ImaginativeDreams
Althougheveryonehasgreatimaginativedreams,oftentheydon'tcometrue,whichisquite disappointing.ThroughoutthenovelOfMiceandMen,Lennie,George,Curley'sWife,andCandy allexperienceddisappointingdreamsAllthecharactershadunfinisheddreamsofthingsthat factoredintothecharactertheybecame.Forexample,ifCurley'swifewasamoviestar,she wouldn'thavebeenmurderedbyLennie.Withtheunfinisheddreamsofambitionandaspirationin OfMiceandMen,dreamsasawholeplayanimportantroleinthecharacterslives.Lennieand George'sfarminspiredCandywiththedreamofjoiningthemontheirfarm,evenwillingtoputmost ofhismoneytowardsitAsCandyexpressesinthenovel,"theygavemetwohundredandfifty dollars'causeIlosmyhand.AnI...Icouldcookandtendthechickensandhoethegardensome. How'dthatbe?"(59).Togeorgethiswasagreatopportunity,soquicklyGeorgetookCandyupon thisofferThisshowshowCandyhadastrongdesiretojoinLennieandGeorgeontheirfarmAlot ofthemenonthefarmaren'tverywealthy,soCandysayinghewouldputthreehundredandfifty dollarstowardsthefarm.Althoughthefarmwaspleasantdream,itwasneverfulfilled.George, Lennie,andCandyallhadfaiththatonedaytheywouldbemenoftheirveryownfarm.Candy's dreamofafarmallstartedfromGeorgeandLennie,Georgehasthemasterplanforitall,and LenniekindlyfollowsinhisfootstepsLenniefollowsGeorge
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Artisanimaginationofanartistic,itisaninnovationalthinkingofanartistic.Artcancomeinmany formssuchaspainting,drawing,music,theater,andmuchmore.Ineveryusableobjectthatan humanbeingmadeonthisplanet,somewhereartisinvolvedinit.Ineverythingthereisartfor examplelikeancarwetravel,bedwesleepin,evenacellphoneisadesign.So,everypossible objectanhumanbeingusingthereissomekindofartinvolvedinitManygreatartistshadsome kindofspecialitylikecreativeskills,differentimagination,theyusetheirimaginationintheirartto createsomethingreallyuniqueandtheydescribedtheiremotionsthroughart.Artcanbeusedto experiencetheworldaroundusArthasbeenusedbyhumanssincemanyagestounderstandlife, emotioncommunications,andcreativeideastocreatesomethingobjective.Functionsofartcanbe likecommunication,itmayhelpusimaginethederine,glorifiesthestate,celebrateswarand conquest.Manygreatartistslikepicassowhousedvisualarttookittoanotherlevel,modern sculpturewhichheactuallyfoundeditatthattime,hewasanimportantfigureinthe20thcentury andPicassoconsideredasthemostinfluentialartistofthattimeAnothergreatartistlikeLeonardo daVincionethemostallroundartistwhodidalmosteverykindofartlikepainting,architect, engineer,sculptor,andhewasconsideredastheRenaissanceMan.Musicandtheatercanbeseenas aformofart,
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AnessaywrittenbyGaryJ.Kornblith,themainfocusisonapurelyimaginativesubject.Theuseof thiscounterfactualapproachiswidelyacceptedasamethodologyinresearchofcausation. AccordingtoKornblith,counterfactualexercisesarenecessaryto"thinkmoreclearlyabout causationandtodistinguishbetweenessentialfactorsandcoincidentaldevelopments"(79).Heuses thecounterfactualmethodtopresenttheideathatifHenryClayhadbeenelectedin1844,whichhe goesontoproveasplausible,wewouldbeinamuchdifferentcountry.Thethesisasawholeis statedas"...Myfocusisonadifferentpairofwars:theMexican–AmericanWarof1846–1848and theAmericanCivilWarof1861–1865Ratherthanprojectadifferentmilitaryoutcome,Ipositthe absenceoftheMexican–AmericanWar...Thekeytopeaceinmycounterfactualscenarioisavictory byHenryClayoverJamesK.Polkintheveryclosepresidentialelectionof1844...AsaresultTexas wouldalmostcertainlyhaveremainedanindependentrepublicin1845,andtheUnitedStateswould nothavegonetowarwithMexicothefollowingyear.Basedasitisonahighlyplausibleturnof events,thiscounterfactualscenariopromisestoadvanceourunderstandingofthecausesoftheCivil War"(77).Hethenaddsthefactthattherearetwoviewpointsthatcomefromthiscounterfactual exercise;Revisionists,whobelievethattheCivilWarcouldhavebeenavoided,despitethesectional differences,and
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1.Sociologicalimaginationisusingimaginativethoughtsandprocessestoanswersociological questions.Thisistothinkyourwaytoadifferentperspectivetoachieveabetterunderstandingof somethingSociologyisthestudyofsociety,culture,andhumannatureThegoalistounderstand whatmakesandchangessocieties.Manifestfunctionsareconsequencesthatareknown,suchas punishmentsforbreakinglaws.Latentfunctionsareconsequencesthatarenotknown,likea consequencethatispositiveornegativebutnotexplicitlyrecognized
2.ÉmileDurkheim'sstudyofsuiciderevealedthathumansaresocialcreaturesandthathowa personinteractswithothersshapeshowtheyact.IamtakingthisclassformyminorbecauseI believeditwouldbeappropriatetominorinsociologywhilemajoringinpsychology.A"deeper" reasoncouldbebecauseIintendtoworkwithpeopleandwhileIamlearningabouttheindividual,I feelaneedtolearnabouthowsocietyaffectstheindividualaswell
3.ThetheorythathasbeeninfluencedbyComte,Spencer,andDurkheimis
4.ToMarx,capitalismisaneconomicsystemwheretheupperclassexploitsthelower,working classandconflictisinevitableThealienationoftheworkingclasswascausedbytheirlaborAll theyweretotheupperclasswerejustpeoplewhowantedtobefedthatwouldworklonghoursand beseparatedfromtheirfamiliesandeachothertodosoTheideatode–alienatetheworkingclass fromtheupper
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Thenotionthateveryonehasthepotentialtobecreativedoesn'teffectivelyincreasecompetitionand makeithardertoberecognizedasaprofessionalcreativeindustriespractitioner.Eventhough everyoneisinsomewaycreativeorimaginativedoesnotmeanthattheywillbesuccessful.Thisis becauseofthreemainreasons.Somepeoplehavegreaterabilityatbeingcreativeandimaginative thanothersSomepeopledon'thavethetimeorresourcesnecessarytoreachtheircreativepotential Andotherssimplythinkthatcreativityisnotsomethingthattheycanmakealivingfromand thereforedon'tembraceordeveloptheirimagination.
Creativityistheprocessinwhichapersondiscoversnewideasorconcepts,ornew associationsshowmorecontent
Thesameconceptappliestocreativity.Ifyoushowsomebasicabilityinbeingcreativedoesn't meanyouwillbesuccessful,itispossible,buthighlyunlikely.Thestudymentionedabovereveals thatwearenaturallycreativeandaswegrowupwelearntobeuncreativeThismeansthatlike almosteveryotherindustryintheworld,itisonlytheonewhoexcelintheirindividualfieldthatare mostlikelytobenoticedandbecomesuccessful.Althoughtherearesometechniquestoimprove yourcreativeability,thinkofthemassoccertraining.Itwillimproveyourskills,buttoplayatthe top,apersonisgoingtoneedacertainamountofnaturaltalentaswellasyearsoftraining. Althougheveryoneisbornwithsimilaramountsofnaturaltalent,thatwhichisleftatthebeginning ofadulthoodisfarmoreimportant.Itisduringourjourneytoadulthoodthatiswhereweloseitall. Throughoutourchildhoodwearetaughttobelesscreative.Inearlychildhood,wereachapoint whereourparentsgiveupandtellustostopaskingsomanyquestionsDuringourschooling,we aretoldtoconformtotheapprovedpracticesandtoautomaticallyaccepteverythingthatissaidby theteachersasabsolutefact.Sociallywelearnthattobeacceptedwemustabandoncreative activitiessuchasartandwritingasitisconsidered"uncool".Andsobythetimewereach
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EYE31–4.1Describebenefitsof:
physicalplay
creativeplay
imaginativeplay
sensoryplay
Playcanbeofseveraltypesandaspractitionerswemustplanandincorporatedifferentkindsof playsothatchildrencanbenefitfromdifferentkindsofdevelopmentPlaycanbebroadlyclassified asphysicalplay,creativeplay,imaginativeplay,sensoryplayandheuristicplay.Itisimportantfor settingstoprovidetheresourcesrequiredtoenableallkindsofdifferentplay.
PhysicalPlay:
Physicalplayisakindofplaythatinvolvesphysicalmovementsthatdevelopachild'sgrossmotor skillsandfinemotorskillsItinvolvesmovingactivitieslikejumping,running,climbing,hopping, throwingetc.Playingwithblocks,connectingtoys...showmorecontent...
Makesthemfeelliketheyhavecontrolovertheiractionsandallowsthemtoshowavarietyof emotions.
SocialDevelopmentTeacheschildrentotaketurnsandassumedifferentrolesandresponsibilities.
SensoryPlay:
Sensoryplayisakindofplaywherechildrenareallowedtoexploredifferenttexturesandmaterials andgetafeelofitTheseincludewaterplay,sandplay,playdoh,foametcThesekindsofplay allowsthemtoexpressthemselvesandalsoteachesalotabouthowdifferentthingsfeelandchange whentheyaretouched.
ThebenefitsofSensoryplayare:
PhysicalDevelopmentHelpsthechilddevelopfinemotorskillsandhandeyecoordinationasthey playwithdifferentsandtoys,pourthings,shapethingsusingplaydohetc
Alsopromotesgrossmotorskillswhenchildrenaregivenlargerobjectswhichtheyhaveto transport,rollpushetc.
CognitiveDevelopmentChildrenlearnaboutdifferentmaterialstextures,colorsandtheirproperties andhowtheychange.
LanguageIfthechildrenareplayingwitheachotherthenitprovidesscopeforcommunicationand allowsthemtoshare
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OsazuwaOsayomwanbor
200345160
Sociology/SocialStudies
ReadingSummary(SOST801)
Topic:BeyondDisciplinaryConfinementtoImaginativeTransdisciplinarity
INTRODUCTION
Thesocietytodayisfacedwithvariousproblems.Somehavealwaysbeenthere,othersarenewto us,yetothershaveevolvedfromtheiroldermodesandtakennewdimensions.Forexampleweare notstrangerstoissuesofdemocratization,butcertainlyarefacedwiththechangingmodeofwar andterrorism.Andthen,newissuesmayincludeclimatechange.Whateverthecategory,man's eternalstruggleistobeabletoresolvetheissuesthatconfrontorthreatenitsexistence.Todothis mandependsonknowledgegainedfromstudyingtheproblemsHowever,asproblemsevolve,they seemtobecomeresistanttoexistingapproaches,oratleast,weseemnottobeabletoresolvethem usingexistingapproachesThusthoseproblemsbecomewickedproblemsInthischapter,we discusshowsuchproblemscanberesolvedusingtransdisciplinaryapproach.
WHYTRANSDICIPLINARITY?
Therelevanceofthetransdisciplinarityapproachisseeninthenatureoftheproblem.Since problemsarenowmultidimensional,thenweagreethatasingleapproachwillnotsufficiently resolveit(Brown2010:16).Henceweneedatransdiciplinaryapproach.
InchaptertwoofBrown(2010:16),therearesomeotherreasonswhyweneedatransdiciplinary approachtowickedproblemsTheyare:
1.Existingscientificapproachesaretospecializedor
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sychChildren'sImaginativePlay:ADescriptivePsychologyApproach
CharlesKantor,Ph.D.Abstract
Thesignificanceofchildren'simaginativeplayispresentedfromtheperspectiveofDescriptive PsychologyandinparticularOssorio'sDramaturgicalmodelofpersons.Thefluidityofimaginative play,theimitationofandcreationofsocialpracticesandoptionswithinplayaswellasthe opportunitytoswitchrolesandactaccordingtoreasonsofanother,contributetothedevelopmentof judgment.Theobserver–criticroleemergesduringimaginativeplayaschildrenproduce,direct,and enacttheirdramasWithinthesescenarios,childrendevelopcompetenceandeligibilitytobenot onlystatusassignersbutalsoselfstatusassigners.During...showmorecontent...
TheselfandselfconceptThepsychoanalytictheorists(Freud,Erikson)seechildrenplayingout negativeemotionsinasafecontext.Childrenareattemptingtoregaincontrolinsituationsof conflict.Meadstressestheimportanceofroleplayinginchildren'splay,whichactivitycontributes toachild'ssenseofself(Verenikinaetal,2003)Erikson(1963,p240)indescribingayoungclient strugglingwiththewartimedeathofhisfather,apilot,illustratesthehealingvalueofplay:"...he wasobservedswoopingdownahillonabicycle,endangering,scaring,yetdeftlyavoidingother children....Inwatchinghim,andhearingthestrangenoiseshemade,Icouldnothelpthinkingthat heagainimaginedhimselftobeanairplaneonabombingmission.Butatthesametimehegained inplayfulmasteryoverhislocomotion;heexercisedcircumspectioninhisattack,andhebecamean admiredvirtuosoonabicycle."
259
AdvancesinDescriptivePsychology–Vol.9
Thisdescriptionofayoungboyplayingimaginativelyillustrateselementsthattheoristsoverthe yearshaveattributedtothevalueofplayHisroleplaywasdistinctlysocialasotherswitnessedhis attack,andhisactionsincreasedhisstature,hisprestigeamonghisfriends.Hisabilitytohandlethe bike,hiscognitivestrength,"circumspectioninhisattack",asheswoopsdownthehill,isnotedas wellHisselfesteemincreasedtotheextentthathe
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HigherEnglishImaginativeWriting
TheYoungGladiator
MarcusanxiouslyawaitedhisturntofightThecrowdwascheeringandroaringastwoslaves foughteachotherinthearena.Eventhoughthiswasjustapreludetothemaineventthecrowdwas enthralledtheaction.Hewatchedonnervouslyastheyslashedandstabbedateachother.They weren'tinflictingseriousdamageoneachotherbecausetheywerebothfastandwaryoftheother's attacks.Therewerenomajorwoundsinflictedyetbutafterafewminutesofdancingaroundeach otheroneofthemmanagedtojustcatchtheother'slegandtheyfelldownintothesand.Thesoon tobechampionstoodabovehim,swordpointingattheirneck.Helookeduptothecrowd;awaiting theirverdict.AtthispointitwastheEmperorandthecrowd'sdecisionwhethertheysurvivedor notThecrowdshoutedtohavehimkilled,pointingtheirthumbsdownasthesignalfordeathWith onequickstab,itwasover.Someoftheguardswalkedovertodragthedeadbodyoffasthe championwalkedaroundthearenabaskinginthecrowd'scheers.Thereweretensofthousandsof peopleinthecrowdexcitedfortheupcomingfightTheEmperorwasoneofthemHewassittingin amuchlesscrowdedarea;surroundedbyhiselitepraetorianguardandhisservants.Hewaswearing hismostlavishtogaandwasdrinkingsomefineItalianwineThefightsinthearenawerea fortnightlyeventbutitwasrarefortheEmperortoturnuptoviewone.