House of Health Lindholm, Nørresundby MSc02: sustainability Created by Nicolai Qvist Krarup Helene Johansen Jakob Frost Dahl Nicolai Fuglsang Torp
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House of Health Master of Science in Architectural Engineering, Aalborg Universitet Sustainable Welfare Architecture (MSc02) Supervisors: Kemo Usto, Chen Zhang and Agathe Revil-Signorat Page numbers: 107 Appendix: 40
Nicolai Qvist Krarup
Helene Johansen
Jakob Frost Dahl
Nicolai Fuglsang Torp 3
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Abstract A new wave of Danish welfare architecture has emerged in recent years. The advent of evidence-based design practices combined with the push towards sustainable practices has helped define much of the work that has been realized. This project will insert itself in the tradition of human-centered welfare architecture through the design of a health care center for the city of Nørresundby. State-of-the-art knowledge about physical and emotional responses to the environment will inform design decisions. Furthermore, the project will aspire to reach the highest level of environmentally sustainable design through the integration of knowledge on energy and materials. In essence, the ambition is to create a beautiful, functional and sustainable health care center for the city and for the future.
Reading guide The following booklet is structured around the idea of a narrative. The first section introduces the reader to the general context of the project, which account for preceding developments in the Danish health care sector as well as the fields of neuro-science and sustainable architecture. Following this introduction is an analysis of the project site and user groups. These sections are intended to provide the reader with an insight into the specific design parameters that will shape the project. The analyses will be concluded with a vision and a list of design criteria. The final section will merge presentation and process material and divide it by topic. This section will be summarized in a conclusion and reflection on the process.
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Table of contents introduction
16
site
8
Methodology
16
Context
10
Healing Architecture
18
Site
12
Architecture and perception
20
Facts about Nørresundby
14
Holistic sustainability
22
Isometric map
24
Site impressions
26
Scale and materials
28
Reflections on site analysis
users 30
Meet the staff
38
Meet the patients
design
6
8
42
Vision and design criteria
46
Presentation
52
Concept
54
Concept sketches
30
42
presentation + process building envelope 64
Facade
66
Facade sketches
68
Construction types
70
Cladding
72
Glazing
74
Roof design
76
Roof sketches
78
Design iterations
construction 94
Structural system
96
Sketches and models
98
Section drawing
gardens
64
56
Masterplan
58
Functions
60
Views/consultations/waiting areas
62
Ventilation strategy
interior spaces
94
100
56
building layout
80
Main waiting area
82
Material detailing
84
Consultation spaces
86
Window detailing
88
Material detailing
90
Sta Area
92
BSim study
outro 106
Conclusion + reflection
108
Illustration list
100
Urban strategy
102
Peripheral gardens
110
Litterature list
104
Courtyard
113
Appendix
80
106
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Methodology Based on Mary-Ann Knudstrup’s integrated design process (2004), the method of navigating back and forth in five different phases deals with an integrated design with functional, aesthetic and technical considerations. The method contains a problem, analysis, sketching, synthesis and presentation phase. A design process is often very complex. Nonetheless, the below timeline attempts to structure and show our overall process and the elements that have contributed to the final design proposal. In this project means stochastic, that there are no limitations, here are sketches and investigation all possibilities without delimitation. In the significant phase, opportunities are limited to exact results.
Sustainable welfare Architecture
Ventilation strategies Daylight simulation
Healing architecture
LCA calculations A Health Center
Idea / problem
Start
Design criteria and vision
Research
Site analysis
Cases
Excursion
User analysis
Analysis - Happens at the same time
Made choices
Mockups
Sketches
Materials
Plan / section
Form studies
Mockups
Stochastic sketching - no limits only limitaions from the analysis
Potential and challenges of the site
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Form studies
Significant sketching Developing on one concept
Background: Testing different concepts and discussion in group
Workshop Form and environment Functional organization Materiality and construction
Development of concept
Plan / section
Energy calculations looking at glazing area to investigate how much glass is possible in the building
Problem
Analysis
Sketching
Synthesis
Presentation
Integrated Design Process
Summing up, overview of whether the concept meets the design criteria of analysis and research
Radiation, sunlight and shadows studies Section detailing Sum up Presentation
Midterm
Wind studies Outdoor areas
Mockups
Roof
Plan
Synthesis and sketching Happens at the same time Background: Testing different ideas, forms and scale to develope and arguing for the concept
Sum up Technical aspects
Construction Materials
Elevations
Functions
Plan / Sections
Calculations
Significant synthesis Detailing level in the small scale
Perspectives
Exam
End
Presentation
Background: Choice of materal and improvement of indoor environment
Material studies according LCC, LCA and models Energy calculations looking at the gaps in the form
Detail drawings Optimizing building envelope, daylight conditions, acustics
Ventilation strategy for natural and mechanical. Indoor environment calculation in Bsim
Ill.0_Methodology
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Healing Architecture Designing for health and well-being
In 2007, the former Danish government enacted a Quality Reform and a related fund of 50 bn DKK to finance investments in a modern and effective health sector that would ultimately improve the quality of patient care across the country. Along with the Regions, the Danish State is now constructing or renovating 43 new hospitals with an expected completion in 2025. The topicality of healthcare construction and welfare architecture is part of the basis and knowledge for the this project. (Stm.dk, 2007). The development in the Danish health care sector is part of a major investment intended to increase coherence and quality of patient care, patient safety and effectivity. In order to ensure the highest possible quality in the healthcare sector there has been a demand for scientifically backed knowledge on how to design healthcare buildings so that patients and personnel have the best conditions for healing. This particular branch of architectural design has been named healing architecture, although it does not imply that architecture itself is capable of healing. Healing architecture is just one of many designations in this field; evidence-based design is another. Whichever the name, the common feature of these approaches is the reliance on the best available knowledge to inform decisions. So what knowledge do we currently have about architectures capacity to affect the health and wellbeing of people? The publication Healing Architecture compiles a wide range of studies on the correlations between health and well-being in patients and staff and their physical environment. It was published in 2009 in effort to gather current knowledge as well as inspire to the continued research of this subject. The conclusions of the publication are on some instances aligned with current practices or “architectural intuition” while other conclusions are less obvious 10
and therefore important to take into account when designing a healthcare facility. The implications of a specific architectural feature are mapped in category diagrams which visualise the connections between architecture and its physiological outcome. (Fich, 2014). Healing Architecture is just one of several sources that highlight these connections and provide architects with a tool to understand how to design for health and well-being. Healthcare architecture has always concerned itself with the process of healing but only in recent years have we come to develop a deeper understanding of the conditions that affect the human mind and body. There is currently a large precedent of “healing spaces” set by some of the most experienced and talented architects in the world. In 1996, the first Maggie’s Centre opened in Edinburgh, Scotland which aimed to help anyone who had been affected by cancer. Since then, more than 20 centre’s have been built in the UK by world renowned architects such as Rem Koolhaas, Frank Gehry and Zaha Hadid. A similar concept was brought about in Denmark a few years ago called Livsrum, which also provide cancer patients and their relative’s with an open environment for conversation or counselling. Both Maggie’s Centre’s and Livsrum share a common perception of the atmosphere needed in a healing environment although the architectural concept of the individual buildings are manifested in different ways and in response to the site. This project will continue the evidence-based approach to welfare architecture by using state-ofthe-art knowledge to inform design decisions. Case studies of existing healthcare buildings (appendix 2) will also serve as inspiration to the design.
Ill.1_Nature
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Architecture and Perception How do spaces, materials and light affect people?
Architecture and people are undeniably tied together. After all, architecture, or the built environment, serve people as spaces for refuge from the otherwise harsh environment that nature has produced. Traditionally, architecture has aspired to design for people, but different interpretations have been used throughout architectural history. Modernists considered buildings from a radically functional perspective, but history has shown that this interpretation of the relationship between buildings and people was inadequate and devoid of the emotions that humans depend on (Fazio et. al, 2013). So how do we approach this complex relationship without also making false assumptions about human needs? We must aspire to understand people; not just in terms of the needs that they can consciously express but also in regards to their fundamental biological needs. The physiological mechanisms of the human body is to some extent mapped already and we are therefore able to respond intelligently to these through the shaping of the built environment. More specifically, we can manipulate temperatures, oxygen and CO2 levels and a range of other parameters to create comfortable environments. What we are missing is the understanding of the neurological mechanisms that contribute to our reaction to the environment. 12
These mechanisms are however not independent of our body systems. The interdependence of mind and body is known as embodiment. Embodiment explains the perception of architecture as a physiological process much like architects such as Juhani Pallasmaa and Peter Zumthor have famously exemplified through several architectural writings. Through a continuous, multi-sensory engagement we perceive the external environment before we are cognitively able to understand it. What seems insignificant, such as the touch of a railing or the smell of wooden materials, is actually registered in a precognitive process that helps define our experience of the space (Robinson and Pallasmaa, 2014). The engagement between the senses and the environment is also what produces an emotional response. It is often only in retrospect that we can evaluate our emotional state related to a specific environment or event given the almost instantaneous response that our embodied cognition produces. This would imply the importance of spaces that are attentive to the senses; light, acoustics, materials and construction become the indicators of good environments rather than novel forms or abstract concepts. Another interesting discovery about our emotional responses is their integration to neurological systems that are associated with either energy expenditure - which causes arousal - or energy nourishment - which
causes relaxation or similar emotions. Designing buildings can respond to either of these states. It can be aimed at creating a visually striking building or an environment of comfort and shelter. What is the power of perception in a healthcare setting? One definition of health is “the perfect continuing adjustment of an organism to its environment” (Wylie, 1970). As architects, we must make our best attempt at understanding the organism and design the environment in accordance with it. Perception is therefore crucial to the way the environment is experienced. Many studies have already documented the physiological benefits of certain environments that are seemingly different only in the way they are perceived. A study on stress levels in relation to room openings show a significant increase in cortisol levels when the test persons are exposed to psychosocial stressors in a closed room compared to a room with openings (Fich, 2014). Since cortisol production is related to the immune system, healthcare design is extra sensitive to the influence of the environment on stress reactions. According to the researchers that conducted this specific experiment, the difference in cortisol levels could be contributed to the affordance of the space; a term defined as “… the possibility for use, intervention and action which the physical world offers the given agent”. This again shows
the importance of perception in relation to the physiological responses that maintain the steady states of the body - also known as the homeostatic balance. In order for this balance to be maintained there has to be a constant weighing of the internal and the external environment which is perhaps also the biological purpose of our emotional responses. Emotions are therefore a part of our human nature for rather functional purposes. The effect of environment on health is highly complex but there are nevertheless a large body of research that examine the role of aesthetics and environment on perception and health. Daylight, access to green areas or merely view to landscapes are all environmental factors that have been documented to have a positive influence on user satisfaction and a range of physiological health indicators such as stress (Ulrich, R.S., 2000). Fewer studies have looked at the influence of aesthetics on emotions. There are however indications, that curvilinear shapes are generally perceived as more beautiful than rectilinear (Vartanian et. al, 2013)
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Holistic Sustainability A critical approach to energy and resource use
For the past 20 years, reducing the energy consumption of buildings have become increasingly important for both architects, engineers and developers. Danish legislation has helped progress this trend through a continued tightening of the legal energy frame of buildings. In spite of this positive development, buildings still carry a significant responsibility for the use of energy and emission of greenhouse gasses that contribute to climate change, ecosystem degradation, resource depletion and its spillover effect on human health. However, the majority of the relative share of building’s energy consumption is no longer found in its usage period; rather it is found in the processes that are occurring before, during and after the building’s lifetime. Depending on the building type, the production, construction, maintenance and demolition of a building can have a much higher environmental impact than energy use for operating the building. It is therefore imperative, that we become critical of the procurement of materials and how we join them into a long-lasting building. All materials have embodied energy. Embodied energy is defined as the sum of all energy required to produce a material before its application. Materials differ a great deal in their use of energy and ressources prior to being “finished”. Wood is generally considered to have a lower level of embodied energy than concrete, bricks or metals. However, the expected lifetime of wood is significantly lower than those materials. These relationships between the materials should be weighed in a way that makes it possible to take an informed decision of materials in a building context. For this purpose, a software called LCAByg was developed to help decision-makers compare the environmental profile of different materials. LCAByg is based on life cycle assessment; a methodology that differentiates between environmental impacts such as global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP) and primary energy use (Ptot). As the name implies, Life Cycle Assessments encompass environmental strains during the entire lifetime of a material or product; from extraction, processing and transportation to maintenance, reparation and finally
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demolition and disposal. Life Cycle Assessments are extremely beneficial in the context of the resource scarcity we face today. What are the implications then, if we are able to identify critical processes or materials related to a building? There is obviously a great potential in comparing materials before applying them in a building to avoid unnecessary deterioration of the environment. But additionally, this new methodology allows us to rethink the way we structure and join different materials. If we consider a material like brick, it has a very long lifetime possibly longer than the building it is a constituent of. If we are to use the material to its fullest potential, then considering how to disassemble the bricks is absolutely essential. This idea can be applied to all materials. The more easily disassembled a building is, the higher the potential for reuse or recycling. Furthermore, the ease of disassembly will have ramifications on the flexibility of the building. The option to change spatial configurations or materials based on changing user needs is likely - although not necessarily - dependent on the way they are joined. Given the changeability and unpredictability of certain buildings, disassembling materials without losing their value will undoubtedly have a significant positive influence on the buildings environmental impact. One important concept to be aware of in this regards is described in the now iconic book on life cycle thinking, Cradle to Cradle. Here, materials are separated into two overall categories; those materials that fall into a biological cycle and those that fall into a technical cycle. Keeping these independent of each other will greatly improve their potential for reuse. This line of thinking should ultimately be extended to all joints and connections so that products are kept in their purest form. The increased focus on embodied energy in materials does not mean that the energy consumption of buildings should be neglected; rather the approaches should support each other in an effort to design building with a minimal environmental impact. Achieving Zero Energy Standard is therefore an important aspect in a sustainability perspective.
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Where are we? The project site is located in Lindholm, Nørresundby. Nørresundby is a statistically independent city with 22,600 inhabitants (Statistikbanken.dk, 2017) which includes the Nørresundby neighborhoods; Nørresundby center, Lindholm, Nørre Uttrup and Bouet. Due to Nørresundby’s location close to Aalborg, they together form a big urban area with a total of 136,017 inhabitants (Statistikbanken.dk, 2017). In the center of Nørresundby one will find: Nørresundby Church (7), Nørresundby Torv, Limfjord Bridge (3) and more. In the western part of Nørresundby, the Lindholm district is located around Lindholm Station and west of Lindholm is Aalborg Airport. Like the big brother, Aalborg, south of the fjord, Nørresundby developed in the 20th century as an industrial city. In 1950, half of the inhabitants worked in industry and crafts. This heritage is still visible in Nørresundby today, including the area around the project site. Over time, Nørresundby has been the preferred transit area that has served as a link to the rest of North Jutland. A number of actions and strategies over the years have led to a stronger integration between Nørresundby and Aalborg. The Limfjord bridge was opened in 1933 and a few years later, the railway bridge was renewed. More recently, the bridge has been made available for cyclists and pedestrians (2). After the municipal merger in 1970 the two cities became one administrative urban area, after which most of the area’s growth has taken place south of the Limfjord (Dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk, 2018)
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1:10.000
N
Site location Top 10 landmarks Limfjorden
1
Bicycle/Railway bridge
2
Aalborg/Nørresundby bridge
3
Lindholm train station
4
Lindholm chalk pit
5
Lindholm beach park
6
Nørresundby church
7
Aalborg Vestby train station
8
Aalborg stadium
9
Boat harbor
10
Ill.2_Satelite map of Aalborg and Nørresundby (maps.google.dk, 2018)
Lindholm 5
4
Nørresundby 6
1
7
2
10
3
N
8
9
Aalborg Vestby
Aalborg Center
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Project site The surrounding area to the project site is one of great diversity; building typologies, density, dimensions and materials change dramatically from one corner to another which creates a very heterogenous expression. The site is close to quadratic with four corners that are almost directly aligned with a north-south and east-west axis. Each border of the site faces four very different urban compositions. The northeastern border meets the heavily trafficked main road, Thistedvej, while the opposite side, the southwestern, faces a large industrial building. The side road, Kummerowsvej, faces the southeastern border of the site and is considerably less trafficked and thus less exposed. The final boundary, the northwestern, is perhaps the most interesting due to its open areas with lines of trees and other vegetation. The infrastructural conditions of the area are very good and therefore a great benefit to the accessibility of the project. Bus and train stations are located close to the site and the connections for both pedestrians, cyclist and cars are easy from the main street of Nørresundby, Thistedvej. Pedestrians and cyclist also have the possibility to access the site from the south via different paths and bike lanes.
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To Aalborg Airport
Train tracks
ed
sit
Th j ve
1:500
To Nørresundby Center
Ku m
me
row s
ve j
Site area: 3600 m2 Building area: 700 m2
Ill.3_Site map
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Facts about Nørresundby / Nice to know
15.329 citizens currently reside in the city of Nørresundby - not including the neighbouring cities. Statistics show that the population group aged 25 to 49 years constitute the primary age group within Nørresundby at 34 percent. However, on an overall basis there is a large age diversity in the city, with 17 percent children within the age of 0-16 years, 11 percent youths between the age of 17-24 years, 21 percent between the age of 50 to 66 years, and 17 percent, defined as elderly, from 67 years and up (Apps. aalborgkommune.dk, 2017). Almost 60 percent of the residents live in apartments, while only 38 percent live in either a single family house or a row house of some sort. In the dwellings close to half of the residents live by themselves, while around 32 percent live with one other person (Apps.aalborgkommune.dk, 2017). Since there is such a large diversity in Nørresundby, it is essential that a new health care center has the facilities needed to treat and meet all of their different demands.
Nørresundby - The sun side
Centrally located site
15.428 people
100 meters from site to train and bus station
Thistedvej is a traffic road!
... But nevertheless has good conditions for cyclists
bike path to and from site
Noise level: 70-75 dB
5000-15000 cars per day
Number of persons per household
47 % 20
32 %
11 %
12 %
(apps.aalborgkommune.dk, 2018) (Apps.aalborgkommune.dk, 2018) Apps.aalborgkommune.dk. (2017).
Population - age
Population growth
people
0-4 y 5-14 y
15400
15-24 y 25-34 y 35-44 y 45-54 y 55-64 y
15200 2016
2028
65-74 y
years
75-84 y 85-94 y 95 y +
Professions that are already present in Nørresundby
3 physiotherapists
6 psychologists
1 musical therapist
5 medical centres
Housing situation
38 %
62 %
Ill.4_Demography
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“Im lost”
Pharmacy
Hårkunst
Shop
Hair stylist
“I need to
Kirkens korshær Thrift shop
Cafe Deluxe Restaurent
Autism Center Organization
Nimand A/S Coffee company
“The traffic is so heavy”
Tamu center
“Nice green park area”
Education
Size of site Size of building
Nordland
“It’s going to be so n new Health Care
Industry
Skovvejs Auto Mechanic
LOOP fitness Recreation facilities
“I'm so exhausted” “Me too”
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Lindholm st. Public transportation
“I need to catch the train”
s so heavy”
“It is noisy”
“A circular shape will fit perfectly here on this site”
oing to be so nice with a w Health Care Center”
Kiosk FOKUS fitness
Shop
Recreation facilities
“I want a hotdog”
Fri BikeShop Shop
uto
Kindergarten Education
Ill.5_Isometric overview
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Perception of the site The term “Genius Loci” means “Spirit or essence of space” (Porter, 2004, p. 88). The essence of a space is related to the experience and how the individual reads the space. Therefore, ones perception of a particular space is a very subjective experience. When approaching the project site from the heavily trafficked road Thistedvej (7), one enters an area with light industry on one side and small family houses on the other. The traffic along the site creates a significant boundary for pedestrians and cylists. Furthermore, the dominance of car traffic can create a feeling of unsafety among these vulnerable road users. The high-speed environment generates a lot of noise in addition which affects the acoustic environment. The infrastructural conditions are however very good due to the presence of train and bus stations close to the site (14) The project site currently holds a gas station (4) which further strengthens the predominance of car traffic. This gas station will however be demolished and replaced by the health care center. This will likely contribute to a positive change of the area and create a different experience for all trafficants and residents. Bordering the northwestern side of the site is a small green oasis with tall old trees (1, 2, 5, 13). This contrast creates a versatility in the area and allows for the exploitation of the area for outdoor spaces. The green strip creates a practical barrier to the red brick building towards northwest (3). It also produces a more silent and calm atmosphere, seperated from the heavy traffic road. The area is composed of many different materials (6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) which makes it a diverse area with lots of different expressions and experiences. This seemingly random juxtaposition of materials and colors can however also be perceived as confusing and perhaps messy. Overall, there are several different atmospheres around the site at the moment which can either be enhanced or weakened depending on the desired outcome and its affect on the design. Ill.6_Photo collage
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1
2
3
4
5
6
8
13
9
7
10
14
11
12
25
ea st
1:1000
Scale & materials The urban section contributes to an understanding of the surroundings. They illustrate the materials and scale of the neighbouring buildings as well as vegetation and the site’s dimensions. The buildings that are currently located on the project site have been removed from the sections since they don’t provide any relevant information about the future context. These buildings do not have any significant value with regards to reuse or reycling of materials since they are severely worn and are largely devoid of any preservation-worthy or tactile qualities. The street front facing the site in the north east (south east section) has decreasing heights from west to east. Building typologies differ between small pitched roof family houses of bricks and tiles to industrial flat roofed buildings in concrete and steel. At present, some of these buildings are being transformed into apartments. An example of this redevelopment are the Silos shown in the northeast section. The juxtaposition of building materials, heights and typologies provides an opportunity to design a health care center that has its own independent expression. The health care center would thereby become a focal point in the area which supports the idea of a democratic and open building.
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he ut
hw est
So
ut
ast
No r th
we st
rth No
So
Ill.7_Site map
Site
Grey plaster on bricks
South east 1:1000 Dark Grey Concrete
Site
North east 1:1000
White-washed bricks
Dark Steel
Red Brick
Site
Dark Concrete
South west 1:1000 White Painted Bricks
Site
Yellow Brick
Red/Grey Brick
North west 1:1000 Plaster
Ill.8_Site map
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Favourable conditions Exposed area to public provides the oppertunity to see the building from a long distance
Reections on site analysis Humanistic architecture must always relate to the specifics of the context, the site and the environment. The future building should, as far as possible, always enhance the strengths of the area. In addition, architectural solutions and design proposals must be developed to solve challenges for the given area.
Good infrastructure and accessibility Related health functions in the area Green area connected to the western part of the site Industial buildings work as a barrier against the most common winddirection (southwest) Versatile area (typoligies, functions and materials) Large site area compared to the required building size
The following aspects have been identified as the most favourable for the project development as a whole. Key problems Noise pollution
In addition, a number of key problems have been identified which should be considered and addressed in the project.
Air pollution Exposed area to public (the inability to generate privacy) Surroundings are predominantly dense, urban environments
The key issues are represented on the context model shown on the following page (ill. 9). Further analyses on microclimate and context, which have contributed to identifying several of the problems and strenghts presented on this page, can be found in appendix 1. 28
Proximity to the fjord can contribute to an increased experience of wind forces and may also affect the experienced temperature (wind chill factor) Large industrial area against south provide little to no sensory qualities.
Easy access from public transportation
N
Calm green area with old vegetation
3600 m2 Noisy road 70-75 dB barrier ?
Dorminating wind direction 17 % SW
Easy view and access to corner
Place for outdoor places against SW
Calm road - less trafic
Ill.9_Context model
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Meet the staff The main function of a health care center is to combine a number of health services under one roof. By combining several services in one center, an opportunity is presented to develop a more professional environment with the possibility to collaborate across different fields. This results in higher quality care and a more coherent course of treatment for the individual patient. In this specific health center a number of different practitioners are combined; secretary, nurse, medical doctor, food therapist, psychologist, musical therapist and physiotherapist. Each of the practitioners and their specific requirements are investigated and represented individually, composing the basic foundation for the function and space program (appendix 4). Common for all the professions is the importance to construct a center, designed with a focus on the staffs working environment to ensure a good foundation for their working conditions and their interaction with their patients. Health clinics are often referred to as cold and clinical and many patients, especially children, dread going. So it is essential to create an environment, wherein the patients feel safe and comfortable. This can be achieved by creating spaces that focus on establishing a certain atmosphere, using as an example various materials, shapes and light. To understand the usergroups of the house the staff is analyzed and some design criterias are set up to the address their specific needs. 30
Common secratary The secretary is the face of the health center, and is the first person one meets, when entering the building or talks to when booking and confirming appointments. The secretary functions as the centers organizer, servicing patients at the reception, keeping patient records, and helping other staffers with practical tasks during the day. It is therefore crucial that the secretary’s office is centrally located and close to the entrance, so that the patients can easily navigate around the building, while still maintaining a convenient short distance to the different offices. At the same time the office needs to preserve a certain amount of privacy, with peace and quiet for drawing up journals and writing letters.
Timeline Off to work
Meeting patients, phone calls
Journals
Phone consulation
Lunch break
Adminstration work
Off from work
07:15
08:00
09:30
10:00
12:00
12:30
16:30
Central location The first person people see when they enter the Health Care Center. Contact with a lot of staff members during the day.
Signage To provide a quick overview for patients, so the secratary doesnt have to spend time being a directory
Storage Need space for concentration, storage, a desk to welcome the patients.
Service station Have many different tasks for both patients and the staff.
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Music therapist The music therapist uses music as a therapy tool to help patients who have trouble expressing themselves verbally. The music helps the patients to open up and communicate with others. Usually the patients are either children, disabled suffering from a mental disease or elderly with dementia (Ug.dk, 2018). For a music therapist, it is necessary to have a large space because they require space for an office, a place to converse with patients and a therapy room to carry out the music sessions which also have to fit all the instruments. The therapy room requires good acoustic conditions, so that the sound can vary depending on the installment of the panels, fit for each instrument. To avoid an echo in the room it is best that the walls are not parallel.
Timeline
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Arrives at work
Checking emails
Music therapy session
finding new music
Lunch break
Music therapy out of the center
Off from work
08:30
08:40
09:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
16:30
Sound insulation The sound should not be heard in any other rooms. Focus on materials.
Not parallel walls To avoid echo in the room walls must be angled.
Absorbent panels Flexible panels to make the sound correct depending on the instruments.
Storage space for the instruments Need a lot of space to all the different instruments, there must be space for a piano.
Psychologist The practicing psychologist works with helping people through difficult periods of their lives. The work primarily consists of therapy sessions in the psychologist’s office or in a more intimate consultation room (Interweb, 2018). Each patients treatment course is fitted to the individual, where the phycologist apply different techniques, depending on the patient’s struggles and whether the patient is an adult, teenager or a child. In order to establish a good connection with the patient, it is important to create a sense of security. Once there is security, it is easier to work with the patient (PsykologeriDenmark, 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to have a room with privacy, where a certain atmosphere exist, created by the use of natural light, the texture of the materials and the feel of the interior. Since the sessions often become quite emotional and tearful, it is important to have an adjacent bathroom, to use as a “refresh room” (Sønderholm Gundersen, 2018).
Timeline Off to work
First patient
Second patient
Emails, case handling
Lunch break
Patients & computerwork
Off from work
08:00
08:30
09:30
10:30
12:00
12:30
16:30
Office and conservation area There should be space for a desk and a consultation area
Calm atmosphere Focus on the senses, importance of natural light, materials, furnitures, views to nature, sense of security.
Accesbility to larger area Conversation room for therapy groups of 5 people in the evening.
Waiting area Should be divided into smaller niches, so the patient dont feel exposed.
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Nurse The nurse’s main responsibility in a health center, is to manage the reception in collaboration with the secretary, vaccination, chronic disease management, taking blood samples and running simpler test, for which a doctor is not required. Since the nurse has to navigate around several places, primarily the doctor’s office and reception area, it is necessary that the place of work is placed centrally and near the reception. As the nurse works with several age groups, it is necessary to have an examination room, that takes into account the needs of all the patient groups.
Timeline
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Arrives to work
Consultations with patients
Telephone consultation
Lunch break
Briefing with doctor
Patients & computerwork
07:30
08:00
10:00
12:00
12:45
12:30
Coffee in the kitchen, then home 16:30
Storage Need space for a small laboratory and storage for medicinal equipment.
Ventilation system Ensure a high atmospheric and thermal comfort so the hygiene is optimal.
Placement Close to the doctor and secretary and also the waiting area, because they are working toegther and have a lot af patients duing the day.
User group The architecture must embrace a wide user group in the nurses consultation room, especially children should feel safe.
Medical Doctor The Medical doctor is a specialist in general medicine, which primarily revolves around investigating, advising and treating people for various diseases (Uddannelsesguiden, 2018). The patients are a wide variety, ranging from small babies to old people. In order for the doctor to treat his patients, it is necessary to have a consultation room. The consultation room must be flexible, so that there is room for both his office, conversing with patients and examinations. It needs to be in close connection with the nursing station as the patients often visit both during a consultation. In addition, a storage room should be attached so it is easy for the doctor to pick up tools for various studies.
Timeline Arrives at work
Emails and phone conultation
07:30
08:00
Patient consultation (10min. each) 09:30
Visit patients (out)
Lunch break
Patients & computerwork
Off from work
10:30
12:00
13:00
16:30
Privacy Private consultation rooms with good sound insulation
Placement Easy access to waiting area. The doctor have an average of 1 patient every 10th minute.
Accesbility to larger area Shares knowledge with other staff at the center
Storage Need space for a small laboratory and storage for medicinal equipment.
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Physiotherapist: The physiotherapist works with the recovery and rehabilitation of patients in all ages that has suffered injuries, went through a longer course of illness or struggle with a disability (The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, 2018). The function of a rehabilitation course is to increase the patients everyday quality of life. It is necessary to have a facility, which houses both larger gyms and private spaces for consultations and more intimate treatments. Since the rehabilitation exercises happens both individually and in teams, the gym has to maintain a clear overview for the physicians sake, while at the same time creating spaces for the more shy individual patient/trainer. To enhance the patient’s ability to apply the training at home, the setting also need to imitate situations and surroundings in everyday scenarios. Finally the design should encourage the patients, to exercise and move, even when not in a rehabilitation session (Fysisk rammer og rehabilitering, 2018). Timeline
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Off to work
First consultation
With the patients in the gym
Lunch break
Adminstration work
Therapy session with patients
Off from work
08:00
09:00
09:30
12:00
12:30
13:30
16:30
Fitness room & changing room >50 m2 and space for exercise machines. Room height >3.5 m.
Accessibility Must be easy access from all areas at the center to enter for a handicap.
Consultation room Space for a desk and a massage bed.
Workshop area Space for conferences about health and the body
Food therapist The food therapist works with diets significance on weight gain and its influence on the development of diseases, due to lifestyle choices. A food therapist employed in a health care center primarily works with advising patients on their diet habits, to help improve their quality of life, by losing weight or preventing future diseases. The patients often suffers from diseases like obesity, diabetes, lactose or gluten intolerance (Ug.dk, 2018). Typically the treatment consist of a individually fitted diet that the patient needs to follow along with weekly visits during the course of treatment (Min.medicin.dk, 2018). To ensure the patients maintain a healthy lifestyle, it is important that during their treatment, they are educated about the relation between health and diet. By creating spaces for learning with familiar settings, like a kitchen, the patients can conveniently adapt their new knowledge to their home lifestyle (Fysiske rammer og rehabilitering, 2018). Timeline Off to work
Consultation with patients
Educates patients in kithcen
Lunch break
Consultation with patients
Adminstration work
Off from work
08:00
08:30
10:30
12:00
12:00
15:30
16:30
Office Smaller area where the food therapist can have private conversations.
Kitchen & dining area Room for 8 people, so there is possibilities to host workshops and cook together.
Storage Need storage for food and tools
Outdoor garden The garden must contain vegetables and herbs for use in teaching and cooking.
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Meet the patients The four different personas and their different needs are based on the diversity of ages in Nørresundby to ensure the succesful design of a health care center which can accommodate the needs of both children, elderly diasbled and everything in between. These four personas represent their target group and therefore, some assumptions are made about their general needs in relation to health care.
Key issues
Standard Person The average Dane within the age group 30-64 years visits the doctor 5-8 times a year. (Videnskab.dk, 2018) Unlike the other more exposed user groups such as elderly, children or disabled, that have special requirements, the focus for the average dane is more on their mental state when going to the health clinic. Often when we go to the doctor or psychologist we are in a fragile and vulnerable situation and therefore it is important that the atmosphere satisfies the needs of the patient and that the spaces are arranged so one does not feel exposed.
Satisfying atmosphere Space for conferences about the health and the body Esay navigation It must be easy to find and orientate yourself in the health center.
Privacy Have opportunity to have private talks and not feeling exposed
Disabled Person There are many different forms and degrees of disability. According to the institute for human rights a disability is defined as “those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others” (Un.org, 2018). Meaning the disability could be anything from a social disorder to the inability to walk. By statistics from Det Nationale Forskningscenter For Velfærd, 30 percent of the danish population suffer from a self diagnosed disability (Dch. dk, 2018). Since there exist many forms of disability, that each require different things in the design, the focus is narrowed down to patients with the inability to function to the fullest physically, primarily patients in wheelchairs. By danish law new public buildings has to facilitate the special demands of people in wheelchairs (Bygningsreglementet.dk, 2018). The biggest challenge is accessibility, currently only 36,5 percent of the danish health clinics are suited for patients in wheelchairs, because of their entrance or toilets (Dch. dk, 2018). Patients who have a hearing, seeing, reading, walking, learning or arm and hand disabilities all have different demands. 38
A place to sit It is important that there is short distance between seating zones in the building.
Wheelchair friendly Surfaces, access road and toilets must be able for wheelchair users
Esay navigation It must be easy to find and orientate yourself in the health center with short distances.
Key issues
Children When children are visiting a hospital or a health care center they have many thoughts and prejudices. Therefore it is important to defuse the health centers foreign world. Children need support, which is why they usually bring a relative to the center which also needs to be taken into consideration in the design (Boernpaahospital.dk, 1978). The first thing that intimidates the child is the buildings scale, especially high rise hospitals, because children perceive everything considerably bigger. The same goes for windows and furnitures, which needs to be in an appropriate scale. Children feels safer and more comfortable, when they can see other children, by using transparent materials its possible to avoid the perception of total isolation. Therefore the future health center should facilitate flexibility, so each patient have the possibility to choose their desired level of interaction. Another tool to make children more calm and relaxed is to create a homelike atmosphere with non-hospital related interior design, by using initiatives like colors, nature view and sound of water to stimulate the child’s senses (Bengtsson, 2014). The most essential enforcement is definitely the play area, which should implement nature elements and cover different needs and interest according to age, so the child can forget about time and place (Boernpaahospital.dk, 1987).
Homelike atmosphere Non-hospital related interior design. Have furnitures and materials that relate to home. Window placement Be specific with the placement of the window especially out to nature. Play area The play area should be located in connection with the waiting area. Scale Be aware of the building scale and furnitures.
Eldery person The population of Denmark is getting older: by 2040 there will be twice as many people aged 80+ as there are today (Dst.dk, 2018). Looking at patients that goes to the medical doctor, elderly over 65 years make up 32 percent of all the patients, even though they only constitute 18 percent of the population (Sundhed.dk, 2018). Elderly often suffers from diseases that gives them a certain amount of disability, some just caused by old age. The different diseases lead to daily struggles with pains in all joints, fatigue, insomnia, impaired vision and dyspnoea, which all needs to be facilitated in the health center’s design (Sst.dk, 2018). Based on own assumptions these issues could be addressed by designing centers that, increase the internal walking distances, clearly mark the direction using shapes and signs, promotes clear accessibility, building sufficient amounts of restares and toilets, and increasing the sound level by constructing acoustic robust centers. Its important to also design a center, with room for social interaction between the patients, both in the waiting area, but also by promoting different activities.
+
Wheelchair/Walker friendly Surfaces, access road and toilets must be able for wheelchair and walker users Esay navigation It must be easy to find and orientate yourself in the health center with short distances. A place to sit It is important that there is short distance between seating zones in the building.
39
Dining area
Tech. room
Storage
Small kitchen
Cleaning
Storage Kitchen
Staff entrance
Canteen
Toilet
Conference
Th
Wardrobe Doctor
Shower _ WC
Consultation _ Office
Consu
Storage
This diagram clarifies the different staff-members and how they are connected to the different functions in the building. Furthermore, it illustrates which function they have to share and be ably to use at the same time. The different functions are divided into 3 sizes of boxes, depending on the approximately sizes of the rooms.
40
Fitness room
Changing
Dietitian
Toilet
Conversation
Psychologist
Physiotherapist
Office
Shared office
Common secretary + Staff
Toilet
Waiting area
The kitchen
Reception
Public entrance
Musical therapist
Toilet
Consultation _ Office
Music area
Nurse
Consultation _ Office
5-20 m2
20-50 m2
50-100 m2
Ill.10_Function diagram
41
Vision A healthcare center should be about people. The patient and the medical professionals need an environment that respond to their emotional and physiological needs to focus on the healing process. Seeing that such needs are linked to the perception of architecture, it is necessary to create an atmosphere attentive to the senses. The facility should appeal to the senses through a thoughtful integration of light, materials, space, acoustics etc. The specific focus of a space should be related to the function of that space; acoustics are a key parameter when designing for the musical therapist just like a food therapist along with the patient could benefit from a similar sensory experience. A common theme for the health care center must be the clear perception of a humble and humanistic architecture. The spaces should aspire to produce a homelike atmosphere that can help patients feel safe and comfortable in and around the building. The traditional programming of the healthcare center should be questioned in order to strengthen community engagement with the center and break down stigma regarding visitations. The healthcare center should finally aspire to the highest standard of environmentally sustainable design. Specifically, the building should meet Zero Energy Standard and the highest standards of indoor comfort. Furthermore, Life Cycle Assessments must inform material choices in an effort to minimise the embodied energy in the building without compromising its perceptual qualities.
42
Nature
sphere
ow
Logical Flow
Homelike Atmosphere
Sustainable Practices
Flow and logistics Easy way finding and overview of the building for patients as well as an effective layout for the staff
Sustainable practices Energy consumption calculations and life cycle assessments on materials must inform the design of the health care centre. Sustainable Practices
Connections to nature Views, gardens, paths etc. that provide connections to nature for both patients and staff Connection To Nature
Logical Flow
Homelike Atmosphere
Sustainable Practices
Homelike atmosphere Alternatives
Homelike Atmosphere
Materials, light, scale, acoustics and furnishings shall create a humanistic and sensory architecture
This is what we want....
Sustainable Practices
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44
... how do we do it?
45
House of Health House of Health The House of Health emerges from the open site as a single entity. The characteristic, yet thoroughly vernalucar shape of the building gets a new interpretation by theofconstant curvature of the envelope. natural materials The House Health emerges from open site asThae single entity. The charof theacteristic, exterior yet references traditional Danish farm buildings as well as theinterthoroughly vernalucar shape of the building gets a new ambition of creating a tactile curvature and emotive architecture. Thee natural design ofmaterials the pretation by the constant of the envelope. Th surrounding spaces mark a clear path to the entrance of the building. Th of the exterior references traditional Danish farm buildings as well is as the transition fromofthe city to athetactile singleand building submerges the visitor into theof the ambition creating emotive architecture. The design atmosphere of the spaces building. surrounding mark a clear path to the entrance of the building. This transition from the city to the single building submerges the visitor into the Welcome to the House of Health... atmosphere of the building. Welcome to the House of Health...
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Ill.13_Exterior
47
The house is designed as a single, continuous space which connects the patients to every consultation room. These public spaces encircle an inner courtyard while providing views to gardens outside the building. The circular corridor opens up in three different places and generates space for the patients to wait, socialize or merely enjoy the views. Below is a view of the southwestern waiting area, which has a warmer and more intimate atmosphere than the other waiting areas. For this reason, we call it the living room
Ill.14_Waiting area
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49
Ill.15_Spatial niche
50
Left_A small niche works as a transitional space before patients enter the consultations. The space can function as a small waiting space but also as an informal conversation space between the practitioner and patient. Sound absorbing materials create a feeling of privacy in the space which is also supported by the homelike furnishings.
Ill.16_Psychologist
Above_Consultation room of the psychologist which features an arrangement of couches and chairs for a more informal therapy session. Views and access to private gardens are incorporated for the sake of both patient and practitioner. The space is clad in wood to create a warm atmosphere.
51
Why the circle? The circle is a generic shape. It does not relate to site or climate. But the circle as a geometry is merely the starting point for the development of a building layout. Ill. 11 shows the progression of the circle through an adaption to the surrounding context. The outline of the circle forms a continuous, unbroken path which can be conceptualised as the circulation principle of the building. This circulation space can function as the backbone of the building, serving every consultation room through a logical and functional route. The consultations can be placed on either side of the circle; however, placing them on the periphery can free up space in the centerpoint of the circle while protecting the circulation space from external stimuli. Consultations can be located depending on their specific needs and sensitivities; therapeutic spaces with fewer patients can occupy the western part of the site while the more public spaces along with the doctor and nurse can face the street. The hollowing of the center of the circle can create a protected courtyard for patients and staff to use on sunny days. The circle is no longer generic. The shape of the building creates a contnuous relationship with nature due to the circular flow of the building. Views are opened to the various areas inside and outside the circle. Furthermore, a logical organization is created in the building; all consultation rooms are located on the periphery of the circle with views to the surrounding green spaces while waiting areas and the corridor uses the consultations to frame similar views to the surrounding. The circle creates clarity and easy accessibility for the primary focus of the project, namely the users. 52
Hello there. I have a question...
... Why the Circle?
�Circulation: movement through space� In architecture, the concept of circulation refers to the way people, the blood of our buildings, move through space. Historically, the circle is a symbol of protection from danger, by creating an overview.
The circle generates 4 corners in the surrounding areas we need to consider.
By having a inner courtyard, nature is on both sides og the building due to the circular shape.
Ill.11_Concept diagrams
Using the circle's shape, specific views to the context can be created
Reflects the infinite aspect. The shape of the circle allows the user to experience a circular flow,
The circle is placed moreless in the center of the building site due to create outdoor spaces.
A inner courtyard is located in the center to generate a calm, relaxing outdoor space.
The building provides one unit, unifying form as a symbol of the health care center's sustainable idea of a homely community for both patients and employees
53
Initial sketches The potential of a curvilinear, circular or organic building shape was evident early in the design phase which is why many of the initial sketches explores this formal language. Countless plan drawings was made to test different configurations which provided a solid base for the subsequent work. The design progressed through different variations of the circular shape which is illustrated by the plan sketches on these pages. Ill.12_Plan sketches
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55
building layout Building layout - Building envelope - Interior spaces - Construction - Outdoor spaces
Masterplan The circular geometry of the building is most pronounced when viewed from above. Its independency from the surrounding orthogonal grid provides it with a strong, visual identity. Although the shape of the building is independent from the context its internal functions are not. This aspect shows itself in the way the outdoor spaces around the building either opens up or closes off. The eastern corner of the site clearly marks the direction towards the entrance of the health care center through the extended paving. This corner is visually connected to visitors from all directions and thus suitable to function as the arrival point for pedestrians, cyclists and car users. Parking for the latter is located along Kummerowsvej on the southeastern border of the plot. The parking bays are closely connected to the entrance of the building to ensure easy access for walking-impaired or otherwise sensitive patients. The site can be considered as a divison between public and private outdoor spaces. There are however many graduations of privacy inbetween these extremities which has been an important design aspect. The vegetation on the eastern side of the building is intended to create a barrier from some of the consultation rooms to the small plaza on the eastern corner. Vegetation to the north and south have similarly been incorporated to break any visual connections between the street and private areas.
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Ill.17_Masterplan
Masterplan 1:500 1:500
57
Functions The entrance to the House of Health is located in the southeastern corner of the building. The entrance encapsulates several of the intentions of the project; the view into the building extends through the first waiting area into the courtyard, providing a first glimpse into one of many green spaces that are visible throughout the building. Upon entering the building, visitors are greeted by the reception (1) from where they can take their individual path around the building. Most patients will be guided towards the main waiting area (2) which is in direct connection with the entrance and reception. From this space, visitors can step out into the courtyard, use the public kitchen or take place in a couch or lounge chair while waiting for their consultation. The practitioners that are connected to the primary waiting area are the doctor (3), the nurse (4) and the physiotherapist (6). The doctor and the nurse share a small space outside their consultation rooms which creates a sense of transition for the patients before they enter the consultations. Further along the corridor is the physiotherapist as well as a fitness room (8) and showers (7). The corridor opens up after the fitness room to accomodate a larger kitchen with dining arrangement intended for use by the food therapist and his or her patients (9). This space has views to both sides as well a access to the courtyard. The kitchen marks the transition to the second wing of the building which contain the therapeutic consultations. Patients that need consultation from the pyschologist, musical therapist or food therapist will likely turn left when entering the building in order to reach the second waiting area of the building in the southwestern corner. This space provides access to both the courtyard and the sensory gardens outside the building. Similar to the doctor and nurse, the psychologist (12) and the musical therapist (11) share a small space outside their consultations. As mentioned previously, this space can function in several ways. The final consultation is the food therapist (10) who has a direct connection to the kitchen and dining area. The remaining spaces are occupied by the staff. The receptionist have a small office (17) which is then connected to the staff kitchen (16). The staff kitchen is connected to a private terrace and garden which can also be used as a private entrance for the staff. A changing room for the staff is located next to the kitchen (15). Finally, a conference room is accessible from the corridor intended for use by either staff in the daytime or to accomodate smaller events in the afternoon or evening (14). Size: 744 m2
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8
10
9
7
6
11
5
4 12
3
13
2 14 1 15
16 17
Ill.18_Masterplan
1:200
59
Fitness room
Dining area + kitchen
Changing room + showers
Food therapist
Physiotherapist Musical therapist Technical room Doctor + storage
Psychologist Waiting area + toilet
Staff kitchen
Conference room Staff changing rooms + showers
60
Reception + reception
Waiting area + toilets
Nurse + storage
Ill.19_Isometric planr
Views A central design criteria was the establishment of views to greenery throughout the building. The circular shape creates optimal conditions for this purpose, particularly with the placement of consultation rooms along its periphery. The courtyard is visible from almost every position in the corridor and waiting areas. This makes the courtyard a focal point of the building and a continuous reminder of the restorative effects of greenery. The gardens around the building are framed through the seperation of consultation spaces into an array of volumes. From the larger waiting areas to the small, spatial niches, nature can be seen on both sides of the corridor thus producing an embracing feeling from the surrounding vegetation. 1:500
Consultations The consultation spaces are arranged on the periphery of the continuous corridor. Although they seem connected in plan, the different consultations should be regarded as two different wings. The first wing (east) aspires to produce a public, open and bright atmosphere. These characteristics are particularly linked to the main waiting area in the southeast corner of the building which serve the doctor, the nurse and the physiotherapist. The second wing (west) address the needs of the sensitive patients by using scale, materials and light in a more downscaled manner. The waiting area in this corner is shielded by large overhags to both sides thus providing a more embracing atmosphere. 1:500
Corridor The corridor functions as more than a space for circulation. It is broken in three places to create waiting areas with a social character and provide ample views to the surroundings. The corridors are activated through the integration of bookshelves, benches and chalkboards for kids all in order to create a space for activity. The windows to the courtyard are strategically placed to provide these small niches with a view. In general, the corridor will be filled with impressions from the outdoor spaces, the courtyard, the interior decorations and furnishings all the while creating an appropriate distance between the different zones of the building.
Ill.20_Plan diagrams
1:500
61
Extraction device
Inlet device
Ill.20_Perspective section
Ventilation strategy In the design of the ventilation strategy the focus has been to create symmetry of the pipes and avoid the pipes crossing each other. The inlet air is located at the bottom to prevent this. In addition, it is important to balance the system and make the pipes as short as possible to reduce pressure loss. The circular building gives rise to shorter pipes with a slight arc thus following the shape of the building. The building uses a VAV system because of the large variation in the amount of people using the different spaces. The VAV system is located in the technical room between the doctor and the physiotherapist as this area is considered to experience more noise from Thistedvej. During the design phase, the technical room was proposed to be relocated to the fitness area (appendix 5), but this created significant problems for the experience of the fitness room. Therefore, a thicker wall has been incorporated between these consultations to reduce the noise level from the ventilation system. In addition to the mechanical strategy, a strategy for natural ventilation was made for the summer period where the waiting areas and corridor are designed to ensure an optimal indoor climate and further save energy by not having to apply mechanical ventilation in this period. These calculations can be found in appendix 5. Cross ventilation and thermal buoyancy are utilised in these areas where the air change is calculated for 2.4 h-1 and with a calculation of the olfaction level, which is the concentration of polluted air, the result is 1.4 h-1. Therefore, the natural ventilation complies with the requirement for sufficient air rate. 62
Ill.21_Ventilation plan
1:200
63
building envelope Building layout - Building envelope - Interior spaces - Construction - Outdoor spaces
Facade The perception and experience of a building is a gradual process that begins with the first visual impressions. This makes the appearance of a building an important aspect of communicating its gesture to the surroundings. Approaching the building will however widen the understanding of it from merely a visual object to one of texture and materiality. Furthermore, the role of the facade, or building envelope, is to a large extent tied to its functional purposes. The building envelope for the House of Health has been designed on the basis of functional, technical and aesthetical considerations. The construction is made up of timber columns and trusses, due to its comparatively low environmental impact while the cladding is done in straw for the roof and pine boards for the facade. The cladding materials are intended to support the feeling of nature which is a consistent theme for the building. The environmental profile and costs of these materials have also helped determine their use. Finally, the tactile qualities of natural materials support the aspiration for a sensory architecture. The following section will present different aspects and investigations on materials and building geometry that have defined facade as well as roof.
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Elevation, south 1:100
Ill.22_Elevation zoom
Elevation, east 1:100
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Ill.23_Facade sketches
66
Sketching How do you manifest the feeling of home, the presence of nature and the demand for sustainability in a building design? Through sketches and models, this question was addressed and answered as a series of conceptual ideas for the project. A common theme for the above sketches is the aďŹƒnity for something organic; both in terms of building shape but also materiality. These sketches show the initial ideas of the process and while some have been explored more deeply than others, every sketch has moved the design closer to an answer to the above question. 67
Concrete
Global warming potential
100mm 350mm 120mm 13mm
Aerated concrete Rockwoool insulation Aerated concrete Gypsum
583mm
Total
Concrete
Concrete
Bricks
Timber
109,54 kg CO2/m2 år
109,54 kg CO2/m2 år
2 109,54 kg CO2/m år 100mm
Concrete
0,0000000304
0,0000000134
Aerated concrete Rockwoool insulation Aerated concrete Gypsum
100mm 350mm 120mm 13mm
Aerated concrete Rockwoool insulation Aerated concrete Gypsum
Concrete 583mm Total
Ozone depletion potential
Timber
350mm 120mm 13mm
Bricks 583mm 0,0000000112
Total
Bricks
Primary energy total
108mm 390mm 108mm
Brick facade Rockwoool insulation Brick
606mm
Total
Bricks Timber
Concrete
312,69
311,29
Bricks
108mm
Brick facade Rockwoool insulation Brick
308,41 390mm 108mm
What type of construction?
606mm
Bricks
Total
108mm 390mm 108mm
Brick facade Rockwoool insulation Brick
606mm
Total
The choice of construction in the building envelope greatly influences the environmental profile of the overall construction which is why it is beneficial to explore different construction Timber types at an early stage in the design phase. A comparison of three different constructions and their life cycle assessment 19mm (LCA) Wood cladding Ventilation gap was made to identify the best solution for this project.25mm In order 300mm Rockwoool insulation Vapor barrier to make a comparison all constructions must have a1mm common 45mm Rockwoool insulation 2 15mm Plywood u-value which in this case is 0,84 W/m K for all constructions. Timber 405mm Total The LCA is done for all environmental categories. Calculations in this project will however only showcase the global19mm warming Wood cladding 25mm Ventilation gap potential (GWP), the ozone depletion potential (ODP) and the 300mm Rockwoool insulation 1mm Vapor barrier primary energy use (PEtot) since there is a significant correlation 45mm Rockwoool insulation Timber 15mm from Plywood between these categories and the ones that are excluded 405mm Total cladding the calculations (Aggerholm, 2014). Presenting only these 19mm three Wood 25mm Ventilation gap categories will in other words paint a complete picture of the 300mm Rockwoool insulation 1mm Vapor barrier environmental profile of a certain material or construction. 45mm Rockwoool insulation 15mm
Plywood
405mm Total The results of the LCA on constructions clearly show that a timber construction is favourable, particularly in terms of global waming potential. The sections on this page also show the preferability of timber construction in terms of the wall thickness. Compared to the other construction types, a timber construction will save a lot of building area and material simply by having a thinner wall.
Ill. 24 shows the final wall construction as well as the roof and foundation. The insulation amounts follow the recommendation of Rockwool to ensure the envelopes ability to fulfil Building Class 2020. The final energy frame of the health care center is presented in appendix 9. 68
Concrete 100mm 350mm 120mm 13mm
Aerated concrete Rockwoool insulation Aerated concrete Gypsum
583mm
Total
Concrete 100mm 350mm 120mm 13mm
Aerated concrete Rockwoool insulation Aerated concrete Gypsum
583mm 100mm 350mm 120mm 13mm
Total Aerated concrete Rockwoool insulation Aerated concrete Gypsum
583mm
Total
Concrete
Bricks 108mm 390mm 108mm
Brick facade Rockwoool insulation Brick
606mm
Total
Bricks 108mm 390mm 108mm
Brick facade Rockwoool insulation Brick
606mm
Total
108mm 390mm 108mm
Brick facade Rockwoool insulation Brick
606mm
Total
Bricks
Timber 19mm 25mm 300mm 1mm 45mm 15mm
Wood cladding Ventilation gap Rockwoool insulation Vapor barrier Rockwoool insulation Plywood
TimberTotal
405mm
19mm 25mm 300mm 1mm 45mm 15mm 19mm 25mm 405mm 300mm 1mm 45mm 15mm
Wood cladding Ventilation gap Rockwoool insulation Vapor barrier Rockwoool insulation Plywood Wood cladding Ventilation gap Total Rockwoool insulation Vapor barrier Rockwoool insulation Plywood
405mm
Total
Timber
Ill.24_Construction types
Roof: 300 mm straw / reed 38 x 73 mm battens 12 mm roofing underlay Truss construction 455 mm insulation 45 x 45 mm wood lists 15 mm acoustic wood boards Wall 19 mm pine cladding 50 mm air gap and wood lists 2 mm wind barrier membrane 45 mm insulation 245 mm insulation 0,02 mm vapour barrier 45 mm insulation 15 mm plywood boards Ground deck + foundation 100 mm concrete floor 2 x 150 mm polystyrene 30 mm insulation (edge) 2 x 100 mm insulated concrete foundation
1:20 Ill.25_Detail drawing
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Cladding The following comparison illustrates the environmental impact of different cladding materials as well as their associated costs. The results were used as a critical parameter in the discussion and choice of cladding materials for the health care center. The results from each category are not conclusive enough to base the choice on LCA or LCC alone which is why more qualitative parameters such as aesthetics and materiality have contributed to the final choice. There is however a strong argument for using either wood or straw based on both LCA and LCC, particularly due to the global warming potential. The ozone depletion potential shows fairly similar results between the materials, while primary energy use shows that pine and straw perform worse than bricks and steel. This category can however be misleading as the energy use related to natural materials comes from renewable sources and therefore not directly comparable (Aggerholm, 2014). Based on the environmental profile and the tactile and aesthetical qualities of the materials, wood and straw was deemed the most favourable. The facade cladding will be vertical boards of pine while the roof will be clad in straw. 70
Life Cycle Costs
Global warming potential (GWP)
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Primary Energy Total (Petot)
Straw
Pine
Steel
Bricks
no data available
33,46 kg CO2/m2 år
40,197 DKK
67,776 DKK
Straw
Pine
Bricks
Steel
21,39 kg CO2/m2 år
33,46 kg CO2/m2 år
37,69 kg CO2/m2 år
50,47 kg CO2/m2 år
Bricks
Steel
Straw
Pine
2,89 µg R11/m2 år
2,89 µg R11/m2 år
2,92 µg R11/m2 år
3,04 µg R11/m2 år
Steel
Bricks
Pine
Straw
170,93 kWh/m2 år
199,5 kWh/m2 år
312,69 kWh/m2 år
345,83 kWh/m2 år
Pine cladding
Steel cladding
Straw cladding
Brick cladding
Ill.26_Material elevations
71
Glazing area The intention of creating views throughout the building entail an increased use of glazing for windows, curtain walls or glass doors. Glazing is however responsible for a significant part of the environmental impact of a building just like it will affect the energy frame of the building negatively. The ratio between glass and solid wall is therefore an interesting design parameter with regards to the contradicting relationship between two of the design criteria of this project; views to nature and sustainable practices. The following analyses was made to clarify this relationship through life cycle assessments, energy calculations and renderings of the impact on light and spatial qualities (appendix 8). It shows three different ratios of glazing and solid wall on the surfaces that faces the courtyard. The initial design had 75 % glass which was considered unsuitable. The analyses show a more or less linear correlation between glazing percentage and an increase in energy and ressource use. Minimizing the glazing to the lowest possible amount will therefore be environmentally beneficial but can compromise the spatial qualities. Based on the analyses, a glazing percentage of 50 % was chosen. The impact on daylight can be seen in appendix 11. 72
Glazing Wall Heat loss 960 W
165 m
Heat loss 1665 W
Heat loss 2454 W
GWP (100 years) 664,51 kg CO2/m2
Ill.27_Wall composition
Energy frame 15,9 kWh/m2 year
ODP
PEtot
0
2.392,25
110 m2
50 %
110 m
50 %
2
Overtemperatures 2,8 degrees
GWP (100 years) 467,55 kg CO2/m2
Glazing Wall
75 %
2
Overtemperatures 0,0 degrees
GWP (100 years) 270,58 kg CO2/m2
Glazing Wall
25 %
55 m2
Energy frame 18,8 kWh/m2 year
ODP
PEtot
0
4.096,58
165 m2
25 %
55 m
75 %
2
Overtemperatures 4,7 degrees
Energy frame 25,6 kWh/m2 year
ODP
PEtot
0
5.800,91
73
Roof design Contextual buildings do more than repeat the predominant materials of an area. Contextualism is about scale, shape and inegration into the natural setting as well as the urban. Based on these thoughts, we approached the design and shaping of the roof with the intention of creating something modern and traditional; contextual and independent. As previously mentioned, the material choice of straw showed a comparatively good LCA profile. Furthermore, straw has unique tactilility and a interesting contradiction in the way it looks and the way it feels. Straw, combined with the vernacular shape of the pitched roof, references traditional Danish farms and provides the building with a warm and natural aesthetic unlike most health care facilities. It deinstitutionalises the health care center from the very first visual impressions and supports the atmosphere of a home. The shape of the roof is very traditional in section but the constant curvature of the building provides it with a new and modern expression. The distortion of the roof ridge and slopes is a response to the climatic conditions of the site but also a way to create spatial variation inside the building In order to develop the roof, four roof shapes was investigated and optimized according to the climate, the experience of space relative to room height and solar radiation. The study can be seen on the forthcoming pages. The roof has large overhangs to prevent overheating in the summer period. Based on these studies, pitched roof type 3 (pp. 78) was chosen because it created good climatic conditions in the courtyard and further had a coherent expression both exterior and interior despite its slope towards south west. As can be seen, equipping the roof with an inclination towards south provides a higher efficiency when designing for the use of PVS as part of a zero-energy building compared to the flat roof (appendix 10). There is no significant difference between the tree examples with regards to solar radiation on the pitched roof. It does however give an idea of where it is best to place the solar cells for the highest utilization. In the courtyard it has been important to create good opportunities for shelter and sun, so the outdoor area can be used optimally. Therefore, shadow conditions, average sun hours and further wind has been studied to the determine the optimal solution (appendix 6). 74
Section west 1:500
Elevation south 1:500
Elevation west 1:500 Ill.28_Section and elevations
75
Roof design The following sketches of the roof have a lot of similarities with some of the previous sketches shown. Once again, the theme is circularity and the organic. The pitched roof was explored in different variations but also flat roofs and mono-pitched roofs were studied to get an overview of the different expressions. The design ultimately uses the pitched roof for its vernacular and traditional references which fit the context very well.
76
Ill.29_Roof sketches
77
3m
Flat roof <976,28 < kWh/m2
6m
Level 0 0
Pitched roof #1 max. 1137 kWh/m2
6m
4m
Level 0
Pitched roof #2
max. 1134 kWh/m2
5,8 m 4,4 m
Pitched roof #3 (final)
78
max. 1123 kWh/m2
Ill.30_Roof iterations
8,1 m/s 7,1 m/s 4,0 m/s 0 m/s
max. 2831 sunlight hours
Wind
Shadow 21 march 2.00 PM
6,4 m/s 4.4 m/s 3,2 m/s 0 m/s
max. 2235 sunlight hours
Shadow 21 march 2.00 PM
6.5 m/s 4.6 m/s 3,2 m/s 0 m/s
max. 2631 sunligt hours
Shadow 21 march 2.00 PM
6.5 m/s 4.6 m/s 3,2 m/s 0 m/s max. 2534 sunligt hours Shadow 21 march 2.00 PM
79
interior spaces Building layout - Building envelope - Interior spaces - Construction - Outdoor spaces
Main waiting area Openness and informality are key concepts in the design of the House of Health which, with its bright interior and its ubiquitous contact with the surrounding areas, allows for both privacy and sociability. The shape and structure of the building helps to create a quick overview of its connections. It leads patients through it in order to discover niches for relaxation or ir helps to point them in the direction of therapy and sensory spaces located within. To accommodate the different user groups, a hierarchy between the different areas is established to accommodate their needs. Specifically, the spaces use different atmospheres as a response to the patients different sensibilities. To create these different atmospheres room height, dimensions, light and furnishings are all varied in the different public spaces. Patients for the doctor, the nurse and the physiotherapist share a large communal kitchen as waiting area (ill. 31 + 32). This space is more public and open and the furniture is aimed at the classic kitchen with tables and chairs. A kitchen island provides patients with the possibility of having a cup of coffee. A large glazed area provides patients with a view into the courtyard while bringing in ample daylight. Patients who need to consult with the psychologist, musical therapist or food therapist have a seperate waiting area with a more intimate character (rendering page 48). The ceiling height in this space is lower than in the main waiting area and the glazed areas are covered by large overhangs which creates a feeling of embracement. Views to both the courtyard and the sensory gardens create a strong connection to greenery in this space. Couches and lounge chairs contribute to the more intimate atmosphere. The third, large public space is in connection to the food therapist. This space has a more public kitchen where workshops about healthy eating and other conferences can be held. This is intended to be used throughout the day and will contribute to the informal character of the building.
80
1:200 Ill.31_Section
Ill.32_Isometric diagram
81
Material detailing The materials of the interior spaces take a somewhat similar approach to materiality and tactility as the exterior cladding materials. In general, natural materials dominate the interior to provide a warm and homelike atmosphere. Type 1 uses Troldtekt to manipulare the acoustic environment of the space while the other combinations achieve a more homogenuous look from the perforated wood panels. The flooring materials are for type 1 and 3 set to wood which can be inconvenient in a public building with a lot of visitors. Concrete on the other hand works very well with a coating and is by far more practical. Concrete also has a nice aesthetic which complements the raw, natural aesthetic of the plywood boards. This combination has the lowest daylight factor but seeing that this value is nonetheless high, type 2 is the prefered material combination for the waiting areas. The material renders work as a guideline for the design and detailing of surfaces in the waiting areas and in the corridor. The cladding options will however vary throughout these spaces to enhance the materiality of the spaces. One example of material variation is the spatial niches or the bookshelves where acoustic surfaces can contribute to a more interesting expression of the surfaces. The aesthetic of natural materials will however create a very organic expression even when the same boards are applied to an entire space since each one has a unique color, texture and degree of imperfections. 82
Type 1
Floor Wood boards Walls Plywood Ceiling Troldtekt Details Wood
Daylight Factor Average for the room Reverberation time Average for 125-1000 Hz
4,75 %
Floor Concrete Walls Plywood Ceiling Perforated wood Details Wood
Daylight Factor Average for the room Reverberation time Average for 125-1000 Hz
3,57 %
Floor Wood boards Walls Gypsum Ceiling Perforated wood Details Wood
Daylight Factor Average for the room Reverberation time Average for 125-1000 Hz
4,53 %
0,54 seconds
Type 2
0,6 seconds
Type 3
0,62 seconds
Ill.33_Material renders
83
Consultation spaces One of the most important considerations when designing a consultation space is the need for privacy. Without it, the patient might feel exposed, vulnerable and tense which is to the detriment of both the patient and the practitioner. The feeling of privacy can be enhanced in many ways, starting with the design of the spaces between the waiting area and consultation space. The corridors seperate the waiting area and the consultations with an intermediary space. Just before entering the doctor or nurseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s consultation (ill 34 + 35) the practitioner and patient have the opportunity to have an informal talk in the spatial niche outside the consultations. This small space has views to both the courtyard and the greenery outside the building. The welldefined space creates yet another transitional space between the consultations and the waiting area, thereby establishing a clear distance between the two. The consultation rooms themselves are arranged around the practitioners working desk and the examination couch. These are the main working stations of the doctor, nurse or physiotherapist. The patients are less exposed when in dialogue with the practitioner at the desk which is why this part of the space is connected to a large window that allows for views outside. The second window in the room is smaller but placed higher to provide as much daylight as possible to the area near the examination couch. The consultations should also accomodate the needs of the ptactitioners in a thoughtful manner. The window at the desk is an important medium for this purpose since it allows the staff members to be stimulated by either vegetation or traffic outside. 84
1:200 Ill.34_Section
Ill.35_Isometric diagram
85
Ill.36_Analogue window studies
type a
Window detailing Window dimensions, detailing and placement is essential to the experience of the interior spaces. These parameters have been manipulated depending on the consultation space to meet the needs of both patient and practitioner.
exterior
Window A is used in the western part of the house. This detail is closely linked to the nature that the building is enriched with. Type B is used towards the eastern part of the building. This detail creates an embracing feel and shields the busy environment and provides the right amount of intimacy whereever necessary.
interior
type b
Through various model studies and sketches, efforts have been made to create the best visual possibilities for staff and patients. The windows are located in such a way that they allow for contact with the surrounding context while providing the opportunity for necessary privacy. 86
exterior
interior
Ill.37_Models and references
87
Material detailing Different material compositions have been studied through the use of daylight simulation tools, material renderings and acoustical calculations. The combinations are intended to provide general guidelines to the choice of materials. In order to produce a warm and homelike atmosphere in the consultations, wood has been a common material in all renderings althougb the first combination only uses wood for detailing. In that case, the wood provides a nice contrast to the pure surfaces of the white and light grey materials. This aesthetic can however come off as cold and institutional which is why the second and third combinations have been favoured. The consultation rooms to the east where the doctor, the nurse and physiotherapist are located have a material composition similar to type 2 with concrete floors and wood cladding for walls and ceilings. The ceiling material are chosen for acoustical reasons to reduce the reverberation time in the room. The western consultation spaces have a slightly warmer atmosphere with wooden cladding on all surfaces. 88
Type 1
Floor Concrete Walls Gypsum Ceiling Troldtekt Details Wood
Daylight Factor Average for the room Reverberation time Average for 125-4000 Hz
2,1 %
Floor Concrete Walls Wood boards Ceiling Wood lamellas Details Wood
Daylight Factor Average for the room Reverberation time Average for 125-1000 Hz
1,82 %
Floor Wood boards Walls Wood boards Ceiling Wood lamellas Details Wood
Daylight Factor Average for the room Reverberation time Average for 125-1000 Hz
2,2 %
0,66 seconds
Type 2
0,5 seconds
Type 3
Ill.38_Material renders
0,48 seconds
89
Staff area Spaces for the staff members are located in the southern part of the building in order to provide them with an access to outdoor areas. The staff kitchen has a large sliding door that can open up to the private terrace and thereby create a dining area connected to the gardens. Although these doors enhance the quality of the staff kitchen a lot, they are also a cause for concern in terms of overheating. The facade in this part of building is not covered by an overhang and the glazing is therefore fully exposed to solar heat gain during the day. A study of these conditions can be found on the following spread. The staff kitchen can also serve as a private entrance for the staff members to the health care center. The kitchen is connected to a changing room with showers that can be used by staff members if they have an exhausting commute to work. A conference room down the corridor can work a meeting space for the different practitioners if they have need to have more formal conversations. Likewise, it can be used for the entire staff at once in the case of staff meetings. 90
1:200 Ill.39_Section
Ill.40_Isometric diagram
91
BSim FACTS Window areaC
anâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t open
Can openC
an open + Shading 50 %
Daylight factor
User control
m
1,5m x 2,3m = 3,45m
Hours above 26 = 4 Hours above 27 = 0
Hours above 26 = 2 Hours above 27 = 0
Hours above 26 = 1 Hours above 27 = 0
2,5m x 2,3m = 5,75m
Hours above 26 = 59 Hours above 27 = 17
Hours above 26 = 41 Hours above 27 = 11
Hours above 26 = 13 Hours above 27 = 1
2,1% average
3,5m x 2,3m = 8,05m
Hours above 26 = 174 Hours above 27 = 105
Hours above 26 = 133 Hours above 27 = 64
Hours above 26 = 52 Hours above 27 = 13
3,2% average
4,5m x 2,3m = 10,35m
Hours above 26 = 506 Hours above 27 = 309
Hours above 26 = 376 Hours above 27 = 181
Hours above 26 = 220 Hours above 27 = 84
4,6% average
much visual contact with the outside as possible.
1,0% average
window installation. Furthermore the user want to be able to control the level of sun and daylight, so external/internal shading is needed. We want this
BSim analysis BSim has been used to analyse and document the thermal and atmospheric indoor environment inside the most exposed room in the health care center. The results are compared to daylight simulations of the room to evaluate the appropriate ratio of windows nd solid wall (appendix 7). Because the orientation of the staff kitchen is towards the south it needs an opening where sun and daylight can light up the room. In that connection the wish is to have as large windows as possible with a glass door, so that visual contact between the staff and the urban nature can happen during the breaks. Additionally, because of the way the roof have been designed, there is no possibility of an overhang. Instead, external shading will be a part of the solution to prevent overheating inside. Aside from ensuring a good indoor temperature the installed mechanical ventilation ensures good indoor environment when it is problematic to utilize natural ventilation and will perform a good CO2 level and the heat recovery unit utilizes the heat from the used air to heat up the fresh air.
Inner walkway
Inner walkway
Reception
Inner walkway
Changing room
In the development of staffs room, different window sizes have been tested to comply with the requrements. These various tests can be seen in the table above. The finald design incorporates a 3,5x2,3 m window with an external shading device. Ill.41_BSim, simplified model
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1000
Lunch
900 800 700
Morning
600
Afternoon
500 400 300 200 100
CO2 concentrations
0
For institutions the ventilation rate for the living rooms is not sufficient in itself to ensure that the CO2 concentration does not exceed 1,000 ppm. Therefore, the installed ventilation system should be fitted with variable performance depending on the load, so the air change is higher in the rooms where the load is highest and less in rooms where there are not so needed. (Historisk.bygningsreglementet.dk, 2018) In the Staff room the CO2 concentration does not exceed 1,000 ppm by ventilation mechanically during heating season and naturally during cooling season. In the BSim model, the results shows that the indoor environment are satisfying according to the CO2 level. Temperature In order to avoid problems with overheating in the exposed room a ruleset have been decided that for buildings other than housing, the number of hours above 26 degrees can not exceed 100 per year, and the hours above 27 can not exceed 25 hours per year (Historisk.bygningsreglementet.dk, 2018). The results from the BSim model shows that overheating wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be a problem in the staff kitchen
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construction Building layout - Building envelope - Interior spaces - Construction - Outdoor spaces
Structural system Much of the visual character of the health care center comes from the pitched roof which references vernacular Danish architecture. The common construction elements for this type of roof are wooden trusses. The variation of the truss will not only affect the construction system but also the interior spaces, which is why several variations have been explored. The final design uses scissor trusses for a number of reasons. First of all, this type of construction can fit the ventilation system which runs in the ceiling. Secondly, it communicates the external shape of the roof and creates a spacious interior. The bottom members of the trusses follow the inclination of the roof which creates a variation in the ceiling height according to the required atmosphere in the building. To emphasize this variation, the bottom members are visible in every room of the building which makes it possible to follow the curvature of the roof by observing the rise of the trusses in the interior spaces. These members emphasize the building geometry by drawing lines to the courtyard as well as to the gardens The trusses are carried by timber columns which can be seen wherever the building has glazing. The same columns are hidden in the solid walls in the rest of the building. The columns are supported by a concrete foundation.
94
Thatched roof
Scissor trusses
Visible timber columns
Walls with hidden timber columns
Concrete deck Ill.42_Exploded construction isometri
95
Through different models the structural possibilities and their influence on the spatial qualities was investigated. The challenge of fitting ventilation in the ceiling while maintaining a light and tall space led us to the scissor truss as a solution to the problem. By using a scissor truss, the ventilation ducts can be hidden in the ceiling while the ceiling keeps the angled surfaces that are visible from the exterior of the building.
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Frame construction
Scissor truss
Collar tie truss
Common truss
Ill.43_Construction collage
97
Ground deck + foundation 100 mm concrete floor 2 x 150 mm polystyrene 30 mm insulation (edge) 2 x 100 mm insulated concrete foundation
Ill.44_Section detail
98
Wall 19 mm pine cladding 50 mm air gap and wood lists 2 mm wind barrier membrane 45 mm insulation 245 mm insulation 0,02 mm vapour barrier 45 mm insulation 15 mm plywood boards
Roof: 300 mm straw / reed 38 x 73 mm battens 12 mm roofing underlay Truss construction 455 mm insulation 45 x 45 mm wood lists 15 mm acoustic wood boards
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outdoor spaces Building layout - Building envelope - Interior spaces - Construction - Outdoor spaces
Urban strategies Given the considerable amount of sqaure meters on the site which will not be part of the building area, a particular focus was placed on the way the building frames and divides the outdoor spaces into different gardens. The courtyard is the focal point of these outdoor spaces and, as shown previously, this area has been optimised for maximum exposure to the sun during the day. The gardens around the site relate to the functions they embrace. This creates a very diverse urban strategy with many different areas for patients and staff to enjoy. The following section will conclude the presentation of the project by presenting the courtyard and the surrounding gardens.
100
Ill.45_Masterplan
1:500
101
N
E
V
S Ill.46_Site corners
North, east, south and west corners of site can be explored on the following page
Surrounding gardens The design of the surroundings has been based on evidence-based design, pointing to the great value of natural elements in our environment. Nature will not only be found around the building, but central to the core of the building in form of a courtyard. It has been important in the design to create different spatialities in the outdoor areas as there are challenges and potential in the four corners, as mentioned previously. The existing trees along the west have created a natural space in continuation with new planting, where there are efforts to create different sensibilities in the form of different flowerbeds and trees. Here there is room for private conversation and immersion in addition to the more vulnerable consultation facilities. In the periphery along the south and east corner, the arrival is processed in terms of parking facilities and pathsystem, the large existing tree to the east helps define the arrival.
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East The East corner is where the public can enter the site. The pavement invites and clearly shows where to go as a patient of the center. In front of the health care center is a green bufferzone located. In addition to creating a small distance between the conultion rooms and the public. The chosen vegetation is not dense due to the orientation for the user.
South The South corner is where the parking zone is located towards the street. Parking for disabled is also an opportunity here. Between the parking area and the Health Care Center a pathway is surrounded by green vegetation. At the same time, the vegetation is used for distance to the staff orientated outdoor space.
West The West corner is where you find a calm outdoor space with a lot of sensual experiences. The detailing is higher and different zone is defined according to the patients needs. Colorful vegetation is chosen to generate a optimistic and hopeful feeling, especially for patients with special mental needs. The existing trees helps define this area.
North The North corner is like the East corner, moreless a public zone due to its connection to the road and public sidewalk. This area contains a huge grass area with different types of trees. The amount og trees is limited, but works still as a barrier for the noise and pollution, because the Health Care Center should be visible from the street. Ill.47_Site corners
103
Courtyard The courtyard has been designed to create visual connections to light and nature and a place of residence for users who want to be protected from Thisted Roadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard traffic. Here is an oasis of benches, undefined paths and green pastures with an urban farming area. Urban farming covers a system of food production and green activities for mainly the food therapist, which will contribute to a healthier community and can be a driving force for those patients who need it.In relation to the previous investigation of the roof shape it has influenced the design of the courtyard and where to place the urban farming as well as benches and trees., therefore the urban farming is placed in connection towards the food therapists kitchen in the southern part of the courtyard and also to ensure the plants to grow. These allotments are working as well as rain beds, thus, the rainwater while slowly slipping down into the soil. This avoids mixing clean and useful rainwater with sewage, as society needs resources to transport in sewers and clean a treatment plant.(Haveselskabet, 2018) The defined wooden path along the building gives rise to a more undefined dividing line between the outside and inside. The green flows together in the middle with an undefined path. This can easily be used while waiting for the doctor. The size of the courtyard itself is defined on the basis of a qualitative study of the Utzon Center courtyard, to sense the size and feeling of being in a courtyard with glass around. Further, it has been investigated how much could be allowed to make the circleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curve more progressive. Therefore the size of the courtyard is 18 m. in the width and 20 m. in the depth to ensure that you dont feel exposed and there is enough room to have activities. The vegetation i which can be found in the surrounding area and the inner courtyard, contains a large number of different type of vegetations that is all seen in the Northern part of Jutlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscape. This is done to create a clear connection between the project area and the context. In general some of the trees are green in the winter period, thus the courtyard is not sad and gray. Holly, spruce and birch are some trees that will work in the winter period. (Havenyt.dk, 2018). Overall the vegetation consists of a wide mixture of trees, grass types, bushes, and perennials, which offer life, fragrances and colours for any season. 104
dec.
jan.
mar.
oct.
no v.
. feb
sep.
apr.
ma
g.
j.
au jun.
Ill.48_Vegetation diagram
Ill.49_Courtyard
105
jul.
Conclusion The House of Health is a house for people. From the beginning, the aspiration has been to design a humanistic building, centered around the complex needs of the people and the city. As shown previously in this booklet, the circular geometry has a functional purpose, but it also signifies the sustainable ambitions of the building. Sustainability, in that sense, is not only about energy consumption, but equally about creating socially sustainable architecture that can be used and appreciated by several generations. The house engages with the urban setting through its orientation and design of gardens around the building. Internally, the house encircles a peaceful courtyard which is shielded from the noise and wind of the surroundings yet optimized for solar exposure. Views to both gardens and courtyard are ensured throughout the building since the restorative effects of vegetation is well-documented. The public, social spaces have been designed with respect for the particular needs of the patients and thus have different atmospheres depending on the relation to the consultation rooms. The latter have a warm and homelike atmosphere unlike traditional health care facilities and have ample daylight and views to the surrounding gardens. Materials and detailing of the house emphasize the natural character of the entire site, particularly through the distinct favouring of wooden cladding options for interior as well as exterior and straw on the roof of the house.
106
Reflection Designing a successful health care center is a complex task with many different, and sometimes opposing, design parameters. Knowledge acquired during the design phase will often provide insights into the parts of the design or the process that could have been improved. The scope of the project was initially much wider than it ended up being, which caused some methods to be less integrated than intended. Particularly, we wanted to work systematically with modelling software, LCA and Be15 to quickly evaluate design proposals based on their energy use and resource consumption. This approach is partially present in the project although not to the extent we imagined. In continuation hereof, LCA was also intended to form a larger part of the decision basis. However, LCAByg, the software used for analyzing the environmental profile of materials and constructions, have an incomplete database which is why it was more difficult than expected to compare certain building materials. An important factor in this project is the role of the staff and the patients in the building and their response to the physical environment. A theoretical basis for the purpose of understanding these people was presented in the preceding course, Architecture Health and Well-Being. This course allowed us to explore a specific user and their needs which was very beneficial to the design. However, not all patients and staff members were covered thoroughly. The design phase has revealed a lot of potentials and limitations to the design of consultations spaces and knowing more about the users at an earlier stage could have had a significant impact on the direction of the project. Another aspect with regards to users is the potential to integrate a process of user involvement in the sketching phase. Practitioners or patients with real-life experience might have given us insights into the making of good spaces. Finally, the use of empirical knowledge to inform design decisions has decreased during the course of the project. It can therefore be argued that the architectural ambitions have trumped the attention for the users. 107
Illustrationsliste All illustrations without a reference are our own production Ill. 2 - Sattelite map of Aalborg and Nørresundby (maps.google.dk, 2018)
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Litteraturliste ArchDaily. (2018). Livsrum - Cancer Counseling Center / EFFEKT. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/464296/livsrum-cancer-counseling-center-effekt [Accessed 29 May 2018] ArchDaily. (2018). First Impressions and Building Entrances - Why Design & Functionality Matter. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/79321/first-impressions-and-building-entrances-why-design-functionality-matter [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. ArchiMed (2017) Fysiske rammer & rehabilitering PDF Arthur, P., & Passini, R. (1992). Wayfinding: People, signs and architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill. Apps.aalborgkommune.dk. (2018)[online] Apps.aalborgkommune.dk. Available at: http://apps.aalborgkommune.dk/images/teknisk/BM/PDF/PlanVis/stading/tema/Tm-nrs-h.pdf [Accessed 28 May 2018]. Apps.aalborgkommune.dk. (2017). Hypergenic WebNize Virtual Signpost - Kommuneplanområder - Husstande. [online] Available at: http://apps. aalborgkommune.dk/statistik/webaarbog/Folketal2017/Struktur/Kommuneplanomraader/indexlevel1/KommuneplanomraaderHusstande.html [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. Apps.aalborgkommune.dk. (2017). Hypergenic WebNize Virtual Signpost - Kommuneplanomraader - Antal husstande. [online] Available at: http:// apps.aalborgkommune.dk/statistik/webaarbog/Boliger2017/struktur/Kommuneplanomraader/indexlevel1/KommuneplanomraaderAntalhusstande. html [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. Baskaya, A. Wilson, C. & Özcan. Y. (2004) Wayfinding in an unfamiliar environment. Bengtsson, A. (2014). Outdoor environments in healthcare settings: A quality evaluation tool for use in designing healthcare gardens. https://www. sciencedirect.com. Boernpaahospital.dk. (1987). Børns oplevelse af sygdom ved indlæggelse. [online] Available at: http://www.boernpaahospital.dk/images/pdf/boernsoplevelse.pdf [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Boernpaahospital.dk. (1978). Hvad ved vi om børn på hospital. [online] Available at: http://www.boernpaahospital.dk/hvadvedvi.pdf [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Borch, C. (2014) Architectural atmospheres p. 7-11 Browne, J. (2018). New Study May Have Revealed The Mystery Of StoneHenge. [online] UNILAD. Available at: https://www.unilad.co.uk/news/ new-study-suggests-stonehenge-may-have-been-a-cemetery/ [Accessed 29 May 2018]. Bygningsreglementet.dk. (2018). Adgangsforhold (§ 48 - § 62) | BR18. [online] Available at: http://bygningsreglementet.dk/Tekniske-bestemmelser/02/Vejledninger/Vejledning-til-brugerbegreb?Layout=ShowAll [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Bygningsreglementet.dk, (2018). [online] Available at: http://bygningsreglementet.dk/Tekniske-bestemmelser/18/Krav/379_381 https://sd-ds-dk. zorac.aub.aau.dk/Viewer/Standard?ProjectNr=M253995&Status=60.60&VariantID=&Page=0 [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Bygningsreglementet.dk. (2018). BR18. [online] Available at: http://bygningsreglementet.dk/Tekniske-bestemmelser/17/Vejledninger/Hospitaler-laegehuse-og-klinikker [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Cnvc-cnvc.ca. (2017). Importance of Vegetation. [online] Available at: http://cnvc-cnvc.ca/view_article.cfm?id=181 [Accessed 9 Nov. 2017]. Dansk standard (2018). AAU - Login. [online] Available at: https://sd-ds-dk.zorac.aub.aau.dk/Viewer/Standard?ProjectNr=23965&Status=60.60&VariantID=&Page=0 [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Dansk standard (2018). AAU - Login. [online] Available at: https://sd-ds-dk.zorac.aub.aau.dk/Viewer/Standard?ProjectNr=M204572&Status=60.61&VariantID=&Page=0 [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Dch.dk. (2018). Mennesker med handicap i Danmark. [online] Available at: http://www.dch.dk/sites/default/files/Mennesker%20med%20handicap%20i%20Danmark_FINAL.pdf [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk. (2018). Danmarks Købstæder: Nørresundby. [online] Available at: http://dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk/koebstaeder/by.aspx?koebstadID=94 [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. defactum.dk, (2018). [online] Available at: http://www.defactum.dk/actuelt/nyheder/nyhetsarkiv/nyheder-2016/stress-and-mangling-varvar-pavirker- patients / [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018].) Dmi.dk. (1999). [online] Available at: https://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rappor- ter/TR/1999/tr99-13.pdf [Accessed 01.04.18].
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Ug.dk. (2018). Praktiserende læge | UddannelsesGuiden. [online] Available at: https://www.ug.dk/job/akademiskarbogledelse/laegetandogdyrlaege/ praktiserende-laege [Accessed 29 Mar. 2018]. Un.org. (2018). Article 1 - Purpose | United Nations Enable. [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-1-purpose.html [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Pallasmaa, J. (2015) Arkitekturen og Sanserne. p. 83 Passini, R. Pigot, H. Rainville, C. & Tetreault, M. (2000) Wayfinding in a nursing home for advanced dementia of the alzheimer’s type. 6) Ulrich, R. (1981) Natural versus urban scenes: Some psycho physiological effects. Porter, T. (2004) An illustrated guide to architectural terms Archi Speak. Oxon: Spon Press. Region Nordjylland. (2018). Sundhedshuse. [online] Available at: http://www.rn.dk/sundhed/til-sundhedsfaglige-og-samarbejdspartnere/sundhedshuse [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018]. Roly Russell, Anne D. Guerry, Patricia Balvanera, Rachelle K. Gould, Xavier Basurto, Kai M.A. Chan, Sarah Klain, Jordan Levine, and Jordan Tam. (2013) Humans and Nature: How Knowing and Experiencing Nature Affect Well-Being. p. 473-501 Statistikbanken.dk. (2017). Danmarks Statestik - Statistikbanken. [online] Available at: http://www.statistikbanken.dk/BY1 [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. Stm.dk. (2007). Bedre velfærd og større arBejdsglæde. [online] Available at: http://www.stm.dk/multimedia/Bedre_velf_rd_samlet.pdf [Accessed 29 May 2018]. Sst.dk. (2018). Ældrebefolkningens sundhedstilstand i Danmark. [online] Available at: https://www.sst.dk/~/media/BA9BEC45142F4061BF2C7160D830531F.ashx [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Sundhed.dk. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.sundhed.dk/sundhedsfaglig/information-til-praksis/midtjylland/almen-praksis/uddannelse/ systematisk-efteruddannelse/den-aeldre-patient/ [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Sønderholm Gundersen, N. (2018). Work as a psychologist, interview Tandfonline.dk, (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10803548.2010.11076831#aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tL2RvaS9wZGYvMTAuMTA4MC8xMDgwMzU0OC4yMDEwLjExMDc2ODMxP25lZWRBY2Nlc3M9dHJ1ZUBAQDA= [Accessed 29 Mar. 2018]. The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. (2018). What is physiotherapy?. [online] Available at: http://www.csp.org.uk/your-health/what-physiotherapy [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. Thibaudpoirier.tumblr.com. (2018). Tumblr. [online] Available at: http://thibaudpoirier.tumblr.com/post/102193464336/ the-grundtvig-church-incopenhagen-made-out-of-6 [Accessed 29 May 2018]. Robinson, S. and Pallasmaa, J. (n.d.). Mind in architecture. Ulrich, R. S. (2000). Evidence based environmental design for improving medical outcomes. Proceedings of the conference, Healing By Design: Building for Health Care in the 21st Century. Psykologeridanmark.dk. (2018). Praktiserende psykolog | Psykologer i Danmark. [online] Available at: http://psykologeridanmark.dk/psykologernes-arbejde/praktiserende-psykolog/ [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. Vartanian, O., Navarrete, G., Chatterjee, A., Fich, L., Leder, H., Modrono, C., Nadal, M., Rostrup, N. and Skov, M. (2013). Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach-avoidance decisions in architecture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(Supplement_2), pp.10446-10453. Videnskab.dk. (2018). Jyderne går mere til lægen end københavnerne. [online] Available at: https://videnskab.dk/krop-sundhed/jyderne-gaar-mere-til-laegen-end-koebenhavnerne [Accessed 2 Apr. 2018]. Wagner, J. Watch, D. (2017) Innovation Spaces: The New Design of Work Web.archive.org. (2018). APTA | The Physical Therapist. [online] Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/ AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=33205 [Accessed 29 Mar. 2018]. Wilson, (1972) Intensive Care Delirium, the Effect of Outside Deprivation in a Windowless Unit Zumthor, P. (2006) Atmosphere p. 21-62
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112
Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 11
Site analysis Themes Precedent: Maggie Centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s & Livsrum Roomprogram Natural ventilation calculations / Mechanical ventilation - process Sun radiation according to the courtyard Daylight investigation according to the critical room Glazing studies Energy demand - Be15 results Solar panels calculations Final daylight conditions
113
1. Site analysis
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
2. Themes
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
3.
132
133
4. Room programme Room type
Max per-
Net area
Gross area
m
Functions _ Com-
3
6
8
3
Stock delivery
Storage
3
4
3
Cleaning room
3
4
3
Zone 1
Staff entrance
Wardrobe
4
8
9
3
Shower _ WC
2
10
11
3
Technical room
28
37
3
Storage
3
4
3
Zone 2
Canteen
10
55
58
3
Informal atmosphere
Kitchen
3
47
52
3
Staff
Conference room 5
20
23
3
Toilet
2
3
4
3
Doctor Consultation _ Office
4
25
27
3-4
Room in room
Nurse Consultation
4
15
18
3-4
Room in room
10
13
3-4
Connected to Doctor and nurse
Zone 3
Storage
134
Good sound insulation
Musical therapist
3
15
18
3-4
Office Flexible acustic Sound proofing
Music area
3
20
26
3-4
Flexible acustic Sound proofing
Category Indoor environment
Light min (lux) 300 mechanical mechanical mechanical
B
Atmospheric: Exhaust min. air 15 l/s
mechanical Mechnical Mechnical
A
B
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s CO2 load 0,1 pct.
300
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s
300
B
Atmospheric: Exhaust min. air 15 l/s
300
A
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s CO2 load 0,1 pct.
300
A
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s CO2 load 0,1 pct.
300
B
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s
300
B
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s
300
Mechnical
135
Room type
Persons
Net area
Gross area
m
Functions _ Com-
Psychologist Office
3
25
27
3
Security gesture focus on materials
Conversation
3
10
12
3
View to nature
Toilet
2
3
4
3
Nearby the conversation room
Physiotherapist
3
20
26
3
Connected to exercise
Fitness room
8
46
59
5
Flexible room. Recommended windows towards north
Changing room
4
16
20
3
Division men / women max 4 people exercise
Food therapist
3
20
24
3
Connected to kitchen area
Dining area
8
25
27
3
Other function
Small kitchen
4
17
19
3
could have a garden
4
5
3
10
11
3
10
12
3
Print Zone 4
Public entrance
4
Wardrobe
Reception
2
3
4
3
Close to doctor and nurse
Waiting areas
19
50
54
3-5
Niches
The kitchen
3
3
4
3
Toilet
2
3
4
3
594
696
Sum
136
Easy Accessibility Welcoming gesture
Category Indoor environment
Light min (lux)
B
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s CO2 load 0,1 pct.
300
B
Atmospheric: Exhaust min. air min. 15 l/s
300
A
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s
300
B
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Ventilation, 0,35 l/s CO2 load 0,1 pct. Atmospheric:
300
B
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Exhaust min. air 15 l/s
300
A
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric Ventilation, 0,35 l/s
300
B
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric Ventilation, 0,35 l/s CO2 load 0,1 pct.
300
300
300
300
B
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric: Ventilation, 0,35 l/s
300
A
Thermal: Summer temp. 23-26 °C Winter temp. 20-24°C Atmospheric Ventilation, 0,35 l/s CO2 load 0,1 pct.
300
B
Atmospheric: Exhaust min. air 15 l/s
Mechanical
137
5. Natural ventilation Natural ventilation as both cross ventilation and thermal buoyancy is enabled in the design of the corridor and also the different waiting zones. The worst scenario is investigated for the wind blows 1 m/s and 1 degree difference have been investigated to test the strength of the venting system and ensure that the atmospheric comfort is maintained. The dominating wind direction is from southwest during July, where overheating problems could occur and therefore natural ventilation is needed. Since we have some large glass areas, there is only a portion of the window that needs to be opened, as the illustration shows. The window is placed from ground to the top of the wall, and the calculations shows that opening the windows 10 cm each in the different zones will generate enough air flow in the different scenarios. The natural ventilation is compared with the calculation of the ventilation rate from the olfaction to ensure a good indoor environment. The results shows that in the calculation of olfaction the need of air change is 1,4 h-1 and with a cross ventilation and thermal buoyancy there is enough air change, since the result is 2,4 h-1
Overview of the window placement 2,6 m 1,95 m
0,65m 0m
Into the courtyard
138
Out towards the context
Doctor / nurse area
Natural ventilation calculation Pressure Coefficient Windward Leeward
Windfactor Vmeteo Vref
0,06 -0,6
Location of neutral plan, Ho Outdoor temperature Zone temperature Discharge coefficient Air density
1,3 m 21 C 20 C 0,1 1,25 kg/m3
0,65 1 m/s 0,65 m/s
Pwind 0,2 pa Pmin 0,0 pa Pmax 0,0 pa
Buildingvol. m3 Volume m3/section/floor Internal pressure, Pi pa 0,510402750471279
-0,05
Area
Eff. Area
Height
Thermal buoyancy
AFR Pres Co(thermal) efficient
Wind pressure
AFR (Wind)
Wind pressure
AFR total
m2
m2
m
pa
m3/s
pa
m3/s
pa
m3/s
Door (SW)
3,12
0,312
0,65
0,027
0,065
0,06
-0,499
-0,279
0,057
0,133
Top window (NE)
3,64
0,364
1,95
-0,027
-0,076
-0,6
-0,499
-0,325
0,057
0,079
Food therapy door (S)
3,12
0,312
0,65
0,027
0,038
-0,5
-0,623
-0,182
-0,067
-0,046
Food therapy top window (N)
3,64
0,364
1,95
-0,027
-0,038
-0,5
-0,623
-0,182
-0,067
-0,071
Waiting zone normal window (SE)
1,82
0,182
1,3
-0,027
0,27
0,25
-0,499
-0,507
0,092
0,421
Door (NW)
3,12
0,312
0,65
0,027
0,065
0,6
-0,499
-0,507
0,092
-0,064
Massbalance 0,00
Massbalance 0,00
Massbalance 0,00
Results: Airflow: Airchange:
0,633 m3/s 2277 m3/h 2,4 h-1
139
Ventilation rates
Dimension Height
3,5
m
Area
270
m2
Room volume Vr
945
m3
C
1,4
dp
Ci
0
dp
Persons
20
olf per person
Olf per person
1
olf
Total
20
olf
Antal m2
270
m2
Factor of low-olf building
0,10
Total
27
olf
Source of pollution q total:
47
olf
Air change: to comply with 1.4 decipol and max 20% dissatisfied:
335,71
l/s
Rewriting to another device:
1208,57
m2/h
Rewriting to another device:
1,28
h-1
Experienced air quality
Source of pollution q
Building
Example of ventilation need calculation - this for the hallway and waiting zones.
140
Mechanical ventilation - process
tech. room
Technical room is placed next to the fitness room, caused by the symmetry in the pipes and it is also the most optimal place, because in the fitness area there is no requirement that there must be silence in the same way as for example the psychologist, but the actual experience of the fitness room will have a lack of quality.
141
6. Sun radiation according to the roof
21. March kl 12 o’ clock
21. June kl 12 o’ clock
21 December at 12 o’ clock 142
Example of different month accourding to the pitched roof with a 6 m. peak. This is done for the different roof types to investigate it at the month basis.
7. Daylight investigation according to the critical room 1,5 meters x 2,3 meters
2,5 meters x 2,3 meters
3,5 meters x 2,3 meters
4,5 meters x 2,3 meters
143
8. Glazing studies
Daylight renderings showing spatial impacts of different glazing designs.
144
9. Energy demand - Be15 results
Results from be15 with active strategies applied
145
10. Solar photovoltaics
Data needed: A = Area of modules B = Module Efficiency (efficiency of each module) C = Peak Power (the output power when fully solar radiation) D = System Factor (efficiency of the whole system) E = Solar Radiation
B - Module Efficiency Monocrystaline high efficiency: 18% D - System Factor Optimal system with high efficiency inverter: 0,85 E - Radiation kWh/m2 South oriented, 26 degrees inclination: 1152
To achieve a zero energy building, the Health Care Center are going to produce as much energy, as it is taking from the grid. The energy demand consists of the energy needed for the total electricity consumption as well as the energy demand for heating, cooling, ventilation and domestic hot water. By calculating the total need it is possible to find the amount of squaremetres needed for Solar PVs and then integrate it in the roof The energy demand from class 2020: The total electricity consumption:
19,9 kWh/m2year 25,7 kWh/ m2year
25,7 kWh/m2year +
19,9 kWh/m2year/1,8
45,6 kWh/m2year x
744 m2 = 33926,4 kWh/year
33926,4 kWh/year = C x D x E
=>
C = 33926,4/(0,85 x 1152)
= 34,64 kWpeak
A = (C x 100)/B
=>
A= (34,64 x 100)/18
= 192 m2
=
(domestic appliances) (energy converted into electricity by the primary energy factor)
45,6 kWh/m2year
(energy need/m ) (m2 of building) 2
needed with module effi ciency of 18 %
146
11. Final daylight conditions
Daylight results for the final design proposal
147