Chapter 5
Learning
Learning a change in behavior that occurs through experience
Classical Conditioning a response occurs in the presence of a stimulus that previously could not bring out that response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR): an unlearned response that is elicited by the UCS
UCS à UCR (tap on knee) à (knee jerk) (puff of air) à (eye blink) (pepper) à (sneeze) (food in mouth) à (salivate)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being paired with the UCS
Conditioned Response (CR): this is the learned response to the CS that occurs after CSUCS pairing
Cornelius
Pavlovian Conditioning (or Classical Conditioning) I Before Conditioning a) NS-------->No response (bell)-------->neutral
b) UCS------->UCR (food)------->(salivation)
II During Conditioning NS/CS--------->UCS---------->UCR (bell)--------->(food)--------->(salivation)
acquisition trial
III After Conditioning CS------------------------>CR (bell)-------------------->(salivation)
extinction trial
Acquisition trial
Extinction trial
Generalization Conditioned Responses may appear after various Natural Stimulus that are similar to the Conditioned Stimulus
Fear
Discrimination the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli, but not to others
Operant Conditioning the consequences of behavior change the probability of that behavior’s occurrence
Thorndike • hungry cats • (dead) fish • puzzle box
Law of Effect: behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened
Reinforcement Reinforcement increases behavior. Positive and Negative
Types of Reinforcers Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers
Punishment Punishment decreases behavior. Positive and Negative
Observational Learning learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior (modeling)
How to Housebreak Your Dog Observational learning/ imitation