Gardens of the World: Design Project for Malmö Botanical Gardens by Helmi Elisa Hunin

T H E N O R T H FAC E O F T H E T R A N S - I L E A L ATA U R A N G E : A MOSAIC OF ECOTYPES FROM SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN @ MALMO BOTANICAL GARDEN

HELMI ELISA HUNIN LK0302 DESIGN PROJECT A D VA N C E D P L A N T I N G DESIGN OCTOBER 2018

CONTEXT / CONCEPT

Malmรถ Botanical Garden

The still-in-progress Malmo Botanical garden has a vision for a new kind of botanical garden, one where systems are highlighted instead of plant specimens. This reflects a new understanding of how we must think in systems to address the current ecological crises of our time.

Malmรถ

Kazakhstan

The educational experience at this new site holds the potential to maximize the transdisciplinary collaboration within the Oresund region, as a hub of technological innovation, joint measures towards food security, and as a hotspot of higher education in the Nordic countries. This project seizes this opportunity to highlight an ecological system that is at the very center of humans and botanical history and one that may be quite consequential: the wild fruit forests of southern Kazakhstan. Birthplace of the modern commercialized apple. As climate change and industrial agriculture pose increasingly greater threats to global food security, the genetic diversity that the predecessors of our modern crops is absolutely crucial to build resistance to both disease and the meteorological impacts of climate change. And the place that the apple originates is uniquely beautiful as well...

CLIMATE

ALMATY

NORTH Face of the Trans-Ile Alatau Range

5000 m Rocks & ice

The Tian Shan extend 2,500 km east-to-west across Central Asia.

Alpine tundra & Alpine meadows

Ridges average about 4,000 m while the highest summits exceed 7,400 m elevation. At the higher elevations, annual precipitation of 400 to 800 mm is enough to support subalpine conifer forests in some locations and a variety of steppe and meadow communities. Despite their location in a very arid part of Central Asia, the Tian Shan range is high enough to intercept moist arctic air from the northwest, especially during winter. The rainfall is sufficient to support large patches of subalpine coniferous forest, or smaller patches that comprise a forest-meadow mosaic complex. Within this broad elevation belt, forest is generally restricted to north-facing slopes. Sites that fail to meet the criteria for forest cover tend to support steppe Sor meadow vegetation, the character of which is determined primarily by elevation and secondarily by aspect and precipitation. The orogenic precipitation of the Tien Shan that support the type of ecosystems found there can be mimicked in the south of sweden with our steady rates of humidity and precipitation throughout the year While the climate of the Tian Shan is strongly continental, Southern Sweden is similar in the way of consistent strong winds with peaks of temperatures in January and July. Zaaliyskiy Alatau range lies in the northeastern sector of the Tien Shan mountain system. It is the southern backdrop of the verdant capital of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata, whose name means â&#x20AC;&#x153;mother of apples.â&#x20AC;?

3000 m Mountain coniferous forests & Sub-alpine meadows

1500 m Broadleaf forests: Wild fruit forests

1000 m ALMATY (foothills): Tall-herb meadows, crop plantations, vineyards, orchards, berry fields

THREE DEFINING ECOTYPES Tall-herb meadow Known as “vysokotravnye”, they are a secondary ecosystem proceeding shrub and forest degradation. There are many educational opportunities to discuss with these ecotypes, including the delicate relationship of sustainable grazing, biodiversity, and the genetic origins of many cereal crops. To mimic grazing there will be a mowing plan in place for maintenance.

Wild fruit forest Wild Fruit Forests exist higher in the foothills. It is the place of origin of many cultivated plants, and a valuable place to look when preserving the genetic diversity and strength of our cultivated plants, including food crops. They are the keys to resistance. It is home to a number of wild species related to domesticated fruit plants including wild apples (up to 30m), apricot, pistachio, vine, plum, pear, walnut and hawthorn. The Western Tien-Shan supports outstanding diversity of plant and animal species with high level of endemism and many species of global conservation importance. According to the British conservation charity Fauna & Flora International (FFI), which has drawn up the list Red List of endangered plants, in collaboration with Botanic Gardens Conservation International, “these fruit and nut forests have been described as a biological Eden, and have long held an important role in human culture”.

Mountain conifer forest & Subalpine meadow Mosaic of Sub-alpine Meadow and Montane conifer forest At elevations above 1500m, annual precipitation of 400 to 800 mm is enough to support subalpine conifer forests in some locations and a variety of steppe and meadow communities, stratified by elevation, over extensive areas throughout the range. The rainfall is sufficient to support large patches of subalpine coniferous forest, or smaller patches that comprise a forest-meadow mosaic complex.

A MOSAIC OF ECOTYPES

Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

A M3 M1

KEY M1

tall-herb meadow

wild-fruit forest

conifer forest

tall-herb meadow

Wild fruit forest

Subalpine path conifer forest

Subalpine meadow

path

Subalpine conifer forest

Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

M3 0

M1 M2

sub-alpine meadow

25 vol % green compost 25 vol % peat mix

paths / patios

50 vol % gravel

1:400 A3

10m

SOIL Frisk: moist but well drained. pH: 6-6.5

TALL HERB MEADOW MATRIX Alopecurus pratensis Poa angustifolia Poa pratensis

Linum heterosepalum Prangos pabularia M1

Leontopodium ochroleucum

Alopecurus pratensis

Poa angustifolia

Poa pratensis

Linum heterosepalum

Prangos pabularia

Leontopodium ochroleucum

Vicia tenuifolia

Phleum phleoides

Allium caeruleum

Gagea altaica

Tulipa kaufmanniana

Tulipa sylvestris

Vicia tenuifolia 1m

Tall-herb meadow

Phleum phleoides

path

10m

Wild fruit forest 1

WILD FRUIT FOREST

SPRING FLOWERS

Cratagus turkestanica

Malus niedzwetzkana

Malus sieversii

Prunus armeniaca

AUTUMN COLORS

The fruit forests surrounded by semi-desert landscapes are not only valuable for genetic diversification and strengthening of global food crops, but they are crucial for watershed preservation A report on Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems states that welldeveloped and interlaced apple root systems protect mountain soils from erosion and landslides n a region prone to extreme landslide and river outflow events.

Prunus tianschanica

Pyrus Regelii

Amygdalus petunnikovii

Lonicera nummulariifolia

Lonicera tatarica

Here at the Botanical Gardens, this area provides visual interest for three seasons of the year, with delicate blossoms appearing in spring, lush vegetation through summer and fruit and a fantastic display of autumnal colors into the fall.

WILD FRUIT FOREST FIELD LAYER

MATRIX Aconogonum alpinum Atragene sibirica Codnopsis clematidea Geranium robertianum

Aconogonum alpinum

Atragene sibirica

Codnopsis clematidea

Geranum robertianum

Dactylis glomerata

Poa nemoralis

Viola suavis

Allium barszczewskii

Muscari bucharicum

Tulipa kaufmanniana

Tulipa sylvestris

Tulipa turkestanica

Dactylis glomerata

Poa nemoralis 5m

Viola suavis

MOUNTAIN CONIFER FOREST

Higher in the mid-mountains, deciduous trees and shrubs give place to the shapely Tien Shan firs, which are intermixed with broadleafed deciduous trees like Quaking aspen (populus tremula), Silver birch (Betula pendula), and Mountain ash (Sorbus tianschanica)

Abies sibirica

Betula pendula

Picea obovata

Pinus sibirica

Populus tremula

Sorbus tianschanica

Caragana jubata

Gagea altaica

Dasiphora fruticosa

Juniperus turkestanica

Juniperus sibirica

This area in the Botanical Gardens provides year-round interest with its lush evergreen vegetation.

MOUNTAIN CONIFER FOREST FIELD LAYER

MATRIX

Atragene sibirica Brachypodium sylvaticum Cerastium dahuricum Crepis sibirica Doronicum altaicum Poa nemoralis

uit forest

Atragene sibirica

Brachypodium sylvaticum

Cerastium dahuricum

Crepis sibirica

Doronicum altaicum

Poa nemoralis

Subalpine path conifer forest

Subalpine meadow

path

Subalpine conifer forest

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SUB-ALPINE MEADOW I Anemone narcissiflora

MATRIX

Aconitum eucostomum Delphinium confusum Phlomis oreophila Pulsatilla campanella Scabiosa alpestris 5m

Anemone narcissiflora

Aconitum leucostomum

Delphinium confusum

Phlomis oreophila

Pulsatilla capanella

Scabiosa alpestris

Viola altaica

Allium pskemense

Eremurus altaicus

Eremurus robustus

Iris korolkowii

Tulipa heterophylla

Viola altaica 5m

M3 M1

KEY M1

tall-herb meadow

wild-fruit forest

conifer forest

sub-alpine meadow

M2 M3

M1 M2

paths / patios 1:400 A3

10m

SUB-ALPINE MEADOW II

MATRIX Achillea filipendulina Geranium saxatile Dracocephalum grandiflorum Macrotomia euchroma

Achillea filipendulina

Geranium saxatile

Dracocephalum grandiflorum

Macrotomia euchroma

Myosotis asiatica

Phleum pratense

Taraxacum pseudoroseum

Viola tianschanica

Allium pskemense

Eremurus altaicus

Iris ruthenica

Tulipa heterophylla

Myostis asiatica

Phleum pratense 5m

Viola tianschanica

M3 M1

KEY M1

tall-herb meadow

wild-fruit forest

conifer forest

sub-alpine meadow

M2 M3

M1 M2

paths / patios 1:400 A3

10m

PLANT LIST AND PLAN SYMBOL

T7 1 T4 S6 x x T1 x x T1 x x T1 S3 S1 x 2 x S x 2 1 T 6 T1 x S2 x x1 M 2 S1 x S5 3 x 1 T1 x x S2x 1 S2 xS T5x M2 4 S5 x S T x 2 x11 T6 x S x x 7 S2 M Sx3 S9 x x 3 S9 T8 x S9x x M M S3 4 1 x

LATIN NAME

ENGISH NAME

HEIGHT

SPREAD

QUALITY/ SIZE

QUANTITY BLOOM

NOTES

Abies sibirica

Siberian ﬁr

30-35m

10-15m

Evergreen

Dominant in coniferous forest

Betula pendula

Silver birch

15m

10m

Catkins

Higher elevation broadleaf within montane conifer forest, leaves yellow in autumn

Celtis caucasica

Caucasian Hackberry

15m

10m

Spring. Yellow/red fruit

Deciduous forest. Drought tolerant once established. Autumn yellow leaves.

Crataegus turkestanica

Turkish hawthorn

7-8m

white ﬂowers

Deciduous forest. Bright red fruit.

Malus niedzwetzkyana

Niedzwetzky's apple

May: purple

Red list. Cultivated in S Kazakhstan. Drought resistant. Dark-red fruit with rose-purple ﬂesh.

Malus Sieversii

Sievers apple

5-12m

May: pale rose

Wild fruit forest. round, Sept/Oct : pale-green fruit.

Picea obovata

Siberian spruce

15-35m

7-10m

Evergreen

Dominant in coniferous forest

Pinus sibirica

Siberian stone pine

30m

15m

Evergreen

Large blue seed cones are held erect.

Populus tremula

Quaking aspen

18m

10m

March/april: catkins

Associates with spruce at lower elevations, a pioneer of landslides and other disturbed sites

T10

Prunus Armeniaca

Apricot

March-April: Pink

Wild fruit forest. Medium growth rate. Fruits: July-Sept

T11

Pyrus regelii

Regel pear

5-9m

3-4m

April-may: white

Rare wild pear endemic to south-eastern Kazakhstan. Autumn yellow leaves.

T12

Sorbus tianschanica

Mountain ash

May-June: white

Higher elevation broadleaf within montane conifer forest. Red stems.

Amygdalus petunnikovii

Petunnikov almond

April: pink. Nuts: Aug-Sept

Endemic of Western Tien Shan. Red list. Grow quickly, drought-resistant because it has a welldeveloped root system. 3rd year: will send out suckers that will ultimately take over, so pay close attention to clump health.

Caragana jubata

Shag spine

April-May

Upper forest belt spruce thicket and lower areas understory. Nitrogen ﬁxing. No shade.

Cotoneaster melanocarpa

Black cotoneaster

Pink

Shrub understory in subalpine coniferous forest. Fruits ripen Sept-oct

Dasiphora fruticosa

Shrubby Cinquefoil

.6-1.2m

.9-1.5

June-Sept: yellow

Upper forest belt spruce thicket. The vast majority of sellers and gardeners still use the old name Potentilla fruticosa.

Juniperus turkestanica

Dwarf black juniper

1–10m

1-5m

Evergreen

Red list. Upper forest belt spruce thicket the recommended distance between plants is 0.5 or 1.2-2 m. Planting depth is 70 cm. Can grow like a shrub or tree.

J. sibirica

Siberian juniper

.45-1m

1-2m

Evergreen

Mountain scrub in upper forest belt spruce thicket.

Lonicera nummulariifolia

Honeysuckle

3-4m

June-Sept: White/pink, white/ transparent fruit

Cut back last years flowering shoots to strong buds or healthy young growth after flowering. Remove a quarter of old shoots after flowering if plants need rejuvenation.

Lonicera tatarica

Tatarian honeysuckle

1-3m

Leaves blue-green early spring.

Fruit can persist throughout winter. Edible orange berries.

Prunus tianschanica

Tienshan cherry

1-1.6m

Pink

Wild fruit forest. Dark red fruits.

Achillea ﬁlipendulina

Fern-leaf yarrow

.9-1.2m

.6-.9m

A-Kval

June-Sept yellow

Subalpine meadows. Sun

Aconogonon alpinum

Alpine knotweed

1-1.5m

A-Kval

Midsummer: white

Planting distance 50cm. Half shade: fruit forest. Autumn color

Aconitum leucostomum

White-breasted Aconite

.7-2m

A-Kval

Jun-July: purple/mauve

Sub-alpine meadow

Alopecurus pratensis

Meadow foxtail

1.1m

A-Kval

April-June (earliest of grasses)

Tall-herb meadow (dominant?) Moist

Anemone narcissiﬂora

Windﬂower

30-45cn

A-Kval

May-June white and yellow

In phlomis meadow. part shade

Atragene sibirica

Alpine clematis

Climbs 5m

A-Kval

white

Subalpine understory. Deciduous vine.

Brachypodium sylvaticum

False-brome

.9m

A-Kval

June-Oct: yellowish green

Forests and woodlands, preferring the shaded canopy, but may grow in open areas. Can be part of the early succession of the coniferous forest.

Cerastium dahuricum

Siberian chickweed

A-Kval

White ﬂowers July

Forb: Conifer forest understory grass/forb area. Weak stems.

TREES

SHRUBS

Busk 3,5l co

PERENNIALS

S3 x

T x12

xT7 x T1 T x T S 2 5 M x 0 x10 S x S8 x 4 3 S9 M x T M 2 x 3 2 x T1 S5 x T2x xT6 xT4 0 S S7 x3 xS6 x T x S9x x11 S3 M T5 S9 x S5 x xT x xT 2 1 5 S8 x xT11 S1 M T6 x x 4 x S1 xS 1 S1 x 0 S1 x S1 T1 x x M 1 S 4 S5 S8x S10x x10 S1 x x xT x T S1 T6 T1 x x11 T1 S x 7 x 1 S x2 4 xS S4 x x6 S1 x 7 T x 9 x x S4 S9 x T x T5 Sx 6 11 x x S5 xT12 S S6 T6x S6 x x 1 x T T S6 x x 12 S7x x T1 x 9 S1 2 S6 x Sx4 S S4 x xT x 4 9 S1 M x T6 x 0 x x S4 M 1 S 3 4 T T S x x5 x 8 S5 S x12 x 2 xM T S 6 3 M x5 4 T5x x xS2 x x S6 S2 T6 x S1 x T6 T x S S2 x xT12 S x6 1 M 6 x 6 M S9 x x 2 S x Sx 5 3 T1 T1 x 6 x 2 T S3 T1x xS 1 x 0 2 x x 3 x S5 x S5 T12 T7

10m

1:400 A3 M1 tall-herb meadow perennial matrix M2

wild-fruit forest perennial matrix

conifer forest perennial matrix

sub-alpine meadow perennial matrix paths / patios

PLANT LIST AND PLAN

T7 1 T4 S6 x x T1 x x T1 x x T1 S3 S1 x 2 x S x 2 1 T 6 T1 x S2 x x1 M 2 S1 x S5 3 x 1 T1 x x S2x 1 S2 xS T5x M2 4 S5 x S T x 2 x11 T6 x S x x 7 S2 M Sx3 S9 x x 3 S9 T8 x S9x x M M S3 4 1 x

SYMBOL

LATIN NAME

ENGISH NAME

HEIGHT

SPREAD

QUALITY/ SIZE

QUANTITY BLOOM

NOTES

Codonopsis clematidea

Asian bell ﬂower

45-90cm

Seed

bell-shaped ﬂower ice-blue with dark blue/black centers

Food forest. Hardy scrambling/climbing plant. Sow in winter/early spring.

P10

Crepis sibirica

Siberian hawksbeard

1.5m

A-Kval

yellow

Forb: Conifer forest understory grass/forb area. Spreads with rhizome.

P11

Dactylis glomerata

Cat grass / Orchard grass

.2-1.4m

A-Kval

green, red-purple-tinged. Green in shade, redder in full sun

Dominant in conifer forest understory and tall herb meadow. Grows in dense perennial tussocks. Deep root system is also useful for checking soil erosion

P12

Delphinium confusum

Larkspur

1.5 m

.5-1m

A-Kval

June- Aug: purple/blue

Subalpine meadow. Rhizome perennials

P13

Doronicum altaicum

Leopard's-bane

.2-.8m

A-Kval

spring/summer: yellow,daisy-like

Forb: Conifer forest understory

P14

Dracocephalum grandiﬂorum

Dragon’s head

.3m

A-Kval

Summer- spikes of striking, snap dragon like, blue ﬂowers

Highest meadow. compact habit and long season of bloom. drought tolerant once established. vigorous clump of dark green leaves. Cut back late january early february

P15

Geranium robertianum

Mountain crane’s-bill

40cm

A-Kval

June-Oct: bright pink

Field layer fruit forest. Annual/Biennial? Seed? Well-drained soil

P16

Geranium saxatile

Geranium

20cm

A-Kval

dark purple

Dominates 2,500-3,500: subalpine meadow. Phlomis meadow.

P17

Leontopodium ochroleucum

Himalayan eidelweiss

10-15cm

A-Kval

June/July silver

Tall-herb meadow

P18

Linum heterosepalum

Flax

60cm

A-Kval

May- June purple ﬂowers

Tall-herb meadow COLOR!

P19

Macrotomia euchroma

30cm

A-Kval

June to August

Sub-alpine meadow

P20

Myosotis asiatica

Alpine forget-me-not

40cm

A-Kval

June-Aug: Azure/blue violet

Sub-alpine meadow

P21

Phleum phleoides

Purple-stem cat’s tail

.1-.7m

A-Kval

Tall-herb meadow

P22

Phleum pratense

Timothy grass

.5-1m

A-Kval

Masses in subalpine meadow

P23

Phlomis oreophila

Phlomis

30-80cm

A-Kval

Dominates 2,500-3,500: subalpine meadow

P24

Poa angustifolia

Narrow-leaved meadow grass .6-.9m

.6-.9m

A-Kval

Blue seedheads

Dominant in tall-herb meadow.

P25

P. nemoralis

Wood bluegrass

.3-.6m

A-Kval

June-Aug

Wild food forest. Late-growing grass is fairly nutritious for livestock. It forms loose tufts, and is of a more delicate, slender appearance than other meadow grasses. Slightly creeping. It is often found in forests.

P26

P. pratensis

Kentucky bluegrass

.6-.9m

A-Kval

P27

Pulsatilla capanella

Pasque ﬂower

12-18cm

Seed

deep blue to white

In phlomis meadow. Dwarf variety

P28

Prangos pabularia

Hay plant

.5m

A-Kval

yellow

Tall-herb meadow. Sow seed in a cold frame or in the spring. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their ﬁrst winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Division might be possible in the spring. Color!

P29

Scabiosa alpestris

Pincushion

A-Kval

late spring- frost: lavender

Subalpine phlomis meadow

P30

Taraxacum pseudoroseum

Dandelion

15cm

Seed

April-June: pink/yellow

Subalpine meadow

P31

Vicia tenuifolia

Bramble vetch

A-Kval

P32

Viola altaica

Altai pansy

4-15cm

A-Kval

Spring/Summer: purple/yellow

Meadow. Ancestor of garden pansy. Evergreen foliage. Clump-forming. Compact.

P33

Viola suavis

Russian violet

10cm

A-Kval

March-May

Field layer fruit forest.

P34

Viola tianschanica

Tienshan pansy

5cm

A-Kval

June: purple/white

Sub-alpine meadow

Allium altaicum

Altai onion

30-45cm

30-40cm

June-Aug: yellow/white

Red List.

A. schoenoprasum

Chives

20-60cm

pink/pale violet

Group planting.

A.caeruleum

Blue globe onion

30-60cm

azure

Sweeping drifts. At least 10-15 bulb groupings.

Dominant in tall-herb meadow. Serve as pastures in most locations and are dominated by the grasses.

Tall-herb meadow. Color!

GEOPHYTES

S3 x

T x12

10m

1:400 A3 M1 tall-herb meadow perennial matrix M2

wild-fruit forest perennial matrix

conifer forest perennial matrix

sub-alpine meadow perennial matrix paths / patios

PLANT LIST AND PLAN

SYMBOL

LATIN NAME

ENGISH NAME

HEIGHT

SPREAD

A. pskemense

Pskem Mountain Onion

.8-1m

July/August white

Red list.

Eremurus altaicus

Himalayan foxtail lily

.9-1.5m

pale yellow, May

Subalpine meadow

E. fuscus

Foxtail lily

1.4m

40cm

spring-mid summer yellow/green

Subalpine meadow

E. robustus

Foxtail lily

June-July pale pink

Subalpine meadow

Gagea altaica

Altai kily

12cm

Spring golden yellow

Subalpine meadow

Iris korolkowii

Korolkowii iris

40-60cm

early spring: mauve-/white

Subalpine meadow

QUALITY/ SIZE

QUANTITY BLOOM

NOTES

B10

I. ruthenica

Russian Iris

15cm

early-mid summer: blue-lavender

Occasionally dominates 2,500-3,500: subalpine meadow. tufted clump-forming

B11

Muscari bucharicum

Bucharium grape hyacinth

10-30cm

late spring

Food forest.

B12

Tulipa albertii

Albertii Tulip

15-20cm

April Orange-scarlet

Meadow

B13

T. greigii

Gregii Tulip

20-30cm

Early spring red

Red List

B14

T. heterophylla

Heterophylla tulip

10-20cm

Yellow June-July

Subalpine meadow

B15

T. kaufmanniana

Kaufmanniana tulip

15-30cm

Early spring: red and cherry colours to light-blue and violet

Red List. Meadows, bushy and stony slopes from foothills to middle montane. All over! in apple forests

B16

T. sylvestris

Wild tulip

35cm

Mid-late spring yellow

happily spreads. Tall herb meadow, Fruit forest.

B17

T. turkestanica

Turkestan tulip

10-15cm

white/yellow early spring

Fruit forest

References

T7 1 T4 S6 x x T1 x x T1 x x T1 S3 S1 x 2 x S x 2 1 T 6 T1 x S2 x x1 M 2 S1 x S5 3 x 1 T1 x x S2x 1 S2 xS T5x M2 4 S5 x S T x 2 x11 T6 x S x x 7 S2 M Sx3 S9 x x 3 S9 T8 x S9x x M M S3 4 1 x

S3 x

T x12

10m

1:400 A3 M1 tall-herb meadow perennial matrix M2

wild-fruit forest perennial matrix

conifer forest perennial matrix

sub-alpine meadow perennial matrix paths / patios