Essay Australia

Australia'sEconomy

AustraliabecameacommonwealthoftheBritishEmpirein1901Itwasabletotakeadvantageof itsnaturalresourcestorapidlydevelopitsagriculturalandmanufacturingindustriesandtomakea majorcontributiontotheBritisheffortinWorldWarsIandII.Now,Australiahasaprosperous Western–stylecapitalisteconomy,withapercapitaGDPatthelevelofthefourdominantWest Europeaneconomies.Richinnaturalresources,Australiaisamajorexporterofagricultural products,minerals,metals,andfossilfuels

Commoditiesaccountfor57%ofthevalueoftotalexports,sothatadownturninworldcommodity pricescanhaveabigimpactontheeconomyThegovernmentispushingforincreased exports...showmorecontent...

Wheatandsugarcanearetheleadingcrops,followedbybarley,oats,rice,potatoes,cotton, sunflowerseeds,andtomatoes.Fruitsincludegrapes,primarilyforwine,andoranges,apples, pineapples,andbananas.

Rangelandandpasturesoccupyabout55percentofthetotallandarea;onthisareraisedtheworld's largestnumberofsheep,producingmorewoolthananyothercountry.Otherlivestockinclude cattle,aboutone–twelfthfordairying,andpigs.Beefandcattlehidesareimportantproducts.

Australiaisalmostself–sufficientinlumberproductionMostofroundwoodproductionis broadleaved,andtimberplantationsaccountforaboutone–fifthofthelumberoutput.Mostfishing inAustraliaismarine,three–fifthsfromtheIndianOceanandtwo–fifthsfromthePacificOcean.

Morethantwo–thirdsoftheannualcatchconsistsofcrustaceans;tunaisalsoimportant.Miningand quarryingaccountforabout4percentoftheGDPandemployabout1percentofthelabourforce. Bituminousandlignitecoalaretheleadingenergyminerals,followedbypetroleumandnaturalgas. Australialeadstheworldintheproductionofbauxite,industrialdiamond,andlead;othermetallic mineralsincludeironore,manganeseore,titaniumoxide,zinc,copper,nickel,tin,silver,gold, platinum,cobalt,cadmium,antimony,zircon,bismuth,andtungsten.Theprincipalnonmetallic

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Australia–TheLandDownUnderAustraliaisacontinentfilledwithuniquegeography,culture,and animals.AsPeterDoddsMcCormickproudlystatesintheAustraliannationalanthem,"Ourland aboundsinnature'sgiftsofbeautyrichandrare."Filledwithitsabundantnativefeatures,Australia istheworld'ssixthlargestcountry.Australiaisalsothesmallestcontinentandthelargestislandin theworldOneaspectofAustraliaisitsuniquegeographyThetotalpopulationofAustraliais estimatedtobetwenty–twomillionpeople.AnnWeil(2014,7)pointsinherbookContinents: Australia,"MuchofAustraliaistoohotanddryformostpeopletolive.TherearefewAboriginal communitiesinAustralia'sdesert–filledmiddleButthereisnotenoughwaterintheoutbackfor manyhomesorfarms.AlmostallAustraliansliveinbigcitiesclosetotheocean."Despite Australia'sstereotypicaloutback,aroundeightypercentofAustralia'scitizensliveintownsand cities.Thecountryisdividedintotwoterritoriesandsixstates.Thesestatesandterritoriesinclude NewSouthWales,Victoria,SouthAustralia,WesternAustralia,Queensland,Tasmania,Northern Territory,andtheshowmorecontent

Canberrahasapopulationofabout250,000andwasdesignedtobethecapitalcityofAustralia.

GarethStevens(1988,20)statesinhisbookChildrenoftheWorld:Australia,"In1911,the Australiangovernmentannouncedaworldwidecompetitiontodesigntheirnewcapital.Thewinner ofthatcompetitionwasaChicagoarchitectnamedWaterBurleyGriffen."Canberrawasbuiltand designatedtobeitsowncapitalandterritoryStevens(1988,20)alsostates,"Thecityisnowhome ofAustralianNationalUniversity,twomajorlibraries,foreignembassies,andmanygovernment organizations."Canberrahasgrownandflourishedintoagovernmentcityandattractsmanytourists every

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Australia!

Australiaisalargecountrywithapopulationofapproximately24millioninhabitants.Thecountry withit'sworldfamousAborigineshasalotofhistory.AustraliahasnaturalwonderssuchasThe GreatBarrierReefandAyersRock,whichmakesitoneofthemostbeautifulcountriesintheworld. ThecapitalisCanberra,butSydneyisthelargestcityinAustraliaAustraliaispopularforit's cricketteamandAustralianfootballleague.Thecountryisanislandwithmultipledivingand swimmingoptionsandanextraordinarywildlifewithkangaroos,snakesandtheirfamouskoalas. Thismakesthecountryoneofthemostpopulardestinationsforvacationintheworld AustraliaisasmostpeopleknowanEnglishspeakingcountry,butmostpeopleknowthemfrom theirtypicalaccent.YoumightwonderwhyacountrysofarawayfromGreatshowmorecontent AyersRockorUluruistheAboriginesspiritualplace.Itisabigrock,andanaturalphenomenon.1 humanright#2

AyersRockisoneofthereasonspeopletraveltoAustralia,butit'snottheonlythingthecountry hastooffer.AlongthecoastofAustralia,theGreatBarrierReefislocated.Itisoneoftheseven wondersoftheworldandisbasicallyahugereefmadebydifferentcoralreefsandliesunderwater. Somepeoplewaitnearlytheirwholelifetoseethisphenomenon.YoucandiveintheGreatBarrier ReefandseedifferentfishandwildlifeAustraliahasaverylargewildlifeincluding10ofthe world'smostdangeroussnakes.Theyalsohavekoalasandtheirworldfamouskangaroos.Ifyou don'tlikeanimals,youcanheaddowntoAustralia'scapitalSydneyandseetheOperaHouse.The architecturaliconofthe20thcenturytook16yearstobuild,andhasavalueof100milliondollars Forthosewhodoesn'tlikewildlife,marinelife,oroperayoucantakethetriptoBondibeach,and catchthe

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*Geography*

Australiaisthesixthlargestcountryintheworld.ItliesintheSouthernHemispherebetween11° and44°southlatitudeand113°and154°eastlongitude.Theentireareaoflandisaboutthesame sizeasthecontinentalUnitedStates,oraboutoneandahalftimesthesizeofEurope.Themainland ofAustraliahasanareaof2,967,909squaremilesThecountryisdividedintosixstates: Queensland,NewSouthWales,Victoria,Tasmania,SouthAustralia,andWesternAustralia. Thegeologicalactivitythatcreatedthecountry'smountains,plains,andriversceasedmillionsof yearsagoEarthquakesareveryrareandthelastvolcaniceruptionoccurredmorethan5,000years ago.ThehighestmountaininAustralia,Mount...showmorecontent...

ThemajorityofthesepeopleareofCaucasiandescent,althoughtherearemanyotherethnicgroups. ThereisnodominantreligioninAustralia.AsofJuly2002,26.1%areAnglican,26%areRoman Catholic,24.3%areanotherChristianreligion,and11%arenon–Christian.Themostusedlanguage ofAustraliaisEnglish,however,thereareavarietyofothernativelanguagesthatarestillused today.

*Government*

Australia'sformofgovernmenthasbeendescribedasaconstitutionalmonarchy,inwhichthequeen ofEnglandisthenominalheadofstateInthefederalgovernment,powerrestswiththeelected politicalpartythatholdsthemajorityintheHouseofRepresentatives.Theleaderistheprime minister.TheSenateconsistsof76memberswhoareelectedeverysixyears.TheHouseof Representativeshas147membersandtheyfaceelectionseverythreeyearsAnylawsthatinvolve changestotheConstitutionmustbedecidedbyareferenduminwhichthecountry'scitizensare calledtovoteonwhetherornottheywantsuchchangestotakeplace.

Intheregionalgovernment,eachofAustralia'sstatesisadministeredbyaparliament,which consistsofalegislativecouncil,andalegislativeassembly.Thepremieristheleaderofthepolitical partydominatingthelegislativeassemblyEachstaterunsitsownschoolsandhospitals,administers itsownlaws,andhasitsownpoliceforce.

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EssayOnAustralianFederation

ThemovementfromaBritishcolonytotheindependentandproudnationofAustraliatookplaceat theturnofthe20thcentury.Thiswasnotaquickchangeanditwasnotaresultofonesingular factororevent.ManyfactorsandeventscontributedtotheFederationofAustraliain1901. Federationwasinfluencedbythepeopleofthenation,andtheirdecisionandthoughtsonunitingof thecoloniesBeforeFederation,thecoloniesofAustraliawerenotonecountryTheyhaddifferent railways,differentdefenceforcesandevenidentities.Federationmeantthatthecoloniesof Australia–Queensland,NewSouthWales,Victoria,Tasmania,SouthAustraliaandWestern Australia–woulduniteintoonecountryTheywouldhavethesamecurrency,governmentand identity.FederationwasamajorturningpointinAustralianhistory,...showmorecontent...

Priorto1859,QueenslandwasapartofNewSouthWales.Thesplitofthetwocoloniesallowedfor furtherchangesbetweenthecolonies,whichinconveniencedalotofpeople.Theseinconveniences includeddifferentgovernments,unlikerailwaylinesanddifferentpostalsystems.TheGoldRushin themid1800'sboughtimmigrantsfrompartsoftheworldtoaddtothepopulation,andarisein wealthtotheAustralianeconomy–especiallytheeconomyofVictoria.Theeventualexplorationof inlandAustraliamadeiteasiertocrossthecountryandallowedformoresettlementtowns.People thenstartedtohavetheideaaboutFederation.Thereweretworeferendums–onein1898andonein 1899–forthepublictodecidewhetherthecoloniesshouldfederate.AsseeninSource4.65,page 211,OxfordBigIdeasAustralianCurriculumHistory9,thepublicwantedAustraliatobecomeits ownnation,tohaveanidentityandto'makeAustraliagreat'.Themajorityofthepopulationofthe coloniesvotedfortheFederationofAustraliatooccur,whichthenfollowedin

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GoodeveningLadiesandGentlemen,adjudicator,oppositionandmyfellowdebaters.Thetopicfor ourdebateisthat'Australiashouldbecomearepublic'.We,GladstoneParkTeam2agreewiththe definitionputforthbytheaffirmativeteamHowever,we,thenegativeteam,believethatstatement isfalse.BeforeIofficiallybeginmyarguments,Iwouldliketoclearupsomemisconceptionsmade bythepositiveside.–REBUTTLES–Todayasfirstspeaker,Iwillbespeakingabouthowmuch moneybecomingarepublicwouldcostandhowAustraliaisfinejustthewayitisOursecond speaker,willinformyouallontheurgencytostayademocracyasitisanAustraliantradition.Last butnotleast,ourthirdspeaker,willrebutandsumupourteam's

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CultureInAustraliaEssay

CULTURE GOVERNMENT/HISTORY

TherearedifferentviewsinconcerntothesubjectofAustralia'scultureandtherelationstothe governmentandhistory.ManyclaimthatAustralia'sblendofglobalinfluences–thecross–fertilisationofculturesbythedominantpoliticalpowersofGreatBritain,theUnitedStates,and emergingneighboursinAsia.

OthersarguethatseparateanddistinctAustraliancultureshaveexistedforalongtime,asan example,AboriginesAboriginalculturesdatingbackthousandsofyearstookmanyforms,with over100separatelanguages,andwithwidespreadsocialnetworksmakingitnecessaryfor Aboriginalpeopletobemultilingualtocommunicate.AseparateBritish–influencedAustralian cultureisalsosaidtoshowmorecontent

Australia'sCulturalDevelopment

Australiahasbeeninfluencedbymigrantculturesfromover30countriesbutofthesethestrongest culturalinfluencesupuntiltheSecondWorldWarwereBritishandIrish,withthehighest percentageofimmigrantsintoAustraliabeingofBritishorIrishorigin.

Australia'searliestnationalandculturalidentitydevelopedfromtheseBritish,Irishandother Europeanorigins.Itscultureisarguedtohavegrownfromtheseoriginsandpassedthroughthe following'stages'inAustralianhistory:

Colonialbeginnings(1788to1800s):settlementofAustralia,colonialdependence Goldrushera(1850s):increasingBritishandEuropeanmigration,minersandotherworkersstrikes againstcolonialauthorities,greaterself–governmentwithintheBritishEmpire RiseofAustraliannationalism(1880sto1890s):colonialcitizensandgovernmentscallfortrade protectionism,'white'isolationfromAsiaandforfederationofcolonies Federation(1901):coloniescombinetoformCommonwealthofAustralia,WhiteAustraliaPolicy adopted

WorldWarOne(1914to1918):birthoftheANZAClegend,GallipoliandotherEuropean campaigns Depressionera(1930s):worldeconomicandpoliticalinstability,increasedtradeprotection,fearsof Japaneseexpansion

WorldWarTwo(1939to1945):threatofJapaneseinvasion,European

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AustraliaCaseStudy

AustraliaandAustraliansnaturallypursuetoadvanceandmaintainthesecurity,economic prosperityandadvocateourliberaldemocraticvaluesbycommittingandshowcasingthem internationally.ThesethreeaspectsarecrucialandconsideredAustralia'skeynationalinterestsdue totheirimportanceandessentialbenefits.Defencecansupportandaidusinrecoverywhenweface unpredictableeventsofadversityOurliberaldemocracydemonstratesastrongbeliefandcore systemwhichallowsAustralianstohavepoliticalandeconomicfreedomwhilsthavinganapproach tointernationalaffairs.Australia'sliberaldemocracyisalsostronglylinkedtoandrequiresastable andresourcefuleconomyinorderforittofunctionThisenablesshowmorecontent Inthepast,oursecurity'sinstabilitydecreasedbytheendoftheColdWarhowever,otherpotential threatsandconcernsremainedandcontinuetorequirefurtherobservation.Thesepotentialthreats couldeitherbethedevelopmentsinEuropeandtheMiddleEastwhichcanhavethepotentialto disruptglobalsecurity.AnynegativeimpactfulinstabilityinSouthAsiaorCentralAsiawouldalso poseathreattothesecurityoftheAsiaPacific(RonAnderson,SEVAustralianForeignPolicy–NationalinterestsandObjectives,6August2010).Australiaplaysasignificantroleinassertingits powerandbeliefsininternationalaffairsandorganisations,therefore,thereissteadytensiondueto developingcountriesseekingmorepowerintheexistingrules–basedorder.Australiaisfirmlytied toandalliesoftheUnitedNationsduetotheiralignedsocialandculturalvaluesandbeliefswhich include:democracy,lawandhumanrights(DepartmentofDefence2016)Therefore,thealliance bindsustotheexpectationofobligationoftraditional,bipartisananddefencesupportfortheUS likewehadprovidedinthepast.WehavecontributedinthewarsinKorea,Vietnam,Gulf, AfghanistanandIraqwarsduetothisallianceThiswasreinforcedandacknowledgedstrongly undertheHowardgovernmentthroughtheinvocationofANZUSafterthe

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Earlierthisyear,thousandsofindigenousAustraliansandactivistmarchedinmajorcitiesacross Australia,arguingthatJanuary26shouldn'tbecelebratedasitsmarksadayofmourningformany people.ThousandsofAboriginalpeopleandactivistprotestinMelbournearguingthedateof Australiadaymustbealtered.

ASkyNewsreportrevealedthatseveralproteststurnedviolentwithanAustralianflagsetalightin SydneyandMelbourne,andprotesterslikeningthedaytothebombingofHiroshima.

OnJanuary26,1788thefirstfleetarrived,markingthebeginningofgenocideoftheAboriginal PeopleBy1935allstatescametoacknowledgethecolonisationofAustralia,andJanuary26 becameknownas"AustraliaDay".

However,leadinguptothebicentenaryofEuropeancolonisationin1988theterm"InvasionDay" cameintousagebyAboriginalpeoplewhoquestionedwhatwastocelebrateaboutmassgenocide. Sincethenprotestshavebeenheldeveryyear.

WithAustraliaDayassociatedtocelebratinggenocideandthedestructionoftheAboriginalculture, thegovernmentmustconsideralteringthedateofAustraliaDayoutofrespectfortheAboriginal PeopleandtofurtherassimilationbetweenIndigenousandNon–IndigenousAustralians,whichin contrasttogenocide,issomethingtrulyworthcelebrating.

BeforethearrivalofthefirstfleettheAboriginalpeoplewerefreehowever,aftertheinvasionthe AboriginalpeoplewerecontrolledbytheEuropeans,asdisplayedin ...Getmorecontent...

ThenameofAustraliacomesfromtheLatinwordAustralis,whichmeanssouthern.Sinceitlies entirelyinthesouthernhemisphere,Australiaismostcommonlyreferredtoas"downunder". Australia,beingacountry,isalsoacontinent.Inlandareait'sthesixthlargestforacountryandthe smallestcontinent.Australiaisaverydry,thinlypopulatedcountry.Veryfewcoastalareasreceive enoughrainfalltosupportalargepopulationThelargestgroupofAustralianpeopleliveintwo largecities,SydneyandMelbourne.

ThevastinteriorismainlydesertorgrasslandandthereareveryfewsettlementsAsawhole,the countryhasadensityofsixpeoplepersquaremile.Thedownunderisfamousforvastwide–open spaces,brightshowmorecontent

InthesouthernregionlietheAustralianAlps.

TheMurrayRiver,Australia'sonlyriverthatconstantlyflowsfromtheAlps,isthelongest river.Australia'ssecondmajorregion,thecentrallowlands,isgenerallyaflatareawithinfrequent rainfallalongthenorthandsouthcoastsandneartheeasternhighlands.Farmersinthesouthern regiongrowwheatbutmostoftheregionistohotortodryforcrops.Howeverthecoursegrassor shrubsthatcoverthelandmakeitsuitableforlivestock.Thetwolargetownsintheregionhave fewerthan30,000peopleAustralia'sthirdmajorregion,thewesternplateau,coversthewesterntwo thirdsofAustralia.

Avast,dry,treelessplateauextendsabout400milesalongtheregionssouthernedge;whilethe centralpartismostlydesert.Alotofthedesertareaconsistsofswirlingsandsthatoftendriftinto giantdunes.Inplacesthedesertgiveswaytolandcoveredbygrassandshrubs.Grazinglivestock canthenusetheland.Thenorthandsouthhastheregionsheaviestrainfall.Theregionstwolargest citiesareAdelaideandPerth.TheOutbackThebush,astheAustralianscallit,referstothe countryside

Thetermoutbackrefersspecificallytotheinteriorofthecountry,withismainlyopencountryside includingvastexpansesofgrazinglandAbout13percentofAustralia'speopleliveintheserural areas.Manypeopleliveextremelyisolatedlivesonsheepand

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Australiaisamulticulturalcountryandwelcomespeoplefromvaryingnationalitiesintoits communitieseachandeveryday.Asaresult,classroomsalloverAustraliaarechanging.Nomatter whatlocationateacheriscontractedto,therewillbesomeelementofavarietyofcultureswithin thatenvironment.Diversityofcultureswithinindividualcommunitieswillfluctuatefromtownto townandstatetostateaspeoplere–settleandcreatehomesforthemselvesandforgeanewidentity andsenseofplace.Asateacher,itisalsoimportanttonote,thattheexperiencesofmigrantstudents inyourclasswillvary.Somemayassimilateverywell;othersmayencountermorehurdlesthan othersAteacher'sroleinachild'slifeshouldbeonewhichispositiveSupportingachildthrough theireducationandensuringtheyhaveappropriatecareandcompassioninrelationtotheirsituation isimportant.Thisguidehasbeenputtogethertohelpteacherswithsomebackgroundknowledgeon educatingculturallydiversestudentsandsomestrategiestohelpfostercompassionand understandingwithintheclassroom.

Cultureisalwayschanging.Beliefs,behavioursandpresentation,religionandlanguageallformpart ofwhatisanindividual'sorcommunity'sculture.(Bowes,Grace,&Hodge,2012,p.75&77).Due toitsintrinsicnature,whenpeoplemigratetoAustralia,theybringtheirculturewiththem.As migrantscomefromallovertheworld,andnottheoneplace,their

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ImmigrationtoAustralia

Introduction

Australiaisoftendescribedasoneofthe'classicalcountriesofimmigration'. Theconceptofbeinga'nationofimmigrants'isatthecenterofAustralianidentity Australiaisauniquecountry,andithasalonghistoryofpopulationgrowthduetoimmigration. Australiaisayoungcountryandhasnotfullydeveloped.Itiscommonlycalled"TheLandof Opportunity"Thispaperwilldiscussthehistoryofimmigration,thehistoryoftheimmigration policy,theeconomic,socialandcultural,andthepopulationimpactsofimmigrationtoAustralia.

TheHistory–ImmigrationtoAustralia

ThehistoryofimmigrationtoAustraliastartedbefore1770.Thefirsthumaninhabitantsof Australiashowmorecontent

TheBritishgovernmentwantedtheconvictsasfarawayfromBritainaspossible.Thedesignated placewouldcometobeAustralia,thenknownasNewSouthWales."Onthe13thMay1787afleet ofelevenshipsleftBritainwithtwoyearsprovisionandacargoof759unwillingconvicts,their guards,andshipscrewnumbering–1530peopleinall.Theyweretocolonizethenewland."

(http://www.ozramp.net)TransportedcriminalswerethebasisofthefirstmigrationfromEurope. Startingin1788,some160,000peoplewereshippedtotheAustraliancolonies.Theseconvicts, alongwiththeofficialsofthepenalsystem,werejoinedbyfreeimmigrantsfromtheearly1790's" (http://www.immi.gov)

NottoomanypeoplewantedtomigratetoAustraliaintheearlydays.Lifewasveryhardduringthis time.Australianeededfarmers,carpenters,builders,etc.,butmostpeopledidnotwanttoleavethe comfortsofhomeforthehardshipsofthisnewland.

Therefore,intheearly1800'saspovertyandunemploymentincreasedinBritain,thegovernment triedtoencouragepeopletocometoAustralia.TheBritishgovernmentencouragedpeopleby agreeingtopayfortheirpassage.Itwascalled"assistedpassage",whichiswhythesesettlerswere called"FreeSettlers"

Earlymigrationpeakedbetween1851and1860Duringthistimearrivallevelswerearound50,000 peopleayear.Therewereseveralcausesforthesignificant

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FAQs:StudyinginAustralia

LivingandstudyingisAustraliaisadreamcometrueformanystudents.Peopleofalldifferentages fromallovertheworldlovetheideaofstudyinginAustraliaatatopuniversity.

Todaywewantedtosharesomeofthemostfrequentlyaskedquestionswithregardtostudyingin Australia

WhystudyinAustralia?

StudyinginAustraliaisoneofthebestdecisionsyoucouldmakeasastudent.Australiahasthetop universitiesintheworld,whichoffersachallenging,rewardingandenrichinglearningexperience Australiaisoneofthetopcountriesintheworldtogotoforinternationalstudents.Australiaalso offershighstandardsoflivinginconjunctionwithhighstandardsofeducation.Itawinning combinationforstudents.

DoIneedavisato...showmorecontent...

YestherearedefinitelyverystrictEnglishrequirementswhichyouwillneedtomeetshouldyou wishtostudyinAustralia.Thechancesarehighthatyouwillneedtodocertaintestsinorderto proofyourlevelofabilityandcompetencyintheEnglishlanguage.

AlwayschecktheEnglishlanguagerequirementsforyourstudentvisa.Thisisapartfromthe Englishlanguagerequirementsforthespecificstudyinginstitutionthatyouwishtoapplyat.Be awarethatyoumayneedtotaketwoEnglishlanguagetests

HowdoIapplytostudyinAustralia?

InordertosuccessfullystudyinAustraliayouwillneedtoapplyforadmissiontoastudying institutionofyourchoosingYouwillalsoneedtoobtainastudentvisafromtheAustralian Government.Youwillneedtomeetbothoftheserequirementsaccordingly.

HowmuchdoesitcosttostudyinAustralia?

TheamountitwillcostyoutostudyinAustraliawilldependontheparticularstudyinginstitution whichyouchoosetostudyat,inadditiontotheparticularcoursewhichyouchoosetostudy Yourlivingcostswillalsovarydependingonyourindividuallocation,courseand

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AustralianAborigines

AustralianAboriginesarethoughttohavethelongestcontinuousculturalhistoryintheworld.Yet, withinahundredyears,thenearextinctionoftheAboriginalculturealmostoccurred.Thissingle event,theinvasionoftheAustraliancontinentbyEuropeansettlers,changedthelifestyle,the culture,andthefateofAustralianAborigines.Theirentireliveswereessentiallytakenawayand theywereforcedintoawhite,Europeanworldwherethelifestylechangecouldnothavebeenany differentAboriginesinAustraliatodayarestrugglingtodealwithapastinwhichtheylosttouch withtheircultureandnowaretryingtoregainsomeofthatculturalidentity.

Inordertounderstandtheeffectsofshowmorecontent

AustralianAboriginesbelievethattodestroyordamageasacredsitethreatensnotonlythepresent inhabitantsbutalsothespiritualinhabitantsofthelandBroomedescribedthat"Eachtribebelieved thatitsboundarieswerefixedandvalidatedbythestoriesaboutthemovementsoftheirancestors, andthereforetherewasnoreasontodesireortrytopossessthecountryofanothergroup:itwould haveseemedmeaninglesstothemsincetheircreationstoriesonlyrelatedtotheirownpieceof territory"(14).AustralianAboriginestraveledaroundalandthatwasasymbolicandreligious worldTherewerenotsimplyrocks,trees,andwateringholesbuttheywereobjectsandplacesthat thegreatancestorshadcreatedandplaceswheretheystilllived.TheAboriginalculturestressed continuityoverchange.

ThequestionofintertribaltradingandcommunicationoccurringbetweenAboriginalgroupsisone thatisnotagreeduponbyinvestigatorsoftheculture.Broomedescribedinhisbook,Aboriginal Australians,sometradingbetweengroupsbutdidnotplaceanemphasisonit.Infact,Broome seemedtodescribeaslowresponsetoEuropeanpresencebecauseofthelackofsufficient communicationbetweengroups(36)However,ReynoldsinTheOtherSideofthe

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EssayOnAustraliaAndTheEnvironmentalCrisis

ThisarticleistalkingaboutAustraliaandtheenvironmentalcrisis.Australiahastakenadecision thatthedismissalofmanyofthescientistswhoarecontributingtoclimatechange,becausethey learnedeverythingyoucouldneedtoknowaboutthephenomenonofglobalwarming.

Australianscientistsareconcernedaboutthisdecision,becauseAustraliaisthedriestandalsothe mostaffectedbythisphenomenon.Inthisstatehappensalotofchangesintheweather,andthatthis decisionwillnotrespondtoanyoftheeffectsofglobalwarming.Thereareadverseeffects throughouttheregion,onalargerscaleandaroundtheworldBasedonthedecisiontodismiss scientistsinAustralia,ithasbeencutupto110jobsoutof140jobsintheatmospheredepartment, andaccordingtoseveralreports:120havebeentransferredatlandandwaterprogram,and350 employeesoftheclimatetheywillbetransferredfarfromtheirareaofspecialization. Australia'sCommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganization(CSIRO),Ithastakena strategicdecisiontohavesuchaninitiativetomonitortheimpactofclimatechangeThisshow morecontent...

Also,itwillmakethecountryill–equippedtodealwiththeconsequencesofglobalwarming.We havementionedpreviouslythatAustraliaisthedriestcountryonearth,Australiahasexperienced significantshiftsinweatherpatterns.Thestrategicstepthathasbeendeveloped,whichisfarfrom thebasicsofclimatechangestepIe,worktoadapttonewmethodssuitableforthecurrent environmentalsituationandanynewenvironment.Iseethatthereisforthemtodoalotofworkand efforttounderstandtheproblem.Theworldneedstheclimatemodelstoadaptandthereductionof thisresearchtheremaybeimpactsthroughouttheregionTheAustralianGovernmentisobviously changing ...Getmorecontent...

Thelegacyofthisgovernmentwasthatitinstigatedmajorchangesinthesocialandculturalfabric ofAustraliabutitalsochallengedthephilosophyofwhatanAustralianisandwhatAustralia represented.Thelate1960sandearly1970sweretimesofgreatchange.Perspectivesand acceptancesaboutimperialism,women'sliberation,racism,ideology,religion,war,morality,social responsibilityandthenaturalenvironmentwerechangingforagreatmanypeoplethroughoutthe world.Someissueswerelongtermpoliticaldebatesthathadbeenpresentedpreviouslybutnot receivedenoughsupportforlegislativechange.

ThefirstBillintroducedtotheSenateonMarch1,1972,theDeathPenaltyAbolitionBillwasby notanewissue(1).The...showmorecontent...

Thechildrenofthepostwarbabyboomwerereachingornearingadulthood,Australiahadalarge youthpopulationandintypicallyALPseatslikeWhitlam'sownseatofWerriwatheyouth populationwasveryhigh(6).ThewithdrawaloftroopsfromVietNamandtheendofconscription werealsoissuesthataffectedtheyouthofAustralia

AnotherlegacyoftheWhitlamGovernmentisfoundinthesupportandimprovementsofferedto women.SoonaftertheWhitlamgovernmentcametopowerissuesrelatingtorightsandstatusof womenwereeithersupportedoraddressedbytheGovernment.Thisincludedtherightsandrequests forequalpayforequalwork,formaternityleave,amendmentstothePublicServicesAct,grantsfor familyplanningcentres,moreaffordableavailabilityofthecontraceptivepillandasupporting motherspensionforwomenwhowerethesoleparent(7).

Theanti–racistphilosophyforwardedbytheWhitlamGovernmentmarkedamajorchangeinthe ALPandtheWhiteAustralianideologyTheRacialDiscriminationBill1975representedamajor achievementoftheWhitlamGovernmentthateffectedimmigration,indigenousaffairsandrights, internationalpoliticsandthebeginningofthemulticulturalismpolicy.

TwootherofthemajorpolicychangesinstigatedbytheWhitlamGovernmentweretheintroduction offreetertiaryeducationandtheintroductionoffreemedicalservicesunderMedicare. TheWhitlamGovernmentalsobroughtchangesinthe

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Australiaisportrayedtobeamulticulturalcountry.Acountrythatiscomposedofdifferentsocial, economicandculturalbackgrounds.Theaccomplishmentofthecooperationofeveryunique classifiedgrouptoagreatextent,dependsonthementalities,qualitiesandconductofeach individualtowardeachother.

RacismisaverypredominantissueItisknownasdiscriminationdirectedagainstsomeoneofa differentracebasedonpersonalbeliefthatone'sownraceissuperior(Anti–DefamationLeague, 2017).Racismunderminessocialcohesionwithinapopulationwhichoftenleadstotheabsenceof humanrightsorevengenocidewhichisthedeliberateexterminationofarace,religion,orethnic group.LookingatAustraliaanditshistory,racismhadatremendousimpactonitsAboriginesthat notonlyisunfathomableyet,dehumanizing.Racismincorporatedcontrolofnativelandunderthe 'TerraNullius'attitude,whiteparanoia,assimilation,sugarcaneplantationsandnativeAustralian well–being.

MulticulturalismhascausedchronologicaldevelopmentandadvancementthatAustraliahas experiencedinwhichstressesthepivotalroleofAustralia'scolonialWhiteparanoia.Whiteparanoia hasshapedAustralia'ssocietyandcultureofambient...showmorecontent...

TheseAboriginalstraditionallyownedlandonagrouportribalbasisaccordingtobirthright.Tothe Aborigines,Australiawasapartoftheirverybeinganditwasverysacred.Sincetheseindigenous peoplewereapartofatribetheywereentitledtodwellonadesignatedareaofthelandandto utilizeitsnaturalresources.However,astimehaselapsedmanytribalgroups'languagesand cultureshadbeenwipedoutbywhitesettlement(Barta,2008,519).Thisoccurredbecausenoone reallyownedtheland,'TerraNullius',whichthencausedEuropeanstodismissthefactthattheland wasinhabitedbythe

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OneplaceIhavealwaysdreamedofvisitingandlivingisAustralia.WheneverIseeAustraliaon TVeverythinglooksbeautiful.Thepeopleseemveryfriendlyandwarm.Culturallyitseemslikea goodfitformebecausethepeopleareprettyeasygoingandsoamI.

Thecountryismadeupverysimilartousinitspeopleaccordingtohttp://www.indexmundi.com/a fewpositivesformeisthattheinfantmortalityrateislowerandthelifeexpectancyisalittlehigher inAustralia.Onebignoteistheobesityrateis26%amongstadultsversus33%intheUS.0 Financiallythecountryisverystable.TheirGDPis999billionandtheir5yeargrowthrateis2.5.

Theunemploymentrateis56%whichisnottoodifferentthentheUS

The...showmorecontent...

*LegislationintheUSrequiresbothlegislativeapprovalandthepresident'ssignature,whereasin AustraliaconventionensuresthatlegislationisautomaticallyratifiedbytheGovernor–Generalonce passedbybothhouses.IntheUStheCongresscanover–rideapresidentialveto.

Australia'slandmassaccordingtohttp://wwwaustraliagovauisabout4677millionsquaremiles whichis5%oftheworldslandmass.Australiaisthesmallestoftheworld'scontinents.Itisalsothe lowest,theflattestand(apartfromAntarctica)thedriest.ThehighestpointontheAustralian mainlandisMountKosciuszko,NewSouthWales,at7268feetabovesealevel.Thelowestpointis thedrybedofLakeEyre,SouthAustralia,whichis49feetbelowsealevel.Climaticzonesrange fromtropicalrainforests,desertsandcooltemperatureforeststosnowcoveredmountains FromaneducationstandpointAustraliaisnottoodifferentinmanyareas.Accordingto http://www.nationmaster.comtheaverageamountofeducationyearsforadultsinAustraliais10.6 yearsversus12fortheUSHowevertheliteracypercentageisthesamebetweenthetwocountries bothat99%.

ThemostattendedsportsinAustraliaaccordingtohttp://www.topendsports.comareasfollows:1. AustralianRulesFootball2.Cricket3.Golf4.Rugby5.Soccer6.Tennis7.

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PovertyinAustraliaBeforediscussingtheextentofpovertyinAustralia,itisfirstcrucialtomention thedifferencebetweenabsolutepovertyandrelativepoverty.AbsolutePovertyisasituationwhere deprivationisextremebecausepeopledonothaveaccesstothebasicnecessitiessuchasfood, clothing,andshelter.IncontrastRelativePovertyisasituationinwhichtheincidenceofpovertyis measuredrelativetothingssuchasaverageweeklyearningsorincomeperheadThereforepoverty, astalkedaboutinAustraliaisthestatewhereincomeisinsufficienttomeettheminimumneedsof thehouseholdorindividual.

ThePovertyLineisthelevelofincomebelowwhichtheincomeofthehouseholdorindividual isshowmorecontent

Whilstthesepercentageshadchangedsignificantlyitwasalsofoundthatthetypesofpeoplewho werelivingunderthepovertylinewerestillthesame.Inthisreportitwasfoundthat75percentof thoselivingbelowthepovertylinewerenotintheworkforce,andthattheagedmadeup41percent ofallAustraliansthatwerelivinginpoverty.(Williams,Lawrey2000)Thereforeitisclearthat althoughthepovertylinehadrisensignificantlyfrom1975to1987,therehasnotbeenan improvementinthepercentageofAustralianslivingunderthepovertyline,butinsteadthis percentagehasincreased.

Between1975and1996,perperson,GDPgrewbyalmost90%,taxesmorethandoubled, governmenttransferswentupmorethan160%,andaveragehouseholdincomenetoftaxesgrewby almost50%.Incomegrewsignificantly.Theproportionofnationalincomedirectedviagovernment grewfarmoresignificantlyAlthoughtherehasbeensomeproblemswiththeeconomyduringthis periodsuchasunemploymentwhichhasgrownfrom4percentto8.5percent,alsotheaverage durationofunemploymentgrewfrom6weeksto52weeks.

Unemploymentisseenasoneofthepossiblereasonsfortheincreaseinpovertyrates,despitethe increaseinwelfarepaymentsWhilstitislikelythatthisstartlingincreaseinunemploymentlevelsis partlyresponsiblefortheincreaseinpoverty,itstill

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TosomedegreetheunfamiliarcountryofAustraliawasa'FatalShore',alandofsufferingand hardshipfortheBritish,howeverafteritsearlyyears,thecolonybegantoflourishandAustraliawas establishedasbeingalandofopportunity.EventsinBritain,suchasTheIndustrialRevolution, encouragedpeopletoconsidermigratingtoAustraliaforabetterlifeasmanyoftheworkingclass wereprofoundlyaffectedFurthermore,theincreaseincrimeduetounemploymentleadto overcrowdedprisonsandnodestinationtotransporttheconvicts,especiallyaftertheAmericanWar ofIndependenceintheeighteenthcentury.Andso,theBritishembarkedonanewsettlement project,leadingtolongstrugglesforsomeandgreatopportunityforshowmorecontent Enticedbynewsofinexpensivelandandtheabundanceofwork,freesettlerswereluredintothe countryandboatloadsofmigrantsswarmedintoAustralia,thusprovingthatAustraliawasnolonger adestituteplacebutwasalandofgreatpotential.

TheBritishpeoplewerenotmetwithoutresistancefromthenativeAboriginalpeopleConflict,as expected,arosebetweenthetwoparties,resultinginmanydeaths.CaptainJamesCampbell,an officerwhocamewiththeFirstFleet,wroteinaletterin1788that"Istumbleduponthebodiesof twoofourConvicts...Ineversawamoreshockingsight–thescullsofbothwerefractured,one quiteopenwithnolessthansevenSpearsthroughthebody",referringtotheresponseofthenative peopletothearrivaloftheBritishForthenativeAboriginalsmostofall,theircountrybecameone ofsufferingandbrutalityastheBritishbroughtwiththemdiseasesandunprecedentedmilitary power.JohnHunterwroteinApril1789that"SmallPoxhadmadeitsappearanceafewMonthsago amongstthesepoorunfortunateCreaturesMen,Women,&Childrenlayingdead"Thisprovides evidencepointingtotheconclusionthatthearrivaloftheBritishdirectlyresultedinAustralia becominga'FatalShore'forthenativepeople.

Convictscouldfindthemselveslivinginrough

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