Zealand was also offered in some other export markets including Singapore where the model also was badged Berlina. Accompanying the changes to engines, the VL’s four-speed automatic transmission was replaced by the TurboHydramatic and a Borg-Warner five-speed manual. A Series II update of the VN appeared in September 1989, featuring a revised V6 engine known internally as the EV6. With the update came a power hike of rising to 127 kW (170 hp) from 125 kW (168 hp).

Under an unsuccessful model sharing arrangement that was part of the Hawke Labor government reforms in 1989, which saw the formation of the United Australian Automobile Industries alliance between Holden and Toyota Australia, the latter began selling badge engineered versions of the VN Commodore manufactured by Holden. The rebadged Commodores were sold as the Toyota Lexcen, named after Ben Lexcen who was the designer of Australia II yacht that won the 1983 America’s Cup. The original T1 Lexcen offered sedan and station wagon body forms in three levels of trim: base, GL and GLX. Moreover, they were only available with 3.8-litre V6 engine and automatic transmission combination.

VP (1991–1993) The VP update of 1991 featured cosmetic changes and mechanical however most were not visible unless you were to pull the motor down; and a very similar revised 3.8-litre V6 and 5.0-litre V8 engines from the VN were carried over. The 2.0-litre straight-four engine previously available in New Zealand was discontinued. Exterior cosmetic changes included a translucent acrylic grille on the base level Executive and Berlina, with a colour-coded grille for the S and SS, and a chrome grille for Calais. Updated tail lights and boot garnishes were also a part of the changes, which were different for each model, with the Berlina having grey stripes and the Calais chrome stripes. semitrailing arm independent rear suspension became standard on the Calais and SS, but was made an option on lower-end models in lieu of the live rear axle, improving ride and handling.

A new wider front track was introduced to address issues with the previous carried-over VL chassis components. In August 1992, anti-lock brakes were introduced as an option on the Calais and SS trim levels, later becoming optional on all Series II variants.

This January 1993 update also included a colour-coded grille for the Executive and alloy wheels for the Commodore S. Toyota’s pattern of updating their Lexcen model tended to follow Commodore’s model cycle. The T2 (VP) Lexcen from 1991 pioneered new specification designations: CSi, VXi and Newport. All future updates (T3 (VR), T4 (VS) and T5 (VS II) Lexcens) made use of the new naming system until 1997, when the badge engineering scheme ceased. To give further differentiation to the Lexcen from the Commodore, the Lexcens from the VP model onwards had unique front-end styling

AUSSIE MOTORING treatments.

VR (1993–1995) The 1993 VR Commodore represented a major facelift of the second generation architecture leaving only the doors and roof untouched. Approximately 80 percent of car was new in

comparison to the preceding model. Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body, semicircular wheel arches and the “twinkidney” grille—a Commodore styling trait which remained until the VY model of 2002 and remains a permanent staple on the HSV variants to this day. The rear-end treatment saw raised tail lights, implemented for safety reasons, and a driver’s side airbag was introduced as an option: a first for an Australianbuilt car. Other safety features such as anti-lock brakes and independent rear suspension were only available with the new electronic GM 4L60-E automatic transmission. Along with a driver’s airbag and cruise control, these features were packaged into a new Acclaim specification level: a family-oriented safety spec above the entry-level Executive. Holden’s strong focus on safety can be seen in the Used Car Safety Ratings. The findings

VS (1995–1997) The 1995 VS Commodore served as a mechanical update of the VR, destined to maintain sales momentum before the arrival of an all-new VT model. The extent of exterior changes amounted to little more than a redesigned Holden logo and wheel trims. An overhauled Ecotec (Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology) version of the Buick V6 engine coincided with changes to the engine in the United States. The Ecotec engine packed 13 percent more power for a total of 147 kW (197 hp), cut fuel consumption by 5 percent, increased the compression ratio from 9.0:1 to 9.4:1 and improved on the engine’s previous rough characteristics.

Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of

the GM 4L60-E automatic transmission, improving throttle response and smoothing gear changes. The Series II update of June 1996 included elliptical side turn signals, interior tweaks and the introduction of a supercharged V6 engine for selected trim levels, and the introduction of a new Getrag manual transmission. The new supercharged engine slotted between the existing V6 and V8 engines in the lineup and was officially rated at 165 kW (221 hp), just 3 kW (4.0 hp) below the V8.

The VS Commodore was the last of which to be sold as a Toyota Lexcen, as Holden and Toyota ended their model-sharing scheme. The last Lexcens were built during 1997. This model was also sold as the VS Commodore Royale in New Zealand.

Similar in specification to the Calais also sold in New Zealand, the Royale featured a standard VS Commodore body with the front end from the VS Caprice and an Opel 2.6-litre 54-Degree V6 engine. The Royale was also sold between 1995 and 1997 in small numbers to Malaysia and Singapore as the Opel Calais.

A small but dedicated team of GM engineers would dedicate six years to the development of the VN, travelling over one and a half million kilometers during testing at GM’s Lang Lang faciltiy.

show that in an accident, VN/VP Commodores provide a “worse than average” level of occupant protection. However, the updated VR/VS models were found to provide a “better than average” level of safety protection. Holden issued a Series II revision in September 1994 bringing audible warning chimes for the handbrake and fuel level among other changes.

The latest revision of the Buick 3.8-litre V6 engine was fitted to the VR Commodore, featuring rolling-element bearings in the valve rocker arms and increased compression ratios. These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kW (174 hp) and further improvement in noise, vibration, and harshness levels. Wheels magazine awarded the VR Commodore Car of the Year in 1993.

Break Out The US sourced V6 had been designed to fit transversly into a frontwheel-drive configuration in Buicks, Pontiacs and Oldsmobiles, so the Holden engineers were forced to heavily modify the unit to suit a rear wheel drive configuration. Amazingly, despite having just on 25% more capacity than the Nissan 6, the new V6 was 5 kilo’s lighter. It would be the first V6 ever to be manufactured in Australia.

The V6 was certainly not technically innovative from a design point, particularly with its overhead valve layout, but it was endowed with the latest in electronic gadgetry such as direct fire injection and electronic engine management. Unfortunatlely these, combined with a balance shaft and hydraulic engine mounts, were not enough to prevent the engine being considered “harsher” than many of the competitors.

We continue to the History of the Commodore in the next issue of Heartland Magazine Heartland Magazine | 55

TRUCKING HISTORY

The History of UD Trucks UD Trucks Corporation is a Japanese company whose principal business is the manufacturing and sales of diesel trucks, buses, bus chassis and special-purpose vehicles.

Its headquarters are located in Ageo, Saitama, Japan. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Volvo Group since 2007. Until 2010, the company was known as Nissan Diesel.

The UD name was originally used for the company’s Uniflow Diesel Engine (a two-stroke diesel engine), developed in 1955, but is now marketed as meaning “Ultimate Dependability”.

History 1935–1949 In 1935, Nihon Diesel Industries, Ltd, in Kawaguchi, Japan on the outskirts of Tokyo was established. The company started production of KD-series 2-cycle diesel engines. In 1940 production of 4.5-ton-payload TT6 series trucks started. In development of 7.5-ton-payload TN93 series trucks, featuring the largest payload capacity in the Japanese market, and the nation’s first monocoque-type BR3 series buses with rear-mounted engines.

In 1946 the company name changed to Minsei Industries, Ltd. In 1949 development of 7.5-ton-payload TN93 series trucks started.

1950–1959

In 1950 Minsei Diesel Industries, Ltd. was spun off from Minsei Industries; and the company was on the way to becoming a comprehensive transport equipment manufacturer. In 1955 the UD name was born, when Minsei Diesel Industries Nissan Diesel 6TW12 introduced a range uniflow-scavenging 2-cycle diesel engine. Of course, the UD stood for “Uniflow Diesel”, named after the engine, they had invented for use in their trucks. The production of various trucks and buses with 81 kW (110 PS) UD3, 110 kW (150 PS) UD4 and 169 kW (230 PS) UD6 engines began. In 1957 the development of Japan’s first RFA series air-suspension buses and 10-ton-payload 6TW10 series trucks called “Jumbo” in overseas markets began.

1960–1969 In 1960 the company name was changed again, this time to Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd. Forward-control trucks and truck tractors were also introduced. In 1963, there was the initial production of compact 4-cycle 40 kW (55PS) SD20 and 44 kW (60PS) SD22 diesel engines. 70 to 80-ton crane-carrier truck series were also introduced to the line-up. 1969 saw the introduction of 4-cycle 136 kW (185PS) PD6 and 99 kW (135 PS) ND6 diesel engines for heavy-duty vehicles. Diesel products were sold in Japan at a separate dealership sales channel called Nissan Diesel.

In 1969, the 780-series replaced the 680-series bonneted truck.

1970–1979 In 1971 the heavy Nissan Diesel C-series arrived, being replaced by the second generation in 1979. 1972 saw the 56 | Heartland Magazine

marketing of V-type 206 kW (280 PS) RD8 and 257 kW (350 PS) RD10 diesel engines. In 1973, light-duty trucks were produced for the Nissan Motor Company.

The Nissan Diesel C-series was a heavy-duty commercial vehicle that was produced by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan Diesel (now UD Trucks) and sold in two generations between 1971 and 1990 (although production continued into the 1990s for certain markets). The second generation was marketed as the “Nissan Diesel Resona” in Japan from 1983 until 1986, which is usually what the second generation is referred to as. The C-series was replaced by the Nissan Diesel Big Thumb in 1990.

1980–1989 In 1982 there was the introduction of new forward-control cab for the CWA52/45 series trucks (sold as the Nissan Diesel Resona in Japan), CKA-T series truck tractors and ultramodern U(A)21, U(A)31, RA51 series buses. As of 1985 the company had a wide range of light-, medium- and heavy-duty trucks, as well as buses and special-purpose vehicles such as crane carriers. In 1989 there was an agreement with IVECO of Italy to jointly develop low-pollution diesel engines.

1990–1999 In 1992 Nissan Diesel Philippines Corp. started manufacturing deluxe coaches in cooperation with Jonckheere Bus & Coach NV/SA of Belgium. In 1995 Nissan Diesel produced its two million vehicles since commencing production in May Nissan Diesel CW 340 1950. 1996 brought about the establishment of PT Astra Nissan Diesel Indonesia, a joint venture company with Marubeni Corporation and Astra International, and the Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd, a joint venture company with Sumitomo Corporation and Dongfeng Motor Corporation.

2000–2009 In 2000 Nissan Diesel introduced new heavy-duty trucks in Japan and Asian countries. It also acquired the sales operation from Nissan Diesel Sales Co., Ltd. In 2003, Nissan Motor and Nissan Diesel reached a basic agreement on a light-duty truck joint venture. There was also the signing of development assistance contract for air suspension of buses with China’s Dongfeng Motor Corporation.

Nissan Diesel was purchased by the Volvo Group in 2007, becoming a subsidiary. After the transaction between Nissan Motor and Volvo, Nissan Diesel’s business relations with Nissan Motors continued as normal and the Nissan Diesel and UD brand names remained unchanged. Volvo also acquired the truck division of Renault in 2001.

Starting from 2007, the OEM supply agreement between Nissan Diesel and Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation became effective, with both companies supplying engines to each other for use in new buses, and supplying some buses to each other with the partner’s badge.

2010–present On 1 February 2010, Nissan Diesel changed its name to UD Trucks. At the same time Nissan Diesel Trucks Japan, a 100% owned sales company of UD Trucks

TRUCKING HISTORY

in Japan, changed its name to UD Trucks Japan.

UD Quon above and interior below

On September 12, 2012, UD Trucks of North America announced that it will no longer be part of the North American truck market. Reasons given for this decision was a combination of factors, including the continued shrinking of the cab-over-engine market segment and the accelerating cost of regulatory compliance.

In 2013, UD Trucks launched the UD Quester at Bangkok, a new heavy-duty truck for developing countries.

In 2014, UD Trucks merged with UD Trucks Japan.

That same year, Volvo’s Volvo Buses started to market UD buses in India. The first model for that market, the UD SLF, was introduced in 2015.

In 2017, UD Trucks launched new versions of the Quon and Condor trucks. The Condor, a medium-duty truck, is supplied

by Isuzu as part of an OEM agreement, mainly for the Japanese market. The company also launched a new Croner and the light-duty Kuzer, both aimed at developing countries.

In December 2019 Volvo signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding to form a strategic alliance with Isuzu. As part of the agreement, Volvo plans to eventually transfer UD Trucks to Isuzu.

Markets UD Trucks are marketed in over 60 countries.

Some of the main markets are Japan, South Africa, Australia, Asia and the Middle East.

UD Trucks Southern Africa’s head office and assembly plant is in Rosslyn, Gauteng and includes a competency development centre. There are 36 UD Trucks dealers and service agents in South Africa and another 30 in other southern African countries, including Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

In 2015, UD Trucks renewed its headquarters building in Ageo.

In 2016, UD Trucks started selling the Kazet, a new light-duty for the Japanese market that is supplied by Mitsubishi Fuso. In December of that year, it sold its stake in Dongvo (previously Dongfeng Nissan Diesel), a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Group, which was renamed as Dongfeng Nengdi.

Heartland Magazine | 57

MOTORBIKE HISTORY - Ducati Motorcycle Company Continued from Issue 40

1970s In 1973, Ducati commemorated its 1972 win at the Imola 200 with the production model green frame Ducati 750 SuperSport.

In 1993, Miguel Angel Galluzzi introduced the Ducati Monster, a naked bike with exposed trellis and engine. Today the Monster accounts for almost half of the company’s worldwide sales. The Monster has undergone the most changes of any motorcycle that Ducati has ever produced.

Ducati also targeted the offroad market with the twostroke Regolarità 125, building 3,486 models from 1975 to 1979, but the bike was not successful.

Ducati Monster

In 1993, Pierre Terblanche, Massimo Bordi and Claudio Domenicali designed the Ducati Supermono.

A 550 cc single-cylinder lightweight “Catalog Racer”.

Only 67 were built between 1993 and 1997.

Ducati 860 GT

In 1975, the company introduced the 860 GT, designed by noted car stylist Giorgetto Giugiaro. Its angular lines were unique, but raised handlebars made for an uncomfortable seating position at high speeds and also caused steering issues. The 860GT’s angular styling was a sales disaster, and it was hurriedly re-designed for the 1976 season with a more rounded fuel tank.

In 1994, the company introduced the Ducati 916 model designed by Massimo Tamburini, a water-cooled version that allowed for higher output levels and a striking new bodywork that had aggressive lines, an underseat exhaust, and a single-sided swingarm. Ducati has since ceased production of the 916, supplanting it (and its progeny, the 748, 996 and 998) with the 749 and 999.

2000s

In 1975 Ducati offered hand-built production racers, the ‘square case’ 750SS and later 900SS models, built in limited numbers. Sales of the 900SS proved so strong, and sales of the 860GT/GTE/GTS so weak, that pro-duction of the 900SS was ramped up, and it became Ducati’s #1 selling model.

1980s Ducati Desmoquattro engine Ducati’s liquid-cooled, multi-valve V-twins, made from 1985 on, are known as Desmoquattro (“desmodromic valve four”). These include the 851, 916 and 996, 999 and a few predecessors and derivatives.

The Ducati Paso was introduced in 1986 with the Paso 750, followed in 1989 with the Paso 906. The final version came in 1991 with the 907IE (Iniezione Elettronica), now without the name “Paso”. The design was from the hand of Massimo Tamburini, who also designed the Ducati 916 and MV Agusta F4. The Paso was a typical “you love it, you hate it” bike. However, at that time it looked like that allenclosed bodywork would be the future for all motorcycles.

The Paso design was copied for the Moto Morini Dart 400 and Cagiva Frec-cia 125. Together with Tamburini’s Bimota DB1, they were enormously influential in terms of styling.

1990s 58 | Heartland Magazine

750 SuperSport Ducati

In 2006, the retro-styled Ducati PaulSmart 1000 LE was released, which shared styling cues with the 1973 750 SuperSport (itself a production replica of Paul Smart’s 1972 race winning 750 Imola Desmo), as one of a SportClassic series representing the 750 GT, 750 Sport, and 750 SuperSport Ducati motorcycles.

Motorcycle design history Ducati has produced several styles of motorcycle engines, including varying the number of cylinders, type of valve actuation and fuel delivery. Ducati is best known for its V-twin engine, called an L-twin by the compa-ny, which is the powerplant in the majority of Ducati-marqued motorcycles.

Ducati has also manufactured engines with one, two, three or four cylinders; operated by pull rod valves and push rod valves; single, double and triple overhead camshafts; two-stroke and even at one stage manufactured small diesel

MOTORBIKE HISTORY - Ducati Motorcycle Company engines, many of which were used to power boats, generators, garden machinery and emergency pumps (for example, for fire fighting). The engines were the IS series from 7 to 22 hp (5.2 to 16.4 kW) air-cooled and the larger twin DM series water- and air-cooled. The engines have been found in all parts of the globe. Wisconsin Diesel even as-sembled and “badge engineered” the engines in the USA. They have also produced outboard motors for marine use. Currently, Ducati makes no other engines except for its motorcycles.

On current Ducati motors, except for the Desmosedici and 1199 Panigale, the valves are actuated by a stand-ard valve cam shaft which is rotated by a timing belt driven by the motor directly. The teeth on the belt keep the camshaft drive pulleys indexed. On older Ducati motors, prior to 1986, drive was by solid shaft that trans-ferred to the camshaft through bevel-cut gears. This method of valve actuation was used on many of Ducati’s older single-cylinder motorcycles — the shaft tube is visible on the outside of the cylinder.

Ducati is also famous for using the desmodromic valve system championed by engineer and designer Fabio Taglioni, though the firm has also used engines that use valve springs to close their valves. In the early days, Ducati reserved the desmodromic valve heads for its higher performance bikes and its race bikes. These valves do not suffer from valve float at high engine speeds, thus a desmodromic engine is capable of far higher revolu-tions than a similarly configured engine with traditional spring-valve heads.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Ducati produced a wide range of small two-stroke bikes, mainly sub-100 cc capacities. Large quantities of some models were exported to the United States.

Ducati has produced the following motorcycle engine types: Single-cylinder • pullrod actuated, 48 cc and 65 cc (Cucciolo) • pushrod actuated, 98 and 125 cc • two-stroke, 50, 80, 90, 100, 125 cc • bevel actuated, spring valved: 98 cc, 100 cc, 125 cc, 160 cc, 175 cc, 200 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, 450 cc • bevel actuated, desmodromic valved : 125 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc and 450 cc • belt actuated, desmodromic valved : 549/572 cc Supermono, only 65 made.

Two-cylinder • bevel actuated, spring valved (V-twin): 750 cc, 860 cc • bevel actuated, desmo valved (V-twin): 750 cc, 860 cc, 900 cc, 973 cc (Mille) • bevel actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 125 cc, • chain actuated, spring valved (parallel twin): 350 cc, 500 cc (GTL) • chain actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 500 cc (500SD) • belt actuated, desmo valved (V-twin): Almost all motors since 1986.

Four-cylinder • gear actuated, desmo valved (V4): Prototype Desmosedici, and Low volume Production Desmosedici RR, 1,500 made • pushrod actuated, spring valved (V4): Prototype Apollo, only two made.

Enthusiasts groups A key part of Ducati’s marketing strategy since the 1990s has been fostering a distinct community identity in connection

with branding efforts including online communities and local, regional and national Ducati enthu-siast clubs. There are more than 400 Ducati clubs worldwide and 20,000 registered users of the Ducati Owners Club web site and 17,000 subscribers to the racing web site. Enthusiasts and riders are informally referred to in the motorcycling community as Ducatista (singular) or Ducatisti (plural).

In North America there are several Ducati enthusiasts organizations with varying degrees of factory sponsor-ship, such as the Bay Area Desmo Owners Club (BADOC) located in and around the city of San Francisco, CA. Ducati Riders of Illinois (DRILL) located in Chicago, IL. DESMO, the Ducati Enthusiast Sport Motor-cycle Organization, is a North American group affiliated with the factory Desmo Owners Club. Some groups are focused on vintage Ducatis while several are based primarily or entirely on email discussion lists or web forums.

Merchandising Ducati has a wide range of accessories, lifestyle products and co-branded merchandise bearing their logos and designs.

The company has a licensing agreement with Tumi Inc., launching a collection of eight co-branded luggage pieces in 2006, sold through both of the brands’ retail outlets.

Racing history Ducati’s history with motorsport began with speed records on Cucciolo motorized bicycle factory racers in 1951, followed in 1954 with bringing in Fabio Taglioni to found a road-racing program with the 100 Gran Sport. As of 2009, Ducati was still pursuing the “win on Sunday, sell on Monday” business model and spending 10% of company revenues, €40 million, on its racing business.

MotoGP World Championship

Ducati rejoined Grand Prix motorcycle racing in 2003, after a 30-year absence. On 23 September 2007, Ca-sey Stoner clinched his and Ducati’s first Grand Prix World Championship.

When Ducati re-joined MotoGP in 2003, MotoGP had changed its rules to allow four-stroke 990 cc engines to race. At the time Ducati was the fastest bike. In 2007, MotoGP reduced the engine size to 800 cc (49 cu in), and Ducati continued to be the fastest with a bike that was markedly quicker than its rivals as was displayed by Casey Stoner on tracks with long straights.

For 2009, Ducati Marlboro Team campaigned their Desmosedici GP9 with former World Champions Casey Stoner and Nicky Hayden. Ducati also supplied customer bikes to Pramac Racing, with Mika Kallio and Nic-colò Canepa riding for the team in 2009.

Nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi rode for Ducati Corse for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. Rossi returned to the Yamaha team for the 2013 season.

For 2013, Ducati Team raced with Nicky Hayden and the Italian rider Andrea Dovizioso. In 2014 Cal Crutchlow teamed up with Dovizioso for the season, and he left at the end of the year.

In 2015, Ducati Team, under the control of the new race team director Gigi Dall’Igna and the new Des-mosedici GP15, raced with two Italian riders: Andrea Dovizioso and Andrea Iannone.

Dovizioso and Ian-none returned for another season in 2016 with Michele Pirro as official tester. As well as this, Casey Stoner also tested Ducati machinery during the season. In 2017 and 2018, Ducati Team rider Andrea Dovizioso raced with his new teammate Jorge Lorenzo, who joined the Ducati team from Yamaha Factory Racing with a two seasons contract. In 2019, Danilo Petrucci joined Dovizioso at the factory team.

Issue 42 of Heartland Magazine we look at the history of Honda Motorcycles Heartland Magazine | 59

Why is it important to ensure my pet is microchipped?

It is very important to ensure your pet cat or dog is microchipped because if your pet cat or dog becomes lost, you are far more likely to be reunited if they are microchipped.

your pet go missing you are far more likely to be reunited if he or she is microchipped. The benefits of microchipping in terms of identifying a lost animal and reuniting them with their owner far outweigh any minimal, momentary discomfort.

What is a microchip? How does it work?

A microchip is a permanent method of electronic identification. The chip itself is very small – about the size of a grain of rice – and is implanted subcutaneously (just under the skin) between the shoulder blades at the back of your pet’s neck. Each chip has a unique number that is detected using a microchip scanner. The microchip number is recorded on a microchip database registry with details about the animal and owner. Pet owners need to ensure their contact details are recorded on the database against their pet’s microchip number. Should your pet wander or become lost, vets, animal shelters and local councils can scan your pet for a microchip and contact you via the database.

When should microchipping be done?

Legally your pet cat or dog should be microchipped prior to you purchasing or adopting your pet. This is the only way to effectively trace the origin of a cat or dog.

However, if your pet is not yet microchipped then we recommend that you make an appointment with your vet to have your pet microchipped (even in those states where microchipping is not yet compulsory). Some local councils and animal welfare organisations can also microchip pets.

Where can I microchip my pet?

Only authorised microchip implanters are permitted to microchip pets. Vets and animal welfare organisations can microchip pets. Some local councils also organise microchipping days.

It is very important to keep your contact details up to date on the database so that if you move to a new house or change your phone number you will still be contactable in the event of your pet becoming lost/straying.

If a pet is transferred to a new owner, the new owner must ensure their contact details are recorded on the database.

Is microchipping my pet cat or dog compulsory?

In NSW microchipping is mandatory for cats and dogs.

Legally your pet cat or dog should be microchipped prior to you purchasing or adopting your pet. This is the only way to effectively trace the origin of the cat/dog.

However, if your pet is not yet microchipped then we recommend that you make an appointment with your vet to have your pet microchipped. Some local councils and animal welfare organisations can also microchip pets.

Is microchipping painful?

Microchipping is a quick (only takes a few seconds), safe and simple procedure and causes little discomfort. Some puppies and kittens may flinch or yelp as the chip is implanted, however the pain is minimal and short-lived, and most animals will forget about it very quickly. Microchipping is very important for re-uniting lost pets with their owners. Should 60 | Heartland Magazine

If you find a companion animal you have 24 hours to take the animal to an approved premises so the animal can be scanned for a microchip and be cared for.

Approved places include: Council animal shelter, vet clinic or council building. You can also contact your local council and organise a Ranger to attend if you are unable to take animal to one of these places.

Heavy fines apply for non compliance.

Uncovered loads There are heavy penalties for not correctly covering loads in NSW. Unsecured loads such as household goods, building materials and green waste, present a serious hazard to other road users and the general public.

Load restraint is important because unsecured loads, those overhanging from your vehicle, or those that can loosen in motion, can essentially become flying missiles with the ability to kill, particularly when you come to a sudden stop.

Other drivers on the road are then forced to swerve to

For example, most headboards or loading racks are not strong enough to properly restrain heavy loads, so you should choose a suitable vehicle for your load.

Similarly, it is also important to use suitable restraint equipment appropriate for the type of load your vehicle is carrying, to ensure it is positioned correctly and not acting as a hazard.

avoid items that are falling or have fallen from vehicle, which can, in turn, cause them to lose control of their vehicle, leading to accidents and additional damage.

Even debris from unsecured loads can cause road closures, congestion and interruptions, incur thousands of dollars in damage and act as a major contributor to serious crashes.

As such, it is important to position your load correctly, use good quality restraint equipment, and monitor your load before and after your trip.

For example, high and narrow items such as stacks of smaller cartons will likely need more than one restraint, while nets and tarpaulins can be used to restrain lighter items.

It is also recommended to bundle similar items together that package in a more stable single unit.

You can also fill spaces and gaps between piles with other items, making sure that these items are restrained as well.

Ultimately, your method of load restraint needs be suitable not simply for day-to-day driving, but also to stay in place in the event of sudden breaking or swerving, collision or rollover.

Given the ability of objects attached loosely to vehicles to become projectiles, the legislation around driving with an unsecured load is designed to protect drivers, other motorists and the general public.

Loads must be covered to secure and contain all materials within the vehicle and trailer. Fines apply for uncovered loads.

In NSW, the law on driving with an unsecured or overhanging load is outlined in rule 292 Road Rules 2014 (NSW).

Section 292 prohibits a driver from driving or tow a vehicle if the vehicle is carrying a load that’s not properly secured to the vehicle or is placed on the vehicle in a way which causes the vehicle to be unstable, or if the load projects from the vehicle in such a way that’s likely to injure someone, obstruct the path of other drivers/pedestrians, or damage a vehicle or anything else, including a road surface.

This will ordinarily result in an on-the-spot fine of $457 and 3 demerit points.

Tips to Properly Securing your Load on your Vehicle

Offence

Fine

Demerit Points

Drive/tow vehicle with unsecured load

$ 457

3

Drive/tow vehicle with load causing instability

$ 457

3

Drive/tow vehicle with overhanging load

$ 457

3

Not remove/have removed anything fallen/put on road

$ 457

3

When it comes to properly securing loose objects on your vehicle, it is important to note that different loads will need to be transported differently.

Put simply, the way you carry a load will depend on the load itself.

Heartland Magazine | 61

62 | Heartland Magazine

THIS MONTH IN HISTORY May 15 1900 - Women win the vote in Western Australia.

1928 - The Aerial Medical Service, later the Flying Doctor Service, is established at Cloncurry, Queensland.

2010 - 16 year old Jessica Watson sails into Sydney after becoming the youngest person to sail non-stop and unassisted around the world.

May 16 1891 - Henry Lawson’s iconic poem, “Freedom On the Wallaby”, is published for the first time.

2002 - The last ANZAC veteran of the Gallipoli campaign dies May 17 1770 - Lieutenant James Cook discovers and names Queenland’s Glass House Mountains. see more page 64 1893 - Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination sparked WWI, arrives in Australia for a tour marked by hunting parties and barbeques.

May 18 1854 - Australia’s first horse-drawn railway line commences operations in South Australia May 19 1915 - John Simpson Kirkpatrick, the man who heroically rescued 300 wounded soldiers with a donkey at Gallipoli, is killed.

1948 - Australia’s Federal Government announces that rail gauges across Australia will be standardised.

May 20 1867 - Copper is first discovered in Queensland, sparking the founding of the town of Cloncurry May 21 2008 - It is reported that the Tasmanian government has declared the Tasmanian Devil an endangered species.

May 22 1840 - New South Wales ceases to be a convict colony as the Order-in-Council ending transportation of convicts is issued.

1851 - The official announcement is made of the discovery of gold in New South Wales, Australia.

1860 - The first elected Parliament of Queensland, Australia, meets.

May 23 1837 - Streets and squares in Adelaide, capital of South Australia, are first named.

1930 - Extensive aerial surveying and mapping of the Australian outback begins.

1960 - Television finally comes to Tasmania with the launch of TVT-6 May 24 1770 - Lieutenant James Cook enters and names Bustard Bay, the first point of landing on Queensland soil.

1838 - The first in what was to become a chain of David Jones Department stores opens.

1890 - Author Robert Louis Stevenson publishes his famous treatise in defence of Father Damien, missionary in Molokai, Hawaii.

1969 - The last Australian is awarded the original Victoria Cross, prior to the introduction of the Victoria Cross for Australia.

May 25 1830 - After tracing the Murray River for thousands of kilometres, Sturt’s party finally arrives back in Sydney.

1847 - Little-known Australian explorer Joseph Wild dies after being gored by a bull.

1941 - Dianne Cousins is born 1622 - The first recorded shipwreck in Australian waters occurs.

1870 - Notorious Australian bushranger ‘Captain

Thunderbolt’ is shot dead.

1904 - Five men are killed in a gold mining accident near Coolgardie, Western Australia.

May 26 1982 - The Royal Bluebell is officially announced as the floral emblem of the Australian Capital Territory.

May 27 1897 - The mummified bodies of Australian explorers Charles Wells and George Jones are discovered.

1967 - An Australian referendum recognises more Aboriginal rights as equal citizens.

May 28 1814 - Governor Macquarie offers a free pardon to absconded Tasmanian convicts, except for murderers.

2000 - 250,000 people walk across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the People’s Walk for Reconciliation during Corroboree 2000.

1988 - Sophie McAuliffe is born 2010 - ‘The Australian’ becomes Australia’s first newspaper to launch an iPad digital edition.

May 29 1874 - Australian explorer Giles finishes his last keg of water on his desperate attempt to reach his base camp 1861 - George Goyder, responsible for the controversial “Goyder Line”, becomes Surveyor-General of South Australia.

1880 - The Great Hall of Melbourne’s Royal Exhibition Building is opened to the public for the first time.

1917 - Tasmania’s coat of arms is approved by Royal Warrant from King George V. May 30 1886 - The Ly-ee-Moon steamer runs aground off Cape Green lighthouse in southern NSW, Australia, killing 71.

May 31 1813 - Explorers Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth view the rich Bathurst Plains for the first time.

1942 - Japanese midget submarines enter Sydney Harbour in WWII. June 1 1829 - Today is Foundation Day for Western Australia.

1850 - The first convicts arrive in Fremantle, Western Australia, to help populate the waning Swan River colony. read more page 64 June 2 1841 - Eyre’s expedition across the Nullarbor is saved when he meets Captain Rossiter, of the whaler ‘Mississippi’.

1858 - Francis Gregory find evidence of Aboriginal cannibalism.

1874 - Explorers John and Alexander Forrest discover Weld Springs, an oasis of clear, fresh water in central Western Australia.

June 3 1787 - The First Fleet arrives in Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, to take on extra supplies.

1790 - The Lady Juliana is the first ship of the Second Fleet to arrive in Sydney Cove June 4 1629 - Dutch trading ship ‘The Batavia’ is shipwrecked off Australia’s western coast.

June 5 1788 - First Fleet cattle from the government herds go bush, disappearing for seven years.

1988 - Kay Cottee returns to Sydney, the first woman to sail solo around the world.

June 6 1835 - John Batman, the native-born founder of Melbourne, signs a treaty with Aborigines entitling him to 250,000 hectares of land in Port Phillip Bay. Continued next page

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THIS MONTH IN HISTORY continued 1853 - The Bendigo Goldfields petition is presented at a meeting of the Anti-Gold-Licence Association.

1859 - Today is Queensland Day, marking the day that Queensland separated from the colony of New South Wales.

1888 - The British Crown annexes Christmas Island.

June 7 1825 - Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) officially separates from New South Wales.

June 8 1856 - The first free settlement is established on Norfolk Island.

1951 - The School of the Air begins broadcasting from the Flying Doctor base in Alice Springs.

2000 - The Olympic Torch relay ahead of the Sydney Olympic Games begins in Uluru-Kata Tjuta.

June 9 1851 - Victorian Governor La Trobe offers a reward of 200 pounds to anyone finding gold within 200 miles of Melbourne.

1928 - Australian aviators Charles Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm arrive in Brisbane after completing the first flight across the Pacific Ocean.

1979 - A fire on the Ghost train ride at Sydney’s Luna Park kills six children and one adult.

June 10 1851 - Sydney Ducks gang member John Jenkins is lynched

by San Franciscan vigilantes.

1944 - 642 residents of Oradour-sur-Glane, France, are killed by Nazi troops.

June 11 1851 - The first gold is found in Victoria.

1863 - New South Wales sees the first public demonstration of electric lighting, to honour the marriage of the Prince of Wales.

1992 - The Mount Schank State Heritage Area, around extinct volcanic remnant Mount Schank, is declared.

June 12 1931 - The territories of North Australia and Central Australia are reunited as the Northern Territory.

1948 - Donald Bradman scores 138 in the First Test at Trent Bridge.

2003 - Optus launches the C1 satellite, the largest Australian hybrid communications and military satellite ever launched.

June 13 1816 - Sydney’s Royal Botanic Gardens are founded.

1923 - Australia sees the introduction of Vegemite. read more this page 1951 - Former Australian Prime Minister, Ben Chifley, dies.

June 14 1789 - Captain William Bligh, after being cast adrift following the mutiny on the ‘Bounty’, arrives at Timor.

1823 - The Brisbane River is discovered by three ticket-ofleave convicts, Parsons, Pamphlett and Finnegan. Oxley is later credited with the discovery Thursday, May 17, 1770. : Lieutenant James Cook discovers and names Queenland’s Glass House Mountains.

Lieutenant James Cook was not the first to discover Australia, as he was preceded by numerous Portuguese and Dutch explorers.

However, he was the first to sight and map the eastern coastline.

Cook’s ship, the ‘Endeavour’, departed Plymouth, England, on 26 August 1768. After completing the objective of his mission, which was to observe the transit of Venus from the vantage point of Tahiti, Cook went on to search for Terra Australis Incognita, the great continent which some believed to extend round the pole. After spending nearly a year charting the coastline of New Zealand, which had been documented by Abel Tasman in 1642, he set sail east.

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On 19 April 1770, Cook’s crew first sighted land, although it was not known whether the land belonged to an island or a continent.

The land was in fact the far southeastern corner of the Australian continent, and Cook went on to chart the eastern coast of what was then known as New Holland, claiming it for Great Britain under the name of New South Wales.

Cook named many points of interest along the way. On 17 May 1770, he sighted and named the Glass House Mountains, which lie in what is now Queensland’s Sunshine Coast hinterland. He named the series of volcanic plugs Glass House because they reminded him of Yorkshire’s glass furnace chimneys. On this day, he also documented Noosa Head.

Saturday, June 1, 1850. : The first convicts arrive in Fremantle, Western Australia, to help populate the waning Swan River colony.

The Swan River colony, established on Australia’s western coast in 1829, was begun as a free settlement. Captain Charles Fremantle declared the Swan River Colony for Britain on 2 May 1829. The first ships with free settlers to arrive were the Parmelia on June 1 and HMS Sulphur on June 8. Three merchant ships arrived 4-6 weeks later: the Calista on August 5, the St Leonard on August 6 and the Marquis of Anglesey on August 23. Although the population spread out in search of good land, mainly settling around the southwestern coastline at Bunbury, Augusta and Albany, the two original separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of Fremantle and the Western Australian capital city of Perth.

For the first fifteen years, the people of the colony were generally opposed to accepting convicts, although the idea was occasionally debated, especially by those who sought to employ convict labour for building projects. Serious lobbying for Western Australia to become a penal colony began in 1845 when the York Agricultural Society petitioned the Legislative Council to bring convicts out from England on the grounds that the colony’s economy was on the brink of collapse due to an extreme shortage of labour. Whilst later examination of the circumstances proves that there was no such shortage of labour in the colony, the petition found its way to the British Colonial Office, which in turn agreed to send out a small number of convicts to Swan River.

The first group of convicts to populate Fremantle arrived on 1 June 1850. Between 1850 and 1868, ultimately 9721 convicts were transported to Western Australia. The last convict ship to Western Australia, the Hougoumont, left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868.

Wednesday, June 13, 1923. : Australia sees the introduction of Vegemite.

Vegemite is the registered brand name for a dark brown, salty food paste made from yeast extract, mainly used as a spread on sandwiches and toast. It is popular in Australia and is known as one of Australia’s national foods. The iconic Australian spread was first developed in 1922 by food technologist Dr Cyril P Callister when his employer, the Australian Fred Walker Company, had him develop a spread from brewer’s yeast after World War I had disrupted the supply of imported yeast spreads.

A trade name competition was held to find a name for the new product, and the winning name of Vegemite was chosen from the entries by Walker’s daughter Sheilah, by being picked at random out of a hat. The product was introduced to the Australian public on 13 June 1923. Initial interest and sales were slow, but the product endured through a name change to “Parwill”, then a return to “Vegemite” in 1935. Largely an acquired taste, Vegemite is notorious for the dislike it generates amongst some foreigners.

HALL OF FAME - HOMICIDE Homicide was an Australian television police procedural drama series made by production firm Crawford Productions for the Seven Network.

It was the television successor to Crawfords’ radio series D24. The “Consummate Homicide cast” includes the four characters that are the best known: Det. Snr. Sgt. David “Mac” MacKay (Leonard Teale), Det. Sgt. Peter Barnes (George Mallaby), Inspector Colin Fox (Alwyn Kurts) and Sen. Det. Jim Patterson (Norman Yemm).

Summary The series dealt with the homicide squad of the Victorian Police force and the various crimes and cases the detectives are called upon to investigate. Many episodes were based directly on real cases, although the characters (including the detectives) were fictional. 510 episodes were produced and aired from 20 October 1964 to January 1977 (12 years and 6 months), making it the longest-running Australian weekly primetime drama in history.

With 510 episodes produced (the last episode is numbered 509, due to the pilot episode being numbered with an ‘A’ suffix, making a total of 510), for many years it held the record for most episodes produced in an Australian weekly primetime drama. When Blue Heelers ended in 2006, the show equalled this record. However, Homicide ran on-air for longer than Blue Heelers, and had a greater cumulative running time due to five feature-length episodes.

Broadcast history The first episode aired at 7:30 p.m Tuesday 20 October 1964. The debut episode (“The Stunt”) was not the first to be produced, with the pilot (“One Man Crime Wave”) airing as episode 24A just prior to the departure of Lex Mitchell.

Regular daytime repeat screenings began in the early 1970s running until the early 1980s, as strip programming. Additionally, seven episodes were screened as specials, or part of specials: • ep. 376 – “Initiation”, as part of the HSV-7 nostalgia program “Those Were The Days” • episodes 379 (“The Last Way Out”), 385 (“The Friendly Fellow”), 394 (“Patterns & Stripes Don’t Mix”), 410 (“Bill”), and 463 (“The Life & Times Of Tina Kennedy”) as part of the program’s 30th anniversary celebration in 1994 • ep. 383 – Assassin, shown in November 2005 as part of HSV-7’s 50th year celebrations.

In the 1960s, the series was picked up, on a regional basis, by some of the ITV companies in the UK. Not all regions screened the show, which was scheduled in a late-night slot (usually 10:30pm or later), but among those that did were Westward TV, Yorkshire TV, Channel TV, Border TV and Southern Television.

In 2004, the episodes “Flashpoint” (ep. 56) and “Stopover” (ep.

504) were screened cinematically by Melbourne Cinematheque.

In August 2010, WIN Television, as part of their late night “Crawford’s Classic Drama” series, began sequential repeats from episode 1, but ceased in March 2011 at episode 33 (the pilot “One Man Crime Wave” was not included).

Technical specifications Early episodes were in black and white with the bulk of material recorded on videotape in the studios of HSV7 using a multicamera setup. Each episode also featured about ten minutes of location footage shot on 16 mm film. Total time per episode was 47 minutes. 134 of the episodes were filmed in colour.

With occasional exceptions, the filmed segments did not have synchronised sound and so featured little dialogue, concentrating more on dramatic shots of cars pulling in, gun battles, and fist fights.

Dialogue for the film scenes was done “post sync”. This means that the dialogue was recorded on location but, due to the often low quality of audio recorded in this manner, the actor was

required to record the dialogue in a sound-proof studio in the standard filmmaking process known as Additional Dialogue Recording. Location recordings were used infrequently, and usually limited to brief dialogue snatches in enclosed spaces, such as the interior of a car. Sound effects would be also dubbed onto the location-shot footage. Both pre-recorded sound effects recordings and the work of Crawford’s foley artist would be used.

Episode 56, “Flashpoint”, which first aired on 19 April 1966, was shot entirely on location on film, and most of the dialogue of this episode was post-synched. Over the years the ratio of film to videotape was increased, and synchronised sound became the norm. When the series switched from black and white to colour in 1973, it necessitated shooting entirely on film, as the HSV7 studios were yet to be converted to colour video production.

If a script was amended, a Crawford Productions staff member who lived near the actor concerned would be required to deliver the new script to their house. Quite often this new dialogue had to be memorised for filming the next day.

The workload for the regular actors, especially for location work, was notoriously heavy. In 1967 the regular squad was increased from three to four to better share the load, which remained the standard team to the end. In 1972, when it was decided to transfer production entirely to film, the result was a massive increase in overtime demanded by the series. Teale and Kurts promptly quit, and Mallaby only re-signed with a 13-week “escape clause”, which he eventually invoked. All cited the worsening workload, which was best expressed by Teale as he announced his departure from the show: “There has never been a dispute over basic pay rates; the dispute has always involved the massive overtime that Crawfords want me to work in the new year. In the end it became a simple choice between my marriage and Homicide. I chose my marriage.”

Feature film Late in the show’s run – between episodes 470 and 480 – a featurelength episode was filmed. This film was entitled Stopover, with the title Homicide not used at all, and was shot entirely on film on new sets and on location at Melbourne Airport. Lawson, White, Deegan and Redford are the detectives in the film. The story involved an international rock band that was held at the airport following the fatal overdose of a band member. Guest stars included Jon English as the band’s lead singer, and Tony Bonner as the band member who overdosed. The film never received a cinema release but was shown on television as a special in 1976. It is officially listed as episode 504, with episodes 502 and 503 also being feature-length.

Significance Homicide was the first major dramatic television series to be produced in Australia, the domestic television market having been previously dominated by American and British imports. In 1964, any Australian-made product tended to be quiz shows, children’s series, music/variety series and one-off plays, with local drama production sporadic at best, with only a handful of typically short-lived series on commercial television such as Autumn Affair, Emergency and The Story of Peter Grey, along with several mini-series on ABC such as Stormy Petrel. Foreign imports were preferred because they were both cheaper and (especially for US series) more plentiful than local productions. Homicide proved that there was a market for home-grown dramatic programming and was highly successful from the start – its initial ratings were in the 30s, and regularly rated in the high 40s and even low 50s (modern cop show ratings tend to be in the 20s at best). In addition, the series was produced at a tenth of the cost of an overseas program and easily outrated them. In 1971, it was the top rated show in the country. Division 4 was second.

The series also proved itself to be a virtual training ground for Australian television and film production. During its 12-year run, almost everyone in the industry – actors, directors, scriptwriters, producers, camera crew, etc. – worked on the series at some point in their careers, and guest roles were filled by a veritable Who’s Who of the Australian entertainment – both established and newcomers. For these reasons, as well as for inspiring a series of popular cop dramas that followed, it remains one of the most important programmes in the history of Australian television.

Post stamp to celebrate 50 years of television in Australia.

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There was once a small town in the Snowy Mountains named Jindabyne. In the late 1960s the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electricity Authority created Lake Jindabyne and in the process drowned the old town. A new town was created primarily to provide accommodation for the men working on the Snowy Mountains scheme. Today Jindabyne owes its continuing existence to its proximity to the major ski resorts in the Snowy Mountains and the superb facilities it offers to trout fishermen. It lies below the snowline but is close enough to the ski runs at Thredbo, Perisher Valley, Blue Cow, Guthega and Perisher Valley (and it is outside the Kosciuszko National Park) that it has become an ideal accommodation option for visitors not wanting to stay in the more expensive chalets on the snowfields. It has been described as “the adventure base camp for the Snowy Mountains.” It offers accommodation and eating for skiers and has a number of tourism operators who can organize fly fishing for trout and horse-riding in the mountains.

Location Jindabyne is located 471 km south west from Sydney via the Hume Freeway, Monaro Highway and Kosciuszko Road. It is 73 km from Cooma and 991 metres above sea level.

Origin of Name The town was originally spent “Jindaboine” which was a local Aboriginal word for “valley”.

Things to See and Do Statue of Count Paul Strzelecki Beside Lake Jindabyne the Australian Polish community have built a huge statue of Count Paul Strzelecki who explored the Snowy Mountains and named Australia’s highest mountain. The plaque on the statue reads: “Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki. Born in Poland on 20 July 1797. Arrived in Australia on 25 April 1839. From 1839 to 1843 he explored and surveyed vast areas of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. While exploring in the Snowy 66 | Heartland Magazine

Mountains region he discovered and climbed Mt Kosciuszko which he named in honour of the Polish leader and patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

He discovered gold and silver in New South Wales, coal deposits in Tasmania, investigated the possibilities of irrigation, measured the heights of mountains, carried out soil analysis and collected and identified many fossils and minerals. Paul Edmund Strzelecki was one of the first scientists in Australia to undertake investigations in many fields including geology, meteorology, zoology and mineralogy.”

Sculptures By the Lake Each Easter long weekend the Lake Light Sculpture exhibition and competition is held on the shores of Lake Jindabyne. It complements the sculptures which are already on display. In Banjo Paterson Park there is the impressive, rather Soviet-style sculpture of Count Paul Strzelecki and nearby is an Irish harp, a “memorial to the Irish men and women who worked on the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.”

Jindabyne Community Trail The best way to enjoy Lake Jindabyne is to take the Lake Jindabyne Community Trail which winds around the lake from Banjo Paterson Park for 9.51 km until it reaches Hatchery Bay. The first section, which passes the statue of Count Paul Strzelecki, some works of sculpture and The Clay Pits is 4 km and is a sealed path which is shared with cyclists. The second section, which is a dirt path, starts at Widows Inlet and continues around the shoreline to Hatchery Bay. It is proposed that south of Banjo Paterson Park the trail will continue across the Jindabyne Dam Wall and for over 7 km until it reaches the Tyrolean Village.

Trout Fishing Lake Jindabyne is recognised as one of the best trout fishing destinations in the Snowy Mountains. It is fed by the Snowy, Thredbo and Eucumbene rivers and holds brown, rainbow and brook trout as well as Atlantic salmon. The excellent Snowy Mountains Fishing website (http://snowymountainsfishing.com.au)

Jindabyne, NSW notes: “There are no boating restrictions on Lake Jindabyne and there is a concrete boat ramp near Snowline Caravan Park, along with numerous other launching points around its foreshores for smaller boats. All methods of fishing are permitted however, as with all waters within the region, a New South Wales Freshwater Anglers Licence is required. These licences may be purchased online, or at fishing retailers in the region.” It also has information about the Gaden Trout Hatchery and Steve Williamson’s Trout Fishing Adventures.

* The Alpine Way from Jindabyne to Khancoban was opened in 1956. * Modern day Jindabyne is a new town created after the original settlement was drowned by the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electricity Authority in the late 1960s. * St Andrews Presbyterian Church (now the Uniting Church) was consecrated in 1966. * Lake Jindabyne was completed in 1967 and has a capacity of 689,790 Megalitres

Other Attractions in the Area

History Originally situated on a site that is now under the waters of Lake Jindabyne, the township was relocated to its present position in the 1960s before the damming of the Snowy River as part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme. The Scheme was developed from the 1940s as a way of increasing the flow of inland rivers in order to encourage the development of primary industries based on irrigation, and to create hydroelectricity.

Jindabyne - An Activity Centre There are companies in Jindabyne specialising in white water rafting, mountain biking, horse riding, canoeing and walking treks. The town is a magnet for action sport enthusiasts, triathletes, cyclists, sailing, water skiing, paddle boarding, fishing and swimming. For more information about companies specialising in these activities contact the Jindabyne Visitor Centre, Kosciuszko Road, tel: (02) 6450 5600. Open 8.30 am - 5.00 pm daily.

Jindabyne food and drink Your tastebuds are in for a treat too, with casual cafes, chic restaurants and brewpubs. Just outside town is the Wildbrumby Distillery where you can try Australian schnapps from locally sourced fruit. For local ales, head to the Banjo Paterson Inn. History * Prior to the arrival of Europeans the district was inhabited by Thaua and Ngarigo Aboriginal people. * The Pendergast brothers, sons of an exconvict, settled in the area in the 1820s. * By the late 1830s both the Pendergasts and the Ryries had runs and were raising sheep and growing a little wheat. * The Ryries built a flour mill in the area in 1847. * The Kiandra goldrush in 1859-60 gave the area a brief boost. * A general store and a post office were built in 1862. * In 1882 a school was opened at Jindabyne. * The Police Station was built in 1883. * In 1890 Banjo Paterson wrote The Man from Snowy River about the area. * Rainbow trout were first released into the Snowy River in 1894.

Completed in 1967, Jindabyne Dam is a major dam, located approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south southeast of the relocated township. Parts of Old Jindabyne can be seen when the levels of Lake Jindabyne are low particularly the foundations of the old St Columbkille Roman Catholic Church. The settlement of East Jindabyne is located above what was Old Jindabyne. The dam’s main purpose is for the generation of hydropower and is one of the sixteen major dams that comprise the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a vast hydroelectricity and irrigation complex constructed in south-east Australia between 1949 and 1974 and now run by Snowy Hydro.

Jindabyne celebrated the new town’s 50th anniversary on 19 December 2014 with a long lunch, parade through the town centre, and speech by Peter Hendy MP. The celebrations were attended by His Excellency, General David Hurley, Governor of New South Wales, Member for Monaro, Mr John Barilaro, Mayor of Snowy Mountains Shire, Mr John Cahill

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LET’S COOK - AUTUMN EDITION - CHUNKY BEEF STEW WITH POTATOES, CARROTS AND HERBS

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LET’S COOK - AUTUMN EDITION - CHUNKY BEEF STEW WITH POTATOES, CARROTS AND HERBS Thick beef stew which is good by itself or with crusty bread rolls. Lamb can also be used instead of beef. If thicker stew is desired, add more cornflour and/or take cover off for last 15-20 minutes. The longer this simmers, the better! Vary the herbs to suit your taste.

DESSERT - BLACKBERRY, PEAR AND WHITE CHOCOLATE CRUMBLE

Ingredients Serves: 10 1 kg cubed casserole beef 3 tablespoons vegetable oil 3-4 beef stock cubes, crumbled 1 litre water 1 teaspoon dried rosemary 1 teaspoon dried parsley 1/2 teaspoon ground black pepper 3 large potatoes, peeled and cubed 4 carrots, cut into 2cm pieces 4 stalks celery, cut into 2cm pieces 1 large onion, chopped 2 teaspoons cornflour 2 teaspoons cold water Directions Preparation: 20min Cook: 2hours Extra time: 2hours 20min Ready in: 4hours 40min In a large pot or frypan with a lid, cook beef in oil over medium heat until brown. Dissolve stock in water and pour into pot. Stir in rosemary, parsley and pepper. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat, cover and simmer 1 hour.

2.

Stir potatoes, carrots, celery and onion into the pot. Dissolve cornflour in 2 teaspoons cold water and stir into stew. Cover and simmer 1 hour more.

1.

Ingredients 3 beurre bosc pears, peeled, cored, chopped 2 cups (300g) frozen blackberries 2 tbs plain flour 1/2 cup (110g) caster sugar 1 tsp vanilla bean paste Double cream, to serve White Chocolate Crumble 75g unsalted butter, softened 150g brown sugar 1 tsp vanilla bean paste 2/3 cup (100g) plain flour 1/2 cup (45g) rolled oats 1/2 cup (90g) white chocolate chips Method 1. Place pear, blackberries, flour, sugar and vanilla in a bowl and toss to combine. Place in a saucepan with 1/4 cup (60ml) water and bring to the boil. Reduce heat to low and cook, stirring occasionally, for 5-6 minutes until fruit has softened and starts to release juice. Set aside.

2. For crumble, rub butter, sugar, vanilla, flour and oats in a bowl until large clumps form. Add chocolate and stir to combine.

Freeze for 20 minutes to firm up.

3. Preheat the oven to 180°C. Divide the fruit filling among two shallow ovenproof dishes and scatter over crumble. Place on a baking tray and bake for 20-25 minutes until golden. Serve with double cream.

And, don’t forget the cream!

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NATURAL PRODUCTS - 7 Health Benefits of Eating Oats and Oatmeal Oats are among the healthiest grains on earth.

They’re a gluten-free whole grain and a great source of important vitamins, minerals, fibre and antioxidants.

Studies show that oats and oatmeal have many health benefits.

These include weight loss, lower blood sugar levels and a reduced risk of heart disease.

Here are 9 evidence-based health benefits of eating oats and oatmeal What Are Oats and Oatmeal?

Oats are a whole-grain food, known scientifically as Avena sativa.

Oat groats, the most intact and whole form of oats, take a long time to cook. For this reason, most people prefer rolled, crushed or steel-cut oats.

Instant (quick) oats are the most highly processed variety. While they take the shortest time to cook, the texture may be mushy.

Oats are commonly eaten for breakfast as oatmeal, which is made by boiling oats in water or milk.

Oatmeal is often referred to as porridge.

They’re also often included in muffins, granola bars, cookies and other baked goods.

1. Oats Are Incredibly Nutritious The nutrient composition of oats is well-balanced.

They are a good source of carbs and fibre, including the powerful fibre beta-glucan.

They also contain more protein and fat than most grains.

Oats are loaded with important vitamins, minerals and antioxidant plant compounds. Half a cup (78 grams) of dry oats contains (5): Manganese: 191% of the RDI Phosphorus: 41% of the RDI Magnesium: 34% of the RDI Copper: 24% of the RDI Iron: 20% of the RDI Zinc: 20% of the RDI Folate: 11% of the RDI Vitamin B1 (thiamin): 39% of the RDI Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): 10% of the RDI Smaller amounts of calcium, potassium, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and vitamin B3 (niacin) This is coming with 51 grams of carbs, 13 grams of protein, 5 grams of fat and 8 grams of fibre, but only 303 calories.

This means that oats are among the most nutrientdense foods you can eat.

2. Whole Oats Are Rich in Antioxidants, Including Avenanthramides Whole oats are high in antioxidants and beneficial plant compounds called polyphenols. Most notable is a unique group of antioxidants called

avenanthramides, which are almost solely found in oats.

Avenanthramides may help lower blood pressure levels by increasing the production of nitric oxide.

This gas molecule helps dilate blood vessels and leads to better blood flow.

reports that antioxidants in oats work together with vitamin C to prevent LDL oxidation

In addition, avenanthramides have antiinflammatory and anti-itching effects Ferulic acid is also found in large amounts in oats.

This is another antioxidant.

3. Oats Contain a Powerful Soluble Fibre Called Beta-Glucan Oats contain large amounts of beta-glucan, a type of soluble fibre.

Beta-glucan partially dissolves in water and forms a thick, gel-like solution in the gut.

The health benefits of beta-glucan fibre include: • • • •

Reduced LDL and total cholesterol levels Reduced blood sugar and insulin response Increased feeling of fullness Increased growth of good bacteria in the digestive tract

4. They Can Lower Cholesterol Levels and Protect LDL Cholesterol From Damage Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally.

One major risk factor is high blood cholesterol.

Many studies have shown that the beta-glucan fibre in oats is effective at reducing both total and LDL cholesterol levels.

Beta-glucan may increase the excretion of cholesterol-rich bile, thereby reducing circulating levels of cholesterol in the blood.

Oxidation of LDL (the “bad”) cholesterol, which occurs when LDL reacts with free radicals, is another crucial step in the progression of heart disease.

It produces inflammation in arteries, damages tissues and can raise the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

One study

5. Oats Can Improve Blood Sugar Control Type 2 diabetes is a common disease, characterized by significantly elevated blood sugars. It usually results from decreased sensitivity to the hormone insulin.

Oats may help lower blood sugar levels, especially in people who are overweight or have type 2 diabetes.

They may also improve insulin sensitivity.

These effects are mainly attributed to beta-glucan’s ability to form a thick gel that delays emptying of the stomach and absorption of glucose into the blood.

6. Oatmeal Is Very Filling and May Help You Lose Weight Not only is oatmeal (porridge) a delicious breakfast food — it’s also very filling.

Eating filling foods may help you eat fewer calories and lose weight.

By delaying the time it takes your stomach to empty of food, the beta-glucan in oatmeal may increase your feeling of fullness.

Beta-glucan may also promote the release of peptide YY (PYY), a hormone produced in the gut in response to eating. This satiety hormone has been shown to lead to reduced calorie intake and may decrease your risk of obesity.

7. They May Decrease the Risk of Childhood Asthma Asthma is the most common chronic disease in kids.

It’s an inflammatory disorder of the airways — the tubes that carry air to and from a person’s lungs.

Although not all children have the same symptoms, many experience recurrent coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath.

The foods listed are a recommendation only. Consult your doctor if you have any health problems first.

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The Best Winter Makeup Tips for Glowing Skin For those of us whose idea of a winter glow doesn’t involve jetting off to a tropical resort, we have the happy task of adjusting our skin care and makeup instead to accommodate for the dry, cold, sharp air and punishing, even more drying indoor heating (fun). Flaky, dry, irritated skin seems to be the norm every winter and yet, still remains to look cute. Lucky for us, there’s makeup. It’s just going to take some tweaking to prevent it from betraying us by drawing attention to just how winter-ravaged our skin is.

1. Don’t skimp on moisturizer.

OK, this is technically a skin-care tip, but it’s actually helpful to think of it as a step in your makeup routine because it’s the best way to achieve a dewy, glowy complexion before you even think about busting out the highlighter.

“Spend extra time massaging [moisturizer] in to boost skin’s natural glow,” “Be generous with it, and don’t forget your neck.” In need of a good moisturizer?

2. Know when to moisturize.

Hydration is clearly crucial, but Washington D.C.-based makeup artist Erwin Gomez shared an extra hack: Be sure to moisturize when your skin is still damp after showering. “This is the optimal time to give your freshly steamed and washed skin its much-needed hydration,” says Gomez. He reaches for products such as Fresh’s Vitamin Nectar Glow Juice Antioxidant Face Serum, which features vitamins C and E for added radiance.

3. Stay away from anything too powdery.

“Powder can make fair skin look duller” Instead, we recommend using a moisturizing CC cream that’s one shade warmer than your skin tone. “We’re a fan of Giorgio Armani Beauty Luminescence CC Colour Control Brighten Moisturizer SPF 35 because it has a subtle reflective pigment in it”. Another excellent option that contains sun protection is Supergroup’s CC Cream

Daily Correct Broad Spectrum SPF 35 Sunscreen.

4. Switch up your primer.

We recommend using a luminous primer instead of a traditional matte one. “The subtle shimmer in the primer will help give your skin that amazing glowing-from-within effect,” With winter winds to worry about, we’ll take any extra boost of glow we can get. (Plus, the primer adds another layer of hydration.) Try the glass skin hero VDL Lumilayer Primer, Flesh Beauty’s Illuminating Primer, or Laura Mercier’s Radiance Foundation Primer.

5. Stick to liquid and cream foundation...

The only thing worse than flakes is when your foundation actually highlights your flaky skin. Gomez recommends a foundation with a creamier base, which glides smoothly over the skin. We recommend any of these 17 foundations made for dry, thirsty skin. In contrast, “a matte formula will settle into flakes and dry skin, giving you a patchy and uneven finish.”

If you don’t like your foundation too dewy, you can always set it with powder to dial down shine on your T-zone areas.

6. ...And liquid highlighter, as well.

For the most natural effect, we recommend applying a liquid highlighter with a damp Beautyblender sponge. We typically uses Giorgio Armani Beauty Fluid Sheer, a warm nude that’s glow-boosting without the potential drying of a powder highlighter. You can also try the Best of Beauty award-winning Nyx Away We Glow Liquid Highlighter, L’Oréal Paris’s True Match Lumi Glotion, or Kevyn Aucoin’s Glass Glow Face.

7. Never stop moisturizing.

If you notice your skin getting dry (or your makeup getting cakey) throughout the day, keep a facial mist nearby to spray on a dose of hydration. “Spray your face with a light mist of water to help set the makeup and provide a little extra moisture”. Any one of these face mists will do the job.

Heartland Magazine | 71

Yalumba Distinguished Sites Block 2 Grenache RosĂŠ 2017

Rose gold in colour, with a delicate nose showing white nectarine, alpine strawberry, jasmine and hints of almond meal. A silky palate entry shows raspberry and pomegranate followed by creaminess in the mid palate that leads to a lovely briny finish.

Stoneleigh Sauvignon Blanc

A perennial favourite of the Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc lover, Stoneleigh’s Sauv Blanc has a palate that displays tropical and passionfruit with background citrus flavours. It is full with great length of palate a succulent mouth-feel balanced with fresh acidity.

Please drink sensibly, do not drink and drive or drink while pregnant. If you have a drinking problem please see www.aa.org.au or call 1300 222 222 72 | Heartland Magazine

Domaine Christian Moreau Chablis

Chablis producing consistently outstanding wines. Aged 100% in stainless steel. 40+ years old vines. Comes mostly from very old vines situated in Les Pargues on the hill located between the Premier Cru sites of Montmains and Vosgros.

This terroir has historically always been very highly regarded by locals and produces wines of extra depth and character.

Please drink sensibly, do not drink and drive or drink while pregnant. If you have a drinking problem please see www.aa.org.au or call 1300 222 222

Roscato Rosso Dolce Italia Red Wine

Northern Italy provides a spectacular backdrop for Roscato, a violet-hued red with aromatic notes of cherry, blackberry and red raspberry. A touch of sweetness and bright acidity underlies the appeal of this charming wine. The traditional winemaking style for this fruit-forward red compliments regional heart and soul cuisine such as bruschetta, calamari, pasta in red and cream sauces, breaded cutlets and spicier fare.

Heartland Magazine | 73

Kevin Hogan - MP

Chris Gulaptis - Member for Clarence Foreign Investment We have changed foreign investment rules. This is designed to protect Australia’s national interest as we deal with the economic implications of the coronavirus.

ALL proposed foreign investments, regardless of the dollar amount, now require approval from the Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB).

FIRB advise the Government on Australia’s Foreign Investment Policy and its administration.

It gives us greater scrutiny, and protects Australian business and Australian jobs.

For more information go to www.firb.gov.au Norco Milk Norco has received the 2020 Canstar Blue award for Most Satisfied Customers for Full Cream Fresh Milk. This has confirmed what we already know!

Australian consumers scored Norco 5 stars across four categories - Most Satisfied Customers, Taste, Value for Money and Packaging Design.

Many other dairy processors have disappeared or been sold out, but not our farmer owned Norco! Congratulations to our dairy farmers and local Norco workforce.

Petrol Prices Our petrol prices have blown out again, compared to the cities.

It is nothing short of a rip off.

People in our community are still paying over 125c, while those in Sydney are paying under $1.

If you are reading this, so are your customers. Henry Ford famously said someone who stops advertising to save money is like someone who stops a clock to save time. I encourage all local businesses to join me in continuing to do themselves a favour and continue to support the Heartland Magazine with your advertising.

It is quite remarkable that at time when regional newspapers are dropping like flies, Casino locals Jeff and Sharon are not only continuing to publish Heartland Magazine, but are developing ambitious plans to revolutionise their online presence, providing even better value for advertisers, an even better experience for readers and more local jobs.

And jobs is what matters right now. That is why the Nationals in both the Federal and NSW Governments are delivering unprecedented assistance to employers.

If you are in small business and have even just one employee, you may well qualify for the NSW Nationals in Government’s $10,000 coronavirus grant initiative. At the time of writing the Government was approving 1000 grants a day. Find out more at www.nsw.gov.au It is not all about the virus. The Nationals in Government have been getting on with the job of delivering hundreds of thousands of dollars’ worth of grants to local not for profit groups, including netball in Casino, playgrounds in the lower Richmond Valley and the Conservatorium in Grafton, to name a few.

There is more to come. In fact, the latest round of the Community Building Partnership program has just opened. Find out more at www.nsw.gov.au/cbp Finally, I think it is worth us all paying a special tribute to our police, nurses, paramedics, doctors, ambos and our other emergency service workers for continuing to keep us safe in these very difficult times. These men and women are, more than ever, putting their lives on the line to save lives. So, thank you, thank you, thank you.

I have sent this information to the ACCC who investigate this.

They look for illegal price collusion. I will again be calling for a Royal Commission into this.

I encourage you to make you own complaint. Submit our local prices and compare them to the cities. Contact the ACCC on 1300 305 502 or via www.accc.gov.au.

COVIDSafe App This is a new voluntary app alerting you to possible exposure. I have downloaded it as it is going to help us lift restrictions and get business’s open sooner.

It will help protect the vulnerable, as they will know if they have been exposed to Covid and get medical help quicker.

It will help protect front-line workers, and those who do not have the option of working from home.

74 | Heartland Magazine

Photo: Chris Gulaptis discusses the coronavirus at a safe distance with Maclean Hospital’s Dr Guy Loosemore and nurse Narelle Robson.

Janelle Saffin - MP Saffin secures $10,000 bushfire grants for more small businesses HUNDREDS more small businesses who were impacted by last year’s bushfires can now apply for a new Federal-State $10,000 bushfire support grant thanks to my concerted lobbying efforts last month.

Local businesses were desperate; they’d experienced major disruption and loss of trade from road closures for months due to the mega bushfires. Tenterfield Shire Council and business chambers sought my intervention as well.

infrastructure projects under the NSW Government’s Stronger Country Communities Fund Round 3.

I strongly supported Kyogle Council’s priority projects, which had widespread public support and would deliver tangible benefits for local communities across the LGA. It is a pity that the Nationals play silly games by excluding me from these announcements, but importantly, our community ends up the winner.

Successful projects are:

The criteria for these 13 LGAs is: • Greater than 4 per cent of LGA burnt.

• Greater than 4 buildings damaged or destroyed.

• $395,118 to Kyogle Council’s newly-formed Youth Advisory Committee, ‘Swoopin Season’ for a series of programs and youth infrastructure projects.

• $118,371 towards Kyogle Mountain Bike Strategy Stage 1 - three new trails and an asphalt ‘pump track’ in Anzac Park.

• $116,748 for the Bonalbo Community Men’s Shed to be extended and upgraded to create more safe working spaces.

• $110,000 for the Kyogle Showground to upgrade their amenities.

• $50,000 to Kyogle Council towards constructing The Friends of the Light Horse’s Upper Clarence Light Horse Monument in the Tabulam Sports Ground.

Neighbouring Richmond Valley and Clarence Valley earlier had been among a select group of 17 LGAs where the grant was made available as a potential lifeline for hundreds of struggling businesses.

I also welcomed a $106,000 State Government grant to establish a youth theatre hub out of the Lismore-based Northern Rivers Performing Arts (NORPA), for whom I secured major funding when I was Federal Member for Page.

I kept badgering NSW Deputy Premier John Barilaro’s advisers until he announced that Tenterfield Shire and Kyogle councils were among 13 additional Local Government Areas (LGAs) included in the program.

I was gobsmacked that Tenterfield and Kyogle, next on the Office of Emergency Management impact reports for homes destroyed and property damage, were shut out of this assistance.

The $10,000 bushfire grant is available to eligible small businesses which have experienced a 40 per cent drop in revenue over a three-month period, compared to the previous year, because of the bushfires.

For small business assistance, please contact Service NSW via www.service.nsw.gov.au/ or call 13 77 88.

I’m pleased to announce that applications for the 2020 Community Building Partnership Program opened on Monday, May 4 and I encourage local organisations to put forward projects a share of the Lismore Electorate’s $300,000 funding pool.

A total of 20 great local projects were successful in 2019 and these will make a real difference to community life, particularly as the Australian economy recovers from the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Applications close at 5pm on Friday June 12, 2020.

This will be followed by an eligibility, assessment and approvals process from June to November, with successful projects announced in late November.

For more information about the 2020 Community Building Partnership Program, visit www.nsw.gov.au/cbp I recently welcomed a $790,237 windfall for Kyogle Local Government Area’s priority youth and community Heartland Magazine | 75

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams: Don’t click on hyperlinks in text/social media messages or emails, even if it appears to come from a trusted source.

Current COVID-19 (coronavirus) scams Scammers are using the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus) to take advantage of people across Australia.

Go directly to the website through your browser.

For example, to reach the MyGov website type ‘my.gov.au’ into your browser yourself.

About COVID-19 scams Scamwatch has received hundreds of coronavirus-related scam reports since the outbreak. Common scams include phishing for personal information, online shopping, and superannuation scams.

If you have been scammed or have seen a scam, you can make a report on the Scamwatch website, and find more information about where to get help.

Scamwatch urges everyone to be cautious and remain alert to coronavirus-related scams. Scammers are hoping that you have let your guard down. Do not provide your personal, banking or superannuation details to strangers who have approached you.

Scammers may pretend to have a connection with you.

So it’s important to stop and check, even when you are approached by what you think is a trusted organisation.

Visit the Scamwatch news webpage for general warnings and media releases on COVID-19 scams.

Below are some examples of what to look out for.

These are a few examples, but there are many more. If your experience does not match any of the examples provided, it could still be a scam. If you have any doubts at all, don’t proceed.

Phishing – Government impersonation scams

Never respond to unsolicited messages and calls that ask for personal or financial details, even if they claim to be a from a reputable organisation or government authority — just press delete or hang up.

Phishing – Other impersonation scams Scammers are pretending to be from real and well known businesses such as banks, travel agents, insurance providers and telco companies, and using various excuses around COVID-19 to:

• • • •

ask for your personal and financial information lure you into opening malicious links or attachments gain remote access to your computer seek payment for a fake service or something you did not purchase.

Examples of other phishing scams

Scammers are pretending to be government agencies providing information on COVID-19 through text messages and emails ‘phishing’ for your information. These contain malicious links and attachments designed to steal your personal and financial information.

In the examples below the text messages appear to come from ‘GOV’ and ‘myGov’, with a malicious link to more information on COVID-19.

assistance or payments for staying home.

Fake bank phishing text Fake insurance phishing text

Scammers are also pretending to be Government agencies and other entities offering to help you with applications for financial

Fake voucher phishing text

76 | Heartland Magazine

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams:

• • • •

Scams targeting businesses Scammers are using COVID-19 in business email compromise scams by pretending to be a supplier or business you usually deal with.

Don’t click on hyperlinks in text/social media messages or emails, even if they appear to come from a trusted source.

Never respond to unsolicited messages and calls that ask for personal or financial details — just press delete or hang up.

Never provide a stranger remote access to your computer, even if they claim to be from a telco company such as Telstra or the NBN Co. To verify the legitimacy of a contact, find them through an independent source such as a phone book, past bill or online search.

Scammers are using COVID-19 as an excuse to divert your usual account payments to a different bank account.

Your payment goes to the scammer instead of the real business.

Superannuation scams Scammers are taking advantage of people in financial hardship due to COVID-19 by attempting to steal their superannuation or by offering unnecessary services and charging a fee.

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams:

The majority of these scams start with an unexpected call claiming to be from a superannuation or financial service.

•

The scammers use a variety of excuses to request information about your superannuation accounts, including:

•

• • •

offering to help you access the money in your superannuation ensuring you’re not locked out of your account under new rules. checking whether your superannuation account is eligible for various benefits or deals.

Example of a superannuation scam A scammer will call pretending to be from a superannuation or financial service. They may refer to the government’s superannuation early release measures, and ask questions such as:

• •

Have you worked full time for the last 5 years?

Are you going to apply for the $10 000 superannuation package?

Or falsely claim:

•

Inactive super accounts will be locked if not merged immediately.

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams:

•

• • •

Never give any information about your superannuation to someone who has contacted you — this includes offers to help you access your superannuation early under the government’s new arrangements.

Hang up and verify their identity by calling the relevant organisation directly — find them through an independent source such as a phone book, past bill or online search.

See our Scamwatch media release warning about superannuation scams.

For more information on superannuation scams visit ASIC’s MoneySmart website.

Online shopping scams Scammers have created fake online stores claiming to sell products that don’t exist — such as cures or vaccinations for COVID-19, and products such as face masks.

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams:

• • •

The best way to detect a fake trader or social media shopping scam is to search for reviews before purchasing.

No vaccine or cure presently exists for the coronavirus.

Be wary of sellers requesting unusual payment methods such as upfront payment via money order, wire transfer, international funds transfer, preloaded card or electronic currency, like Bitcoin.

More information is available at: Online shopping scams.

•

Verify any request to change bank details by contacting the supplier directly using trusted contact details you have previously used.

Consider a multi-person approval process for transactions over a certain dollar amount, with processes in place to ensure the business billing you is the one you normally deal with.

Keep the security on your network and devices up-todate, and have a good firewall to protect your data.

Businesses can also sign up to the ACCC’s Small Business Information Network to receive emails about new or updated resources, enforcement action, changes to Australia’s competition and consumer laws, events, surveys and scams relevant to the small business sector.

How scammers contact you During a crisis like COVID-19, you may be isolated and using online services more than ever, so it is important to think about who might be really contacting you. They may find you by:

• • • •

calling you or coming to your door contacting you via social media, email or text message setting up websites that look real, and impersonating government, business or even your friends collecting information about you so that when they make contact they are more convincing.

How you can help others You can help others by talking and sharing information about scams when connecting with your friends, family and colleagues.

Ask the businesses you connect with regularly about scams they see, how they can protect you and how you can protect yourself.

If you use social media or particular applications — learn how to report scams to them and choose services that will identify and remove scammers from their platform or website.

Ask your bank or financial institution about how to protect your financial information and how they will help you if you get scammed.

Government, law enforcement, individuals and businesses all play an important role in helping to protect the community from scams.

For more information or to report a Scam, please go to the ACCC Website www.scamwatch.gov.au

Heartland Magazine | 77

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

78 | Heartland Magazine

DO YOU REMEMBER- HULA HOOPS

The hula hoop has been one of those fun objects which have retained its popularity through many generations of kids. Now days the hula hoop is made out of plastic and comes in a variety of colours and designs, but this wasn’t always the case with many hoops being made from willow, rattan, grapevines or stiff grass.

The origins of the hula hoop is believed to come from tribal dances where tribes used hoops to portray different objects or animals to tell stories through movement. The hoop can be traced back centuries in different cultures and has developed over time to the hula hoop we know today.

In the late 1950’s the hula hoop was developed by Californian, Wham-O toy company. In 1957 Joan Anderson brought back a bamboo exercise hoop from Australia and came up with the name Hula Hoop at a dinner party.

Her husband showed the hoop to Arthur “Spud” Melin and they agreed on a gentleman’s handshake that they were to have a share of the profits which never happened.

Arthur “Spud” Melin and Richard Knerr manufactured 42inch Marlex plastic hoops which sold 25 million in less than 4 months. Popularity took off and 100 million hoops were sold in 2 years. Carlon Products Corporation was one of the first manufacturers of the hula hoops in the 1950’s, selling 50,000 hula hoops a day. The hula hoop craze died out in the 1980’s but made come backs throughout periods in the 90’s and 2000’s.

In China and Russia, hula hoops became an art form with many circus and cabaret performers incorporating the hoops into their acts. Many performers theses days are solely hired on their impressive hoop skills with many using up to 50 hoops at any one time to perform impressive tricks and routines. Gaffa tape is used to line the inside of the hoop to create a grip making tricks easier to perform. Glow in the dark and glitter hoops are now popular in performances as well as the use of fire.

As well as the hula hoop making it into entertainment, there are also amateur competitions to see who can use the most hoops at any one time and who can spin a hoop for the most amount of time. Aron Hibbs holds the longest verified record, spinning a hoop for 74 hours and 54 minutes in 2009. In November 2019, Jenny Doan exceeded this record by hula-hooping for 100 hours at the District Brew Yards in Chicago. She has submitted her results to the Guinness World Records and is waiting for confirmation of her inclusion There are now many fitness classes which incorporate hoops which involves participants to not only work on their fitness and coordination, but it also works on different parts of the body that cannot be achieved through other work out methods. The sport of hula hooping requires participants to isolate different body parts such as the mid-section and torso from the other parts of the body.

There are many records surrounding the sport of hula hooping.

• Marawa The Amazing, is known for twirling 200 hoops at one time.

• On 19 February 2013, 4,483 people swung hula hoops to dance music for seven minutes. They did this without interruption at Thammasat University stadium in Thailand, setting a world record for the most people dancing with hula hoops simultaneously in one place.

• The largest hoop successfully twirled was 5.04 m in diameter, by Ashrita Furman of the United States in September, 2010.

• In 2000, Roman Schedler spun a 53-pound tractor tyre for 71 seconds at the 5th Saxonia Record Festival in Bregenz, Austria.

• In April 2010, 70 hoopers on Team Hooprama hula hooped the Music City Half-Marathon (21.0975 kilometres (13.1094 mi) to raise awareness and funds for Hooping for Hope.

• In March 2013, the largest hula hoop workout (407 participants) was achieved at Ravenscraig Regional Sports Facility in Scotland by North Lanarkshire Leisure and Powerhoop Fitness.

When was the last time you played with a hula hoop?

Heartland Magazine | 79

HEARTLAND CROSSWORD Answers will be revealed in Issue 42 of Heartland Magazine

Across 1. A&E word 5. Domineering 10. Crunch’s rank 14. Slave 15. Get-rich-quick gamble 16. Snack first created in 1912 17. Hardly winning 20. South Korean capital 21. Pouched creatures 22. Printer’s primary color 25. To the sheltered side 26. Hardly winning (with 48-Across) 30. Answering-machine blinks 34. Quarrel 35. Member of baseball’s All-Century Team 36. Chap 37. Guitarist Clapton 39. Words of agreement 41. Heroic chronicle 42. Inclined 44. Gripe 46. Sixty secs.

47. Kind of heat or flare 48. See 26-Across 50. Sign of distress 52. Misprint 53. Dish often served covered with sauce 57. Silly 61. Hardly winning 64. Graph or pilot starter 65. Ally with 66. Pueblo Indian 67. Teen’s big date 68. Gawain’s transport 69. Candid Down 1. Andy’s partner in old radio 2. Womanizer 3. Milosevic’s predecessor 4. Exhibit poor posture 5. Deli specialty 6. Ah partner

7. Choreography bit 8. Run around naked 9. ‘’___ be sorry!’’

10. Sweeps under the rug, e.g.

11. Diva’s moment 12. Quaker colonist 13. Holiday drinks 18. Handbill 19. One of the family 23. Ill-treat 24. 1949 peace org.

26. Regions 27. Body trunk 28. Corded fabric 29. Grain husk 31. Cud-chewer without a hump 32. Spock’s forte 33. Ritzy

Answers for Issue 40 Page 96 80 | Heartland Magazine

36. Hard to swallow 38. Hat-checker’s station 40. Hardly a Westminster contender 43. Primp 45. Early photo color 48. Turn in the right direction 49. Blanketlike cloak 51. 100-eyed giant of myth 53. Like some decisions 54. Decant 55. Countertenor 56. A French cheese 58. At the acme 59. Relaxed rejection 60. Roberts’ Brockovich 62. Broke bread 63. Narc or G-man, e.g.

HEARTLAND CROSSWORD Answers will be revealed in Issue 42 of Heartland Magazine

Across 1. What push comes to 6. About, formally 10. Australian natives 14. Purplish 15. Must-have 16. Ready to eat 17. Start of a sports fan’s weighty remark 20. Prefix for phone 21. Best-rated 22. No longer squeaking 23. Composer Bacharach 25. Bookies’ concerns 27. Part 2 of the remark 31. Garland’s ‘’Babes in Arms’’ co-star 32. Head or neck preceder 33. Broadway’s ‘’___ Loves Me’’ 36. Thin nails 37. River bottom 38. Italy’s chief port 40. Coltrane’s instrument 41. Old theatre name 42. Calendar babes 43. Part 3 of the remark 46. Bellowed 49. ‘’Betsy’s Wedding’’ actor 50. Saucy dish 51. Narcotic leaf 53. All ears 57. End of the remark 60. What some put on athlete’s foot?

61. Take off 62. Drug treatment 63. Christmas cookie shape 64. Curdle 65. Vote into law

Down 1. Pickens in ‘’Hawmps!’’

2. Many-celled structure 3. Fashionable name 4. Drifter 5. Italian writer Umberto 6. Completely 7. It lights up the night 8. In an alcove 9. End of a campus e-mail address 10. Swirled 11. Greenbacks 12. Single 13. Dispatches 18. Failing to beat the bell

19. Conflicted 24. Indians of Utah and Colorado 26. Where to go out to launch 27. Sun and moon 28. Writer-director Ephron 29. Trickster’s deception 30. Flamenco dancer José 33. Cozy 34. Optimism 35. ___ Timor 37. Audubon recording 38. Coat with gold 39. Expanded in scope 41. Sign of triumph 42. Rice dish 43. Popular suspect 44. List shortener 45. Novotna’s requirement 46. Bridge sections 47. Ingrained activity 48. 1970 World Expo site 52. Sweet treat 54. Motor Trend focus 55. Support (with ‘’up’’) 56. Alternative to graphics 58. Army enlistee 59. She’s ‘’sweet as apple cider’’

Answers for Issue 40 Page 97 Heartland Magazine | 81

Heartland Magazine Issue 42 available mid June Check with your Newsagent or Heartland Magazine stockists

only

$

4

95

From leading Newsagents in your town or city

Call Sharon on 1300 679 787 for a 6 or 12 month subscription posted to your door

82 | Heartland Magazine