Introduction: Ch 5

“Last night I dreamt that I was a butterfly.

Could it be now that I am a butterfly dreaming that I am a man?� ~ Chuang Tsu

s s e n s u o i c

s n o C f o s e Stat r5 e t p a h C

The Nature of Consciousness What is consciousness? …awareness of external events and internal sensa4ons

Higher-­‐Level Consciousness

controlled processing

ac4vely focus efforts toward a goal

requires a?en4on

Lower-Level Consciousness Automa4c processes • require li?le a?en4on/conscious effort • do not interfere with other ongoing ac4vi4es

Daydreaming

Altered States of Consciousness • drug states • fa4gue, illness, trauma, depriva4on • medita4on, hypnosis • mental disorders

Subconscious Awareness Incuba4on Sleep and Dreams: low levels of consciousness of outside world

No Awareness unconscious (censored) thought à Freud

Conscious

Ego Superego Id

Unconscious

Why Do We Need Sleep?

• Adap4ve Evolu4onary Func4on • Restora4ve Func4on • Brain Plas4city

Sleep Deprivation – decreased alertness and cogni4ve performance – inability to sustain a?en4on – less complex brain ac4vity – adverse effects on decision making

Why are Americans sleep deprived?

REM Sleep: Stage 5 Rapid-­‐Eye-­‐Movement Sleep rapid eye movement dreaming

Non-­‐REM Sleep (Stages 1-­‐4 ) – lack of rapid eye movement – li?le dreaming

Sleep Cycles 90-­‐100 minutes per cycle

typical night includes 60% -­‐ Stages 1 & 2 sleep 20% -­‐ Stages 3 & 4 sleep 20% -­‐ REM sleep

• Visual Images = Vivid & Colorful • Space & Time Rela4onships = Distorted • Charged with Emo4on • Delusional Quality

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Theories of Dreaming Psychodynamic Approach • manifest and latent content

Cogni4ve Theory • informa4on processing and memory

Ac4va4on-­‐Synthesis Theory • brain makes “sense” out of random brain ac4vity

"All men dream, but not equally.

Those who dream by night in the dusty recesses of their minds, wake in the day to find that it was vanity: but the dreamers of the day are dangerous men, for they may act on their dreams with open eyes, to make them possible.�

T.E. Lawrence