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Dark energy & Higgs Boson The recently discovered Higgs boson could provide a possible “portal” to physics that may help explain some of the attributes of the enigmatic dark energy, scientists suggest. One of the biggest mysteries in contemporary particle physics and cosmology is why dark energy, which is observed to dominate energy density of the universe, has a remarkably small (but not zero) value, researchers said. This value is so small, it is perhaps 120 orders of magnitude less than would be expected based on fundamental physics, they said. Now, physicists -- Lawrence Krauss of Arizona State University and James Dent of the University of Louisiana-Lafayette -explore how a possible small coupling between the Higgs particle, and possible new particles likely to be associated with what is conventionally called the Grand Unified Scale could result in the existence of another background field in nature in addition to the Higgs field. This would contribute an energy density to empty space of precisely the correct scale to correspond to the observed energy density, researchers said. Current observations of the universe show it is expanding at an accelerated rate. But this acceleration cannot be accounted for on the basis of matter alone, they said. Putting energy in empty space produces a repulsive gravitational force opposing the attractive force produced by matter, including the dark matter that is inferred to dominate the mass of essentially all galaxies, but which doesn’t interact directly with light and, therefore, can only be estimated by its gravitational influence.
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Because of this phenomenon and what is observed in the universe, it is thought that such ‘dark energy’ contributes up to 70 per cent of the total energy density in the universe, while observable matter contributes only 2 to 5 per cent, with the remaining 25 per cent or so coming from dark matter. The source of this dark energy and the reason its magnitude matches the inferred magnitude of the energy in empty space is not currently understood, making it one of the leading outstanding problems in particle physics today.
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The source of dark energy and the reason its magnitude matches the inferred magnitude of the energy in empty space is not currently understood, making it one of the leading outstanding problems in particle physics today.
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ENGINEERING QUOTIENT
16 AUG- 31 AUG 2013
TECHNOLOGY
Nuclear Science
Editor’s note
Centre for Advanced Technology, Variable Energy Cyclotron Dear readers, Centre, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Institute for Plasma Nuclear Science is very crucial area for the modern world. With the Research, Institute of Physics, Harish-Chandra Research growing population and increasing consumption of petroleum there is Institute, Tata Memorial Centre and Institute of Mathematical a search for alternative fuel which is also safe from the environmental Sciences. It offers PGDip, M.Phil, M.Sc(Engg), M.Tech, Ph.D. point of view. Nuclear technology offers such a hope. Apart form this Nuclear Scientist Dr. HC Verma positive indication there is an element of threat associated with it. What recently happened in Japan where earthquake caused immense Dr. Harish Chandra Verma joined the Department in 1994. He damage by hitting Fukushima nuclear plants. Here, we offer a overview obtained his doctoral degree at the Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T.) Kanpur, working under the supervision of of Nuclear Science and Technology in India. Prof. G.N. Rao. Subsequently he worked as Lecturer and then Nuclear physics is the Reader at Patna University, India. He is an Nuclear Experimental field of physics that physicist, whose chief interest lies in Condensed Matter and s t u d i e s t h e Materials Applications. Currently, he is working on constituents and Nanocrystalline Magnetic Materials and Alloys Systems. Dr. interactions of atomic Verma is also interested in Earth Science problems such as nuclei. It has various meteorites and extinction boundaries. He has authored several applications. The books including Concepts of Physics at introductory college most commonly level and Quantum Physics at collerge level. He is presently known applications working on a book on Electromechanics. of nuclear physics are For Students nuclear power Those aspiring for career in Nuclear Science must appear in generation and Engineering exam and get a good college (IIT). Then, they nuclear weapons should choose projects and electives in Nuclear Science. technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and Divide your time in proportion archaeology. Always assess the magnitude of History your task and then divide your The history of nuclear physics as a discipline distinct from atomic time accordingly. This can be physics starts with the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel done by simple math. This in 1896. However, Ernest Rutherford is often considered to be the requires a correct assessment of "Father of Nuclear Physics". the amount of work. Learn from Nuclear Science and Technology at IIT Kanpur your previous experiences as to It is a unique programme of its kind not only in this country but also how much time do you take in the whole of South East Asian region. Besides offering Ph.D. and Math or English. M.Tech. degrees in the area of Nuclear Engineering & Technology, the programme provides research and development expertise in the Take your emotions away from your work experimental and theoretical studies of fusion and plasma physics, It is very much possible that you will not be able to finish your radio isotope applications in manufacturing engineering, computer work in time allotted. Most of the works are assigned in this aided tomography, reactor safety studies, heat transfer in nuclear way. Their real purpose is to improve your stamina so do not sub-systems, and development of radiation detectors.
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MEDICAL QUOTIENT
16 AUG - 31 AUG 2013
ENTOMOLOGY
Listening Insects An insect’s ‘ear’ consists of a thinned portion of its external skeleton stretched over an air cavity. This tympanal membrane vibrates in response to sound waves and those vibrations are then picked up by nerve cells. ‘If a bird flies in the forest, does an insect hear it?’ That's the title of a paper from Jayne E. Yack and her team at Carleton University in Canada. “Birds are major predators of many eared insects including moths, butterflies, crickets and cicadas,” they point out in the paper, which has just been published in Biology Letters. Insects, for their part, have evolved strategies to avoid being eaten. However, “the role of hearing in detecting foraging birds has received little consideration,” the scientists noted in the paper. An insect’s ‘ear’ consists of a thinned portion of its external skeleton stretched over an air cavity. This tympanal membrane vibrates in response to sound waves and those vibrations are then picked up by nerve cells. Depending on the species of insect, the ears can be situated at diverse places on its body, including the wings, legs and even mouth parts. Some insects have been shown to be capable of detecting the cries emitted by echo-locating bats, which prey on them, and to then take evasive action. For their study, Dr. Yack and her team examined whether a moth, Trichoplusia ni, and a butterfly, Morpho peleides, were capable of hearing birds in flight. To do that, they first recorded the sounds produced by the wing beats of an insect-eating bird, the Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe). The bird-flight sounds were then played back to the two insects and the impulses produced by their auditory nerves recorded. The team found that the insects’ auditory nerves responded to the flight sounds with a burst of impulses. In the case of the moths, the pattern of nerve impulses was similar to the one produced when these insects hear a bat homing in on them and which is thought to trigger evasive action. “Since we see similar bursting patterns in response to bird flight sounds, it could be that they [the moths] can
evade a bird attacking as they would a bat attacking, using a similar neural mechanism,” said Dr. Yack in an email. The frequency range of moth hearing overlapped with the high frequency component of bird flight and that of butterfly hearing with the lower frequency components. The scientists estimated that the two species of insects could both detect a bird at distances of at least 2.5 metres. That figure could be a conservative estimate of the detection distance, said Dr. Yack in her email. “We have been doing trials with live birds, and moth ears can detect a live bird flying from several meters away.” “Future experiments should explore how eared insects respond behaviourally to bird flight, and whether birds use counter strategies, such as soundreducing feather modifications or foraging tactics, to avoid detection,” the scientists observed in the paper.
Ocean Water Why does the water deep inside the oceans not freeze even when the temperature in the deep is extremely low? A liquid freezes when its body temperature falls below its freezing point and a solid melts when its body temperature rises above its melting point. Though the term, ‘melting point,’ means the temperature where the solid commences to melt and the term, ‘freezing point,’ means the temperature where the liquid commences to freeze, these two terms are numerically the same, for a given pure material. However, this value depends on the pressure whereat the change of state (phase) from liquid to solid or vice
versa takes place. Handbooks tabulate data of melting points of various substances for a pressure of 1 atm. There is a famous equation known in Thermodynamics as ‘Clausius-Clapeyron Equation’ after the nineteenth century European physicists, Rudolf Clausius and Paul Clapeyron that relates the temperatures of phase transformations (melting point is one among them) to the pressure, change of density (during the phase transformation) and the heat of such phase transformation (quantity of heat released or absorbed during the phase change). More on Page 8
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & NEWS
16 AUG - 31 AUG 2013
Jupiter’s moon Europa may hold life
Europa — the sixth closest moon of Jupiter — is the most likely place in our solar system beyond Earth to have life, according to NASA. As NASA scientists continue to search for signs of past life on Mars, they’re also casting a hopeful eye toward finding life on Europa. Most of what scientists know of Jupiter’s moon Europa they have gleaned from a dozen or so close flybys from NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1979 and NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in the mid-to-late 1990s, researchers said. Even in these fleeting, paparazzi-like encounters, scientists have seen a fractured, ice-covered world with tantalising signs of a liquid water ocean
under its surface. Such an environment could potentially be a hospitable home for microbial life, NASA researchers said. The team found the most important questions clustered around compositi on: what makes up the reddish “freckles” and reddish cracks that stain the icy surface? What kind of chemistry is occurring there? Are there organic molecules, which are among the building blocks of life? Additional priorities involved improving images of Europa — getting a look around at features on a human scale to provide context for the compositional measurements, researchers said.
Shortening tails gave birds evolutionary advantage Birds had already achieved powered flight in Cretaceous period. The dramatic changes to birds’ forelimbs caused an equally dramatic change to the hind legs Following the detailed analysis of early bird fossils from China, North America, South America, and in various other locations around the world, the team of scientists discovered that the loss of long, bony tails led to an incredible explosion of diverse hind legs and limbs, such as www.helloscience.in
talons and stilts. The scientists took interest in the lifestyle change, and embarked on a study to determine the relationship between the changes in the fore and hind legs.
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“If one day humans send a robotic lander to the surface of Europa, we need to know what to look for and what tools it should carry” Student Journalist
Bird Migration
Prior to migration, 55 percent of Birds’ bodyweight is stored fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey.
Payal, Kota Hello Science welcomes you to be a part of our news collection and reporting. Please send your news entries with full details to 08890753400; hellosciencepaper@gmail.com (Write NEWS in the subject)
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_ ISI_N Hint: Ability to see or plan Answer on page 5
NEWs digest Milky Way Galaxy much lighter than thought Milky Way weighs only a quarter to a third of what previously estimated, as per latest study of dark matter mass of the galaxy.
NASA's Juno spacecraft reaches halfway to Jupiter NASA's Juno spacecraft has reached halfway to Jupiter, touching a milestone in its fiveyear voyage to our solar system's largest planet. www.helloscience.us
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SCIMAGINATION
16 AUG - 31 AUG 2013
EDITORIAL
DID YOU KNOW What is vacuum made of?
Word problems
COMMON SENSE
Most of the difficulties in science lie in transforming words into mathematical relations Vacuum is dark, empty and is completely devoid What is the value of (2 + 2 - 1)? It is simply 3. This students find the most difficulty. If all students of matter or energy. It is nothing. is the simple math problem given directly in symbolic form. Let us see this problem in words: “A number having value equal to 2 is first increased by 100% and then the resulting number is decreased by 25%. What is the final number?” This is what makes a difference between a simple question and so called a tough one. Even if both require the same set of knowledge for solving still the other one is more difficult than the first. The difference lies in the requirement of mental ability to see symbolic relation hidden in words which means how you use the concept of % mentioned. This is called basic aptitude which is checked by all examination. And this is the area where
have talent at the beginning then why do some become smart in learning while others not. The SCIENCE answer lies in those take the Classically we may define vacuum to be devoid of responsibility of teaching. If anything. But in Quantum Mechanics it is defined teachers or parents do not have as the state with the lowest possible energy. It their aptitudes developed then they leads to the idea that vacuum contains vacuum fail to inculcate them in the younger fluctuations (virtual particles). generation. They themselves are the products of a system which fails to deliver this SCIENTOON learning. In the beginning minds of I am sad. kids are generally sharp but the answers or discouragement they My cousin receive from elders cripples most of their capabilities. got So the prime responsibility lies on students who must find innovative or out-of-the-box methods dissected to groom their minds for effective learning. Hello Science will do its best for your support. this - EDITOR
morning.
GAMES AND FUN WORD MAZE
M E C H
NE EY LA AN
SCIENCE SCRAMBLE
R G C I
SCIENCE-QUOTIENT Arrange the following rivers in the increasing order of length.
Identify the hidden sentence.
Indus, Denube, Amazon, Nile
Starts from top left. Go up, down, left, right without any cross.
LET’S SPELL
Hint: Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy.
S N I T A
Identify the words and use the encircled letters to fill in the blank.
Make words of 2 or more letters using each letter once with each having the central letter.
LETTERS & NUMBERS Make a phrase out of the following.
N
BE
S
212 = BP of W in F
VAN, CUBE, SUM. Speed of light is maximum in V CA UUM.
MECHANICAL ENERGY
SCIENCE-QUOTIENT
READERS’ QUESTION
LETTERS & NUMBERS
Send you ideas to: hellosciencepaper@gmail.com editor@helloscience.in Hello Science is an awesome science Via SMS: 8890753400 reporting newspaper. It reveals
IN, TIN, SIN, SIT, STAIN, SAINT, SATIN
Vegetarianism
form of selfishness is selflessness.”
DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides. Most DNA molecules are double-stranded helices, consisting of two long biopolymers of simpler units called nucleotides—each nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase. So, essentially DNA consists of elements: Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus.
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Your articles on Engineering and Medical Quotient pages are very motivating and informative. I thank you for these pages. PRIYA ACHARYA Delhi
Gandhi discovered his life-long passion for vegetarianism while in England. Although most Inspiring thought of the other Indian students ate meat while "The greatest surprise of human they were in England, Gandhi was determined Divya Sharma, Kota evolution may be that the highest not to do so, in part because he had vowed to his mother that he would stay a vegetarian.
HS Answer
Answer
LET’S SPELL
212 = Boiling Point of Water in Farenheit
What is the DNA made up of?
VISION
many thinking aspects and it is totally designed for a student by providing fabulous ideas which can make us move byond our limits. SHUBHAM KUMAR Resonance
BAPU’S COLUMN
SOLUTIONS Denube<Indus<Amazon<Nile
Education is the most powerful weapon which we can use to change the world. Education is beautiful and none can take it away from you. Dreams come true when you put your all stamina, strength and trust in it. I want to see India developed in Nuclear Science. It is my dream to be a Nuclear Scientist. Kindly suggest me the ways to make my career in Nuclear Science. SHUBHAM BISWAS 11th Class, Kota Dear Reader, Thanks for your query. We have published about Nuclear Science on Page 2. - EDITOR
Hint: Exponent
Speed of light is maximum in _ _ _ _ _ _.
WORD MAZE
PEOPLE SPEAK
Robert Ornstein
Foreign translation English: Go ahead Dutch: vooruit French: poursuivre German: vorangehen Italian: Vai avanti Spanish: seguir adelante Swedish: Sätt i gång
EINSTEIN UNPLUGGED
His mortal remains
Einstein laid down clear instructions on how his mortal remains should be handled. No funeral, no grave, no For Exam counseling monument! He was a Call 09887611939, 08890753400 creation of Nature, the Or email at: hellosciencepaper@gmail.com product of an editor@helloscience.in accidental meet of creative forces. 5
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16 AUG - 31 AUG 2013
Math Simplified Frustration, stress and anxiety. Do these words come to mind when you hear the word “Math”? Well, for those of you who are experiencing trouble with Math, here are some tips to help make the subject an easier one. Math can be terrifying for many people. Following list will hopefully improve your general knowledge of mathematical tricks and your speed when you need to do math in your head.
11 times trick
1.
Take the original number and imagine a space between the two digits. Now add the two numbers together and put them in the middle. If the numbers in the middle add up to a 2 digit number, just insert the second number and add 1 to the first. Examples: 52 x 11 = 572 99 x 11 = (9+1) 89 = 1089
Multiply by 4
5.
This is a very simple trick which may appear obvious to some, but to others it is not. The trick is to simply multiply by two, then multiply by two again:58 x 4 = (58 x 2) + (58 x 2) = (116) + (116) = 232
Calculate a tip
6.
If you need to leave a 15% tip, here is the easy way to do it. Work out 10% (divide the number by 10) – then add that number to half its value and you have your answer
Tough multiplication
2.
7.
If you have a large number to multiply and one of the numbers is even, you can easily subdivide to get to the answer:32 x 125, is the same as: 16 x 250 is the same as: 8 x 500 is the same as: 4 x 1000 = 4,000
Quick Square
If you need to square a 2 digit number ending in 5, you can do so very easily with this trick. Mulitply the first digit by itself + 1, and put 25 on the end. That is all! OR use (x+y) square technique.
Multiply by 5
3.
Most people memorize the 5 times tables very easily, but when you get in to larger numbers it gets more complex – or does it? This trick is super easy.Take any number, then divide it by 2 (in other words, halve the number). If the result is whole, add a 0 at the end. If it is not, ignore the remainder and add a 5 at the end. It works everytime:
Multiply by 9
4.
Dividing by 5
8.
Dividing a large number by five is actually very simple. All you do is multiply by 2 and move the decimal point:195 / 5 Step1: 195 * 2 = 390 Step2: Move the decimal: 39.0 or just 39
Subtracting from 1000
This one is simple – to multiple any number between 1 and 9 by 9 hold both hands in front of your face – drop the finger that corresponds to the number you are multiplying (for example 9×3 – drop your third finger) – count the fingers before the dropped finger (in the case of 9×3 it is 2) then count the numbers after (in this case 7) – the answer is 27.
9.
To subtract a large number from 1,000 you can use this basic rule: subtract all but the last number from 9, then subtract the last number from 10:1000 -648step1: subtract 6 from 9 = 3 step2: subtract 4 from 9 = 5 step3: subtract 8 from 10 = 2answer: 352
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Special Coverage Science Query
16 AUG - 31 AUG 2013
How do we locate ourselves in Milky Way?
Finding one's location in a cloud of a hundred billion stars--when one can't travel beyond one's own planet--is like trying to map out the shape of a forest while tied to one of the trees "There is no short answer to this question, because astronomers have followed many lines of evidence to determine the location of the solar system in the Milky Way. But some of the general techniques can be outlined briefly. "Finding one's location in a cloud of a hundred billion stars--when one can't travel beyond one's own planet--is like trying to map out the shape of a forest while tied to one of the trees. One gets a rough idea of the shape of the Milky Way galaxy by just looking around--a ragged, hazy band of light circles the sky. It is about 15 degrees wide, and stars are concentrated fairly evenly along the strip. That observation indicates that our Milky Way Galaxy is a flattened disk of stars, with us located somewhere near the plane of the disk. Were it not a flattened disk, it would look different. For instance, if it were a sphere of stars, we would see its glow all over the sky, not just in a narrow band. And if we were above or below the disk plane by a substantial amount, we would not see it split the sky in half--the glow of the Milky Way would be brighter on one side of the sky than on the other. "The position of the sun in the Milky Way can be further pinned down by measuring the distance to all the stars we can see. In the late 18th century, astronomer William Herschel tried to do this, concluding that the earth was in the center of a 'grindstone'shaped cloud of stars. But Herschel was not aware of the presence of small particles of interstellar dust, which obscure the light from the most distant stars in the Milky Way. We appeared to be in the center of the cloud because we could see no further in all directions. To a person tied to a tree in a foggy forest, it looks like the forest stretches equally away in all directions, wherever one is.
found they were distributed in a spherical distribution about 100,000 light-years in diameter, centered on a location in the constellation Sagittarius. Shapley concluded (and other astronomers have since verified) that the center of the distribution of globular clusters is the center of the Milky Way as well, so our galaxy looks like a flat disk of stars embedded in a spherical cloud, or 'halo,' of globular clusters. "In the past 75 years, astronomers have refined this picture, using a variety of techniques of radio, optical, infrared and even x-ray astronomy, to fill in the details: the location of spiral arms, clouds of gas and dust, concentrations of moleculesand so on. The essential modern picture is that our solar system is located on the inner edge of a spiral arm, about 25,000 light-years from the center of the galaxy, which is in the direction of the constellation of Sagittarius.
"A major breakthrough in moving the earth from the center of the galaxy to a point about 3/5 away from the edge came in the early decades of this century, when Harlow Shapley measured the distance to the large clusters of stars called globular clusters. He www.helloscience.in
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Miscellaneous Ocean Water
According to this proven equation, the melting point of a solid increases when pressure is increased where the density of the solid is higher than that of its liquid. This is usually the case with many of the substances we see around. But the case of water is unusual; water has lower density in its solid state (ice form) than in its liquid state. That is why ice floats on water. For such anomalous substances, the ‘Clasius-Clapeyron Equation’ states that the melting point decreases with increased pressure. In other words, water can remain as liquid water without freezing (or ice can readily melt) even when the temperature is below 0 C if it is under higher pressure
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Hello Science 16 AUG - 31 AUG 2013
From Page 3
(than 1 atm). The water deep inside the oceans is under the heavy weight of the water held above it and is, effectively, experiencing very high pressure. So the ‘ice’ that should have been as ‘frozen ice’ has its melting point reduced so much extremely low that it is ‘already molten’ as liquid water; or that water is ‘yet to freeze.’ This is also a reason why in certain glaciers, water is still in liquid form below the sheets of ice. Put your palm on an ice block and press it. You will see ice melting under your palm though the temperature there is considerably lower than 0 C.
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